新托福考试题型详解
名师详解新托福阅读考试十种题型
根据美国ETS发⾏的新托福考试官⽅指南，在新托福阅读考试中共有⼗种题型，我们现在就来对这⼗种题型进⾏⼀个详细的介绍和评价。
希望备考的考⽣们能通过这篇评价，对于托福阅读考试有⼀个准确的把握。
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set ) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞⽬的题 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句⼦题 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插⼊句⼦题 Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set ) 9. Prose Summary ⽂章内容⼩结题 10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题 其中，前⼋种为微观题，解题不需要联系⽂章主旨。
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
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新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
新托福阅读考试中偶尔会出现的“新题型”往往会令很多考生感到茫然和恐慌，不过新托福考试教师认为大家对“新题型”完全没必要可怕，下面托我就将给我们具体分析新托福阅读考试OG中没出现的各种“新题型”。
新托福阅读新题型的重点解析
其实这些新题型并不是进入2021年，2021年以或者是2021年新出现的题型。
这些题型其实是新托福考试自从诞生之日起，就已经出现了的题型，但是由于ETS的官方指南始终没有将这部分题型列入其中，因此是等到“新托福突破口——TPO”出现之后，才渐渐被人们知晓的，在这之前，只有传言，但是都是捕风捉影。
话不多说，妙文开始!
新托福考试OG列出了阅读的10种题型：
1. Factual information questions (纯粹详情)
2. Negative factual information questions (否认详情)
3. Inference questions (推理题)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辞目的题)
5. Vocabulary questions (词汇题)
6. Reference questions (指代题)
7. Sentence simplification questions (〔句子〕简化题)
8. Insert text question (句子插入题)
9. Prose summary (内容
第1页共1页。
新版托福口语题型题型解析
新版托福口语题型题型解析托福口语六大题型解析Task1题目为非限制性问题，考试内容一定和学校或者日常生活有关，考生在答题时一定要注意回答thereason detail，对这些还要有相对应的细节来支持。
答题时间只有45s。
考生在平时复习的时候就要注意这方面内容的积累和运用，考试的时候才能够使用起来得心应手。
Task2一般为二选一的题型，形式如问A和B哪个好?为什么好?考生要通过这两个方面来回答问题，答题时间为45s。
在托福口语中前面两题的题目都是一开始就出现的，电脑也会读，考生只要看到题目就可以进行构思了。
在准备时间过完之后就可以开始答题，不必等到电脑读完提示准备时间时才去答题，为自己多争取一些思考的时间，对答题也是很不错的。
Task3托福口语从第三题开始有听力和阅读两个部分，主要是以校园事件为话题，语言并不学术，通常是两个对话，有习语出现。
如果你听到对话中有70%都是重复其中一个人的观点，那么这个观点就是该对话的一致观点，另外的30%就是不一致的观点。
Task4这一类题型为学术类的文章。
听力和阅读之间存在一定的关系，一般不是承接关系就是驳斥关系。
大部分情况下就是让你用听力讲座中的一个例子来解释，即细节解释，这个时候就是体现你听力能力的时候。
第34题都是有听力和阅读两部分的内容，其中阅读部分第3题较短，第4题较长，都是要求在45s读完，文章长度一般为75 ~ 120词(一般是5~7行)。
考生要注意的是第4题的阅读部分比较重要，第3题还好，因为第4题要知道听力内容和阅读内容之间有什么观点，这是答题需要答的。
这两题的答题时间都是1分钟。
提醒大家，如果考生在回答时要用到Take下的Notes里的词，最好做同义替换，并且在答题时绝对不能出现reading passage里面的词。
两道题的时间分配大致为：15s说阅读，40s说男女观点，中间用点题句连接。
回答应尽可能完整，但也无需面面俱到。
Task5多为学校生活类话题。
新托福阅读题型介绍与技巧
新托福阅读题型介绍一、细节题特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征）数量：每篇3-6题难度：变化很大策略：随机应变二、选非题特征：NOT/EXCEPT数量：每篇1题难度：较低策略：一定要做对三、推理题特征：infer、imply数量：每篇1-2题难度：很高策略：可以放四、修辞题：特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少，所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形五、词汇题特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影（2）以the word/phrase开头数量：每篇3-6题难度：非常简单策略：一定要做对六、指代题特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影（2）打上阴影的是某个代词数量：1题难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力）策略：要做对七、复述题特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影（2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answerchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.数量：1题难度：很难或者很简单八、插句题特征：黑色小方框（■）数量：1题难度：较低策略：要做对九、归总题特征：两排六个选项数量：1题难度：1分很简单，2分有点难策略：保1争2新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲阅读的步骤：第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶（粗略看一遍文章）第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文对应的东西很多）第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。
新托福试题及答案
新托福试题及答案1. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一：《城市化的影响》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的哪些影响？1.2 作者提到了哪些措施可以减少这些影响？答案：1.1 文章主要讨论了城市化对环境的影响包括空气污染、水资源短缺和生物多样性的减少。
1.2 作者提到了提高能源效率、推广公共交通和保护绿地等措施可以减少这些影响。
B. 阅读材料二：《古代文明的交流》根据文章内容，回答以下问题。
2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间有哪些交流方式？2.2 这些交流方式对文明发展有何影响？答案：2.1 文章中提到的古代文明之间的交流方式包括贸易、战争和宗教传播。
2.2 这些交流方式促进了文化和技术的交流，加速了文明的发展。
2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一：《海洋生物的保护》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
3.1 演讲者提出了哪些保护海洋生物的措施？3.2 演讲者认为哪种措施最有效？答案：3.1 演讲者提出了建立海洋保护区、限制过度捕捞和提高公众意识等措施。
3.2 演讲者认为建立海洋保护区是最有效措施。
B. 听力材料二：《气候变化的影响》根据听力材料，回答以下问题。
4.1 讲座中提到气候变化对农业有哪些影响？4.2 讲座中提到了哪些应对策略？答案：4.1 讲座中提到气候变化导致作物产量下降、病虫害增加和水资源短缺。
4.2 讲座中提到了改进农业技术、种植抗旱作物和建设水利设施等应对策略。
3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一：描述一个你认为对环境最有益的活动。
答案：我认为植树活动对环境最有益。
它不仅能够吸收二氧化碳，减少温室气体排放，还能增加生物多样性，改善空气质量。
B. 口语任务二：讨论你认为的最有效的学习策略。
答案：我认为最有效的学习策略是定期复习和实践。
定期复习可以帮助巩固记忆，而实践则可以加深对知识的理解。
4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一：论述城市化对人类社会的影响。
答案：城市化对人类社会的影响是多方面的。
新TOEFL托福iBT阅读题型与解题方法
新TOEFL阅读题型及解题方法新托福（托福iBT）● 2005 年9 月，美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）在全球推出新托福考试，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。
● TOEFL iBT能够反映学生在一流大专院校的教学和校园生活中的语言应用能力。
加试●出现在听力或阅读部分，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
●加试部分不算分，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试。
●阅读和听力考试之后有10 分钟休息时间。
新TOEFL阅读部分In TOEFL test, there are usually 13 to 14 questions for each passage and the question types can be summarized as the following.1.Factual questions(3-6 questions per set)2.Negative Factual questions(0-2 questions per set)3.Inference Questions(0-2 questions per set)4.Rhetorical Purpose Questions(0-2 questions per set)5.Sentence Insertion Questions(1 question per set)6.Sentence Reference Questions(0-2 questions per set)7.Sentence Restatement Questions(1 question per set)8.Prose Summary Questions(1 question per set)9.Fill in a Table Questions(1 question per set)10.Vocabulary Questions(0-3 questions per set)1. FQ (Factual questions)Definition: FQ ask about explicit facts and details in the passage. They often contain: who, what, when, where, why. For FQ, the information needed for an answer is directly stated somewhere in the passage.Characteristics: FQ often begin with the following1.According to the passage,2.According to the information in paragraph 23.What does the author say aboutTips for FQ:1.Focus on one or two key words from the question, they might be DATE, NAMEand other nouns so on2.Scan the passage and look only for these words as you scroll down3.The questions usually follow the order of the passage, therefore, usually scrolldown form the last questions you answered, you do not need to read the entire passage again4.Underline the sentences where contain the key words, read preceding andfollowing sentences as well.2. Negative Factual Questions (NFQ)Definitions: NFQ ask you to determine which of the four answer choices is not given in the passage. It often contains words, NOT, EXCEPT, LEAST. They always appear in Uppercases.Characteristics: NFQ often begin with the following structures1.According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?3.Which of the following is LEAST likely?Tips for NFQ1.Read the questions first, locate key words.e Key Words technique to look for the information in the passage related witheach answer3.Identify the answer that is not mentioned in the passagesExercise I: Locate the key words for the following sentences:1.What story is told about the first dentist in the North American colonies?2.People in which of the following occupations probably did NOT practiceemergency dentistry?3.What materials did Paul Revere use to make artificial teeth?4.How many students graduated in the first class to study dentistry in the UnitedStates?5.How is the building that housed the first dental school in the United States atpresent?6.According to the passage, what were ”Negative spray” and “Vitalized Air”?7.In what year did William Morton demonstrated ether?8.Which of the following is NOT one of the problems that X rays can indicate?9.What were …dental engines‟?10.How did the dental drills that were developed in the 1950‟s reduce heat and pain? III. Inference questionsDefinition: These questions require you to make inferences according to the information provided in the passages. The answers to these questions are not directly stated anywhere in the passage, but it can be inferred.Characteristics: The questions usually contain the words infer or imply1.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?2.In paragraph..., the author implies that…?3.It can be concluded from the information in paragraph…that…4.The author suggests that:Types of Inference:Infer in reverse direction1.Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, sproutsof oil, or gushers, were common in the past.Which of the following can be inferred about the gushers?A.They make bringing the oil to the surface easierB.They signal the presence of huge oil reservesC.They waste more oil in the pastD.They are unlikely to occur nowadays2.The story of the western movement of population in the United States is, in themain, the story of the expansion of agriculture- of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life enter a national market economyWhat can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 18151.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.2.They were able to sell their products at high prices.3.They had not been successful in raising cattle4.They did not operate in a national market3.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?A.Canals were built primarily in the in the south of England rather than in otherregionsB.Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C.Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damagedin the processD.Canal builders hired surveyors like smith to examine exposed rock strata4.Sediments above and below the gypsum layers contained tiny marine fossils,indicating open-ocean conditions.Which of the following can be inferred about solid gypsum layers?A.It did not contain any marine fossilB.It had formed in open-ocean conditionsC.It had once been soft, deep-sea mudD.It contained sediment from nearby desertsInfer according to the key wordsIn all probabilities, it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latin who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration and a land-based society. Which of the following can be inferred about the people of Latium?A.Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.B.They held different values than the people of RomeC.Agriculture played a significant role in the societyD.They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instinctExercises I: Identify the correct inferences based on the sentence or short passage:1. If a metalworker from 3,000 years ago could somehow travel forward in time, he would recognize virtually every step of the lost-wax process that today is used to cast titanium for jet engines.A: Titanium has been forged for thousands of years.B: The lost-wax methods of casting metal is very oldC: Metalworking has changed very little in 3,000 years.2. When apple growers talk about new varieties of apples. They don‟t mean something developed last month, last year, or even in the last decade.A: Apple growers have not developed any new varieties of apples in recent decades. B: Some varieties of apples can be developed in a short time, but others take a long time.C: New varieties of apples take a long time to develop.3. High level of serum cholesterol used to be thought of as a problem only for adults. A: High level of serum cholesterol are no longer a problem for adults.B: Only children have a problem with high levels of serum cholesterol.C: High serum cholesterol affects both adults and children.4. Alpha Centauri, one of the closest stars to Earth, is just 4.3 light years away. It can be seen only from the southern Hemisphere. However, the closest star(other than our own Sun, of course) is a tiny red star, Proxima Centauri, which is not visible without a telescope.A: ProximaCentauri, is the closest star to Earth.B: Alpha Centauri, is invisible from earth without a telescope.C: Proxima Centauri is closer than 4.3 light years from the earth.5. Compared with the rest of its brain, the visual area of a turtle‟s brain is quite small, since turtles, like all other reptiles, depend mainly on senses other than sight.A: No reptile uses sight as its primary sense.B: Animals that depend on sight all have larger visual areas in their brain than turtles do.C: The visual area of other reptiles‟ brain is smaller than that of turtles.6. An old but still useful proverb says,” beware of oak, it draws the stroke.” In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract more lightning than do treeswith shallow, dry roots. Oak are fifty times more likely to be struck than beeches. Pines are not safe as beeches but are still much safer than oaks.A: The roots of oak are fifty times deeper than those of beeches.B: Pines‟ roots are deeper than beeches, but not as deep as those of oaks.C: the deeper the root, the safer the tree.7. Illegible handwriting does not indicate weakness of character, as even a quick glance at the penmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt or John E. Kennedy revealsA: Roosevelt and Kennedy both had handwriting that was difficult to read.B: Roosevelt‟s handwriting was more illegible than that of Kennedy.C: The author believe both Roosevelt and Kennedy had weak characters.8. Jack London spent only a year prospecting for gold in Alaska. However, nearly half of his forty books are set there.A: London was successful in his search for gold in Alaska.B: Although London worked in Alaska for only a short time, he wrote almost twenty books while he lived there.C: London‟s experiences in Alaska had a strong influence on his writing.9. Most fish take on the coloration of their natural surroundings to a certain degree. It‟s not surprising, therefore, that fish inhabiting the warm, shallow waters around tropical reefs are colored all the brilliant hues of the rainbow.A: Tropical fish are unlike other fish because they take on the coloration of their environment.B. Tropical reefs are brightly colored environment.C: Tropical fish are brightly colored because they inhabit warm waters.10. Although sheep herding is an older and more beloved occupation, shepherds never caught the attention of filmmakers the way cowboys did.A: There have been more films about cowboys than about shepherds.B: Films about shepherds are older and more beloved than films about cowboys.C: Cowboys are generally younger than shepherds.11. The Okefenokee Swamp is a fascinating realm that both confirms and contradicts popular notions of a swamp. Along with huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, and dim waterways, the Okefenokee has sandy pine islands, sunlit prairies, and clear lakes.A. Although most swamps are not very interesting, the Okefenokee is an exception. B: The Okefenokee has features that are not commonly associated with swamps.C: Unlike most swamps, the Okefenokee does not have huge cypresses, dangerous quagmires, or dim waterways.12. Thomas Jefferson preferred the Roman Style of architecture, as seen in the buildings at the University of Virginia, to the English style favored by CharlesBullfinch.A: The architecture of the University of Virginia was influenced by the Roman style. B: Bullfinch was an English architect.C: Jefferson preferred to build in the English style of architecture.13. In all cultures, gestures are used as a form of communication, but the same gestures may have very different meanings in different cultures.A: No two cultures use the same gestures.B: one gesture almost never has the same meaning in two cultures.C: A person from one culture may misunderstand the gestures used by a person from another.14. Even spiders that do not build webs from silk use it for a variety of purposes. such as constructing egg sacs and nursery tents.A: All spiders build webs.B: Spiders that build webs don‟t builds egg sacs or nursery tents.C: Silks is used by all spiders.15. In theory, a good screwdriver should last a lifetime, but it seldom does, usually because it is used as a substitute for other tools.A: Using a screwdriver for purpose other than those for which it was intended can shorten its life.B: All screwdrivers, if they are really good, last a lifetime.C: If you want a screwdriver to last a lifetime, use other tools to substitute for it. Exercise II: Choose correct inferences for the questions according to the information in the passageThe Titus-Bode law predicted that there would be a fifth planet between Mars and Jupiter. In 1800, a group of astronomers nic knamed the “celestial police” was organized to search for the missing planet. Before the plan could be put in effect, another astronomer, G.Piazzi, discovered 1 Ceres, the largest asteroids, in this position in space on New year‟s Day, 1801. While trying t o locate Ceres again, the astronomer H.Olbers discovered 2 Pallas in 1802. J.Harding discovered 3 Juno in 1804. H.Olbers also discovered 4 Vesta, the brightest asteroid, in 1807. It was not until 1836 that a fifth asteroid, 5 Asterea, was added to the list. At first, many nineteenth-century astronomers did not find asteroids of much interest. One even called them” the vermin of the sky”. In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to detect asteroids. Then Wolf went on to discover 248 asteroids, beginning with 323 Bruscia. At present, around 150,000 asteroids have been discovered. Most are spotted today by automated systems that pair telescopes with computers.Asteroids vary in size from Ceres, with a diameter of 570 miles, to tiny bodies that are only the size of pebbles. Only the four largest-Ceres,Palas,Vesta,and Juno-arespherical. Most are elongated irregular. Asteroids are not uniformity distributed through space. Many occur in clusters called groups, of in even tighter clusters called families. Families or asteroids with similar characteristics, indicating a common origin, are called Hiruzama asteroids.H.Olbers advanced the theory that asteroids are the remnants of a large planet that exploded. Other astronomers suggested that the asteroids were originally moons of Jupiter that broke away and then disintegrated. The most commonly accepted theory among astronomers today is that they occupy a place in the solar system where a sizable planet could have formed but was prevented from doing so by the disruptive gravity field of nearby Jupiter. Originally, perhaps, there were only a few dozen asteroids. These were eventually fragmented by mutual collisions to produce the present population of asteroids.When new asteroids are discovered, they are given a temporary six-character name. The first four numbers correspond to the year of discovery. The first of the two letters corresponds to the half-month period in which the asteroid was discovered, and the second to the sequence in which the asteroid was discovered in that half-month. For example, the asteroid 2006AC was the third asteroid(C) to be discovered in the first half of January(A)in 2006. After the orbit of an asteroid discovery(Currently from 1 Ceres to 95959 Covadonga). The first several hundred asteroids were named for female characters from mythology(Cere, for example, is the Roman goddess of the harvest) Even after these names were used up, the convention of giving asteroid may submit a name to the international Astronomical Union. Some are named for places or for things. Some are named to honor famous scientist, painters, writers, or even pop stars, such as musicians and actors. Some are named after colleagues, family members, and even pets. Discoverers may not, however, name asteroids after themselves. Of the 150,000 known asteroids, only about 10% have names.Most asteroids are found in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. Some have highly eccentric orbits, such as 3200 phaeton, which swings close to the Sun. Some asteroids, called Near Earth Asteroids(NEAs),pass close to Earth. It is feared that one day an steroid may hit Earth and cause a great deal of damage. In fact, most scientists believed that a collision between an asteroid and the earth made dinosaur extinct.In June of 2002, without warning, a medium-sized asteroid called 2002 MN passed relatively close to Earth. It was not observed until three days after it has passed. This was the cloest an asteroid had come to Earth since 1994XM. That asteroid missed the Earth by only 64,000 miles. However, the one in 2002 was much larger than 1994XN and potentially much more destructive. Other near misses involved 1989FC and 433 Erros in 1975. While there are programs to watch for Near Earth Asteroids, 2002MN proved that these programs are not completely effective. Some people believe that there should be much larger worldwide program to detect and possibly destroyasteroids that are heading towards out planet.Questions:1.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the Titus-Bode lawdeals with which of the following?A. The size of planets.B. The position of planets around the earth.C. The speed of bodies in spaceD. The existence of asteroids.2.What does the author imply about G.Piazzi in paragraph 1?A.He was not trained as an astronomer.B.He worked closely with H.Olbers.C.He was not a member of the “Celestial police”D.He discovered the four largest asteroids.3.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that H.OlbertsA.was not looking for 2 Pallas when he found it.B.discovered the largest asteroid.C.discovered many asteroids a few years after finding 4 Vesta.D.worked closely with J.Harding.4.The author implies that the nineteenth-century astronomers mentioned inparagraph 1 believed thatA.Astronomers should work on projects other than asteroids.B.astrophotography was a valuable tool.C.more time should be spent searching for asteroids.D.asteroids were dangerous because they might strike Earth.5.It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 2 that asteroids in a familyA.always have a common origin.B.are closer together than those in groupC.all have the same shape.D.are brighter than those in a group6. What does the author imply about the three theories that he explains in paragraph 3?A.They are all valid theories.B.The first two theories are no longer considered valid.C.All three theories have been proved to be false.D.The third theory is older than the first two.7. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 2002MNA.It has a temporary nameB.It was the two-thousandth and second asteroid to be discoveredC.It discoverer‟s first name began with M and last name began with ND.It was discovered in January of 20028. What can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6 about the asteroid named 433 Eros?A.It is named for a female character from mythologyB.It was discovered in 433A.D.C.Its orbit has never been calculated.D.It was the four-hundred and thirty-third asteroid to be discovered9. It can be inferred that the first 333 asteroids to be discoveredA. All had feminine namesB. Were all named for mythological characters.C. All were given the names of historical persons.D. Were all named form their discoverers10. Which of the following can be inferred from the information in paragraph 6?A.Smaller asteroids move faster than medium-sized asteroids.rge asteroids are easy to detect if they approach the earth.C.The bigger the asteroid, the more destructive it might beD.Even if a large asteroid misses the Earth, it might cause damage.III. Rhetorical Purpose Questions: purpose means WHY, purpose questions ask WHY the author of a passage uses a certain piece of information in the passage.For example: The question may ask you why the authore a certain example2.Makes a comparison3.Quote a sentenceTips or Steps: Purpose questionsusually askyou why author cites an example, quotesa sentence or make a comparison. If the author cites an example, the answer usually will be immediate before the example; For quotation, read the whole sentence, the answer can be reached by the quoted sentence,Exercise:Beach ErosionThe Sea has been rising relative to the land for hundreds of years, geologists say, but the rise has accelerated over the last few decades. The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States have eroded an average of two or three feet, the Gulf Coast even faster. In some places the erosion has even been more dramatic. Highland Light, the oldest lighthouse on Cape Cod, was 400 feet from the sea when it was built in 1797. Now it is only about 100 feet from the ocean. Just in the last years, a series of harshwinter storms has eaten up over forty feet of the beach in from of the lighting house.The United States has over 19,000 miles of beaches, and nearly half of the population of the United States lives within 50 miles of the coast. Some estimates claim that between 80%-90% of the U.S. coastline is eroding. And the problem is not confined to the United States. Egypt, Thailand, India, the U.K., Australia, and Japan-almost every country that has a coastline-share this problem. During storms, the action of heavy waves carries sand into the sea and leaves it on the ocean floor. During calm period, erosion reverses. Sand is slowly moved landward by the action of gentler waves. In recent times, however, the build up of sand has not kept pace with erosion. In many places, sand has been replaced by sediment.Lately, the leading cause of the increased rate of beach erosion has been global warming. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels. These gases are accumulating in the atmosphere, trapping in the sun‟s heat. Forests are being cut down, leaving fewer trees to remove carbon dioxide from the air. Global warming has likely increased the frequency of severe storm that tear sand from beaches. Average temperatures are likely to rise higher in the near future, melting glaciers and polar ice caps, causing the level of the sea to rise, and making coastal erosion even worse.Clearly, something must be done. Too many people live and vacation in Miami Beach, Atlantic City, Malibu, Galveston, and Honolulu to simply allow roads, houses, and resorts to fall into the sea. Many engineers maintain that the best way to protect coast is build protective structures such as sea walls and breakwater to protect beaches from the ravages of storms. These structures have been tried in a number of places along the U.S. coastline and in other countries, notably Japan.The problem with defensive structures is that they often don‟t work. One study, In fact, has shown that these structures accelerate the erosion of beaches. The states of Maine, North Carolina, and South Carolina have banned the building of these structures. Some communities have tried another solution: beach replenishment (also called beach nourishment). These programs simply replace lost sand with sand from deeper parts of the ocean or in the case of some California beaches, with sand brought in by trucks from the deserts. These programs are costly. It costs over US $1 million to replenish one mile of beach. Again, however, this method of preserving beaches is of dubious value. Another study shows that only 10% of replenished beaches have lasted more than five years. In some locations, the supply of suitable sand is limited. And the quality of the sand used for replenishment is seldom as high as the sand that it replaces.Q1: The author illustrates the problem of beach erosion in part bying Highland Light as a dramatic example of how severe beach erosion can beB.exploring the economic cost beach erosion on one seaside community.paring the situation at Highland Light with similar places in other countries.D.saying that the situation on Cape Cod is typical for most seaside communities.Q2: The author probably mentions the fact that nearly half of the population of the United States lives within fifty miles of the coast to show thatA.patterns of population distribution in the United States are changing,B.beach erosion affects a vast number of people in the United StatesC.the problem in the United States is more severe than it is in many other countries.D.beach erosion is not a concern for more than half of the population of the UnitedStates.Q3: The author explains global warming byA.giving its causes and showing how it affects beach erosionparing and contrasting it with other causes of beach erosionC.giving examples of ways to reduce its impact.D.evaluating how it may actually reduce beach erosion.Q4: The author mentions Japan in paragraph 4 because Japan has1.banned the use of protective structures2.ignored the problem of beach erosion3.tried beach replenishment programs4.built seawalls and breakwaters.Q5: The author cites the two studies in the passage in order to1.suggest that the sea is not rising as fast as was originally believed.2.strengthen the engineers‟ claim that protective structures and beachreplenishment are necessary.3.propose two new solutions to the problem of beach erosion.4.support his own position about protective structures and beach replenishment. Q6: It can be inferred the author of this passage1.opposes the use of both protective structures and beach replenishment2.believes beach replenishment would be more effective than protectivestructures.3.oppose any actions to prevent beach erosions.4.denies that beach erosion is a serious problemIV. Sentence Restatement(highlighted) QuestionsDefinition: Present a sentence from the passage, then asks you to choose the sentence from the answer choices that best restates or summarize the information in the original sentence.Characteristics:1.The correct choice will not look like the original sentence. It will use differentgrammar and vocabulary. Sometimes, use synonyms as a substitute.2.Correct choice may eliminate details and examples from original sentence. Itmay simplify and summarize the original sentence.3.Incorrect choices may1.Omit important information from original sentence, not the completesummarization.2.Change the meaning of the original sentence，usually the logicalrelationship between the sentences has been changed.Tips or steps:1.Break the sentences into 2-3 ideas and find the correct relationship amongsentences.Exercises:Passage 1:In some cases, a warning call or a threatening pose may be the only defense that is needed, but in other cases, intruders may refuse to leave peacefully and a battle for the territory takes place.Q 1: Which of the following sentences best express the essential information in the sentence in bold?ually a warning call is all that is required to get the invading bird to leave,but sometimes a threatening pose is also needed.2.If an intruder is threatened by the pose of the bird that occupies the territory, astruggle will take place.3.Sometimes the invader can be frightened away, but sometimes the defendermust fight.4.The intruder generally frightens the defender with warning calls andthreatening poses.Which of the following sentences if closed in meaning to the sentence in bold in the passage above?Passage 2It is also possible, of course, that people are concerned with several of these classes of motivation simultaneously, as would be the case if, on the same day, a person installed a fire safety alarm (satisfying a need for protection) and joined a folk-dancing club (satisfying a need for belonging).Q2: which of the following sentences best restates the information in the sentence in bold?1.People may satisfy more than one of Maslowe‟s categories of needs at thesame time.2.Obviously, for some people, installing a fire safety alarm is more importantthan joining a social club.3. A typical person is more motivated to satisfy a higher-level need, such as the。
新版托福 口语题型
新版托福口语题型（实用版）目录1.新版托福口语考试简介2.新版托福口语考试题型及分数3.新版托福口语考试的技巧和策略4.备考建议和资源正文【新版托福口语考试简介】新版托福（TOEFL）口语考试是托福考试中的一个重要部分，主要用于评估考生的英语口语能力。
新版托福口语考试采用全程机考的方式，考试时长约为 20 分钟。
在考试中，考生需要回答 6 个问题，其中包括 2 个独立口语任务和 4 个综合口语任务。
【新版托福口语考试题型及分数】新版托福口语考试主要分为两类题型：独立口语任务和综合口语任务。
1.独立口语任务：考生需要在规定时间内回答一个给定的话题。
这类任务主要测试考生的表达能力和思维能力。
独立口语任务包括第 1 题和第 2 题，每题的答题时间分别为 45 秒和 60 秒。
2.综合口语任务：考生需要先阅读一段文字，然后听一段录音，最后根据所读和所听内容回答问题。
这类任务主要测试考生的听力和口语表达能力。
综合口语任务包括第 3 题至第 6 题，每题的答题时间分别为 60 秒、90 秒、120 秒和 150 秒。
新版托福口语考试的总分为 30 分，每个问题的分数范围为 0-3 分。
【新版托福口语考试的技巧和策略】要想在新版托福口语考试中取得好成绩，考生需要掌握一些基本的技巧和策略：1.提高口语表达能力：考生需要通过大量的练习提高自己的口语表达能力。
可以参加口语培训班，或与英语母语者进行口语交流。
2.增强思维能力：考生需要学会在短时间内快速思考和组织语言。
可以通过练习即兴演讲和回答问题来提高思维能力。
3.熟悉考试题型：考生需要熟悉新版托福口语考试的题型，了解每个问题的答题要求和技巧。
可以通过模拟考试和观看考试教程来提高对考试题型的熟悉度。
4.积累词汇和语法：考生需要积累大量的词汇和语法知识，以便在考试中能够准确地表达自己的观点。
【备考建议和资源】1.参加托福培训班：参加专业的托福培训班可以帮助考生系统地学习新版托福口语考试的知识和技巧。
2023改革后托福题型
2023改革后托福题型解析自2023年起，托福考试进行了一系列改革，题型及考试结构有所调整。
以下是改革后的托福题型解析，主要包括阅读理解、听力理解、口语表达和写作能力四个方面。
一、阅读理解阅读理解部分共包含3篇文章，每篇文章长度约为700字左右，难度和内容均与大学生的阅读水平相当。
文章题材涵盖社会科学、自然科学和人文科学等领域。
考生需要在规定时间内完成阅读并回答与文章内容相关的问题，问题类型包括细节题、推理题、主旨题和词汇题等。
二、听力理解听力理解部分包含2个对话和2篇长讲座，总时长约为60分钟。
对话内容主要涉及日常生活中的场景，如学生和教授的对话、学术讨论等；讲座则涉及学术领域的内容，如历史、生物、地质等。
考生需要在听完对话和讲座后回答与内容相关的问题，问题类型包括细节题、主旨题和推理题等。
三、口语表达口语表达部分包含1道独立口语题和3道综合口语题。
独立口语题要求考生就某一话题发表个人观点，准备时间为15秒，答题时间为45秒。
综合口语题则需要考生先听取一段对话或讲座，然后根据所听内容进行归纳总结并发表观点，答题时间为1分钟。
四、写作能力写作能力部分包含1道独立写作题和1道综合写作题。
独立写作题要求考生就某一话题展开论述，阐述自己的观点，字数要求为300字左右，答题时间为50分钟。
综合写作题则需要考生先阅读一篇文章，然后听取一段与文章内容相关的讲座，再根据所读所听内容写出论述文，字数要求为225字左右，答题时间为30分钟。
以上是2023改革后托福题型解析的四个方面。
通过了解这些题型及要求，考生可以更好地备考托福考试，提高自己的英语水平和语言应用能力。
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新托福考试题型详解
一、阅读(Reading)：有三篇文章
与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。
每篇文章对应有11道试题，均为选择题。
除了最后一道试题之外，其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问，试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。
最后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。
新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，难度也有所增加。
这部分持续时间为1小时，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。
二、听力(Listening)：取消了短对话
由两篇较长的校园情景对话和四篇课堂演讲组成，课堂演讲每篇长约5分钟。
由于是机考，考生在听录音资料之前无法得知试题。
在播放录音资料时，电脑屏幕上会显示相应的背景图片。
考生可以在听音过程中记笔记。
考生不能复查、修改已递交的答案。
这个部分持续大约50分钟。
听力水平无疑是新托福成功与否的关键，除阅读外，无论哪一部分都离不开“听”。
对于中国考生来说，听力却正是薄弱环节。
目前中国考生提高听力的其中一条有效途径是“听写法”，即把相关听力材料拿来精听，并把听到的内容逐句写下来。
也有专门用来练习新托福听写的软件，如新托福听写王软件。
“听写法”提高听力的一个缺点是，刚开始练习时可能比较费时。
三、口试(Speaking)：把TSE(Test of Spoken English)融合在新托福中。
1
然而与现行的TSE相比又有较大改动。
这个部分共有6题，持续约20分钟。
第一、二题要求考生就某一话题阐述自己的观点。
第三、四题要求考生首先在45秒内阅读一段短文，随后短文隐去，播放一段与短文有关的对话或课堂演讲。
最后，要求考生根据先前阅读的短文和播放的对话或课堂演讲回答相关问题，考生有30秒钟的准备时间，然后进行60秒钟的回答。
例如，短文中描述了对学校体育馆进行扩建的两种方案，对话中一位同学阐述了自己的立场，即赞成哪种方案，反对哪种方案，并列举了若干理由。
要求考生叙述对话中同学的立场并解释他/她列举了哪些理由支持这一观点。
第五、六题要求考生听一段校园情景对话或课堂演讲，然后回答相关问题。
考生有20秒钟的准备时间，之后进行60秒钟的回答。
例如，先播放一段市场学课堂演讲，演讲中教授列举了两种市场调查的方法，然后要求考生使用课堂演讲中的观点和例子描述教授列举出的两种市场调查的方法。
考生可以在听音过程中记笔记以帮助答题。
在准备和答题时，屏幕上会显示倒计时的时钟。
四、写作(Writing)要求考生在1小时内完成两篇作文。
其中一篇类似于老托福的写作，要求考生在30分钟内就某一话题阐述自己的观点，字数要求为300字以上。
另一篇则要求考生首先阅读一篇文章，五分钟以后，文章隐去，播放一段与文章有关的课堂演讲。
课堂演讲列举了一些论据反驳文章中的论点、论据。
随后要求考生在20分钟内写一篇作文，总结课堂演讲的论点、论据，并陈述这些论点、论据是如何反驳文章的论点、论据的，字数要求为150字到225字之间。
2
在写作时，文章会重新显示在屏幕上。
这篇作文不要求考生阐述自己的观点。
五、加试
一般实际考试中，考生往往会在听力或阅读部分碰到加试试题，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。
加试部分不算分(有人说会算分，说是抽几题给分)，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试部分(有的时候经典加试是能判断出来的)，所以应该认真对待。
3。