中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究_英文_

第33卷第15期电网技术V ol. 33 No. 15 2009年8月Power System Technology Aug. 2009文章编号：1000-3673（2009）15-0007-09 中图分类号：TM7 文献标志码：A 学科代码：470·4054 中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究汤奕1，Manisa Pipattanasomporn2，邵盛楠2，刘浩明3，Saifur Rahman2（1．东南大学电气工程学院，江苏省南京市 210096；2．美国弗吉尼亚理工大学高级研究所，美国弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿市 22203；3．河海大学电气工程学院，江苏省南京市 210098）Comparative Study on Smart Grid Related R&D inChina, the United States and the European UnionTANG Yi1，Manisa Pipattanasomporn2，SHAO Sheng-nan2，LIU Hao-ming3，Saifur Rahman2（1．School of Electrical Engineering，Southeast University，Nanjing 210096，Jiangsu Province，China；2．Advanced Research Institute，Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University，Arlington，V A，22203，U.S.；3．School of Electrical Engineering，Hohai University，Nanjing 210098，Jiangsu Province，China）ABSTRACT: Electric power systems are facing many challenges due to the rapid social and economic developments all over the world. Many countries and regions are interested in the smart grid concept as a new idea to meet the requirements of power demands in the 21st century. As various countries have different natural resources, technologies and societal preferences, the approaches to the smart grid development will be different from one country to another. This paper presents a summary of the concept, research and implementation – including primary responsible organizations - of smart grids from four distinct parts of the world: the U.S., the E.U., Japan and China. Through the comparison and analyses among the U.S., the E.U. and China based on electricity demand, energy supply, security and reliability in power delivery, and the electricity market, a case study has been presented which may benefit China as the country is embarking upon a smart grid development program.KEY WORDS: smart grid；the United States；the European Union；China摘要：电力系统正面临着全世界社会和经济发展带来的众多挑战。

很多国家和地区都把智能电网视为应对21世纪电力需求变化的新思路。

由于不同的国家或地区有着不同的自然资源状况，处于不同的技术和社会发展阶段，因此实现智能电网的途径和方法也应该彼此不同。

该文总结了中国、美国、欧盟和日本的智能电网研究和实施现状，并比较和分析了中、美、欧3者在电力需求、能源供应、电力输送的安全稳定以及电力市场等方面的异同，建议中国智能电网建设应结合自身特点走具有中国特色的坚强智能电网道路。

关键词：智能电网；美国；欧盟；中国0 IntroductionOver the past 50 years, the prominent social and economy developments have brought about many challenges to the electricity network, such as the exponentially increase in the demand for electricity, the integration of digitally controlled devices and renewable energy systems, as well as the increase in cyber security threats and malicious attacks. As the operation of today’s electric power system is still based on the traditional technology available 120 years ago, the power grid is inevitably facing the modern.In the United States, the challenges mainly are from the degradation of the electric power system reliability due to under-investment in the infrastructure combined with growing demand and security threats from terrorist attacks and operation failures. In Europe, the challenge has been the integration of renewable energy sources to a distribution network that was not designed for this purpose[1]. The power systems of Japan-as an island country-are not connected to those of other countries. The integration of intermittent power sources susceptible to weather, such as photovoltaic and wind power, would cause negative effects including electricity shortage and frequency fluctuation[2].In China, the target is to build the powerful electric grid with ultra-high voltage transmission corridor and8 汤奕等：中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究 V ol. 33 No. 15increase the integration of renewable energy resources. This will need a new electric power grid framework and the integration of new and emerging technologies [3]. In response to the worldwide, the smart grid concept is increasingly recognized in China as a means to improve the energy efficiency of generating and consuming electricity in homes, businesses, and public institutions. Many believe that a smart grid is a critical foundation for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a low-carbon economy with allowing an easier integration and higher penetration of renewable energy [4].The objective of this paper is to give an insight into the current state of smart grid research and implementation in the U.S., the E.U. and China. Characteristics, standards, organizations, demonstration projects and use cases of smart grids in different regions will be summarized and discussed. The similarities and differences of the current state-of-the-art power systems in the U.S., the E.U. and China will be analyzed as a basis for China’s future smart grid.1 System view of smart grid1.1 What is smart gridAs stated by DOE’s general report “The Smart Grid: An Introduction”, a Smart Grid uses “digital technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric system: from large generation, through the delivery systems to electricity consumers and a growing number of distributed generation and storage resources”[5] (See Fig. 1).Following the statement, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) provided the framework for smart grid —“A System View of Modern Grid”, which is also widely accepted as the concept and guideline for other participants in the field of smart grid.TransmissionAutomationSystem Coordination, Situation AssessmentSystem OperationsEnergy EfficiencyDistributedGeneration & StorageDistributionAutomationRenewables IntegrationSmart Appliances, PHEVs & Storage Demand Participation Signals &Options图1 美国能源部智能电网组成(来源：美国能源部，2008)Fig. 1 DOE smart grid components (Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2008 )1.2 Characteristics of smart gridFrom the system point of view, a smart or modern grid should have the following seven principle characteristics:1）Self-healing, which means that the smart grid should be able to monitor the operation of itself, detect, analyze and solve the problems and identify the potential problems to prevent the system collapse. When needed, it should be able to restore the grid network. The self-healing grid will minimize the disruption of service.2）Consumer participation, which will bring benefits to consumers, power system and the environment. In a modern smart grid, the consumers could be well informed of the prices and the load situations by the intelligent components. Therefore the consumers are able to balance between their demands and the electricity system’s needs. The demand management, decision making, real time pricing will be needed to realize this function in the smart grid.3）Attack resisting, which makes the power system more resilient, will minimize the consequence of an attack and restore the system as soon as possible.4）High power quality for 21st century needs, which will minimize the harmonics, distortion, imbalance, sags and spikes during the power delivery. The feature will require more advanced components第33卷第15期电网技术 9such as FACTS, DVR, SVC.5）Accommodation of all generation and storage options, which will enable the smart grid to integrate intermittent renewable energy technologies like solar and wind. This will reduce the dependence on the fossil fuels and be more environmentally friendly.6）Market enabling, which will bring in more participants and options to make the system more efficient, requires but not limits to the technologies of distributed generations, real time pricing and customer responses. The planning and support system are also critical to make the market work.7）Optimizes assets and operates efficiently, which comes last but not least, is to realize the functions of modern grid at minimum cost. It requires network and component assessment, optimization algorithms and anticipatory decision making.Modern technologies are needed to support the seven key features mentioned above. Key technologies required to achieve a smarter grid as stated in Title XIII of 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)[6]: the integrated communications, sensing and measurement, advanced components, advanced control methods and improved interfaces and decision support.2Organizations2.1 IntroductionIn the United States and the European Union, elements of the smart grid are being identified and researched by organizations representing governments, national laboratories, private sectors, various trade association and academia. In Japan the primary focus on the smart grid work seems to be coming from the electric utility industry and equipment manufacturers. 2.2 Smart grid standardsThe utility industry and regulatory bodies recognize that the Smart Grid vision changes the traditional operating premise and are collectively addressing interoperability standards issues through various working groups and policy actions in the U.S., the E.U., Japan and China.In the U.S., working groups such as the GridWise Architecture Council[7] and Open Smart Grid (OpenSG)[8] Subcommittee of the Utility Communications Architecture International Users Group (UCAIug)[9] as well as the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s (NIST)[10] all moving towards the target of Smart Grid’s standards.The governance model for Smart Grid standards adoption is suggested to include both stakeholder representatives including utilities, RTOs/ISOs, and other key stakeholder segments to oversee the activities of the Domain Expert Working Groups (DEWGs), and key contributors including Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), User Groups (OpenSG, EEI), vendor groups (NEMA), multi-party groups (Gridwise Alliance), and other relevant non-commercial technical advisory groups (EPRI[11], Gridwise Architecture Council).In March 2009 IEEE officially voted to form theP2030 group which aims to write a high-level electronic guide to tomorrow's smart grid and will scope out standards for smart grids.In the 7th Frameworks Programs (FP7) of the E.U., the E.U. research Energy Work program was published; from this it carried a request for projects to develop Open-Access standards for Smart Multi-Metering Services[12]: Research activities should cover formal definition of protocols, data formats and all the necessary modules of integrated open-access Integrated Automatic Meter Management Systems. Among the functions covered are automatic meter reading, remote (re)connection, flexible tariff management, demand side management and demand response to market and network signals, and integration of distributed generation.2.3 Smart grid organizations in the U.S.Generally speaking, Department of Energy serves as the lead agency responsible for the smart grid research and implementation in the U.S.. Majority of the activities related to smart grid are supported by the Department of Energy (DOE). Overall, the organizations contributing to smart grid work could be categorized into government and non-government, of which the laboratories, institutions and universities mainly assume the task of research and development while companies and the related coalitions mainly work on the implementation (See Fig. 2 ).1）Government.①Federal[13].The Federal Smart Grid Task Force was established under Title XIII of the EISA. The Task Force is comprised of experts from federal agencies including the Department of Energy, the Federal10 汤奕等：中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究V ol. 33 No. 15Governmentr图2 美国的智能电网研究机构Fig. 2 Smart grid organization of U.S.Energy Regulatory Commission, the National Instituteof Standards and Technology, the EnvironmentalProtection Agency, the Department of HomelandSecurity, and the Department of Agriculture. It isexpected that the smart grid will play a significant rolein integrating intermittent renewable energy sources tothe electric power grid.Tab. 1 lists various federal agencies which haveresponsibilities for smart grid related work. Theirtasks are to coordinate and integrate inter-governmental activities, oversee report production forsubmission to Congress, develop smart grid R&Dplans and collaborate on interoperability frameworksand support the Electricity Advisory Committee ofDOE.表1美国智能电网相关机构Tab. 1 Federal agencies for smart grid in U.S.Organization RolesOE-DOE[14]Leadership Cyber Security, State Policy Transmission R&DEERE-DOE[15]Energy efficiency & renewablesNETL[16] Informationdissemination DHS[17] HomelandsecurityEPA[18] EnvironmentalIssues FERC[19] WholesalemarketsNIST Interoperabilitystandards USDA[20]Rural electricity developmentDoD[21] Nationalsecurity②State.30 states have developed and adopted renewable portfolio standards, which require a pre-determined amount of a state’s energy portfolio (up to 20%) to come exclusively from renewable sources by as early as 2010[22].2）Research.National labs, supported by DOE, such as NETL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)[23] and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)[24]have major responsibilities dealing with smart grid R&D. There are also industry organizations like EPRI and universities such as Virginia Tech [25], Illinois Institute of Technology [26], who are involved in smart grid research and education. As an independent, non-profit organization, EPRI members represent more than 90% of the electricity generation and delivery in the U.S. The EPRI’ IntelliGrid Architecture represents their ongoing work to establish an industry level architecture for intelligent equipment that interoperates to assist the ultimate deployment and cost effectiveness of intelligent systems [27].3）Industry.For the implementation of smart grid, private entities are an important driving force. Most of the leading manufacturers have their own R&D departments, which help to accelerate the development of communication and advanced components in smart grid. On the other hand, utilities will help to deploy the intelligent devices and controls to realize the “smart grid” in their serving areas. Consulting companies also participate in this endeavour by providing the dynamic development information for policy makers and other market participants. Stakeholders also form alliances or coalitions such as GridWise, Demand Respond Smart Grid (DRSG) and Utilimetrics to guide the industry and help develop the interoperability of various smart grid devices.4）Media.There are many media—commercial or non- commercial—which publish news about smart grid as this technology goes through its rapid development. Among all these, the Smart Grid Newsletter (SGN)[28]—第33卷 第15期 电 网 技 术 11as the official public media supported by DOE —is theleading source of news and analysis for themodernization and automation of the electric powernetwork. Besides, there are also many forums to provide opportunities for the stakeholders to communicate with each other such as GridWeek [29]which is held in Washington, DC every year.2.4 Smart grid organizations in the E.U.Since 1984, research and innovation activities inthe E.U. are enclosed in large programs called Frameworks Programs (FP)[30]. The FPs delimit, focus,find and monitor research at the European level.Integration of Renewable Energy Sources andDistributed Generation into the European ElectricityGrid [31](IRED) is the general name of a series of R&Dprograms involving more than 100 researchinstitutions and electric companies, supported by theE.U. Committee. Five categories of renewable energyand distributed generation related programs in FP5include: distributed generation, electricitytransmission, storage, high temperaturesuperconductors and other integration projects. Someof these categories are extended to FP6 and FP7,which are also included in IRED.In May 2005, the E.U. Committee broughtforward the concept of “Platform for Future PowerGrid”, i.e. “Smart Grid”. In FP7 (2007—2013)[32],“Smart energy networks” is one of the activities within the energy theme, and “SmartGrid” is the name of the European Technology Platform (ETP_ SmartGrid). Some preliminary research has been condected in FP7 to address in the framework of smart grid. At the same time, FP7 published five research areas related to smart grid, shown in the following Fig. 3.图3 欧盟框架计划7的智能电网研究领域 Fig. 3 Research areas in smart grid of FP72.5 Smart grid organizations in Japan The System Engineering Research Laboratory (SERL)[33] is the main organization that conducts smart grid R&D in Japan. The SERL researches the following smart grid related issues to achieveCRIEPI’s (Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry) mission of “the challenging to global climate change” and “the assuring of energy security”: 1）Research on power systems to support stable power supply, and safe, comfortable and efficientenergy utilization. 2）Research on next generation power grid whichis reliable and affordable to integrate large amount ofrenewable generation.3）Research on information and communicationtechnologies to support next generation grid.4）Research on end-use technologies.The SERL conducts the smart grid R&D, knownas “the next-generation grid”, i.e. Triple I “Intelligent,Interactive and Integrated” Power System (TIPS). Thepurpose is to develop operation and controltechnologies to allow large-scale interconnections ofdistributed generations, technologies for preventinglarge-scale blackouts, and techniques for advancedmanagement of aged infrastructure [34].3 Smart grid implementation 3.1 IntroductionThe information summarized above indicates the advancement of the U.S. and the E.U. and Japan in smart grid studies. Examples of efforts to push the smart grid forward from the R&D in the laboratoryenvironment to the real world implementation are discussed below. 3.2 Smart grid implementation in the U.S. 1）Smart grid city [35].SmartGridCity™ is the nation's first fully integrated smart grid. Boulder, Colorado has been selected as the site of SmartGridCity™.SmartGridCity™ is a multi-phase project expected to be completed in December 2009. In the first phase, initial installations took place to test capabilities and gauge customer reaction that involving upgrading two substations, five feeders and nearly 15 000 meters in Boulder. The second phase is a full deployment phase with a larger reach to a broader consumer base with two substations, 20 feeders and 35 000 premises.12 汤奕等：中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究V ol. 33 No. 152）Austin energy.Austin Energy’s Smart Grid[36] initiative initially started out as an enterprise architecture program, followed by an effort to redefine the company’s business process using service-oriented architecture (SOA). Austin went on to enable consumer choice through different demand response, distributed generation, and renewable energy programs. Technology deployment as of August 2008 included 130000 smart meters and 70000 smart thermostats. Plans call for 270000 smart meters and 70000 smart thermostats, along with 10000 new transmission and distribution grid sensors by early 2009. At that point, 100% of Austin Energy’s consumer base will be served by Smart Grid technologies.3）Other smart grid implementations.Other smart grid implementations in the U.S. include: SmartSynch SmartMeter System[37], IBM Smart Grid Model[38], San Diego Smart Grid[39], Duke energy[40], Irish Smart Grid firm[41], Siemens Smart Grid Solutions[42], and Intel’s Smart Grid Play[43].3.3 Smart grid implementation in the E.U.1）Telegestore project[44].The Telegestore project, which was completed in 2005 in Italy, is the earliest and still the largest smart grid example with over 27 million smart meters. The system was installed by Enel, an Italian provider which is the third largest energy provider in the world. Enel acted as the system integrator, and designed, developed and deployed its own smart meters and system software.The system investment is approximately 2.1 billion Euros while the savings from the operation is around 500 million Euros per year. The system provides advanced features including remote advanced metering control, real-time monitoring and demand management, which make the project a testament to the next-generation advanced metering systems.2）Other cases.There are also some other smart grid implementation in the E.U., including: “Am Steinweg” estate of DISPOWER (Germany)[45], Centre East of DISPOWER (Germany), Technology Demonstration Centre of DISPOWER (Spain)[46].3.4 Smart grid implementation in JapanThe government of Japan plans to launch a test case for the next generation transmission network—the smart grid—as early as 2009. Through the test, Japan aims to establish technologies for securing power system stability in preparation for the massive introduction of new energy sources such as photovoltaic power. The test case will be carried out on an isolated island in cooperation with electric utilities in order to determine whether the smart grid can be introduced to the power systems in Japan [47].3.5 Smart grid implementation in China1）“SG186” project[48].On April 29, 2006, the State Grid of China has introduced the “SG186” Project for implementation in the whole power systems. This project sets up a solid foundation for the introduction of the smart grid in China.2）The east China power grid.The area served by the East China Power Grid is one of the most active and fastest developing areas in the world. The demand for electricity remains at a high level due to the continuous development of regional social economy for many years. In 2007, the peak loadof the East China Power Grid reached 122GW. Accordingly, the East China Power Grid proposed the smart grid with the characteristics of “self-healing, secure, economic, clean and provide the high quality electric power and service for the future social economy development”.3）The north China power grid[49].Since the beginning of 2008, the regulation centre has started the R&D effort for the North China Smart Grid. The study focuses on “Integrative maintenance schedule optimization management system”, “Integrative network model management platform”, “Regulation digital supporting system” and “AC2 Service bus”. The R&D effort is based on the practical situation of the North China Power Grid and has obtained some progressive achievements.4）Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS). China will have a comprehensive national WAMS system when its current 5-year economic plan is complete in 2012[50].4 Similarities and differencesThe similarities among these smart grid cases in different regions of the world are mainly based on the integration of emerging information and communications technologies with emerging electric power systems to create more reliable and smarter electric power grids. There are also active support第33卷第15期电网技术 13from the individuals and working groups representing government laboratories, private sector and academic research organizations and electricity consumers.However, obvious differences also exist in several aspects because of the different situation of power system in U.S., E.U. and China. Japan will not be compared in this paper because its island grid.1）From the perspective of electricity demand, the consumption in the U.S. and the E.U. are in the stage of slowly increasing. Affected by the economy crisis, the total electricity consumption in the U.S. is expected to reduce by 1.6% in 2009 but return to a more normal growth of 1.4% in 2010. For the E.U., final electricity consumption grew across the EU-27 at an average annual rate of 1.7 % between 1990 and 2005 (an absolute increase of 28.7 %) [51]. However, China is experiencing a rapid developing period. In 2008, the increase of generation capacity in China is 90.51GW, which improve the total generation capacity to 792.53GW. The growth compared to the same period last year is 10.34%. It is anticipated that in 2020, the total generation capacity will reach nearly 1600 GW and the total electricity demand will reach 770GWh. Compared with the U.S. and the E.U., the massive generation commission in China makes the problem of lagging development power grid more prominent. Therefore we need to build “powerful state grid based on the ultra-high-voltage backbone network with the coordinated development of all-level power grids”.2）From the energy supply point of view, the U.S. plans to build high capacity transmission corridors covering the northern America to connect eastern and western U.S., Canada and Mexico. In contrast, the E.U. places more emphasis on the development of distribution power network, which is partially due to its energy limitation. In 2006, the external energy dependence of EU-27 increased to 54% from 45% in 1997[52]. In the Energy Green Paper submitted in 2006, the E.U. made the prediction that after 20 or 30 years, the external energy dependence of the E.U. will reach as high as about 70%. On the other hand, in the E.U.’s power system, generation and loads are relatively close to each other, which is in favor of building micro-grids to accommodate distributed generations. At the same time, the environmental pressure and the appeal to use clean energy speed up the development of renewable energy in the E.U. Therefore the modern smart grid in the E.U. concerns more about making better use of the renewable energies.However, the distribution of energy resources and electricity demands is unbalanced in China. 76% reserves of coal are in the northern district and 80% hydro resources are in the western district. The on-land wind resource mainly distributed in the Northeast, North China and Northwest, known as “Three-North Areas”. On the contrary, two thirds of the energy demands are concentrated in the eastern and central area of China. In this case, to meet the electricity demands for the long-term development of social economy, China has to choose long-distance massive electricity transmission and optimize the resource distribution around the whole country.3）From the viewpoint of power grid’s operation security and stability, a big concern in the U.S. is security issues caused by man-made and natural disasters. In order to enhance the power grid stability and reliability, the U.S. plans the three-class power grid made up of a national electricity “backbone” and regional interconnections that include Canada and Mexico and local distribution, mini-and micro-grids. This is to provide services to customers and obtaining services from generation resources anywhere on the continent. Aiming at this goal, the smart grid in the U.S. clearly states the key characteristics of “self- healing” and “resists attack”.In the E.U., instead of working for cross-border power exchange, most of the E.U. power grids are designed as country or regional grids. Even there are some interconnections between national grids, the power exchange is limited. At the same time, more and more renewable energy technologies are integrated into the power grids, which have to be built close to the location of energy resources instead of loads. Therefore the E.U. concerns more about how to make the power grids accommodated to the renewable energies with high reliability and security considering the randomness of renewable energies.In China, at the beginning of 2008, the massive blackout due to the snow disaster exposed the weakness of the power grid structure. This also prompts us to consider building a micro-grid with the integration of distributed energy sources as an advantageous framework for building up Ultra-14 汤奕等：中国与美国和欧盟智能电网之比较研究V ol. 33 No. 15high-voltage transmission system. In fact there is a rapid development of distributed energy technologies in China. For example, the total installed wind generation capacity in China is 7GW in Aug. 2008 and it is anticipated to be 20GW in 2010[53]. The challenges introduced by the integration of large number of DERs also imply the opportunities for China to exploit the DERs’ capability to increase the power grid’s security and stability in the smart grid environment.4）From the economic point of view, the electricity consumers in the U.S. and the E.U. are expected to receive the reduction in their monthly electricity bills through the introduction of more efficient electricity market and more integration of renewable energy resources. Considering that the electricity market in China is still in the early stage, China’s smart grid is supposed to depend on the administrative promotion of SGCC other than electricity market or economical driving forces.From the comparison above, the U.S., the E.U. and China all have their own power grid construction targets based on their different power grid characteristics. The differences among their power grids are leading to different emphasizes on the future smart grids. However, the three regions indeed share some common concerns such as renewable energy integration and power system reliability. This makes the experience seen by the smart grid development in the U.S. and the E.U. a favorable reference for China.5 ConclusionSmart grid is a new paradigm in the power grid’s development. It is a combination of various modern technologies, control mechanisms and software to provide a more reliable, secure, and environment friendly power grid to meet the 21st century needs. Since various countries have different history of power grid development, natural resources, technologies and societal preferences, this will lead to different ways of realizing the smart grid. It is expected that China’s smart grid development will benefit from the experiences and plans from different countries as shown in this paper. But the shape and operational characteristics of China’s smart grid will be influenced by her own resources, priorities and vision for the future. 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