新GRE模考题

新GRE 模考题

Sect ion 3

For Questions 1 to 5, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

1. Cynics believe that people who ______ compliments do so in order to be praised twice.

(A) bask in

(B) give out

(D) gloat over

(E) shrug off

2. The Chinese, who began systematic astronomical and weather

observations shortly after the ancient Egyptians, were assiduous record-keepers, and because of this, can claim humanity’s longest continuous ______ of natural events.

(A) defiance

(B) documentation

(D) theory

(E) domination

3. Nineteenth-century scholars, by examining earlier geometric Greek art, found that classical Greek art was not a magical ______ or a brilliant ______

blending Egyptian and Assyrian art, but was independently evolved by Greeks in Greece.

4. Their mutual teasing seemed ______, but in fact it ______ a long-standing hostility.

5． The astronomer and feminist Maria Mitchell’s own prodigious activity and the vigor of the Association for the Advancement of Women during the 1870’s ______ any assertion that feminism was ______ in that period.

Questions 6 to 7 are based on the following reading passage.

From the 1900’s through the 1950’s waitresses in the United States developed a form of union ism based on the unions’ defining the skills that their occupation included and enforcing standards for the performance of those skills. This “occupational unionism” differed substantially from the “worksite unionism” prevalent among factory workers. Rather than unionizing the workforces of particular employers, waitress locals sought to control their occupation throughout a city. Occupational unionism operated through union hiring halls, which provided free placement services to employers who agreed to hire their personnel only through the union. Hiring halls offered union waitresses collective employment security, not individual job security—a basic protection offered by worksite unions. That is, when a waitress lost her job, the local did not intervene with her employer but placed her elsewhere; and when jobs were scarce, the work hours available were distributed fairly among all members rather than being assigned according to seniority.

6. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) analyze a current trend in relation to the past

(B) discuss a particular solution to a long-standing problem

(D) apply a generalization to an unusual situation

(E) describe an approach by contrasting it with another approach

7. The author of the passage mentions “particular employers” (line 5) primarily in order to

(A) suggest that occupational unions found some employers difficult to satisfy

(B) indicate that the occupational unions served some employers but not others

(D) accentuate the hostility of some employers toward occupational unionism

(E) point out a weakness of worksite unionism

Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following reading passage.

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar

distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not. For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

8. It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is

(A) equal to that of interstellar dust

(B) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun.

9. Select a sentence in the passage which gives the reason why stars can be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter.

For Questions 10 to 13, select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in meaning.

10. Industrialists seized economic power only after industry

had______agriculture as the preeminent form of production; previously such power had resided in land ownership.

(A) sabotaged

(B) overtaken

(D) joined

(E) supplanted

(F) surrogated

11. Many industries are so______ by the impact of government sanctions, equipment failure, and foreign competition that they are beginning to rely on industrial psychologists to salvage what remains of employee morale.

(A) estranged

(B) beleaguered

(D) encouraged

(E) restrained

(F) besieged

12. Not wishing to appear ______, the junior member of the research group refrained from

venturing any criticism of the senior members’ plan for dividing up resp onsibility for the entire project.

(A) reluctant

(B) inquisitive

(D) pretentious

(E) censorious

(F) moralistic

13. The natures of social history and lyric poetry are antithetical , social history always recounting the ______and lyric poetry speaking for unchanging human nature, that

timeless essence beyond fashion and economics.

(A) bygone

(B) evanescent

(D) unalterable

(E) transitory

(F) eternal

Questions 14-16 are based on the following passage.

The 1973 Endangered Species Act made into legal policy the concept that endangered species of wildlife are precious as part of a natural ecosystem. The nearly unanimous passage of this act in the United States Congress, reflection the rising national popularity of environmentalism, masked a bitter debate. Affected industries clung to the former wildlife policy of valuing individual species according to their economic usefulness. They fought to minimize the law’s impact by limiting definitions of key terms. But they lost on nearly every issue. The act defined “wildlife” as almost all kinds of animals—from large mammals to invertebrates—and plants. “Taking” wildlife was defined broadly as any action that threatened an endangered species; areas vital to a species’ survi val could be federally protected as “critical habitats”. Though these definitions legislated strong environmentalist goals, political compromises made in the enforcement of the act were to determine just what economic interests would be set aside for the sake of ecological stabilization.

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

14. According to the passage, all of the following statements are defined as a “critical habitat” EXCEPT

(A) A natural ecosystem that is threatened by imminent development

(B) A natural area that is crucial to the survival of a species and thus eligible for federal protection.

(C) A wilderness area in which the “taking” of wildlife species is permitted rarel y and only under strict federal regulation

15. It can be inferred from the passage that if business interests had won the debate on provisions of the 1973 Endangered Species Act, which of the following would have resulted?

(A) Environmentalist concepts would not have become widely popular.

(B) The definitions of key terms of the act would have been more restricted.

(D) The act would have had stronger support from Congressional leaders.

(E) The public would have boycotted the industries that had the greatest impact in defining the act.

16. The author refers to the terms “wildlife” (line 11), “taking” (line 13), and “critical habitats” (line 16) most likely in order to

(A) illustrate the misuse of scientific language and concepts in political processes

(B) emphasize the importance of selecting precise language in transforming scientific concepts into law

(D) demonstrate the triviality of the issues debated by industries before Congress passed the Endangered Species Act

(E) show that broad definitions of key terms in many types of laws resulted in ambiguity and thus left room for disagreement about how the law should be enforced

Questions 17-19 are based on the following passage.

Allen and Wolkowitz’s research challenges the common claim that homework-waged labor performed women worker’s needs an d preferences. By focusing on a limited geographical area in order to gather in-depth information, the authors have avoided the methodological pitfalls that have plagued earlier research on homework. Their findings disprove accepted notions about homeworkers: that they are unqualified for other jobs and that they use homework as a short-term strategy for dealing with child care. The authors conclude that the persistence of homework cannot be explained by appeal to such notions, for in fact, homeworkers do not differ sharply from other employed women. Most homeworkers would prefer to work outside the home but are constrained from doing so by lack of opportunity. In fact, homework is driven by employers’ desires to minimize fixed costs: homeworkers receive no benefits and are paid less than regular employees.

17. The passage is primarily concerned with

(A) advocating a controversial theory

(B) presenting and challenging the results of a study

(D) discussing research that opposes a widely accepted belief

(E) comparing several explanations for the same phenomenon

For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

18.Allen and Wolkowitz’s research suggests which of following statements are true about most homeworkers

(A) They do not necessarily resort to homework as a strategy for dealing with child care.

(B) They perform professional-level duties rather than manual tasks or piecework.

19. The ratio of divorces to marriage has increased since 1940. Therefore, there must be a greater proportion of children living with only one natural parent than there was in 1940.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly weakens the inference drawn above?

A. the number of marriages entered into by women twenty-five to

thirty-five years old has decreased since 1940.

B. when there is a divorce, children are often given the option of deciding which parent they will live with.

C. since 1940 the average number of children in a family has remained approximately steady and has not been subject to wide fluctuations.

D. before 1940 relatively few children whose parents had both died were adopted into single-parent families.

E. the proportion of children who must be raised by one parent because the other has died has decreased since 1940 as a result of medical advances.

For Questions 20, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column

of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

20. Scientists (i)___________ disposition (ii)____________ the impact of human activities on climate has been greatly mitigated-- perhaps even counterbalanced—by the natural trend over the past several centuries toward much cooler weather. This optimistic conclusion seems unrealistic to other scientists, who find it difficult to believe either that the greenhouse effect could be

(iii)_________, or that such a fortunate combination of event is likely.

Sect ion 5

For Questions 1 to 4, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

1. The current demand for quality in the schools seems to ask not for the development of informed and active citizens, but for disciplined and productive workers with abilities that contribute to civic life only _______, if at all.

(A) indirectly

(B) politically

(D) sensibly

(E) sequentially

2. Certain weeds that flourish among rice crops resist detection until maturity by ______ the seedling stage in the rice plant’s life cycle, thereby

remaining indistinguishable from the rice crop until the flowering stage.

(A) deterring

(B) displacing

(D) imitating

(E) nurturing

3. A major goal of law, to deter potential criminals by punishing wrongdoers, is not served when the penalty is so seldom invoked that it______to be a ______threat.

4. Doreen justifiably felt she deserved recognition for the fact that the research institute had been ________a position of preeminence, since it was she who had ________ the transformation. Proportionally, more persons diagnosed as having the brain disorder schizophrenia were born in the winter months than at any other time of year. A recent study suggests that the cause may have been the nutrient-poor diets of some

expectant mothers during the coldest months of the year, when it was hardest

for people’s to get, or afford, a variety of fresh foods.

5. Which of the following, if true, helps to support the conclusion presented above?

A. over the years the number of cases of schizophrenia has not shown a correlation with degree of economic distress.

B. most of the development of brain areas affected in schizophrenia occurs during the last month of the mother’s pregnancy.

C. suicide rates are significantly higher in winter than in any other season.

D. the nutrients in fresh foods have the same effects on the development of the brain as do the nutrients in preserved foods.

E. a sizable proportion of the patients involved in the study have a history of schizophrenia in the family.

Questions 6 to 7 are based on the following passage.

Upwards of a billion stars in our galaxy have burnt up their internal energy sources, and so can no longer produce the heat a star needs to oppose the inward force of gravity. These stars, of more than a few solar masses, evolve, in general, much more rapidly than does a star like the Sun. Moreover, it is just these more massive stars whose collapse does not halt at intermediate stages (that is, as white dwarfs or neutron stars). Instead, the collapse continues until a singularity (an infinitely dense concentration of matter) is reached. It would be wonderful to observe a singularity and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedly bizarre phenomena that occur near one. Unfortunately in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity; outgoing light rays are dragged back by gravity so forcefully that even if they could start out within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end up in the singularity itself

6. the passage suggests which of the following about the Sun?

(A) the Sun could evolve to a stage of collapse that is less dense than a singularity.

(B) in the Sun, the inward force of gravity is balanced by the generation of heat.

7. which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of the passage?

(A) thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measureable gravitational field.

(B) accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity.

information currently available about singularities.

(D) moreover, the existence of this extra ordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists.

(E) although unanticipated, phenomena such as these are consistent with the structure of a singularity.

Questions 8 to 9 are based on the following passage.

The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An interacting—and complicating—phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed. When the wind makes waves, it transfers important amounts of energy—energy that is therefore not available to provide turbulence.

8. according to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?

(A) causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.

(B) maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.

9. the passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of he following would occur?

(A) the air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.

(B) the air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water

(D) the rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.

(E) the air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.

For Questions 10 to 13, select the two answer choices that, when used to complete the sentence, fit the meaning of the sentence as a whole and produce completed sentences that are alike in meaning.

10. Marison was a scientist of unusual _______ and imagination who had

startling succeeded in discerning new and fundamental principles well in advance of their

general recognition.

(A) restiveness

(B) perspicacity

(D) aggression

(E) candor

(F) insight

11. It is assumed that scientists will avoid making ______ claims about the results of their experiments because of the likelihood that they will be exposed

when other researchers cannot duplicate their findings.

(A) hypothetical

(B) fraudulent

(D) radical

(E) deceptive

(F) evaluative

12. As early as the seventeenth century, philosophers called attention to the ______ character of the issue, and their twentieth-century counterparts still approach it with uneasiness.

(A) absorbing

(B) unusual

(D) auspicious

(E) involved

(F) fanciful

13. The value of Davis’ sociological research is compromised by his unscrupulous tendency to use materials selectively in order to substantiate his own claims, while ______ information that points to other possible conclusions.

(A) deploying

(B) disregarding

(D) refuting

(E) emphasizing

(F) discounting

Questions 14 to 16 are based on the following passage.

The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible

wavelength, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.

Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.

Under present conditions a temperature of -18 ℃can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6 ℃per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15 ℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.

One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5 ℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5 ℃per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important,

because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelength. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back t o the Earth’s surfac e. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.

14. according to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is

(A) concentrated in the infrared spectrum

(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths

(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor

(E) reflected back to space by snow and ice

15. according to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs which of the following functions

(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths

(B) absorbing infrared radiation

16. select a sentence in the third or the last paragraph which indicts the premise of the mathematical model mentioned in the passage?

17. When school administrators translate educational research into a standardized teaching program and mandate its use by teachers, students learn less and learn less well than they did before, even though the teachers are the same. The translation by the administrators of theory into prescribed practice must therefore be flawed.

The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

A. teachers differ in their ability to teach in accordance with standardized programs.

B. the educational research on which the standardized teaching programs are based is sound.

C. researchers should be the ones to translate their own research into teaching programs.

D. the ways in which teachers choose to implement the programs are ineffective.

E. the level of student learning will vary from state to state.

18. A common defense of sport hunting is that it serves a vital wildlife-management function, without which countless animals would succumb to starvation and disease. This defense leads to the overly hasty conclusion that sport hunting produces a healthier population of animals.

Which of the following, if true, best supports the author’s claim that sport hunting does not necessarily produce a healthier population of animals?

A. for many economically depressed families, hunting helps keep food on the table.

B. wildlife species encroach on farm crops when other food supplies become scarce.

C. overpopulation of a species causes both strong and weak animals to suffer.

D. sport hunters tend to pursue the biggest and healthiest animals in a population.

E. many people have strong moral objections to killing a creature for any reason other than self-defense.

For Questions 19 to 20, select one entry for each blank from the corresponding column

of choices. Fill all blanks in the way that best completes the text.

19. (i)_________ thinkers are often accused by more (ii)___________ thinkers of

building castles in the air based more on lofty ideals and (iii)___________ than on a solid foundation in reality.

20. Several geographers and historians have speculated that temperate climates foster the

(i)_________ of civilization, but that after a civilization has developed past the

(ii)___________ stage, it is more likely to flourish in (iii)_____________ because challenges are needed that must be overcome for further progress to occur.