托福阅读推论类问题题型及解题方法
托福阅读有哪些题型及解题方法

托福阅读有哪些题型及解题方法托福考试中,被考生认为最有可能拿到满分的科目。
托福阅读常见哪些题型。
不同的题型有哪些解题方法?下面就是店铺给大家整理的托福阅读常见题型,希望对你有用!托福阅读常见题型1.Vocabulary–词汇题1)上下句之间的逐词对应2)And--平行或递进,Or--平行3)句子内部逻辑,段落内部逻辑4)反义(明反,隐反)5)合成词的切割6)熟词僻意7)意思沾边就对2.Prose Summary--文章的主干,文章的解题句1)主要观点2)段落大意-正确选项3)小心泛泛而谈的选项4)错误选项是细枝末节5)主要观点在正确选项6)View Text, View Question3.Table题1)“主要内容”与“组织方式”2)正确答案位置区分3)错误选项的特征:错误信息4)文章不包含的话题或未分类的内容—错5)当选项是句子时,可能选择那些看起来和原文更加不相似的选项;这个说法反过来也试用4.细节题,Except题--找原文信息直接对应1)不一定相同词性对应2)无论怎样的解题路径,两种题目都对同一能力进行考察:Paraphrase/长难句2)Except对全文出题,则选项在原文中按顺序排列3)Except对一段出题,则选项不一定按顺序5.句子插入题1)非唯一主干2)Tips: 数词,代词,某些动词,某些引导词6.句子简化1)主要意思相同;错误选项可能表达正确的意思;主要意思≠最多意思2)逻辑关系要正确:比较级>转折因果条件>平行并列3)最高级很危险7.指代题1)一般往前找2)所有格代词,指代前面最接近的名词3)主语对应主语,宾语对应宾语4)平行结构(除了平行原则,其他均要验证)5)注意单复数--需要验证8.修饰目的题找例子前的话,及与例子体现关系的词9.推理题1)反义2)从属(整体与部分)3)其他(提出方式与自己推论)托福阅读的五种解题技巧第一点: 词汇基础要扎实。
托福阅读有一个很大的特色就是有专门考察单词的题型,也就是托福阅读词汇题。
托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法

托福阅读难点剖析——推理题解法托福阅读部分高分关键在于推理题解法。
尽管托福考试中此类题所占比例较少, 但却是考生获得 满分或高分的最大障碍。
此类题特点在于原文中未明确说明,其含义在其中( implied ) ,也就是说, 要考生通过适当的理解并运用推理、判断、归纳等方式,找出文中某个词或句子的特殊含义,或者判 断出句子与句子之间或段落与段落之间关系。
有些考生对此类题往往不知从何入手, 凭一般感觉解题, 这样虽然可以解对几题,但获得全对可能性极小。
下面根据本人多年托福阅读教学经验,对此类题进 行具体论述。
一、 推理模式 其特点是利用文中某个词汇、词组、句子含义进行外延及相关性引伸。
如根据“ teacher ”——教 师,可推现教师经常上课,应保护嗓子,或根据舞蹈演员推理出身体灵活等。
此类题关键在于文中关 键词汇的合理引伸,一般寻找此类引伸方法可以用如下图形表达:具体、抽象 方式、内容 语气强、弱中心词来源 中心词应用场合 主客观转换 人物、关系 例 1: After the administration of lighthouses was taken over in 1852by the United States Lighthouse Board, an agency of the Treasury Department, the keeper corp gradually became highly professional. It can be inferred from the passage that the Treasury Department, after assuming control of the lighthouses, improved which of the following? (A) The training of the lighthouse (B) The sturdiness of the lighthouses (C) The visibility of the lights (D) The locations of the lighthouses 提示: 原文中提到在 1852 the United States Lighthouse Board 接管灯塔管理之后, 看灯人就日趋专 业化。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题

托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题托福阅读大家都想能更好地把题目做对,不过托福阅读题型还是很多的,不同的托福阅读题也有着不同的解决办法,具体该如何做呢?下面介绍的就是一种很常见的题目:推理题,希望能给大家一些好的建议。
托福阅读10种题型举例分析——推断题无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, Identifying Negative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences, Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information.还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。
有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。
有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。
这是非常有用的。
五、推断题应该说推断题属于难度比较大,混淆选项比较难排除的一种。
但如果掌握一定的技巧也不是无章可循。
OG的说明是:如果文章提到结果,很可能让你推断原因;如果提到二者比较,很可能问你比较的基础;正确答案不是文章明显提到的,而是明显可以推出来的。
最重要的一句话就是:You should be able to defend your choice by pointing to explicitly stated information in the passage that leads to the inference you have selected。
托福阅读推理题型及答题技巧介绍

托福阅读推理题型及答题技巧介绍托福阅读推理题是托福阅读题型的重要组成部分,一般而言,在新托福阅读题的3篇文章中,每篇总是会有0-2道此类问题,一次考试总共有3-4道。
推理题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中,但是没有直接加以说明,需要考生从已知中推出。
托福阅读推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , mostlikely (least likely)或probably 等词语。
一、托福阅读推理题的两大分类:有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。
这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。
根据关键词回原文定位,然后进行推理。
一般来说,大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。
对于无共性的推理题,也就是题干中无线索,一般使用排除法,即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位,通过排除法得出正确答案。
返回原文找信息点,采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
二、托福阅读推理题的三个具体的解题思路:1、一般对比推理:根据两个事情的对比特征,问其中一个事物的特征,只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。
2、时间对比推理:在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反。
当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。
3、集合概念推理:一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。
反之,相同。
这个比较抽象,我们来看一个例子:例如:Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation,manufacturing, and trade and distribution.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.文中指出:非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。
托福阅读推理题答题技巧

托福阅读推理题答题技巧哎呀,托福阅读里的推理题,可真是让不少考生头疼啊!你是不是也经常抓狂,看到那些看似简单,实则考察你脑洞大开的题目,觉得自己大脑一片空白?别急,我来给你分享一些轻松有趣的答题技巧,让你在推理题面前也能泰然自若,不再紧张。
要知道,推理题不是让你去死记硬背那些阅读材料里的每个细节。
你看,文章有时候给的信息其实是有限的,很多内容需要你自己去“猜”或者“推测”。
这可不是胡乱猜测,而是根据文章给的线索,去找出最合适的答案。
就像侦探推理小说里,主角需要从一些零散的线索中找到真相,托福的推理题也是类似的,考察的其实是你对信息的整合能力。
所以啊,别一看到推理题就害怕,放松,脑袋清晰点,开始推理吧。
说到推理题,最重要的一点就是不要陷入文章的细节陷阱。
有些题目会故意让你迷失在一些不重要的细节中。
比如,文中可能提到了某个不太相关的历史事件,或者某个名字在文章中频繁出现。
你千万别以为这些内容就是答案的关键。
答案反而藏在那些看似不起眼的地方,比如文章的主题、作者的态度、段落间的逻辑关系。
你得睁大眼睛,不要被表面的信息所迷惑,挖掘出文章的深层含义。
记住一个大招:多留心作者的语气和态度。
托福阅读里的推理题可不只是单纯问“事实”类的问题,它还经常会考察你对作者态度的判断。
你有没有发现,有时候文章里有些地方,作者会用一些特定的词语,比如“显然”、“不可否认”、“绝对”等,这些词语往往代表着作者的立场。
推理题很可能会让你判断作者是持赞成态度,还是反对态度,或者是在某些问题上显得有些模棱两可。
所以,读文章的时候,要像侦探一样留心这些细节,别让任何小线索从你眼前溜走。
千万不要被题目中的“看似对立”的选项给搞晕了。
推理题经常会有两个选择看起来差不多,但实际上只有一个是最符合作者意图的。
此时,不要按自己的感觉去选,而是要回到文章中,仔细推敲,找出最符合文章整体脉络和作者观点的答案。
有些选项可能会偏离文章的主要观点,或者过于绝对化,记得不要轻易上当。
托福阅读考试题型分析 托福阅读解题思路

一、托福阅读重点难点题型1、修辞目的题修辞目的题是常见于托福阅读部分的一种题型,这里的“修辞”其实并不是考查修辞方法,而是涉及相应段落在文章中的作用,如:总结,回答问题,反驳,解释说明等。
而“目的”则是考查对文章展开形式的把握,是否了解到文章的结构为:观点+细节。
这类题目的难度在于文章没有直接给出题目的对应答案,考生需要结合自身对于整个段落或者局部内容的理解来判断提问部分的修辞作用,这要求大家对题目涉及到的内容不仅能够明白其意思,还要了解其出现或者说作者写出它们的用意,考生只有充分理解了文章的论述结构,才能有比较大的把握做好这类题型。
2、推断题说到托福阅读难题,相信许多考生第一反应可能都是推断题。
的确,推断题是有一定的难度所在的,而且还是ETS如今主推的一类题型。
推断题的难点和修辞目的题类似,也在于无法直接从原文里找到恰好对应的答案。
因为这类题目是基于文章本身给出的信息,要求考生对文章里没有的内容进行一个合理的逻辑推测,通俗来说也就是让大家推理出特定内容的言下之意。
缺乏主动灵活的逻辑思维和分析能力的同学面对这类题目往往很难应对或是做出正确的猜测。
二、托福阅读高效解题基本思路1.从题干里找线索每篇文章的题目基本上根据文章布局一步一步向前推进,即使有个别题打乱文章布局,在题干里总是有提供信息的关键词将考生带入文章的具体部位。
2.注意定位关键词做题时,根据题干或选项的关键词回归文章寻找重现关键词或其释义的语言区域,透彻理解,同时排除相应的选项。
3.分析句子结构解题遇到难句时,最直接有效的方法就是对其进行句子结构分析,迅速把握整个句子的意思,不要盯着单个词不放,不然就会因小失大。
4.摸清选项设置套路每个问题的四个选项或者是对文章中相关部分的正确释义,或者是歪曲原文,或者与原文毫不相关。
换句话说,托福考试命题专家在设置试题时会玩一些文字游戏,用各种表达形式让考生昏头转向,雾里看花。
考生应该明白自己的职责是辨别真伪,找到符合文章意思和题意的选项。
托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解

托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解托福阅读推理题题型介绍1.时间对比推理在这种推理中,一般有两个形成对比的时间段,它们所具有的特征一般相反.当题干问一个时间段的特征时,只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了.2.集合概念推理一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比,两者之间存在着互补性关系,也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少.反之,相同.3.一般对比推理在文章中介绍事物1的特征,并给出了事物1.2的特征对比,然后问事物2的特征,解答题目时只要将事物1的特征否定掉就可以.托福阅读推理题解题思路实例讲解遇到这类题型,考生先不要盲目看选项,而要有个大致的解题思路.题干中一般给出关键词A,学生根据题目出现位置对应到段落,找到关键词所在句子;然后根据内容依据以上说明判断题目属于三种推理类型的哪一种;最后根据类型对应的解题方法答题.实例解析The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main,the story of the e_pansion of American agriculture of the development of newareas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco,and cotton. After __, improved transportation enabled more and more westernfarmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westwardmigration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to__?A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco andcotton.B. They were able to sell their produce at high pricesC. They had not been successful in raising cattle.D. They did not operate in a national market economy.思路分析根据题干关键词western farmers prior to __定位(重点关注年代),可以看到关于〝After__〞的信息,这里就可以猜测解题用到时间对比.只要把__年之后的内容看懂了,并且在这个内容前面加not即可.文中说到,改善的交通使得越来越多的西部农民摆脱了自给自足的生活,并且进入了国家性的市场经济,那个时候货物的价格很多,所以向西迁移的速率也大幅增长.所以选项D是正确的.托福阅读背景材料之性格决定魅力If you e_hibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chancesare that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study hasfound that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person spersonality.The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who e_hibitnegative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physicallyattractive to observers.In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-se_individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being providedwith information on personality traits.After personality information was received, participants also rated thedesirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceiveddesirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments ofattractiveness.Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the personmore suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind, saidLewandowski.The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirabilityas a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and,ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.The findings remained consistent regardless of how attractive the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants currentrelationship status or commitment level with a partner.What would you think of this lady s physical attractiveness if shee_hibited bad personal traits?This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding peoplethat personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it caneven change people s impressions of how good looking you are, saidLewandowski.如果你表现出诚实和乐于助人等美好品质,那么别人会觉得你的外表也很迷人.一项最新研究发现,一个人的性格会影响别人对他或她的外表吸引力的看法.该项由盖里?W?勒万多维斯基负责的研究发现,人们认为,表现出不诚实和粗鲁等恶劣品质的人外表也不够吸引人.研究对象首先观看了一组异性的照片,随后分别在得知照片中人物的性格特点之前和之后给他们的外表评分.研究对象在得知照片中人物的性格特点后,还对与其中每个人交朋友或做恋人的期望值进行了评分.研究人员发现,有关人物性格特点的信息大大改变了之前的喜好度评分,研究对象的认知过程改变了他们对照片中人物外表的评价.勒万多维斯基说:〝总的来说,如果人们认为一个人的性格较好,那么他们会觉得无论与这个人做朋友还是做恋人都更合适.〞研究结果表明,人们更期望与性格较好的人交朋友.成为恋人,从而会认为他们的外表更迷人.无论照片中人物给人的〝第一印象〞怎样.或者研究对象目前的情感关系状况以及与伴侣的亲密程度如何,研究结果都是一致的.勒万多维斯基说:〝该研究提出了一个更为积极的观点,它提醒人们,性格在很大程度上能决定你的吸引力;性格甚至能够改变人们对于你外表的印象.〞大量的托福阅读背景知识积累对于托福阅读非常有帮助,不管是英文原版还是中文翻译版,同学们都可以大量去阅读,熟悉内容即可.托福阅读背景知识之水烟的危害World health e_perts warned Thursday that smoking water pipes, long popularin the Middle East and North Africa and with a growing fan base elsewhere, canbe more harmful than cigarettes.世界卫生专家近期警告称, 在中东和北非盛行的水烟危害程度可能比香烟更大,全球其他地区也有越来越多的水烟爱好者.A single puff from a water pipe is nearly equal to the volume of smokeinhaled from an entire cigarette, said The Tobacco Atlas launched at the WorldConference on Tobacco OR Health in Abu Dhabi.在阿布扎比的世界烟草或健康大会上推出的世界烟草图册显示; 从水烟管吸入一口的烟量几乎等于吸入一整只香烟的量.〞And World Health Organization tobacco e_pert Edouard Tursan d Espaignet said one session of shisha (water pipe) can be equal to smoking 20 to 30cigarettes in one go, which can be very dangerous.世界卫生组织烟草专家爱德华·图尔桑·艾斯帕内特说〝吸食一次什莎(水烟)的量可能等于一口气吸食20到30只香烟的量,这是很危险的.〞The water pipe, variously known as a hubbly-bubbly, hookah, shisha or nargileh, has become a major worry for anti-tobacco campaigners as its ispopularised across university campuses, overlooked by regulators.水烟的叫法五花八门,如hubbly-bubbly,hookah,shisha或者nargileh,而因为其在大学校园颇为流行并被管理者忽视,所以水烟已成为反烟运动者主要的担忧.In recent years, its use has spread to the United States, Europe and, to alesser e_tent,South America.近年来,水烟已流入美国.欧洲和南美的部分地区.Gemma Vestal of the WHO s Tobacco Free Initiative told AFP that whileshishas were previously the domain of older males, younger people between _-and 24-years old living in cities and educated are increasingly smokingthem.世界卫生组织无烟倡议行动的杰玛·维斯塔说,虽然先前吸食水烟的群体是老年男性,但是越来越多年龄在_岁到24岁之间.住在城市且受过教育的年轻人都开始吸食水烟.The chairman of pathology and laboratory medicine at the AmericanUniversity of Beirut, Ghazi Zaatari, says aromatic flavourings known as maasaladded to the tobacco offer younger smokers a smoother and more toleratedalternative to the taste of traditional tobacco.贝鲁特美国大学的病理学和实验室医学主席加齐·扎泰里说,水烟中添加的一种叫做maasal的芳香味道给年轻烟民提供了比传统烟草〝更顺畅,更易接受〞的味道.And the water pipe has an interesting design because it somewhat engagesyour five senses. You re holding the hose, there’s something you re looking at,there is the aroma, there is the sound of the bubbling and there is this kind ofsensational thing with the social gathering.而且水烟的设计很有趣,因为它从某种程度上同时调动吸烟者的五官感受.你拿着烟管,你看着它,它有香味,它有冒泡的声音,此外,在社交聚会中吸水烟是一件多么美妙的事.In social gatherings that last for an average of an hour, the smoker canquickly get hooked on it because of the nicotine.在持续平均一小时的社交聚会中,水烟吸食者会迅速对它上瘾,因为它含有尼古丁.Moreover, the smoke from charcoal used to heat the tobacco containsto_ins.此外,用于加热烟草木炭释放的烟雾也含有毒素.The WHO said harmful effects include impact on the respiratory system,cardiovascular system, oral activity and teeth.世界卫生组织称,它会对人的健康造成危害,包括损坏呼吸系统,心血管系统,口腔活动和牙齿等.In addition to the dangers of lung cancer, data also suggest probableassociations with oral, oesophageal, gastric, and urinary bladder cancer, aswell as chronic bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, stroke as well as otherillnesses.除了肺癌的危险,数据还表明吸食水烟的危害可能与口腔癌.食管癌.胃癌和膀胱癌,以及慢性支气管炎.心血管疾病.中风,以及其他疾病相关联.Global tobacco companies are increasingly investing in the water pipebusiness, e_perts say, while little has been done to curb their use, despite acrackdown on cigarettes.专家表示,全球的烟草公司正越来越多地投资于水烟行业,但是除了打击烟草行业以外,对于水烟的消费没有任何限制措施.According to The Tobacco Atlas, water pipes fall into a less heavily orun-regulated group of tobacco products in most countries.根据烟草图册介绍,水烟在大多数国家是不受严重监管或不监管的烟草产品. There has been a gap for a while andnow hopefully, with this global effort, they (tobacco regulators) are comingback to emphasise the importance of including the water pipe in all thesepolicies and regulations on tobacco, Zaatari said.〝这个缺口已经存在一段时间了,希望通过全球的努力,他们(烟草监管者)能够强调将水烟纳入所有烟草政策和法规监管的重要性,〞扎泰里说.Brazil has taken measures to ban flavourings, while Turkey has e_tendedwarning labelling from cigarette packets to include the water pipe.巴西已经采取措施禁止在水烟中加入香料,同时土耳其已将之前有关香烟烟盒上必须有警告标志的规定执行范围扩展至水烟领域.And the ruler of the UAE emirate of Sharjah has banned the use of waterpipes altogether, earning him an award this week from the WHO.阿拉伯联合酋长国的沙迦酋长国国王已下令彻底禁止吸食水烟,世界卫生组织因此给他颁了一个奖.Vocabularypathology:病理学hose:软管aroma:香味oesophageal cancer:食道癌urinary bladder cancer:膀胱癌托福趣味阅读之麦兜的鱼丸粗面McDull: Fish ball noodle, please.麦兜:麻烦你,鱼丸粗面!School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面了.McDull: Fish ball rice noodle then.麦兜:这样啊……来一碗鱼丸河粉吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: Chicken wing noodle then.麦兜:这样啊……金钱肚粗面好了.School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面.McDull: How about fish ball congee?麦兜:那么要鱼丸油面吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: Nothing left today? How about beef noodle?麦兜:怎么样样都没了?那要个墨鱼丸粗面吧.School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面.McDull: Again? Fried chicken wing with fish ball...麦兜:又没啊?那麻烦来碗鱼丸金钱肚吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.Darby: Hey, fish ball and noodle are both gone... You can t combine themwith other things.得巴:麦兜啊,鱼丸和粗面都卖光了,也就是所有的鱼丸或者粗面的搭配都没有了.McDull: Can t combine them? A bowl of fish ball then.麦兜:哦_没有那些搭配啊?那麻烦要净鱼丸吧.School Principal and Logan: No fish ball left.老板:没有鱼丸.McDull: A bowl of noodle?麦兜:那么净粗面呢?School Principal and Logan: No noodle left.老板:没有粗面托福阅读推理题题型介绍和解题思路实例讲解。
托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解

千里之行,始于足下。
托福阅读推断题解题方法及实例讲解托福阅读推断题是考察考生依据文章中的信息进行推理推断的题型。
在解答这类题目时,考生需要认真阅读文章,理解文章的主旨和细节信息,并基于这些信息进行规律推理,从而得出正确的推断。
下面,我将介绍一种常用的托福阅读推断题解题方法,并通过一个实例进行讲解。
1. 理解文章主旨和细节信息在阅读文章时,考生首先要理解文章的主旨和细节信息。
通过理解文章的主题、段落的中心思想以及各个细节事实,考生可以获得文章的大致内容和结构。
2. 查找线索信息在阅读文章时,考生要查找线索信息,即文章中提到的关键词、短语或句子,这些信息可能有助于回答推断题。
考生可以通过标记这些关键信息,以便以后查找和回答问题时的参考。
3. 使用规律思维进行推理考生在回答推断题时要运用规律思维进行推理。
他们可以基于文章中的事实信息,进行规律推理,得出与文章信息相关的结论。
4. 集中留意力于“隐含信息”在阅读文章时,考生要关注文章中的隐含信息,也就是没有直接提及但可以通过规律推理得出的信息。
推断题通常要求考生从文章中得出一些不直接提到的结论,考生需要依据文章中的线索信息进行规律推理,得出隐含的信息。
下面是一个托福阅读推断题的实例及解析:第1页/共3页锲而不舍,金石可镂。
【示例】In recent years, many people have become increasingly concerned about the health risks associated with exposure to pesticides. Although it is difficult to accurately estimate the actual health risks posed by pesticides, because it is difficult to isolate the effect of pesticides from other factors, there is growing evidence that exposure to certain pesticides is associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, neurological disorders, and other health problems. As a result, some countries have taken steps to ban or limit the use of certain pesticides in agriculture.Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that __________.A. all pesticides pose health risksB. pesticides are the main cause of cancerC. the health risks of pesticides are well understoodD. banning or limiting the use of certain pesticides is an effective solution to the health risks associated with pesticides【解析】依据文章第一段的最终一句话,可以得出一些结论:虽然很难精确估量农药带来的实际健康风险,但有越来越多的证据表明接触某些农药与某些类型的癌症、神经系统疾病和其他健康问题的风险增加有关。
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新托福考试中,推论类问题(Inference Questions)是必考的题型,题量不是很多,通常每篇文章1-2个左右。
具体了解一下这种题型及其解题方法。
问题形式这类问题主要考察考生对文章中一个观点或立场的理解程度,而这种观点或立场是作者在文章中强烈暗示但并没有明确阐明的。
比如说,如果文章陈述了一个事件的结果,那么推论类问题就很可能问考生其原因是什么;如果文章出现对比,那么此类问题就可能问考生其对比的基础是什么。
注意:解答此类问题时,考生不仅需要理解作者所写出句子的字面意思,还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。
正确答案一定是从文章已给出的内容中推论出来的。
这种题目的提问方式通常为:推论类问题的题干中通常会出现infer、suggest或者imply这类词汇。
★Which of the following can be inferred about X?★The author of the passage implies that X…★Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?解题步骤1. 读题干,确定问题类型2. 选择问题中的关键词或关键短语作为定位信息3. 浏览指定段落,利用定位信息确定原文中的对应内容4. 仔细阅读并且理解原文中的对应内容,直接确定答案或者利用排除法确定答案。
注意:错误选项通常为★不被文中所给出或暗示的信息所支持★重复文章中信息但没有回答问题★过于笼统或模糊★不真实、不准确★与文章不相关或者没有被提及解题范例The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification?○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future.● Desertification will continue to increase.○ Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.解析:根据题目中的"infer"一词,我们可以断定此题为推论类问题。
接下来读题干,可以确定定位信息应该为the future of desertification。
在文章中定位,考生们可以找到对应信息为"In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface."仔细阅读该信息,考生们会发现,根据原文对应的信息无法明确确定作者的态度,因此我们需要用排除法来解题。
根据原文对应信息,第一个选项中的内容没有被原文提及,因此为错误选项;第二个选项中的内容也未被原文提及,为错误选项;第四个选项内容在原文中也没有被提及,为错误选项;因此利用排除法,我们可以断定第三个选项为正确选项。
Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethy Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hint leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foof-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following location?○ On land○ Both on land and at sea○ In shallow water● In a marine environment解析:根据题目中的"infer"一词,我们可以断定此题为推论类问题。
接下来读题干,可以确定定位信息应该为Basilosaurus。
利用该词在文中定位,可以确定文章中对应信息为"Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethy Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hint leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the50-foof-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whalewith possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs."仔细阅读此信息,尤其是"Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs"我们可以推论出Basilosaurus完全是一种海洋鲸鱼,它无法在陆地生活,因此答案可以确定为第四个选项In a marine environment。
Before 1915 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craftworkers, they imparted the knowledge or their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes partime, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1985 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?○ They were primarily produced by women.○ They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.● They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.○ They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.美联英语学习网为您解析:根据题目中的"infer"一词,我们可以断定此题为推论类问题。