曼昆《经济学原理》income--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
曼昆《经济学原理》monetary_system--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
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The Functions of Money Liquidity
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CASE STUDY: Where Is All The Currency? In 2001 there was about $580 billion of U.S. currency outstanding.
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Figure 1 Money in the U.S. Economy
Billions of Dollars $5,455 M2 Savings deposits Small time deposits Money market mutual funds A few minor categories ($4,276 billion) M1 $1,179 Demand deposits Traveler's checks Other checkable deposits ($599 billion) Currency ($580 billion) Everything in M1 ($1,179 billion)
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The Fed's Organization The Federal Reserve Banks
Twelve district banks Nine directors
曼昆《经济学原理》macroeconomic--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
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The Market for Foreign-Currency Exchange
• The two sides of the foreign-currency exchange market are rnts the imbalance between the purchases and sales of capital assets. • NX represents the imbalance between exports and imports of goods and services.
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Basic Assumptions of a Macroeconomic Model of an Open Economy
• The model takes the economy’s GDP as given. • The model takes the economy’s price level as given.
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曼昆《经济学原理》17 monopolistic_competition--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
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Figure 3 Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition
(a) Monopolistically Competitive Firm Price MC Price
(b) Perfectly Competitive Firm
ATC
MC
ATC
P
P = MC
P = MR (demand curve)
MR
Demand
0
Quantity produced
Efficient scale
Quantity
0
Quantity produced = Efficient scale
Quantity
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• There are two noteworthy differences between monopolistic and perfect competition—excess capacity and markup.
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Monopolistic versus Perfect Competition
曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照
曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照第一篇：曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照十大经济学原理。
曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是：十大经济学原理一：人们面临权衡取舍。
人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。
决策需要对目标进行比较。
People Face Trade offs.To get one thing, you have to give up something else.Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。
同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。
十大经济学原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。
决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。
The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It.Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions.例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。
开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。
但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。
十大经济学原理三：理性人考虑边际量。
理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。
Rational People Think at Margin.A rational decision-makertakes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。
曼昆《经济学原理》11openeconomy--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享).ppt
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Figure 1 The Internationalization of the U.S. Economy
Percent of GDP 15
Imports 10 Exports
5
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
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The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports
• A trade deficit is a situation in which net exports (NX) are negative.
• Imports > Exports
• A trade surplus is a situation in which net exports (NX) are positive.
• Exports > Imports
• Balanced trade refers to when net exports are zero—exports and imports are exactly equal.
• An Open Economy
• An open economy interacts with other countries in two ways.
• It buys and sells goods and services in world product markets. • It buys and sells capital assets in world financial markets.
曼昆《经济学原理》3 interdependence--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享)
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A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
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• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
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Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
3
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• Consider your typical day:
• You wake up to an alarm clock made in Korea. • You pour yourself orange juice made from Florida oranges and coffee from beans grown in Brazil. • You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia and sewn in factories in Thailand. • You watch the morning news broadcast from New York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观部分重点整理
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观部分重点整理曼昆《经济学原理》宏观部分重点整理23一国收入的衡量一、经济的收入和支出〃GDP衡量,经济中所有人的总收入和用于经济中物品与劳务产出的总支出。
〃对一个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出。
〃GDP衡量货币流量。
〃两种计算GDP方法,加总家庭对于物品和劳务的总支出或加总企业支付工资、租金和利润的总收入。
一、国内生产总值的衡量1、国内生产总值,在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。
2、几点说明〃GDP使用市场价格。
〃GDP不包括非法生产与销售的东西和家庭内的生产和消费。
〃GDP只包括最终物品的价值。
〃GDP包括有形的物品和无形的劳务。
〃GDP不包括过去,一年或一个季度之外,生产的东西的交易。
〃用两种算法算出的GDP差额为统计误差。
3、其他收入衡量指标〃国民生产总值GNP,一国永久居民所赚到的总收入。
= GDP + 本国公民在国外赚到的收入 - 外国人在本国赚到的收入〃国民生产净值NNP,= GNP –折旧,经济中设备和建筑物存量的磨损或消耗, 〃国民收入,一国居民在物品与劳务生产中赚到的总收入。
= NNP –间接的企业税+ 企业补贴〃个人收入,家庭和非公司制企业得到的收入。
= 国民收入–留存收益,公司获得但未支付给其所有者的收入, - 公司所得税–对社会保障的支付 + 家庭从其持有的政府债券中得到的利息收入 + 家庭从政府转移支付项目中得到的收入三、GDP组成部分〃GDP = 消费 + 投资 + 政府购买 + 净出口 = C + I + G + NX = Y 〃消费,家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与劳务的支出。
〃投资,用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。
〃政府购买,政府消费支出和总投资,,地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。
〃转移支付,改变家庭收入却没有反映经济的生产,不用于交换现期生产的物品与劳务,不计入政府购买。
〃净出口,外国人对国内生产的物品的支出,出口, –国内居民对外国物品的支出,进口,。
曼昆-经济学原理-概念归纳
曼昆-经济学原理-概念归纳第一篇：曼昆-经济学原理-概念归纳曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释归纳——上下册一、经济学十大原理1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。
2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。
4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。
6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。
激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。
12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。
13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。
14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。
）二、像经济学家一样思考15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。
17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。
18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。
20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。
三、绝对依存性与贸易的好处21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。
22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。
23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。
24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。
四、供给与需求的市场力量25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
曼昆《经济学原理》costsproduction汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享.ppt
• Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work.
• Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
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Revenue
Economic profit
Implicit costs
Explicit costs
Total opportunity costs
Accounting profit
Revenue
Explicit costs
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Table 1 A Production Function and Total Cost: Hungry Helen’s Cookie Factory
• This results in a supply curve that slopes upward.
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WHAT ARE COSTS?
• The Firm’s Objective
• The economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits.
曼昆《经济学原理》frontiers--(汉魅HanMei—经济金融类汇总分享).ppt
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Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard
• Moral Hazard
• Screening
• Screening occurs when an action taken by an uniformed party inveal information.
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Signaling to Convey Private Information
• How do Markets respond to Asymmetric Information?
• Signaling
• Signaling refers to an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party.
• When some people know more than others do, the market may fail to put the resources to their best uses.
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Asymmetric Information and Public Policy
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Hidden Actions: Principals, Agents, and Moral Hazard
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Problems in Measuring Inequality
• Data on income distribution and the poverty rate give an incomplete picture of inequality in living standards because of the following:
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Figure 1 The Poverty Rate
Percent of the Population below Poverty Line 25 20 15 10 5 Poverty rate
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
• Acts of nature • Temporary layoffs due to illness or economic conditions, etc. • A family’s ability to buy goods and services depends largely on its permanent income, which is its normal, or average, income. • Permanent income excludes transitory changes in income.
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CASE STUDY: The Women’s Movement and the Income Distribution
• The percentage of women who hold jobs has risen from about 32 percent in the 1950s to about 54 percent in the 1990s.
• Transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash are called in-kind transfers. • Measurements of the distribution of income and the poverty rate are based on families’ money income. • The failure to include in-kind transfers as part of income greatly affects the measured poverty rate.
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U.S. Income Inequality
• Reasons for Recent Increase in Income Inequality
• The following have tended to reduce the demand for unskilled labor and raise the demand for skilled labor:
• Increases in international trade with low-wage countries • Changes in technology
• Therefore, the wages of unskilled workers have fallen relative to the wages of skilled workers. • This has resulted in increased inequality in family incomes.
Income Inequality and Poverty
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Income Inequality and Poverty
A person’s earnings depend on the supply and demand for that person’s labor, which in turn depend on natural ability, human capital, compensating differentials, discrimination, and so on.
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Table 1 The Distribution of Income in the United States: 2000
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Imagine that you. . .
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CASE STUDY: Income Equality around the World
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The Poverty Rate
• The poverty rate is the percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line.
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Problems in Measuring Inequality
• Transitory versus Permanent Income
• Incomes vary because of random and transitory forces.
• In-kind transfers • Life cycle • Transitory versus permanent income
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Problems in Measuring Inequality
• In-Kind Transfers
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• lined up all of the families in the economy according to their annual income. • divided the families into five equal groups (bottom fifth, second fifth, etc.) • computed the share of total income that each group of families received.
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Problems in Measuring Inequality
• The Poverty Line
• The poverty line is an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty.
• A young worker has a low income at the beginning of his or her career. • Income rises as the worker gains maturity and experience. • Income peaks at about age 50. • Income falls sharply at retirement, around age 65.
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Table 2 Income Inequality in the United States
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U.S. Income Inequality
• If income were equally distributed across all families, each one-fifth of families would receive one-fifth (20 percent) of total income.
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THE MEASUREMENT OF INEQUALITY
• How much inequality is there in our society? • How many people live in poverty? • What problems arise in measuring the amount of inequality? • How often do people move among income classes?
1990
1995
2000
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Problems in Measuring Inequality
• The Poverty Line and Income Inequality
• As economic growth pushes the entire income distribution upward, more families are pushed above the poverty line because the poverty line is an absolute rather than a relative standard. • Despite continued economic growth in average income, the poverty rate has not declined. • Although economic growth has raised the income of the typical family, the increase in inequality has prevented the poorest families from sharing in this greater economic prosperity.