Sample exam questions- Legal Environment
2025年司法考试综合卷真题及解答英文版
2025年司法考试综合卷真题及解答英文版2025 Judicial Exam Comprehensive Paper Questions and AnswersWelcome to the 2025 Judicial Exam Comprehensive Paper! Below are the questions and answers for this year's exam.Section 1: Multiple Choice1. What is the primary function of a judge?A. To enforce lawsB. To interpret lawsC. To create lawsD. To lobby for lawsAnswer: B. To interpret laws2. Which of the following is NOT a branch of government?A. LegislativeB. ExecutiveC. JudicialD. CorporateAnswer: D. Corporate3. What is the term for a written order issued by a court?A. MandateB. DecreeC. WarrantD. SubpoenaAnswer: C. WarrantSection 2: Short Answer4. Explain the concept of judicial review.Answer: Judicial review is the power of the courts to review and potentially invalidate laws or actions of the legislative and executive branches of government.5. What is the role of precedent in common law systems?Answer: Precedent refers to previous court decisions that are binding on future cases with similar facts, serving as a basis for judicial decision-making.Section 3: Essay6. Discuss the importance of an independent judiciary in a democratic society.Answer: An independent judiciary is crucial in upholding the rule of law and ensuring checks and balances in a democratic society. It prevents the concentration of power in one branch of government and protects individual rights and liberties.7. Analyze the impact of technology on the legal profession.Answer: Technology has revolutionized the legal profession, making research and communication more efficient. However, it also raises concerns about data privacy and cybersecurity.That concludes the 2025 Judicial Exam Comprehensive Paper Questions and Answers. Good luck with your studies and preparation!。
法律英语试题与答案
法律英语考查试题及答案一、英译汉1.general jurisdiction 一般管辖2.bar examination 律师考试3.ripeness 案件成熟度4.substantive law 实体法5.no contest pleas 不辩护也不认罪的答辩二、汉译英1.巡回法院 circuit courts2.模拟法庭 moot court3.案件决议度 mootness4.起诉书 complaint5.被上诉人 appellee三、翻译短文1.No two legal systems,then,are exactly alike.Each is specific to its country or its jurisdiction.This does not mean,of course,that every legal system is entirely different from every other legal system.Not at all.When two countries are similar in culture and tradition,their legal systems are likely to be similar as well.No doubt the law of E1Salvador is very much like the Law of Honduras.The laws of Australia and New Zealand are not that far apart.没有两个法系是恰好相似的。
每一种法系对于它的国家和它的管辖范围是特定的。
当然，这并不意味着每一种法系是完全不同于其它任何一种法系。
当两个国家在文化和传统上相似的时候，他们的法系也很可能相似。
难怪萨尔瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律异常相似。
澳大利亚的法律和新西兰的法律也不是相差甚远。
法律英语面试模板作文
法律英语面试模板作文英文回答：Questions for Legal English Interview。
Tell me about your experience with legal English.I have been working as a legal translator for the past5 years. In this role, I have translated a wide range of legal documents, including contracts, pleadings, andjudicial decisions. I am also proficient in legal terminology and grammar.What are some of the challenges of translating legal English?One of the challenges of translating legal English is the use of specialized terminology. Legal documents often contain terms that are not used in everyday language. This can make it difficult to find the correct equivalent in thetarget language.Another challenge is the need to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. Legal documents are often complex and can have a significant impact on the rights and obligations of the parties involved. It is therefore important to ensure that the translation is accurate and faithful to the original.What are some of the best practices for translating legal English?When translating legal English, it is important to:Use a specialized dictionary or glossary.Research the legal concepts involved in the document.Be aware of the cultural and linguistic differences between the source and target languages.Have the translation reviewed by a native speaker ofthe target language.How do you stay up-to-date on the latest developments in legal English?I stay up-to-date on the latest developments in legal English by:Reading legal journals and articles.Attending legal conferences and workshops.Networking with other legal professionals.What are your goals for your career in legal English?My goal is to become a certified legal translator. I also want to continue to develop my skills in legal English and to expand my knowledge of legal concepts.中文回答：法律英语面试问题。
TOLES Advanced sample
S A M P PA P E R This examination paper is supplied by Global Legal English for use at registered centres.© 2004 Global Legal English Ltd. Registered in England. Company no. 4101343.11 Belton Street, Stamford, PE9 2EF, UKTOLES ADVANCED EXAMINATION An Accurate Test of Legal English Skills Do NOT open this paper until the invigilator gives you permission to do so.You may NOT use a dictionary.Answer all questions on the answer sheets in this booklet.The time allowed for this examination is 2 hours.Legal reading, writing and drafting Sample Paper Candidate code:S A M P P A P E R QUESTIONS 1-10 Read the following extract from a loan agreement and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits in each space. Put a circle around the correct answer on the answer sheet . Do NOT mark more than one answer for each question.There is an example at the beginning (*).(30 points)_____________________________________________________________________1. MISCELLANEOUS.1.1. Execution. This Agreement shall be (*)………. as from the date of this Agreement. The Agreement may be (1)……… in any number of (2)………..and by different parties on separate counterparts which when taken together shall (3)………. one agreement.1.2. Entire agreement. The documents executed in connection with this Agreement constitute the (4)……… obligation of the Lender and (5)………any previous expressions of intent or understanding in respect of this transaction.1.3. Disclosure of information. The Lender may (6)………. on a confidential basis such information about the Borrower as the Lender shall consider appropriate to:1.3.1. any existing or (7)………. (8)……….1.3.2. any (9)………. company of the Lender1.3.3. its professional advisors1.4. Publicity. No announcement or other publicity relating to the loan facility shall be made or arranged except by or with the prior written (10)………. of the LenderS A M P A P R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 1-10* A. efficient B. effective C. operationalD. valuable (1) A. completed B. implemented C. executedD. performed (2) A. documents B. equivalents C. foilsD. counterparts (3) A. give B. signify C. constituteD. make (4) A. entire B. main C. intactD. completed (5) A. supersede B. follow C. substituteD. take place (6) A. say B. disclose C. unveilD. offer (7) A. potential B. latent C. impendingD. pending (8) A. buyer B. seller C. assigneeD. vendee (9) A. subsidiary B. supplementary C. additionalD. secondary (10) A. consent B. allowance C. blessing D. complianceS A M P P A P E R QUESTIONS 11-20Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. Write your answers on the answer sheet .There is an example at the beginning (*)(30 points)_____________________________________________________________________CONTRACT LAW: OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE An offer may be defined as an indication by one person that he or she is prepared to contract with one or more others, on certain (*)…., which are fixed, or capable of being fixed when the offer is made. Distinction should be made between an offer and an invitation to (11) …. Sometimes one of the parties will simply wish to open negotiations, rather than make an offer that will lead immediately to a contract upon acceptance. For example, in the (12) …. of Fisher v Bell (1961) it was (13) …. by the court that goods offered for sale in a shop window with a price attached were not offers according to the law of contract and that a shopkeeper is not (14) …. by any price displayed. He or she is entitled to say to the customer “that is a mistake”. The same principle applies when potential contractors are invited, (for example, by the city council who want to build a new library) to submit quotations to do a specific job at a specific price. According to the law of contract, an invitation to (15) …. that leads to several interested parties “bidding” for the same contract will not be seen as an offer capable of being accepted but merely as part of the negotiating process.Even if an offer takes a legally binding form it can still be (16) …. , in other words “taken back” at any point before it is accepted. The communication of this decision need not necessarily come from the offeror. Provided that the (17) …. is fully aware at the time that he or she decides to accept the offer that it is no longer open in the mind of the offeror then no acceptance will be possible. An offer may also become incapable of acceptance because of (18) ….of time. If the offeror has specified a time in which acceptance must be received, any acceptance outside the time limit cannot create a contract.There must also be certainty in offer and acceptance. Even though the parties may have appeared to make an agreement by exchange of a matching offer and acceptance,the courts may refuse to (19) …. it if there appears to be some uncertainty about what has been agreed or if some important aspect of the agreement has been left (20) .… to be decided later.S A M P P A P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 11 – 20Example (*) terms (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)S A M P P A P E R QUESTIONS 21-22Read the two extracts below. The origin of the extract is given. Redraft each extract to make them more easily understood by the client. Write your answers on the answer sheet (32 points)_____________________________________________________________________REDRAFTING SKILLS (21) From an agreement to accept an advertisement Advertisers are hereby notified that it is the policy of this magazine to refuse publication of any material designed for the purpose of promoting, influencing,encouraging, or advancing the sale of any products, goods, services, wares,commodities, or the like, which because of its content, form, style, substance,appearance, or manner of presentation is or may be likely to cause any reader thereof to believe that said material is an article, story, column, editorial, or similar nonadvertising portion of this paper.(22) From an internal memo concerning a rate agreement No rate agreement shall qualify under section 2(a) unless not fewer than 30 days notice is given to all customers; and unless said rate agreement has been published, as provided above, provided however, that the publication requirement shall not apply to emergency rates; and until said rate agreement has been approved by the commission.S A M P P A P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 21 – 22(21)(22)S A M P P A P E R QUESTIONS 23-32Read the sentences below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (*).Write your answers on the answer sheet (30 points)_____________________________________________________________________Example : A meeting was (*)… for the next week to discuss the slump in sales in greater detail.23. The trust was created to promote new business by offering a start–up loan to young entrepreneurs and anyone under the age of 30 was (23) …to apply under the selection criteria.24. The tenth clause (24) …. stated that there would be a fixed penalty to pay in the event of breach and it is clearly wrong to suggest that the contrary is implied elsewhere in the contract.25. When a business is sold it is very difficult to calculate the value of (25) …assets such as goodwill.26. If payment is not received within 7 days of the date of this letter then we shall proceed to court without further (26)…27. The tort of (27) … can be defined as something that causes an inconvenience to someone, very often by interfering with their enjoyment of their land.28. The government is currently taking steps to reduce the stigma of (28) …so that sole traders who have gone out of business due to debt problems can start afresh relatively easily.29. Someone who is in a position of trust and has a duty to act for the benefit of another owes a (29) … duty to that person.30. The rental contract forbade the tenant to keep animals on the premises but as he had a guide dog the landlord gave special (30) …for him to do so.31. The politician sued the newspaper for (31) … when they printed a story about him accepting bribes in return for political favours.32. He agreed to take two extra days of holiday in summer in (32) … of working New Year’s day.S A M P P A P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 23 – 32Example (*) convened (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)S A M P P A P E R QUESTIONS 33 – 42Read the following sentences and put a preposition in each space. Write your answers on the answer sheet . Do NOT give more than one answer for each question.There is an example at the beginning (*).(30 points)_____________________________________________________________________* Example : Your contract of employment provides that you are entitled (*)…… 25days holiday.33. According to our records you are indebted to the company (33)…… the sum of £1,893.42.34. The solicitor confirmed that she had sent a letter to Cleaneasy Ltd, in accordance(34)…… her client’s instructions.35. As a result of his accident at work, Mr Young decided to claim against his former employers (35)…… the hope of receiving compensation.36. Mr and Mrs Greenwich failed to make the repayments (36)…… the terms of the mortgage and the bank have started proceedings to obtain possession of their house.37. I enclose a cheque for £1,762 in payment (37)…… your invoice dated 24December 2000.38. A private limited company cannot issue shares (38)…… excess of its authorised share capital as stated in its memorandum of association.39. We are writing to inform you that, despite 3 reminders, we have not received any payment (39)…… date and if this situation continues, we will have no alternative but to start legal proceedings.40. Value Added Tax (‘VAT’) is charged (40)…… supplies of goods and services made in the UK.41. Rather than enter (41)…… a contract direct with their customers, some businesses prefer to operate through an agency or distributorship agreement.42. Shareholders receive profits on their investment in a company (42)…… way of dividend.S A M P PA P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 33 – 42Example * to (33) (34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)S A M P PA P E R QUESTION 43Read the letter below that a solicitor has written on behalf of a client. The letter is too informal in style and vocabulary.Rewrite the letter in a more appropriate way. Do not change the meaning or lose any of the information it contains.Write your answer on the answer sheet .(60 points)_____________________________________________________________________Opel, Knight and Dunstone Solicitors11 Chestnut Avenue Brighton BR2 4JPTel: 01685 487600Fax: 01985 487685Richards and Morgan26 January 2001Chartered Surveyors 43 High Street Ref: TOLES 43Brighton BR1 5FDDear Richards & MorganWe are working for Mr and Mrs Jacobson. They bought a house (19 Wilson Close, Hove,Brighton) 1 and a half years ago. Before they decided to buy it, they asked you examine the house and do an in-depth survey paper on it.You gave them such a report which said among other things that the roof was old, but that it would not need any work on it for 5 years. You also said that you had checked with theplanning department of the county council and there were no plans that would be bad for the house.The Jacobsons believed your report and bought the house for £79,950. But they have had a lot of trouble with the house. The roof leaked, causing a large amount of damage to the inside of the house which the Jacobsons had to redecorate and they had to replace 30% of the tiles on the roof. But what is the worst point is that a new main road is being built which will pass at the end of their garden. This will cause a huge amount of inconvenience and upset to the Jacobsons and has made their house worth much less.We think that we have a good case for a claim against you for bad work and we are going to sue you for this. You must send us the name and address of your insurers so that we can write to them as well.RegardsThomas BedfordS A M P PA P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 43_____________________________________________________________________Opel, Knight and Dunstone Solicitors11 Chestnut Avenue Brighton BR2 4JPTel: 01685 487600Fax: 01985 487685Richards and Morgan26 January 2001Chartered Surveyors 43 High Street Ref: TOLES 43Brighton BR1 5FDS A M P PA P E R QUESTIONS 44-53Read the text below. Use the word given in bold type at the end of each line to form anew word that goes into the space in the same line. There is an example provided for you at the beginning (*).Write your answers on the answer sheet.(30 points)_____________________________________________________________________The rules covering this area (*) …fairly heavy burdens on the IMPOSITION claimant, particularly in (44) … to mistake. It would not be RELATE (45) …, for example, if a party to a contract could simply say SATISFY “I’m sorry, I made a mistake” and undo a (46) … agreement COMPLICATION without any thought for the consequences. (47)… , there are CONVERSE some (48) … such as large chain stores who feel able to allow CONTRACT customers who have changed their minds to (49) … or returnCHANGEABLE goods that are in no way (50) …STANDARD These arrangements are, however, (51) … to the general position EXCEPT which will only (52) …a party to cancel the agreement in aPERMISSION limited (53)… of circumstances.ARRAYMENTS A M P PA P E RS A M P PA P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 44-53Example (*) impose (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)S A M P PA P E R QUESTIONS 54 – 59Read the following conversation between two lawyers from the same law firm (L1and L2). They are talking about a meeting that they are going to attend with two lawyers from another law firm to negotiate the proposed takeover of part of their client company.Give a short explanation of the meaning of each of the underlined idiomatic expressions. Write your answer on the answer sheet.There is an example at the beginning (*)(18 points)_____________________________________________________________________L1 OK, so how shall we approach this meeting tomorrow? We’ve got to remember that speed is of the essence, the deal has to be struck quickly before other firms try to move in. At the moment we are in danger of getting (*)bogged down with the finer details rather than seeing the big picture.L2 Yes, that’s true. Who’s going to be at the meeting on Thursday?L1 Dan Hawthorne and Jack Glass. Haven’t had much to do with Dan, but I know Jack pretty well. We’ll have to watch him – he’s a (54)hard nut to crack once he gets his mind made up about something. I was on his team once a couple of years ago and the other side really got (55)taken to the cleaners – I almost felt sorry for them!L2 Sounds like we could be in for a (56)rough ride.L1 No, we’ll be all right. We’ve got a lot in our favour. But we mustn’t forget that Tom [the Managing Director of the client company] will be at the meeting. We’ll have to try to persuade him to leave the talking to us - he tends to (57)jump the gun a bit and open his mouth without thinking of the consequences. Talking of Managing Directors, what do you think of the Managing Director of Pluto?L2 Hmmn, not sure really, the (58)jury’s still out on that one. He’s clever, but there’s something about him that I can’t (59)put my finger on.S A M P PA P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTIONS 54 – 59Example * stuck in details and not addressing the main point .(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)S A M P PA P E R QUESTION 60You have received the following email. Write your reply on the answer sheet .(80 points)To: candidate@From: confused@need_ Subject: What does this mean?Attachments: Extract from loan agreement HiSorry to take up more of your time, but I need some help. I’ve attached part of a loan agreement that the bank has sent to me. I don’t understand the legal terms so could you send me an email giving me a summary of the clauses in plain English and in particular, explaining the words that I’ve underlined?Thanks for helping out – I’ll buy you a beer next time I see you.Cheers FredAttachmentEVENTS OF DEFAULT1. Events of Default. Each of the following events and circumstances shall be an Event ofDefault:1.1. Failure to Pay: the Borrower fails to pay any sum payable under this Agreementwhen due and otherwise in accordance with the provisions hereof;1.2. Performance of Other Obligations: the Borrower fails duly and punctually toperform or comply with any of its obligations under this Agreement and, in the case only of a failure which in the opinion of the Lender is capable of remedy and which is not a failure to pay money, does not remedy that failure to the Lender’ssatisfaction within 7 days (or such longer period as the Lender may approve) after receipt of written notice from the Lender to do so;1.3. Execution: a creditor takes possession of all or any part of the business or assets ofthe Borrower, or any execution or other legal process is enforced against all or any part of the business or assets of the Borrower and is not discharged within 14 days,or any order is made against the Borrower and is not complied with or discharged within 14 days (unless the order is subject to appeal and is contested by the Borrower in good faith);1.4. Inability to Pay Debts: the Borrower stops or suspends payments to its creditors orany class of its creditors, or is unable or under applicable law is deemed to be unable or admits its inability to pay its debts as they fall due, or seeks to enter into anycomposition or other arrangement with its creditors or any class of its creditors, or is declared or becomes bankrupt.1.5. Material Adverse Change: any situation occurs which in the opinion of the Lendergives reasonable grounds to believe that:1.5.1. a material adverse change in the business or financial condition or prospectsof the Borrower has occurred; or1.5.2. the ability of the Borrower to perform its obligations under this Agreementhas been or will be materially and adversely affected.S A M P PA P E R ANSWER SHEET QUESTION 60____________________________________________________________________ReplyTo: confused@need_ From: candidate@ Subject: Re: What does this mean?。
2020年环境法治高考英语作文题真题解析
2020年环境法治高考英语作文题真题解析In recent years, environmental issues have become a focus of global attention. As individuals, we have a responsibility to protect the environment and promote sustainable development. This topic raises awareness about the importance of environmental governance and highlights the need for effective laws and regulations. In this essay, we will analyze the 2020 high school entrance examination English essay question on environmental governance and provide a comprehensive analysis.The essay prompt for the 2020 high school entrance examination English essay question on environmental governance is as follows:"Environmental governance plays a crucial role in ensuring a sustainable future. Discuss the importance of environmental laws, regulations, and enforcement in protecting the environment. Provide examples and suggest ways in which individuals can contribute to environmental conservation."Introduction:The introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic. It should introduce the importance of environmental governance, environmental laws, and regulations in protecting the environment. It should also mention the role of individuals in contributing to environmental conservation.Body Paragraphs:1. The Importance of Environmental Laws and Regulations:- Explain the role of environmental laws and regulations in protecting natural resources.- Discuss how these laws and regulations promote sustainable development.- Provide examples of successful environmental laws and their impact on environmental conservation.2. The Role of Enforcement in Environmental Governance:- Explain the importance of enforcing environmental laws and regulations.- Discuss the challenges in enforcing these laws and regulations.- Provide examples of effective enforcement measures and their impact on environmental protection.3. Individual Contributions to Environmental Conservation:- Discuss ways individuals can contribute to environmental conservation in their daily lives.- Highlight the importance of personal responsibility and behavioral changes.- Provide examples of individual actions that can make a significant impact on the environment.Conclusion:The conclusion should summarize the main points discussed in the essay. It should reiterate the importance of environmental governance, laws, and regulations in protecting the environment. It should also emphasize the roleof individuals in contributing to environmental conservation and encourage readers to take action.By analyzing the 2020 high school entrance examination English essay question on environmental governance, we can understand the significance of environmental laws, regulations, and enforcement in protecting the environment. It is essential for individuals to recognize their responsibility and take action to make a positive impact on the environment. Through collective efforts, we can ensure a sustainable future for generations to come. Let us all strive towards a greener and more sustainable planet.。
剑桥法律英语ILEC认证考试2007年5月写作部分真题
ײ¬»®²¿¬·±²¿´Ô»¹¿´Û²¹´·-¸Ý»®¬·º·½¿¬»Ð¿-¬Û¨¿³·²¿¬·±² п°»®É®·¬·²¹Ó¿§îððé˲·ª»®-·¬§±ºÝ¿³¾®·¼¹» ÛÍÑÔÛ¨¿³·²¿¬·±²-ï Ø·´´-α¿¼Ý¿³¾®·¼¹»ÝÞï îÛË Ë²·¬»¼ Õ·²¹¼±³Ì»´òõìì ïîîí ëëííëëÚ¿¨òõìì ïîîí ìêðîéè»ó³¿·´ÛÍÑÔàÝ¿³¾®·¼¹»ÛÍÑÔò±®¹©©©òÝ¿³¾®·¼¹»ÛÍÑÔò±®¹中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mILEC Test of Writing May 2007ContentsTest of Writing, Question paperTest of Writing, Notes on assessment and sample scriptsmoc.lf1.www网习学律法华中Candidate Centre Number NumberCandidate NameUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ESOL EXAMINATIONSEnglish for Speakers of Other LanguagesINTERNATIONAL LEGAL ENGLISH CERTIFICATED015/2Test of WritingSaturday12 MAY 2007 Morning1 hour 15 minutesCandidates answer on the question paper.No additional materials are required.TIME1 hour 15 minutesINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATESDo not open this question paper until you are told to do so.Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Read the instructions carefully.Answer the Part 1 question and the Part 2 question.Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Write clearly in pen , not pencil. You may make alterations, but make sure your work is easy to read.INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES Part 1 carries 40% of the total marks available and Part 2 carries 60% of the total marks available.FOR EXAMINER S USEPart 1 Part 2中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mPart 1Question 1You must answer this question.For the past six years your client, United Wheat Shippers, has signed annual agreements with the National Farmers Association of Canada to purchase all the wheat planted each year by the Association s farmers at a fixed price.Now the President of the National Farmers Association, William LeFleur, has sent a letter to your client.Read Mr LeFleur s letter, on which you have made some notes. Then using all the information in the notes , write a letter to Mr LeFleur on behalf of your client, United Wheat Shippers.Write a letter of between 120 and 180 words in an appropriate style on the opposite page. Do not write any postal addresses.中.c o mPart 2Question 2You must answer this question.Your law firm is planning a staff training seminar on the law relating to Mergers and Acquisitions. The partner in charge of the seminar has asked you to help him prepare the material for the seminar.Write a memorandum to the partner. Your memorandum should:outline reasons why companies may want to mergeconsider the implications for employeesexplain the issues regarding supplier contracts mention relevant legislation in your country.Write your answer in 200 250 words in an appropriate style on the opposite page.中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mASSESSMENT OF WRITINGTrained examiners award a mark to each piece of writing using two mark schemes the General Mark Scheme and the Task-specific Mark Scheme. The General Mark Schemesummarises performance with reference to content, organisation and cohesion, range and accuracy of vocabulary, range and accuracy of grammatical structures and effect on the target reader across six bands. The Task-specific Mark Scheme focuses on criteria specific to each task.The band scores awarded are translated to a mark out of 20 for Part 1 and a mark out of 30 for Part 2. A total of 50 marks is available for Writing. The General Mark Scheme isinterpreted at Council of Europe Levels B2 and C1. A summary of the General Mark Scheme is reproduced below. Examiners work with a more detailed version, which is subject to regular updating. Band 5 and 6 represent adequate and good performance at C1 while bands 3 and 4 represent adequate and good performance at B2. Band 2 and below represent an inadequate performance on the ILEC Test of Writing.BandILEC General Mark Scheme6The task set is fully realised and the ideas are relevant and well developed. Ideas are logically organised and a wide range of vocabulary and complex structures is used effectively. Register is consistently appropriate. There would be a very positive effect on the target reader.5 There is good realisation of the task set and the main ideas are relevant and developed. Ideas are logically organised and a good range of vocabulary and structures is usedaccurately. Register is, on the whole, appropriate. There would be a positive effect on the target reader.4There is reasonable realisation of the task set and the main ideas are relevant with some development. Ideas are generally logically organised and a reasonable range of vocabulary is used. There may, however, be some non-impeding errors in spelling and/or word formation. Register is reasonably appropriate. Simple and complex structures are used but flexibility may be limited. It would achieve the desired effect on the target reader.3 There is an adequate realisation of the task set and the main ideas are relevant but some may lack clarity. Ideas are generally logically organised and an adequate range of vocabulary is used but word choice may lack precision in places. There is an adequate range ofstructures used although errors in grammar occur and may cause difficulty for the reader. Register may be inconsistent / inappropriate. It would, on the whole, achieve the desired effect on the target reader.2The task is not adequately addressed and, while there is evidence of organisation, it is not wholly logical. The range of vocabulary is limited but minimally adequate for the task. The range of structures is limited and at times repetitive. Register is often inconsistent / inappropriate. There would be a negative effect on the target reader.1The attempt at the task is poor and ideas are not organised coherently. The range of vocabulary is inadequate for or unrelated to the task and the range of structures is very limited. Register is inappropriate for the task. There would be a very negative effect on the target reader.The attempt achieves nothing and there is too little language for assessment or it is totally irrelevant or totally illegible.中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mWriting Sample ScriptsPart 1Script ADear Mr. LeFleur,regarding to the letter you sent to our client UnitWheat Shippers, I like to answer your question for releasing the current agreement and negotiate a new agreement based on current conditions.First of all I confirm that your contract with our client states a fixed price of wheat. Neither you nor our client could forsee, that the price for wheat doubled in only one month.The relationship between you and our client has for the most time been profitable for both of you, but you have to take into consideration, that there have always beensituations for our client, where he would have had the possibilty to buy cheaper wheat from another seller, if there would not have been the binding contract to your association. However, the agreement between you both is still void and binding.Currently our client do not want to re-negotiate the deal. Sure he wants to negotiate the agreement next year on next year s conditions. We are looking forward to your answer.Yours sincerelyScript AThis is a reasonable realisation of the task set. All the main ideas are included and most are developed adequately although the development of ideas in the final paragraph is limited. There is evidence of organisation with logical paragraphing and adequate use of cohesive devices. Vocabulary range is reasonable, although there are occasional errors. Errors in grammar occur in verb tenses and prepositions, particularly in the first paragraph, but these are non-impeding. Band 4Script BDear Mr LefleurYour letter regarding the current agreement on the purchase of wheat has beensubmitted to me by my client, United Wheat Shippers. Please, let me make on behalf of my client the following statement:I confirmed the Agreement on the purchase of wheat stipulates a fixed charge for its annually purchase. However, I refuse your argumentation concerning that you could not foresee the future extreme rise in the price of wheat because neither could my client because the consumers interest in wheat is simply unforeseeable.In connection herewith I have to state the agreement has not always been profitable for my client from the reason that the price of wheat changes each year, therefore such agreement is sometimes more profitable for one party and the other year for the中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mother party. However my client has never made objections during the six years of this agreement. Therefore the agreement is binding and my client is not interested in changing the current conditions.However, we are prepared to negotiate for next year regarding prices. I proposetherefore to settle a meeting to discuss the above mentioned. Please, kindly tell me the dates, when you will be available for such meeting.Kind regardsScript BThis is a good realisation of the task set with the main ideas developed well and organised into clear and logical paragraphs. A good range of cohesive devices is used appropriately and there is a wide range of vocabulary, although there are occasional errors. The register is consistently formal. The range of complex structures is good but, although the answer is generally accurate, errors occur when the more complex language is attempted. Band 5Script CDear Mr. LeFleurI am writing to you on behalf of my client, United Wheat shippers, in response to your letter of may 15. You are asking my client to change the current condition of theagreement, regarding the price of the wheat. As you know, and as you tell in your letter, the contract states a fixed price for the wheat. Nobody could foresee the sudden and extreme rise in the price of wheat and this is the reason for which it is impossible to change the written statement. During these six years, the contract was not always profitable for us E.G. We had some damages last year because of the snow and the trinsport prices. You ask my client to change the agreement condition. In my mind, this is impossible during this year: the agreement must be observed. Anyway, I m waiting a proposal from you for next year.I look forward to hearing from you again.Yours sincerelyScript CThis is an adequate attempt at the task with all the main ideas included with somedevelopment, although the final paragraph lacks clarity. There is some use of cohesivedevices, but the answer has no clear paragraphs. The vocabulary range is adequate, but with some inappropriate word choice and the register is at times inappropriate. A reasonable range of structures is used with some errors which do not impede.Band 3 中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mPart 2Script DFROM: Anna TO: RobertSUBJECT: Staff training seminar on M&AAs you have requested, I am supplying you with a draft regarding the above-mentioned staff training.Firstly, we should have a look at why companies may want to merge. When dealing with this point, I think it will be helpful to distinguish between horizontal mergers, i.e. between companies in the same industry, e.g. suppliers, and vertical mergers, i.e.between companies operating in different industries, e.g. production and sales. Such a distinction will make one of the main reasons for mergers absolutely clear to our staff: economies of scale. These lead to a reduction in cost while the company gains a bigger market share.Secondly, I would suggest that we also take into consideration how M&A may affect employees. On the one hand, there is the risk of redundancies. On the other hand, however, a merger in particular if it is a cross-border merger, may provide better chances of promotion.Thirdly, I feel that we should not forget the issues regarding supplier contracts. After a merger the then bigger company is usually very successful at binding first-tiersuppliers in long-term contracts, which in itself often results in lower purchasing prices. Finally, what do you think of mentioning relevant legislation in Germany where lots of our firms major clients are from. The main aspect we should have a look into is anti-trust laws. Germany seems to be very keen on avoiding monopolies and thus competition constraints being created.So, these are my ideas. I look forward to discussing them with you on Monday. Have a good weekend.Best wishesScript DThis is a full realisation of the task in which the ideas are all relevant and well developed. The answer is logically organised with appropriate paragraphs and cohesive devices used flexibly. There is a wide range of vocabulary appropriate to the topic and a wide range of complex structures used confidently and accurately. The register is consistently appropriate for an internal memorandum and there are only occasional inaccuracies which have no impact on communication. Band 6中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mScript ETo: Irina Loskov , vice-hed of legal department From: Laura Ovchinnikov , legal advisor Date: 12 May 2007Seminar on the law relating to Mergers and AcquisitionsFurther to your request for preparation of the materials for the seminar, I want to pay attention to the next aspects.the reasons why companies my want to merge as usual are next: to get more influence on market; to become more profitabl; to make weak competitor not to exist; to consolidate efforts in doing business with merged company.I would like to point out, that there is a practise for mergers and Acquisitions allemployees of merged company should get a new workplace (all at last to be proposed for a new workplace) When planning merger or acquisition; the great ammount of attention should be paid to the supplier contract, due diligence must be provided. Negotiating contracts, lawyers need to be attentive with all clauses, foresee all damages which can arise, to check if there are no other creditors for assets, subjects of the contract. In light of above mentioned, during the seminar these aspects should be discussed by our stuffs regarding to relevant legislation, detailed analize of all merger procedure can be shown by a presentation material collected by me (attached to this memorandum) with all necessary document details to be found in (extracts from the Economic Code, Companies Law and Statues are attached).I am wating forward to your comments and questions.Kind regards,Laura Ovchinnikov Legal advisorScript EThis is an adequate realisation of the task. All the main ideas are relevant, developed quite well and organised into logical paragraphs with some use of cohesive devices. An adequate range of language is used but there are errors in word choice and some awkward phrasing. Errors in grammar occur, particularly with definite / indefinite articles, but these do not impede communication. Band 3中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o mScript FMemorandumFrom: Victor HitzfeldTo: John Parks, parties of Sue & Win Ltd Date: 2007-05-12Ref: planned seminar on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) for staffDear Mr Parks:As requested I have prepared some ideas for the upcoming seminar on M&A.I propose to start with an overview of reasons why companies may want to merge. This will probably help the seminar participants to develop a feeling for the topic as such. The reasons elaborated could comprise questions of efficiency gains, advantages ofscale, access to technology and questions of job security in times of globalisation. In my mind the consideration of implications of a merger for the employees should not be left out in this seminar.A specific topic which should be covered as well is the issue about supplier contracts. If the seminar focuses on this issue it will help our staff to better understand thedifficult legal questions we had to answer in the recent Hortoil Ltd. merger case. The problem here is, that the acquired company may need to be rebased after its acquisition because the acquiring company has no more need to rely on this contracts and performances from third side.The resulting legal questions (under what conditions only can the acquired company be release form its contract) are definitly worth to be discussed in the seminar.In this regard particular attention could be paid to the point of view of the Competition Authorities, when the investigate a merger case. May I remind on the creative solution we are able to find when we negotiated the above mentioned merger case with the Competition Authority. Their proposal to include ongoing performance of all supplier contracts in a self obligation of the merging companies is worth to be further developped.Finally, an overview of the relevant laws should be provided to the seminar participants. In particular the main concepts of the Austrian Cartel Act 2005 and the European merger control regulation (ECMR) should be outlined.Regards,Victor HitzfeldScript FThis is a good realisation of the task set. The main ideas are relevant and developed, apart from the second point in the task which, although referred to, is underdeveloped. The answer is logically organised with clear paragraphs and a range of cohesive devices is usedaccurately. A wide range of vocabulary appropriate to the topic is used effectively and there is a good range of structures. The answer is generally accurate although some errors occur when more complex language is attempted. Band 5中华法律学习网w w w.1000f l .c o m。
人大法律硕士复试英语口语参考问题及范文
1. Please introduce yourself。
Dear professor, I’m very glad to have the chance to introduce myself to you. My name is XXX, I’m 23 and come from XXX province. I graduated from XXX university, and my major is XXX。
(请务必把本科院校的名称和专业名称查清楚。
) After the college, I found a job as XXX(⼯作职位) of XXX Company. I’m a person with great perseverance, eagerness and commitment. With two years work, I have profited the corporation more than 2,000,000 RMB and finally been promoted as the vice manager. Although the job is promising and my future life can be well guaranteed, I still want to further my study on Juris Master in RENMIN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA from the bottom of my heart, so as to enrich my knowledge on this area which is of great importance to enterprises operation and management. Meanwhile, I’m really interested in legal studies。
美国如何考司法考试律师执业道德(MPRE)部分
Keep This Bookletfor ReferenceTest services for the MPRE are provided by ACT. For the following information, please write to the addresses shown below, or telephone between 8:30 a.m. and 5:00p.m. central time, Monday through Friday.Application and AdministrationNational Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Application Department101 ACT DriveP.O. Box 4001Iowa City, IA 52243-4001Phone: (319) 341-2500*mpre.registration@ or /mpreQuestions Concerning MPRE ScoresInclude examinee name, Social Security number, birth date, test date, and signature.National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451Phone: (319) 337-1304*mpre.score@Testing Accommodations InquiriesNational Conference of Bar ExaminersMultistate Professional Responsibility Examination 101 ACT DriveP.O. Box 168Iowa City, IA 52243-0168Phone: (319) 341-2500**TDD for persons with hearing impairments:(319) 337-1701 (must call from a TDD)NOTE:The information in this booklet is believed to be correct at the time of publication. Since rules and policies of jurisdictions change, applicants are advised to consult the jurisdictions directly for the most current information.Copyright 2009 by the National Conference of Bar Examiners. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed inContentsNotice to Examinees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Multistate Professional ResponsibilityExamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jurisdiction Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Copyright Notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 MPRE Application Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Test Dates and Application Deadlines. . . . . . . 4 Examination Fee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Online Registration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Paper Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Admission Ticket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Test Center Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Test Center Assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Change of Test Centers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Accommodations for Applicants withDisabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Reapplying to Take the Examination. . . . . . . . . 8 Test Day Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Admission and Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 What to Bring and What Not to Bring. . . . . . . . . 9 Prohibited Behaviors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Disruptions in Testing and PotentialCompromises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Test Center Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 MPRE Scores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Scoring Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Score Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Additional Score Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Cancellation of Scores by NCBE. . . . . . . . . . . 14 Requests for Rechecking of Answer Sheets. . 14 MPRE Content and Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Overview of the Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Subject Matter Outline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Test Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 MPRE Sample Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Appendix A: Test Center Locationsand Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Appendix B: Accommodations forApplicants with Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42NOTICE TO EXAMINEESNCBE assists bar admission authorities by developing bar examination components, including the MPRE. NCBE holds the copyright to these exams and to their content, and exam content may be considered for reuse in future exams or in copyrighted educational materials. Both disclosure of exam content and cheating on a test are prohibited, as such practices undermine the integrity and fairness of the exami-nation process.The following conduct is prohibited during the examination:•Bringing unauthorized devices (whether turned on or off) or unauthorized materials into the testing room, including, but not limited to, calculators, cameras, cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, text messaging devices, audio or video recording devices, scanners, language translators, and written materials;•Bringing test materials, unauthorized devices, or unauthorized materials out of the testing room during any scheduled or unscheduled break or at the conclusion of the testing period;•Copying answers from another examinee or sharing answers with another examinee; and•Continuing to work after a supervisor has instructed exam-inees to stop writing.The following conduct is prohibited after the examination:•Sharing the substance or details of any test question, includ-ing the question’s fact pattern, option choices, or answer, in whole or in part, with anyone via electronic (including e-mail, blogs, and online social and professional network-ing sites), telephonic, written, oral, or other means;•Reproducing, paraphrasing, summarizing, or describing to any other person any test content from memory after leaving the testing room; and•Forwarding, re-posting, hosting, or otherwise advancing the distribution of exam content, on the Internet or via other means, that others have disclosed.Unauthorized disclosure of exam content or engaging in prohibited conduct during the examination could result in some or all of the following penalties:•Civil liability;•Criminal penalties;•Cancellation of the examinee’s test scores;•Denial of the examinee’s application to sit for future exams;•Denial of the examinee’s bar application on character and fitness grounds; and•Disciplinary action by a bar authority if the examinee is already admitted to practice law.IntroductionThe Multistate Professional Responsibility ExaminationThe Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) is administered by ACT on behalf of the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE). The MPRE is based on the law governing the conduct of lawyers, including the disciplinary rules of professional conduct currently artic-ulated in the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, the ABA Model Code of Judicial Conduct, and controlling constitutional decisions and generally accepted principles established in leading federal and state cases and in pro-cedural and evidentiary rules.An overview of the examination, subject matter outline, and sample questions are provided in the “MPRE Content and Preparation” section of this booklet.Jurisdiction InformationThe MPRE is required for admission to the bars of all but four U.S. jurisdictions. Since the MPRE requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, examinees are advised to check with the board of bar examiners in each jurisdiction where admission is being sought before completing the enclosed materials. Passing scores are established by each jurisdiction.NCBE and its contractor, ACT, take steps to ensure that MPRE registration materials are properly handled and processed, and that exams and answer sheets are properly prepared, printed, handled, and scored. In the unlikely event that a mistake occurs in preparing, handling, processing, scoring, or reporting scores, NCBE will correct the error, if possible, or permit the affected examinee(s) either to retest at no additional fee or to receive a refund of his/her/their examination fee(s). Th ese remedies are th e exclusive remedies available to examinees for errors in preparing, handling, or processing registration materials; in print-ing, h andling, or processing exams and exam answer sheets; or in determining or reporting scores.Copyright NoticeThe Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE™) is owned by the National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) and is a secure exam protected by U.S. copyright laws. NCBE strictly prohibits copying, reproduc-ing, or disclosing any MPRE questions or answers, whether via electronic, telephonic, written, oral, or other means, to any party or to any public forum during or after the exam. NCBE will use every legal means available to protect its copyrighted materials. Any unauthorized disclosure of the MPRE’s contents could result in civil liability, criminal penalties, cancellation of test scores, denial of application to sit for future exams, denial of bar application on character and fitness grounds, and/or disciplinary actions by bar authorities.MPRE Application ProceduresTest Dates and Application DeadlinesRegular Application Late Application Test Date Receipt Deadline Receipt Deadline March 6, 2010*January 26, 2010February 11, 2010 August 6, 2010June 29, 2010July 15, 2010 November 6, 2010*September 28, 2010October 14, 2010*The March and November test dates fall on Saturday morning. An applicant whose religious beliefs preclude him or her from taking the examination on one of these dates may apply to take the MPRE on Sunday, March 7, 2010, or Sunday, November 7, 2010. Requests to take the exam on Sunday must be in writing and must include a letter from the applicant’s cleric confirming the applicant’s affiliation with a recognized religious entity that observes its Sabbath throughout the year on Saturday. This documentation must be received by the late receipt deadline and must be sent with a copy of the online confirmation received after submission of an online application or with a completed paper application. The applicant will be notified whether or not the request is granted.Online applications must be received by 11:59 p.m. central time on the published deadline date. Paper applications must be received in the MPRE Application Department in Iowa City, Iowa, by 5:00 p.m. central time. Absolutely no applications will be accepted after the late application receipt deadline.Examination FeeFor applications received on or before the regular receipt deadline, the fee for the MPRE is $63. For those who apply after the regular receipt deadline but before the late receipt deadline, the fee is $126.Fees for online registration will be calculated automati-cally based on the date of submission and must be paid with a credit card (MasterCard or VISA only). For appli-cations that are mailed, all fees must be paid in the form of a personal or business check, cashier’s check, certified check, or money order, payable in U.S. dollars and drawn on a bank in the United States. Checks should be made payable to the National Conference of Bar Examiners. Application materials that include insufficient or improper payment will not be processed.The application fee entitles the applicant to receive a score report and to have a copy sent to the board of bar examiners of the jurisdiction indicated on the applicant’s answer sheet.A $25 fee will be assessed for a check or credit card payment returned because of insufficient funds or stop payment. Scores for the current administration or any future MPRE will not be released until all fees are paid in full. Applicants who need fee receipts should contact the MPRE Application Department at (319) 341-2500 or at mpre.registration@. Fee receipts can only be provided for the current testing year.There is no provision for makeup testing and all fees are nonrefundable and nontransferable.Online RegistrationApplicants may register online at /mpre. An online applicant who successfully submits an application will receive an immediate confirmation screen that should be printed for the applicant’s records. An applicant who enters a valid e-mail address will be sent an electronic confirmation within 48 hours of a successful submission of the online application. (In an effort to reduce unwanted e-mail, many Internet service providers use various filtering techniques. Some of these filtering methods may block automatically generated correspondence from @. It may be necessary to adjust the filtering settings accord-ingly.) The applicant will need to keep his or her user name and password, as they will be needed to access the Admission Ticket and score report.The applicant will be sent an e-mail message providing instructions and a link to access a printable Admission Ticket approximately five weeks before the examination.mpre.registration@ if there are any difficulties with online access.NCBE cannot be responsible for online applications that are not successfully submitted or payments that cannot be processed.Paper ApplicationApplicants are strongly encouraged to use the online registration.Applicants who apply by paper application will not be able to access their Admission Tickets or down-load their score reports online. It is advisable to mail application materials well in advance of the deadline. This will allow time to check on the status of application materials prior to the deadline and, if necessary, to resolve any problems. NCBE cannot be responsible for materials lost in the mail or payments that cannot be processed. Application forms must be completed using a No. 2 pencil or a mechanical pencil with HB lead. In each block, where required, clearly print the needed information in the boxes. Then, in the column below each box containing a letter or number, completely fill in the corresponding oval containing the same letter or number. Below each empty box, fill in the blank oval.When application materials are received by the MPRE Application Department, they will be checked to ensure that all the necessary information is present. Complete application materials will be processed and an Admission Ticket will be sent via USPS. If application materials do not include the necessary information, they will be returned with an explanatory letter. Corrected application materi-als that are resubmitted must still meet the published receipt deadline for the test date requested.For acknowledgment of receipt of application materials, send a self-addressed, stamped postcard with the completed application materials. The card will be returned when the materials are processed. To ensure receipt of late applica-tion materials by the late receipt deadline, applicants may wish to send materials by a traceable courier service. Admission TicketThe Admission Ticket will include the applicant’s test date and assigned test center, and a Photo Identification section, which must be completed. The applicant must sign the ticket and attach a recent, representative, 2" x 2" passport-type photo. Digital photographs printed on photo paper will be accepted. Photocopied photographs will not bempre.registration@ if an Admission Ticket has not been received within three weeks of the examination. Test Center LocationsOn the application form, the applicant must indicate his or her choice of test date and test center, including both the code and the name of the test center where the exami-nation is to be given. A list of test center locations is located in Appendix A. Test centers may change during the year. Test Center AssignmentsTest center choices for applicants cannot be guaranteed. Test center assignments are made on a first-come, first-served basis. We will make every attempt to assign the applicant to his or her first or second choice of test centers; however, if those test centers are at capacity at the time assignments are made, the applicant will be assigned to an available test center as close as possible to his or her choices. Applicants are advised that travel to another city or state may be required.Additional space or a new test center sometimes will be established after most assignments have been made. Applicants who have not yet been assigned to a space are then placed in the new test center.Occasionally, test centers will be closed after test center assignments have been made. It is then necessary to assign those applicants to another test center. At that time, the applicants will be sent new Admission Tickets and an attempt will be made to contact them by phone.Change of Test CentersIf an applicant wishes to change test centers after submitting application materials, a change may be requested by contacting the MPRE Application Department at (319) 341-2500. Test center change requests will be considered if time and space permit; however, such changes are solely within the discretion of NCBE. Applicants may request a test center change no later than two weeks prior to the test date.Accommodations for Applicants with Disabilities The National Conference of Bar Examiners provides reasonable testing accommodations for MPRE examinees who have qualified disabilities as defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and who provide appropriate documentation in a timely manner. Information regarding requesting accommodations is located in Appendix B.Reapplying to Take the ExaminationIf an applicant is unable to take the examination on the scheduled test date and wishes to reschedule, or does not attain a passing score on the MPRE and wishes to retake the exam, the applicant must reapply for another sched-uled examination with all new application materials and pay the full and appropriate fee.Test Day InformationAll examinees must report to the test center by 9:00 a.m. The examination is 2 hours and 5 minutes in length. Testing will begin as soon as all examinees have been checked in and seated. Late arrivals will not be admitted.Beginning and ending testing times may vary depending on the size of the test center and the number of rooms used. Examinees can expect testing to be completed in 21⁄2to 31⁄2hours from the reporting time.NCBE is not responsible if examinees are delayed or unable to reach the test center because of weather or road condi-tions. In the event of inclement weather (blizzard, flood, hurricane, etc.), listen to local radio or television stations for announcements concerning the status of the test center. Admission and IdentificationEach examinee must present a completed test center Admission Ticket in order to be admitted to the test cen-ter. If an Admission Ticket is misplaced, the examinee must contact the MPRE Application Department in Iowa City, Iowa, before the test date.The test center supervisor will inspect each Admission Ticket to verify that it is for the correct test center and date, and that the identification portions of the Admission Ticket are properly completed. Examinees will also be asked for additional photo identification, such as a current (unex-pired) driver’s license, passport, or school identification card, bearing a photograph and signature. Only examinees who have been positively identified will be admitted to the testing room.All Admission Tickets and attached photographs will be collected during the admission process on the day of the exam and will become part of examinees’ MPRE files. NCBE reserves the right to notify any board of bar exam-iners if an examinee fails to present an Admission Ticket with a suitable photograph on it and/or if an examinee fails to present an acceptable form of identification that includes a photograph.The examinee must know his or her Social Security num-ber when reporting to the test centers, as this information is requested on the answer sheet. If an examinee does not fill in the corresponding ovals on the answer sheet for his or her Social Security number, he or she may be assigned an identification number for processing and record-keeping purposes. This number will appear on the score report in the space for the Social Security number. Examinees will not be permitted to select their own seats. The test supervisor will assign seats in the testing room. Access to the testing room will be restricted to test center personnel and examinees.If an examinee is unable to complete the test due to illness during testing, he or she must return the test booklet and answer sheet to the supervisor, who will mark the answer sheet VOID and indicate on the Testing Irregularity Report that the answer sheet should not be scored. No special test-ing arrangements can be made. To apply for a subsequent examination, the examinee must submit all new applica-tion materials and pay the full and appropriate fee. What to Bring and What Not to Bring Examinees should bring several No. 2 black lead pencils or mechanical pencils with HB lead to their assigned test center, along with their Admission Tickets and proper identification.Examinees are not permitted to bring the following items into MPRE test centers:•cell phones•pagers•text messaging devices•portable media players•personal digital assistants, handheld computers, or wire-less e-mail devices•audio or video recording devices•cameras, scanners, or other picture-taking devices •language translators•radios or tape recorders•pens or highlighters•written materials, such as books or notes•scratch paper•calculators•rulers•backpacks, purses, or briefcases•hats, earplugs, or headphones•watches•alarms•food or drink, including waterProhibited BehaviorsTest security procedures are designed to ensure that exam-inees have an equal opportunity to demonstrate their aca-demic achievement and skills, that examinees who do their own work are not unfairly disadvantaged by examinees who do not, and that scores reported for each examinee are valid. The following behaviors are prohibited at test centers:•attempting to remove test materials or information, including test questions or answers, or any unauthorized items from the testing room during any scheduled or unscheduled break or at the conclusion of the testing period•looking at another examinee’s test booklet or answer sheet•giving or receiving assistance•using any device to share or exchange information dur-ing the test•using any unauthorized aids•creating a disturbance or allowing an alarm, pager, or phone to sound in the testing room•filling in ovals after time has been called Examinees may not retain any test materials. Pages or covers of test booklets are not to be torn out of or separated from the test booklets in any way. Examinees are not permitted to duplicate or record, by copying, photograph-ing, or any other means, any part of the MPRE. All test materials, including test booklets and answer sheets, must be returned intact to the test supervisor after testing. The MPRE is part of the bar examination requirements of participating jurisdictions and the same standards of conduct by the examinees apply as if the examination were being administered by a board of bar examiners. NCBE reserves the right to report question able con duct in connection with the MPRE to the appropriate board of bar examiners.Disruptions in Testing and Potential Compromises NCBE and ACT take steps to ensure standardized admin-istration on the test day. If events occur that cause testing to be cancelled or interrupted, involve a mistiming on any part of the test, result in a deviation from required testing procedures, raise concerns about possible advance access to an exam’s content by one or more examinees, and/or otherwise disrupt or compromise the normal testing process or the validity of test scores, NCBE will examine the sit-uation and determine if corrective action is warranted, including score cancellation(s) or nonscoring of answer sheets. If NCBE, in its sole discretion, determines thataction is warranted, the affected examinees will be offered the option either to retest at no additional fee or to receive a refund of their examination fees (unless the affected examinees are found to have caused or been involved in the conduct which resulted in the corrective action, in which event NCBE shall have the right to withhold either or both of these options). If NCBE offers a retest and an examinee selects that option, the examinee must retake the entire exam in order to produce a valid score.Test Center ReviewAt the end of the examination, examinees will be given the opportunity to assess testing conditions by completing a Test Center Review section in the examination booklet. The responses provided are used to monitor and improve testing conditions and procedures for future administra-tions of the MPRE. Responses to the Test Center Review do not affect the test score.Written complaints about testing conditions or procedures must be received at ACT within four weeks of the test date. Concerns may be detailed in an e-mail to TestACT@ or a letter to:National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Test Administration301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 168Iowa City, IA 52243-0168MPRE ScoresScoring ProcessThe MPRE scaled score is a standard score. Standard scaled scores range from 50 (low) to 150 (high). The mean (average) scaled score was established at 100, based upon the performance of the examinees who took the MPRE in March 1999.The conversion of raw scores to scaled scores involves a statistical process that adjusts for variations in the diffi-culty of different forms of the examination so that any particular scaled score will represent the same level of knowledge from test to test. For instance, if a test is more difficult than previous tests, then the scaled scores on that test will be adjusted upward to account for this difference. If a test is easier than previous tests, then the scaled scores on the test will be adjusted downward to account for this difference. The purpose of these adjustments is to help ensure that no examinee is unfairly penalized or rewarded for taking a more or less difficult form of the test.Score ReportsAn MPRE score report will be released to the examinee and sent to the jurisdiction requested on the answer sheet within five weeks of the examination date. Results will also be kept on file with ACT in Iowa City, Iowa. The score report includes the examinee’s scaled score and the jurisdiction, if any, that the examinee requested to receive the score. If an examinee did not request that his or her score be sent to a jurisdiction, no indication will appear on the score report.An examinee who registered online and provided a valid e-mail address will be sent instructions and a link to access a printable version of his or her score report. Score reports are available for only a short time after scores are released. Examinees are advised to save the file for future reference. An examinee who registered by paper application will be sent his or her score report via USPS.It is the responsibility of the examinee to contact the MPRE Records Department at (319) 337-1304 or at mpre.score@ if he or she encounters difficulties with online access or does not receive the score report within five weeks of the examination.Additional Score ReportsAdditional score reports are available after the examina-tion for a fee of $15 per report. A score report request form is available at and on page 13 of this booklet. Requests should be sent to:National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451Additional MPRE Score Report(s) Request Form ALL INFORMATION REQUIRED—PRINT CAREFULLYName:Address:City:State:ZIP code:Daytime phone:E-mail:Social Security number:Date of birth:MPRE date: YEAR_______❏March ❏August ❏NovemberIf the actual test date is not known, provide an approximate date (mo/yr) _________________Send an MPRE score report to the following jurisdictions ($15 fee per jurisdiction):______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Send an MPRE score report stamped “unofficial” to me ($15 fee): ❏Yes ❏NoSignature:________________________________________ Date:____________________________________________ Enclose $15 for each score requested.Checks should be made payable to the National Conference of Bar Examiners. Mail to: National Conference of Bar ExaminersMPRE Records Department301 ACT DriveP.O. Box 451Iowa City, IA 52243-0451An applicant to the District of Columbia (DC)should not request transfer of his or her MPRE score to DC. Instead, the applicant must provide DC with a copy of his or her unoffi-cial MPRE score report when filing an application to DC.If you have any questions concerning MPRE scores, you may call (319) 337-1304. (TDD for persons with hearing impair-ments (319) 337-1701; must call from a TDD.)。
2023年司法考试卷二样题及解答英文版
2023年司法考试卷二样题及解答英文版2023 Judicial Examination Paper II Sample Questions and Answers1. Question: Discuss the concept of judicial review and its significance in the legal system.Answer: Judicial review is the process by which courts review the actions of the executive and legislative branches of government to ensure they are in line with the constitution. This concept is vital in upholding the rule of law and maintaining the balance of power within a legal system.2. Question: Explain the doctrine of stare decisis and its role in common law systems.Answer: Stare decisis is a legal principle that requires courts to follow the precedents set by higher courts when deciding similar cases.This doctrine is essential in common law systems as it promotes consistency, predictability, and fairness in the judicial process.3. Question: Analyze the difference between civil law and common law legal systems.Answer: Civil law systems are based on codified laws and statutes, while common law systems rely on judicial decisions and precedents. Civil law systems are more structured and rely on the interpretation of written laws, whereas common law systems prioritize flexibility and the evolution of legal principles through case law.4. Question: Discuss the principle of separation of powers and its importance in democratic societies.Answer: The principle of separation of powers divides governmental authority among three branches – the executive, legislative, and judicial – to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. This principle is crucial in democratic societies to ensurechecks and balances, protect individual rights, and prevent abuse of power.5. Question: Evaluate the role of international law in shaping domestic legal systems.Answer: International law influences domestic legal systems by providing standards for state behavior, regulating global interactions, and promoting cooperation among nations. Domestic legal systems often incorporate international law principles through treaties, conventions, and customary practices to ensure compliance with global norms.6. Question: Examine the concept of human rights and the challenges in their enforcement.Answer: Human rights are inherent entitlements that protect individuals from discrimination, oppression, and abuse. However, challenges in enforcing human rights arise due to cultural differences, political obstacles, lack of resources, and resistance from authoritarianregimes. Efforts to uphold human rights require international cooperation, advocacy, and legal mechanisms.7. Question: Describe the role of alternative dispute resolution methods in relieving court congestion and promoting access to justice.Answer: Alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation and arbitration, offer parties efficient and cost-effective ways to resolve conflicts outside of traditional litigation. These methods help alleviate court congestion, reduce backlog, and provide individuals with greater access to justice by offering flexible and collaborative solutions to disputes.8. Question: Identify the ethical considerations that legal professionals must uphold in their practice.Answer: Legal professionals are bound by ethical duties to uphold justice, integrity, confidentiality, and loyalty in their practice. They must adhere to professional standards, maintain client confidentiality, avoidconflicts of interest, and prioritize the interests of justice and fairness in their legal representation.These sample questions and answers provide a comprehensive overview of key legal concepts and principles relevant to the 2023 Judicial Examination Paper II.。
人大法学英语复试
复试英语材料复试法律英语题目[好像各个专业通用的，以往很多师兄师姐都曾经贴过这些内容]：1、could you tell something about the separation of judicial system?2. Do you hink that states has the right to take citizens' lives ?3、what's the best way to learn law in China？4、Talk something about WTO?5、Do you think the legal system need some reform ? Why?6、案例教学与板书教学比较？7、对现行民法体系的看法？8、法律和社会的关系？9、如果你被录取，你有什么计划？10、大陆法系与英美法系比较？11、对司法独立有什么看法？12、介绍我国的程序制度？13、介绍我国的律师制度？14。
谈谈学习方法。
15。
你为什么选择人大〖为什么来人大上学〗，为何选择人大法学院？16。
你为什么选择法律17。
两大法系的区别18。
中国司法制度评价19。
法治20。
法治改革的必要性21.介绍我国司法制度22。
法律教育方法的看法〖谈谈中国法学教育现状和改进〗23。
谈谈我的家庭24。
评价我国的教育制度25。
对联合国的看法26。
对我国法律体系的看法27。
你是否认为法官应该遵守法律/为什么28。
毕业以后你想成为律师还是法官29．对民主的认识30．简要介绍一下什么是福利社会31．简要介绍一下你的家庭（嘿嘿的复试题）32．你喜欢在大城市还是小城市生活（我的）33．why do you want to study law?34. 对我国法律教育制度的评价？Selfintroduction【正文】May I introduce myself first? So we can get a good relationship among us. Thank you very much. So good afternoon, my respectful teachers, it’s my great honor to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself —My name is ～.I’m a senior student and have graduated from school of law, *university. During my four years’campus life, I am hardworking and have won scholarships several times.English is the favorite of mine besides my major .Though the weak basic skills I had when I just went through the college gate had been improved much through my painstaking efforts, I have a long way to run because I can not use it freely. Besides, I pass CET Band 4 when I was a freshman , and then CET Band 6 when I was a sophomore, meanwhile I got an admission qualification of SET of Band 6 at last.When it comes to my free time , I indeed have a lot of hobbies , for example: 1) Pop music(I like it very much because it can encourage me, comfort me and sometimes relax me); 2) Reading novels, I prefer to read novels which can convey the true meaning of life to me , for example , LIVE by Yuhua ; 3) Swimming. Backstroke 〖仰泳〗and crawl 〖自由泳〗are the common ways I use. When I am in water ,the whole body of mine will feel very comfortable: 4) Kong-fu is my favorite , though I’m only a new-comer. I respect Bruce Lee very much because he was a patriot【’peitriet 爱国者】and broke though the limit he could stand . Though died many years ago , he will be a true idol【’aidl 偶像】of mine for ever .My hometown is a beautiful and quiet place near ～.If you have a chance to go there , you would be deeply attracted by its perfect combination of city and country , because you can enjoy modern city life there ,and more importantly ,you can live a happy and desirable country life there—Pure blue sky ,lovely white clouds and vast green grasslands.When it comes to my college, I’ll say “I love her”, from the bottom of my heart. Through four years’ school life, I learned a lot from her, not only knowledge ,but also how to be a real person. I appreciate her very much , no matter where I go , no matter how I get along, she’ll be my old school〖母校〗forever .That’s all, thank you. Wish you a happy day.二、谈谈学习方法Study MethodsSince I have been a college student, I have reflects the study habits of my own and I think those can be put as follows:1. Plan my time carefully. Make a list of my weekly tasks .Then make a schedule or chart of my time .Fill in committed time such as eating、sleeping、meeting、classes, etc. Then decide on good、regular time for studying .2. Find a good place to study .Choose one place for my study area. It may be a desk or a chair at home or in the school library, but it should be comfortable, and it shouldn’t have distractions. When I begin to work, I should be able to concentrate on the subject.3. Skim before I read. This means looking over a passage quickly before I begin to read it more carefully. As I preview the material, I get some idea of the content and how it was organized. Later when I begin to read, I will recognize less important material and I may skip some of these portions. Skimming helps double my reading speed and improves my comprehension as well.4. Make the best of my time in class. Listening to what the teacher says in class means less work later. Sit where I can see and hear well. Taking notes helps me remember what the teacher says.5. Study regularly. Go over notes as soon as possible after class. Review important points mentioned in class as well as points I remain confused on. Read about these points in my textbook. If I know what the teacher will discuss the next day, skim and read that material too. This will help me understand the next class. If I review my notes and textbook regularly, the material would be more meaningful and I will remember it longer .Regular review leads to improved performance ontests.6. Develop a good attitude about test. The purpose of a test is to show what I have learned about a subject. The world won’t end if I don’t pass a test, so I don’t worry excessively about a single test .Tests provide grades ,but they also let me know which part I need to spend more time on, and they help make my new knowledge permanent.7. The last but not the least, read plenty of books especially those concern with my major, which can expend my view.There are other techniques that might help me with my studying .Only a few have been mentioned here, and I will discover others as my study continue.三、为什么选择中国人民大学Why to Choose Renmin UniversityRenmin University is a famous university of our country, and her study level of humanities is very high in all high schools.I heard about Renmin University many years ago and then I told myself in my heart that someday I must be a member of hers, It was very disappointing that the dream did not come true four years ago, so when I just walked into the gate of my university, I sweared that I should be a post graduate of her four years later.I love her very much for the following reasons:First, there is an atmosphere of pursuing the truth in Renmin University, which is respectable and lovely. I’m the people who do not like things which are impractical and superficial; therefore I think I have at least this point in common with her.Second, she has a lot of famous and respectful professors who contribute a lot to our country. I think I can learn a lot from them and finally use the knowledge to serve the people. Morality、scholarship are the merits I can learn from them.Third, it is said that students in CUPL are practical, while students in Beijing University are knowledgeable, but students in Renmin University are both practical and knowledgeable. I want to be a person who is practical and knowledgeable as well, so I’m eager to be a post graduate of hers. Fourth, Renmin University is a famous university of our country, and her study level of humanities is very high in all universities. In recent years, the educational facilities of her have been more and more perfect and sound, which make her more attractive to me.Finally, through the visit of many universities of Beijing and other place, I find that I love her heart and soul. When I just walked into it, an unjelling feeling of familiarization and kindness appeared in my mind, as if I had been a member of here sometime.In a word, I love Renmin University!四、为什么选择法律Why choose law as your majorWhen I was a little boy, my grandfather told me that he wanted me to be a lawyer when I had grown up, because in that age, there were few lawyers in our country, nor did the people who know law. From then on , I knew lawyer、law――these mysterious words.Several years later, my uncle, a prosecutor ignited my enthusiasm from law with his honesty and hatred of evil. He has dealt with many cases about the corrupted and punished some of them, which made many people fear about him but made him a real hero in my heart. So, from then on, Iwanted to be a judge or prosecutor who knows law very well and establish justice in our society. When I have been a college student and got some knowledge about law, I think I have enough reasons to choose it as my major.First, law is an old and huge subject, and its content rich and interesting. It is said that in ancient times of Europe, there are only three disciplines in college――theology、medicine and law, therefore, it is indeed a traditional subject which attracts me very much.Second, law is a powerful social adjustment tool. As we know, many conflicts can be smoothed off through the application of law. I’m very glad to use my knowledge of law to solve some prac tical problems, and even more, I may fall in love with it and take it as my career.Third, law is not just law, it has many things to do with economics、philosophy、sociology and even literature, so through the study of it, I can learn a lot and improve myself a lot.In a word, it’s my honor to choose law as my major――my whole-life career. I think in the rest time of my life, I should not only study it well, but also let more people know it, apply it and love it!五、大陆法系与英美法系的区别The Differences between Continental Law System and Anglo-American Law System ?The term Anglo-American Law System refers to the system of law developed in England and transferred to most of the English-speaking world. It is distinguished from the Continental Law System used in Continental Europe, and in those nations settled by European peoples. Both the two systems are the basis of law in most of the western world.The continental law system can be traced back to Roman law, which extended to the limits of the Empire. It received its modern impetus from the early nineteenth-century French codes of law created by French jurists.The differences between the two can be put as follows:First, the basic distinction between the two systems lies in the sources of law upon which they rely. The Anglo-American Law System uses prior decided cases as very high sources of authority. Courts should adhere to the law as set forth in prior cases decided by the highest court. The judge should determine whether the principle derived from the prior cases is logically essential to their decision or is reasonable、appropriate to contemporary circumstances.The Continental Law System on the other hand, is originated from codes of laws. When a conflict is presented to a court or lawyer, the immediate problem is to find the appropriate code provision concerning the situation and then to apply it to the problem at hand. Cases are not ignored, but they do not have anything binding authority on judges.Second, it is the jurist who played an important role when the Continental Law System became what it is now, but, in the Anglo-American Law System, the judges contributed a lot.Third, the Continental Law System pays more attention to substantial law【实体法】，while the Anglo-American Law System stress on procedural law. The latter underlines trials、procedure、proof and execution.Fourth, the differences in composition of the two are apparent. In the Continental Law System, public law and private law are the basic classification, and the civil law are the basic classification, and the civil law plays an important role in it. While the basic parts of the Anglo-American Law System are common law and equity law, and public law is the key part of it.Finally, the concepts and vocabulary of them are not the same either. For example, “Civil law”ofthe Continental Law System and “Property law”in the Anglo-American Law System.Though these differences mentioned above, a trend of collaboration can be seen nowadays. For example, our judicial system belongs to the Continental Law System, but we learned the institution of Independent Director from the Anglo-American Law System.司法系统的分离民主长烟一空版谢谢楼主的努力～我对部分内容做了一点小改动，只是建议，仅供参考，大家一起来polish 一下吧，让这些答案更地道。
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Sample exam questions – Legal Environment
All questions must be answered in relation to your chosen organization and/or its industry sector as defined in your ‘organization/ industry profile’.
These are ‘short-answer questions so think about how much you can write in 15-20 minutes. The marking scheme awards marks for relevance, application and originality so avoid irrelevance, generality and unoriginality.
1.Briefly describe the main features of the legal system in your chosen country.
2.Briefly explain why knowledge of different legal systems is useful for firms involved in
international trade and investment. Gives examples related to your chosen organization and/or industry.
3.For a country in which your chosen organisation or industry operates, what are some of
the most important areas of legislation for your chosen organisation or industry?
4.In relation to your chosen organization or a firm in your chosen industry operating across
national boundaries consider which laws are most important.
5.Consider how membership of, or dealings with, a regional trade organization (examples:
ASEAN, NAFTA, EU) affect your chosen organization or industry.
6.What are the main rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and how might they
affect your chosen organization and/or industry?
7.What are the main features of European Union competition laws and how might they
affect your chosen organization or industry?
8.Health and Safety (H&S) laws are important for all businesses. How do H&S laws affect
your chosen organisation or industry?
9.Contract law is an important area of business law. Consider how the requirements of
contract law affect your chosen organization or industry.
10.Property rights including intellectual property rights are an important area of business law.
Outline how intellectual or physical property rights laws affect your chosen organization or industry.
11.What are the main forms of intellectual property and how can they be protected? What is
the importance of intellectual property protection for your chosen organization and/or industry?
12.Employment rights laws are important for all businesses. How do these laws affect your
chosen organisation or industry?
13.Human rights and related legislation are increasingly important. How do they affect your
chosen organisation or industry?
14.If disputes arise across national boundaries about the interpretation and/or implementation
of contracts how can they be resolved?
15.In a dispute over infringement of intellectual property rights why might an organization
choose to pursue the case in the USA rather than in the country where the offence
occurred ?
16.Bribery and corruption can have damaging effects on international trade. What are some
of the national and international laws that are most relevant in this area?
17.Product safety laws are important for many businesses. How do they affect your chosen
organisation or industry?
18.Data protection and internet security are increasingly important. How are they relevant to
your chosen organisation or industry?
19.What are the main distinctions between contract law, tort, criminal law and international
law? Give examples relating to your chosen organization and/or industry.。