上外 语言学 问答题整理.
上海外国语大学考研普通语言学基础真题2016
上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试语言战略与语言政策学专业普通语言学基础试题（考试时间180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、名词解释（每小题4分，共40分）1.他源文字2.地域方言3.语流音变4.聚合关系5.概念意义6.谱系分类7.语义场8.语言联盟9.语法化10.非音质音位二、问答题（每小题10分，共50分）1.人类语言符号与其他动物“语言”的本质区别有哪些？2.言语行为的环节和类型有哪些？请举例说明。
3.常见的语法范畴有哪些？请举例说明。
4.句义的蕴含与预设有何区别？请举例说明。
5.世界语是如何构成的？你认为此类人工语言会取代自然语言吗？三、论述题（每小题15分，共60分）1．美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H. P. Grice)在Logic and Conversation一文中提出了会话中的“合作原则”第1页共2页(Cooperative Principle简称CP)，即要求每一个交谈参与者在交谈过程中所说的话符合交谈目标或方向，以使得语言交际有意义。
请运用具体实例说明该原则所包含的四个准则，并对该理论进行评判。
2.在论述语言与思维关系的观点中，最有代表性的为萨丕尔——沃尔夫（Sapir-Whorf）假说。
该假说有强式说和弱式说两种，即语言决定论（Linguistic Determinism）和语言相对论（Linguistic Relativism）,请运用实例予以评价分析。
3.无论在汉语还是英语的书面语中，均存在歧义句现象，即句子表达形式相同，但意义不同。
请分析下列句子，阐述歧义产生的原因，并提出消解歧义的方法。
例1：Kevin broke the record.例2：我在书房发现了小偷。
例3：鸡不吃了。
4.以韩礼德（M.A.K.Halliday）为代表的系统功能语言学（Systematic-Functional Linguistics）的核心观点有哪些？有学者认为可以将其应用到语言教学、文体学、翻译学、人工智能等方面，你是否认同？请予以分析。
上海外国语大学考研外国语言学与应用语言学理论真题2016
上海外国语大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试外国语言学及应用语言学专业外国语言学与应用语言学理论试题（考试时间 180分钟，满分150分，共2页）一、汉语部分，中文作答（共 105分）Ⅰ.术语解释（5×3=15）本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。
1.波形理论2.皮钦语3.语料库4.音位理论5.元语言功能Ⅱ.问答题（6×15=90）本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。
1.请简述双语现象和双语制问题，说明双语几个分类标准。
2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。
3.请简要介绍英国语言学家韩礼德的语言学理论的主要内容。
4.请简要介绍转换生成语法及其在语言教学上的应用价值。
5.请简要介绍美国语言学家萨丕尔的语言学思想及其现实意义。
6.如何理解“语言是符号系统，这概括了语言本身的性质和特点”第1页共2页这句话?请举例说明。
二、英文部分，英文作答。
（15×3=45）1. What is structuralism?2. What is language planning?3. What is interlanguage?4. What is lingua franca?5. What are adjacency pairs?6. What is code-switching?7. What is linguistic determinism?8. What is diglossia?9. What is metonymy?10. What is language maintenance?11. What is hypercorrection?12. What is semantic field?13. What is displacement?14. What is elision?15. What is the “critical period”?第2页共2页。
2010年上海外国语大学语言学及应用语言学考研真题回忆版
a. 重音 b. 停顿 c. 音渡 d. 同化 13 汉语拼音中字母 b 所表示的音是一个（ ）。
a. 送气音 b. 擦音 c. 清辅音 d. 浊辅音 （ ）学派的突出成就是音位学。 （ ）是最早的有序文字体系。 （ ）不是超音段音位。 a. 重音 b. 停顿 c. 音渡 d. 同化 17 语言中能够独立运用的音义结合的最小语言单位是（ ）。 a. 音素 b. 语素 c. 词 d. 句子 18 “啤酒”/pijiu/一词的发音中，/p/已经（ ）。 a. 同化 b. 腭化 c. 鼻化 d. 变调 19 单义性、体系性和（ ）是科技术语的特点。 20 汉语语音体系中，（ ）是音节的必要组成成分。 五、问答题。 1 从六十年代后期到整个七十年代，西方语言学界开展了一场语义和 句法问题的学术讨论，扩充式标准理论、格语法、生成语义学形成三 足鼎立 的局面，请说明三者对语义问题的看法。 2 举例说明“句法同义”和“句法多义”。举例说明变换分析如何利
【语言学概论】
一、名词解释。 义素 音位变体 社会方言
3
协音变化 内部屈折 句子的实义切分方法 词根 修辞 借词 二、填空题。 1、英语属于_____语系_____语族；汉语属于_____语系_____语族；按语 言类型分类，英语属于_____，汉语属于_____；按语法手段分类，英语 属 于_____，德语属于_____，汉语属于_____。 2、结构主义语言学派有_____、_____、_____、_____、_____。结构语 言学各流派是以_____的语言学理论为基础。 4、转换生成语言学由_____提出，他认为语言学的对象是_____，而不是 _____。70 年代转换生成语法的研究重点是_____，80 年代以后，其研 究 重点由______转到______。 5、语流按一定特征分解成的不同语音单位包括_____、_____、_____、 _____、_____。其中，以重读音节为中心连接起来的节奏组是_____，_____ 是一个发音动作构成的最小语音单位。 6、表示附加词汇意义的词缀是_____，表示语法意义的词缀是_____，如 “桌子”一词中“子”是_____，workers 中-er 是_____，-s 是_____， working 中-ing 是_____。 7、对具体语言的体系及其特点进行描写研究的语言学是_____，概括各
2011年上海外国语大学考研-语言学及应用语言学回忆版真题分享
2011年上海外国语大学考研-语言学及应用语言学回忆版真题分享【语言学概论】一、名词解释。
（10×2’）1 语言2 语流音变3区别性特征4类推作用5组合的递归性6语音对应关系7表意文字8克里奥尔语9共时语言学10历史比较语言学二、判断题。
（10×2’）1语言是独特的，所以语言之间没有共性。
（）2哪种语言占据统治地位是由说该语言的民族的政治地位所决定的。
（）三、填空题。
（20×0.5’）1对语言结构的研究分为四部分：______、______、______、______。
2______ 是最小的语法单位，______ 是最大的语法单位。
3布龙菲尔德的代表作是 ______，奠定了描写语言学派的理论基础。
4句子中的修饰成分一般有 ______ 和 ______ 充当。
5瑞士语言学家柴门霍夫发明的语言叫做 ______。
6有区别词的语音形式作用的音高、音长、音重叫做 ______。
7词的有历史可查的最初的意义叫 ______，由本义衍生出来的意义叫______。
8语言符号的形式是 ______，意义是 ______。
9词义演变的类型有旧义的 ______、______、______。
10修饰语包括 ______。
四、选择题。
1奠定了现代语言学基础的是（）。
2小学不包括（）。
A.文字B.修辞C.音韵D.训诂3 下列现象属于构词的有（）。
4 下面既可以作为自由语素，又可以作为粘着语素的是（）。
5 方言是语言在不同（）的变体。
五、分析题。
1用国际音标给写出下列字注音： 1）上海外国语大学研究生2区分下面词语的语义特征：1）公鸡和小鸡2）椅子和凳子3）衬衫和背心4）自行车和摩托车5）粥和饭3 指出下列词的本义和派生义，并指出派生的方式：1）老2）绿色3）卫星4）铁窗5）China4 分析构词：1）睡觉2）玻璃3）人类4）改正5）车辆6）鼠窜5用变换分析法和层次分析法分析以下歧义句：1）撞了李阿姨的车2）妇女和老人的朋友3）反对的是厂党委书记。
(完整word版)语言学问答题
Chapter 14. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?Answer：No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Answer：Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls. Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot te ll you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings?Answer：When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.Answer：(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.Answer：The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes". 21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.Answer：In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.Chapter 22、Give the description of the following sound segments in English.Answer：ʃ——voiceless postalveolar fricativeð——voiced dental fricativeŋ——velar nasald——voiced alveolar stop/plosivep——voiceless bilabial stop/plosivek——voiceless velar stop/plosivel——laterali——high front unrounded lax vowelu: p—— high back rounded tense vowelɔ——low back rounded lax vowel3、Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.Answer：Voiceless labiodental fricative——fVoiced postalveolar fricative——ʒPalatal approximant ——jVoiceless glottal fricative——hVoiceless alveolar stop——tHigh-mid front unrounded vowel——eHigh central rounded vowel——uLow front rounded vowel——ðLow-mid back rounded vowel——ɔHigh back rounded tense vowel——u:5、Discuss the following questions.To what extent is phonology related too phonetics and how do they differ? Answer：Both phonetics and phonology study human sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.Chapter 310、Classfy the following words as loanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)or loan translation(LT). Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,tea LB:booby trap,coconut,ChinatownLS:yankee,artificial,satellite LT:firewater,free verse,warpaint11、If there are two affixes-ly,one producing adjectives and the other attaching to adjectives to produce adverbs,can we find words with both of these affixes?Answer：No.Words with both of these affixes-ly are not allocated in English.See below:Friendlily(friend-friendly-friendlily) Oilily(oil-oily-oilily)Chillily(chill-chilly-chillily)12、Make a list of nouns from the following words that-s can attch to.Epiphany foot hat house Kitchen ox phenomenon region sheep tomatoAnswer: hat house kitchen regionChapter 42、Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.Answer：——The instructor told the students to study. [NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)+inf.]——The customer requested for a cold beer.[ NP(det.+n)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)]——The pilot landed the jet.[ NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)]——These dead trees must be removed.[ NP(det.+adj+n)+mv+be+past participle) ]——That glass suddenly broke.[ NP(det.+n)+adv.+V]3、Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.Answer：——((The)( boy))(( was)) crying)).——(Shiu)(( the)( door)).——((Open)(( the)( door)))( quickly).——((The)((( happy)( teacher))(( in)(( that)( class)))))(( was)(( beaming)( away))).——(He)((( bought)(( an)(( old)( car))))(( with)(( his)(( first)(( pay)( cheque)))))).4、For each of the underlinged constructions or word groups,do the following.Answer：——Duceks quack..(non-headed;independent clause)——The ladder in the shed is long enough.( non-head;prepositional phrase)——I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(headed;headword—damaged;adjectival group)——Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(headed;headword—singing;gerundial phrase)——His handsome face appeared in the magazine.( headed; headword—face;nominal group)A lady of great beauty came out.( (non-headed; prepositional phrase)——He enjoys climbing high mountains.(headed;headword—climbing;gerundial phrase)——The man nodded patiently.(non—headed;independent clause)——A man roused by the insult drew his sword.(headed;headword—roused;adjectveal phrase)8、Mark the underlined parts of the sentences in Ex.4-37 with the terms such as participial phrase,gerundial,and so on.Answer：The best thing would be to leave early.It’s great for a man to be free.Having finished their task,they came to help ue.Xiao Li being away,Xiao Wang had to do the work.Filled with shame,he left the house.All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.Do you mind my opening the window.Chapter 5[ Dear White Fella. You White Fella ]Answer:This poem is about the use of the word“coloured”.The author cleverly makes use of “coloured”in sense of “different colours”to qppose the practive to refer to black people as “coloured”. This shows form another point of view that “coloured” is not a superordinate to “red”, “green”, “yellow”.[ Write out the synonyms of the following words: youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; big.] Answer:(a)youth(adolescent);automobile(car);remember(recall);purchase(buy);vacation(holidays);big(large)(b)dark(lignt: with respect to brightness)boy(girl: with respect to sex)hot(cold: with respect to temperature)go(come:with respect to direction)(c)bright(a,shining;b.intelligent)To glare(a. to shine intensely; b.money in the bank)A deposit(a.minerals in the earth; b.money in the bank)Plane(a. aflying vehicle; b. a flat surface)[ The British linguist F.R Palmer argues in his Semantics that “there”is no absolute distinction between (gradable antonyms and complementary sntonyms).]Answer: I t is not advisable to tell beginners of linguistics thar the distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms is relative. The expression “more dead than alive” is not a true comparative.[ 姜望琪（1991:79）claims that“to some extent, we can say that a ny two words of the same part of speech may become antonyms.. what do you think of the claim?]Answer: this is a reasonable claim. As the author said in the paper.“man” can be the antonym of “woman”, but it can also be the antonym of“boy” in a situation wh en the age difference is important. When the difference between a man and an animal is important,“man” can also be the antonym of“dog”. And when the difference between something animate and something inanimate is important, then“man” can even be the antonym of “stone”. In the extreme cases, so-called synonyms may also become antonyms, for example,“ You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one”,“He’s no statesman, but a mere politician.Chapter 8[ The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes some popcorn. ]Answer：The illocutionary force of“I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin .That of the daughter’s answer is a defence for herslf-I’m going to do that. And that of the f ather’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.[ If you ask somebody“Can you open the door？”he answers“Yes”…]Answer：I would be angry with him.“Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his abil ity. The fact that he answers“Yes”but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.[ On 14 January,1993,US President-elect Bill Clinton spoke to…]Answer：Yes, this is an occasion on which the CP and its maxims are suspended.When he formulated his CP, Grice qualified it with expressions like “normally”，“characteristically”and“ceteris paribus”.InOther words ,the CP and its maxims are not meant to be observed in all situations. Alternatively, we may say that assumptions like“The speaker believes in what he says”are implicatures, which will be cancelled in situations where there are indications to the contrary. Similar occasions include funeral orations, poetry writing, and joking.[ A：Have you seen Peter today？B：Well, if I didn’t deny seeing him I wouldn’t be telling a lie.]Answer：Without a proper context, these conversations can all be regarded as jokes resulting form the exploitation of Grice’s CP and maxims.In(1) Speaker B uses a long and prolix way to express the meaning of“Yes, I have”, thus violating the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”.(2B) results from the exploiting of Quality maxims in that the speaker seems to be telling the truth while deliberately misinterpreting Speaker A’s “there”.(3B) is another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims. Though logically speaking it may be true that Speaker B has been helpful to A，we don’t usually respond to others’ thanks in this way.On one hand,(4B) is still another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims in that Mr Smith’s office is really“not here”.On the other hand, Speaker B as violated the Quantity maxim of being as informative as is required since A needs more specific information than“not here”.(5B) is an indirect way of declining the offer. In terms of Grice’s maxims, this is a case of not being relevant.In the last conversation, Speaker B uses a long prolix way for the simple answer“Yes, he has”,and has thus violated the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
上海外国语大学考研语言学概论真题回忆+答案2016
上海外国语大学考研2016年语言学概论真题回忆版一、名词解释（20*2’）1、语言符号的线条性2、聚合关系3、语法意义4、语言类型分类5、文字类型分类6、语义7、结构语言学8、转换生成语法9、语流音变10、义素分析法11、语体12、异根13、派生词14、直接成分分析法15、语言和言语16、语义场17、历史比较法18、音位19、熟语20、语言的规范化二、多项选择（10*2’）1.汉语一个音节可以有个音素。
a.1b.2c.3d.4e.52.就语言的共同来源而言,__同属一个语族。
a.汉语和日语b.法语和意大利语c.西班牙语和希腊语d.英语和德语3.属于言语修养的标准。
a.逻辑性b.含蓄性c.健康性d.浅显性4.Books和Rooms；write和right涉及到下列拼写法原则。
a.语音原则b.形态音位原则c.历史传统原则d.辨义原则5.历史比较语言学的代表人物是。
a.葆朴b拉斯克c哈利迪d沃斯托克夫6.汉语体范畴包括。
a.进行体b.完成体c.短暂体d.未然体7.下列语言属于分析语的是。
a汉语b意大利语c英语d法语8.下列属于符号的是。
a信号灯b旗语c上课铃d盲文9.科技术语的特点是。
a单义性b描述性c体系性d理据性10.下列语言有声调的有。
a古梵语b景颇语c泰语d韩语三、填空(20分)1.思维规律是全人类的，而语言规律具有特点。
2.仿词的涌现，是规律起作用的结果。
试举一例。
3.是语言分化的主要原因。
4.汉语语音体系中和是音节的必要组成成分。
5.根据语言功能特征的分类，普通话属于标准语，解放前上海使用的洋泾浜语是。
6.符号学术语semantics、pragmatics、syntactic分别相当于语言学中的__、__、__。
其中,__专门研究语言单位同交际主体之间的关系。
7.我国第一部语义词典是；杨雄的《方言》提出了的概念；是中国古代第一部系统分析字形和考证字源的字书。
8.stood中的“t”是发生了音变。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
1.What are the main features of human language?A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsB. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is astructure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped andregrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level ofthe system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinitenumber of sentences.D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations ofthe speaker.E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of anylanguage system have to be taught and learned.2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottalc. Voicing:3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, backB. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, openC. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—expositionQuake--earthquake5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technologyISBN—international standard book number7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought tobe part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one languageto another.→exit, beer6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fallStylistic synonyms: dad—daddy2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaboratorCollocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge withSemantically different synonyms: amaze—astound3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaningTable: 1. a piece of furniture2. the food that is put on a table3. a level area, a plateau4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.Different words are identical in sound or spelling.Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specificword.Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponymsAntonymy: word are opposite in meaningGradable antonyms: old—youngComplementary antonyms: alive—deadRelational opposites: teacher—pupil8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting thesemaxims give rise to conversational implicature?1. The maxim of quantity1.make your contribution as informative as required.2.do not make your contribution more informative than is requiredeg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month.The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.2. The maxim of quality1.don’t say what you believe to be false2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidenceeg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.3. The maxim of relation: Be relevanteg. A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.4. The maxim of manner1.avoid obscurity of expression2.avoid ambiguity3.be brief4.be orderlyeg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”。