考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析(20)
2017年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2017年考研英语二真题及答案解析(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishPeople have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again __1__ that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by __2__ . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive __3__ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one __4__ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives __5__ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. __6__ today´ s unemployed don´t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for __7__ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the __8__ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting __9__ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many __10__ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn´ t __11__ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the __12__ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the __13__ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could __14__ strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the __15__ of work may be a bit overblown. "Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential, " says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively __16__ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional __17__ of their jobs. "When I come home from a hard day´ s work, I often feel __18__ ," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don ´ t have to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself __19__ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for __20__ matters.第1题A.boastingB.denyingC.warningD.ensuring第2题A.inequalityB.instabilityC.unreliabilityD.uncertainty第3题A.policyB.guidelineC.resolutionD.prediction第4题A.characterizedC.balancedD.measured第5题A.wisdomB.meaningC.gloryD.freedom第6题A.InsteadB.IndeedC.ThusD.Nevertheless 第7题A.richB.urbanC.workingcated第8题A.explanationB.requirementpensationD.substitute第9题A.underB.beyondC.alongsideD.among第10题A.leave behindB.make upC.worry aboutD.set aside第11题A.statisticallyB.occasionallyC.necessarilyD.economically 第12题A.chancesB.downsidesC.benefitsD.principles第13题B.heightC.faceD.course第14题A.disturbB.restoreC.excludeD.yield第15题A.modelB.practiceC.virtueD.hardship第16题A.trickyB.lengthyC.mysteriousD.scarce第17题A.demandsB.standardsC.qualitiesD.threats第18题A.ignoredB.tiredC.confusedD.starved第19题A.offB.againstC.behindD.into第20题A.technologicalB.professionalcationalD.interpersonal下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley´ s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London´ s Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012—but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation". The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial; Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots" , concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government , it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.第21题According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has____.A.gained great popularityB.created many jobsC.strengthened community tiesD.become an official festival第22题The author believes that London´ s Olympic "legacy" has failed to____.A.boost population growthB.promote sport participationC.improve the city´ s imageD.increase sport hours in schools第23题Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it____.A.aims at discovering talentsB.focuses on mass competitionC.does not emphasize elitismD.does not attract first-timers第24题With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should____.anize "grassroots" sports eventsB.supervise local sports associationsC.increase funds for sports clubsD.invest in public sports facilities第25题The author´ s attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is____.A.tolerantB.criticalC.uncertainD.sympathetic上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)With so much focus on children´ s use of screens, it´ s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Teck is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, " and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. "Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who used devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents´ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the " still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother´s attention. "Parents don´t have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child´s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids´ use of screens are born out of an " oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: " It´ s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you´ re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them. " Tronick believes that just because a child isn´ t learning from the screen doesn´ t mean there´ s no value to it— particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simplyhave a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which let them be more available to their child the rest of the time.第26题According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to____.A.simplify routine mattersB.absorb user attentionC.better interpersonal relationsD.increase work efficiency第27题Radesky´ s food-testing exercise shows that mothers´ use of devices____.A.takes away babies´ appetiteB.distracts children´ s attentionC.slows down babies´ verbal developmentD.reduces mother-child communication第28题Radesky´ s cites the "still face experiment" to show that____.A.it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB.verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC.children are insensitive to changes in their parents´ moodD.parents need to respond to children´ s emotional needs第29题The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_____,A.protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB.teach their kids at least 30,000 words a yearC.ensure constant interaction with their childrenD.remain concerned about kid´ s use of screens第30题According to Tronick, kid´ s use of screens may____.A.give their parents some free timeB.make their parents more creativeC.help them with their homeworkD.help them become more attentive上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn´ t it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn´ t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn´ t academic.But while this may be true, it´ s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There´ salways a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated " race to the finish line," whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you´ re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn´t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It´s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.第31题One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that____.A.they think it academically misleadingB.they have a lot of fun to expect in collegeC.it feels strange to do differently from othersD.it seems worthless to take off-campus courses .第32题Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps____.A.keep students from being unrealisticB.lower risks in choosing careersC.ease freshmen´ s financial burdensD.relieve freshmen of pressures第33题The word "acclimation"(Line 6, Para. 3)is closest in meaning to____.A.adaptationB.applicationC.motivationpetition第34题A gap year may save money for students by helping them____.A.avoid academic failuresB.establish long-term goalsC.switch to another collegeD.decide on the right major第35题The most suitable title for this text would be____.A.In Favor of the Gap YearB.The ABCs of the Gap YearC.The Gap Year Comes BackD.The Gap Year: A Dilemma上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency´ s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?" It´ s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says. We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK?" "Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?"Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn´ t come at the expense of the rest of the equation."The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited".At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire´ s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says."We´ ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says. "It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today. "第36题More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they____.A.exhausted unprecedented management effortsB.consumed a record-high percentage of budgetC.severely damaged the ecology of western statesD.caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure第37题Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to____.A.raise more funds for fire prone areasB.avoid the redirection of federal moneyC.find wildfire-free parts of the landscapeD.guarantee safer spending of public funds第38题While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that____.A.public debates have not settled yetB.fire-fighting conditions are improvingC.other factors should not be overlookedD.a shift in the view of fire has taken place第39题The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to____.A.discover the fundamental makeup of natureB.explore the mechanism of the human systemsC.maximize the role of landscape in human lifeD.understand the interrelations of man and nature第40题Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should____.A.do away withe to terms withC.pay a price forD.keep away from上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. " We don´ t make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomersevery year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. "They´re harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, " They may be coming[into the workforce], but they´ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keeps a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $ 13 an hour that rises to $ 17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he´ s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It´ s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating," he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennial "remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren´ t misplaced; Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2015. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels." The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There´ re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don´ t need to have much skill. It´ s that gap in between, and that´ s where the problem is. "Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.[A]says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools.[B]points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don´ t need much skill.[C]points out that the US doesn´t manufacture anything anymore.[D]believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers.[E]says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.[F]points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing.[G]says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay—off the young people´ s parents.第41题Jay Dunwell ______第42题Jason Stenquist ______第43题Birgit Klohs ______第44题Rob Spohr ______第45题Julie Parks ______上一题下一题(1/1)Section II Reading Comprehension Part C第46题My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised that I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course " Fashion Media & Promotion". ____________上一题下一题(1/1)Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information.(10 points)第47题Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to(1)accept the invitation, and(2)introduce the key points of your presentation.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming " instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)________________________上一题下一题(1/1)Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following information. (20 points)第48题Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay,you should(1)interpret the chart, and(2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)答案及解析(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishPeople have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again __1__ that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by __2__ . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive __3__ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one __4__ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives __5__ , people will simply become lazy and depressed. __6__ today´ s unemployed don´t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for __7__ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the __8__ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting __9__ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many __10__ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn´ t __11__ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the __12__ of being unemployed in a society builton the concept of employment. In the __13__ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could __14__ strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the __15__ of work may be a bit overblown. "Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential, " says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively __16__ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional __17__ of their jobs. "When I come home from a hard day´ s work, I often feel __18__ ," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don ´ t have to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself __19__ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for __20__ matters.第1题A.boastingB.denyingC.warningD.ensuring参考答案： C 您的答案：未作答答案解析：空格之后的宾语从句部分“technology is replacing human workers．”结合选项，应该选择warning。
2020年考研英语(二)真题 试题详细解析
2020年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析SectionI Use of EnglishI【答案】[C] tricky【解析】首段首句给出文章话题中心”成为一名好父亲或母亲是每一位父亲或母亲想要做的事情”，但第二句话话锋一转”但是定义什么是好父母无疑很，因为孩子们会对同类型的抚养模式做用不同的回应，“因此可排除p leasant、instructive这两个纯褒义词，tedious"冗长的“感情色彩过于消极，也排除，t ric k"y 复杂的符合语义逻辑要求，故为正确答案！2【答案】[C] for example【解析】上文表明，“孩子们会对抚养模式有不同的回应”，空格处所在句指出，“冷静，遵守规则的孩子，与更年少的孩子相比，对于不同的抚养模式，会做出更好的同应”，这两句话符合抽象具体”的逻辑关系，故for example为正确答案。
3【答案】[A]Fortunately【解析】第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂”，第二段首句指出“另外一种类型的父母很容易“第一段关键词"tricky"与本句中"easier"这两个词形成隐性的转折关系，"fo rtunately"符合逻辑关系的要求，故选为正确答案。
4【答案】[D] describe【解析】空格处所需动词与"parent"形成语义上的动宾关系，而第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂＂，第二段首句指出幸运地是，另外一种类型的父母很容易”，这两句话之间话题一致，逻辑关系相反，因此可推测该空格处所填入的动词应该与"define"语义相近，故"describe"描述为正确答案。
5【答案】[D]while【解析】该题考查句间逻辑关系，空格所在句表明“每位父母想变得有耐心”，下一句指山”这不是容易的＂，这两句话存在“一肯－否＂的特征，形成对立关系，因此空格处应该填入表示“让步”概念的词故while为正确答案。
考研英语(二)模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（二）模拟试卷20(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)1．Even the Saudis—or rather, the small number of men who actually rule their troubled country—are giving ground in the struggle for women’s rights. For sure, the recommendations (1)_____ this week to Crown Prince Abdullah at the end of an (2)_____ round of “national dialogue” concentrating on the role of women were fairly tame. in the reformers-versus-reactionaries (3)_____ test of whether women should, be allowed to drive cars (at present they cannot do so in the kingdom, nor can they travel unaccompanied, by whatever (4)_____ of motion), the king was merely asked to”(5)_____ a body to study a public-transport system for women to facilitate mobility”. (6)_____ mention, of course, of the right to vote—but then that has been (7)_____ to men too, though local elections, on an apparently universal franchise, are supposed to be held in October. In sum, it is a tortoise’s progress. But the very fact of the debate happening at all is (8)_____ —and hopeful. It is not just in Saudi Arabia that more rights for women are being demanded (9)_____ across the whole of the Arab and Muslim world. The pushy Americans have made women’s rights part of their appeal for greater democracy in (10)_____ they now officially call the “broader Middle East”, to include non-Arab Muslim countries such as Iran, Turkey and even Afghanistan. Many Arabs have cautioned the Americans against seeking to (11)_____ their own values on societies with such different traditions and (12)_____. Many leading Muslims have (13)_____ the culturally imperious Americans of seeking to (14)_____ Islam. The (15)_____ for more democracy in the Muslim world issued by leaders of the eight biggest industrial countries was watered down for fear of giving (16)_____. Yet, despite the Arabs’ prickliness, the Americans have helped pep up a debate that is now bubbling fiercely in the Arab world, even (17)_____ many Arab leaders, none of whom is directly elected by the people, are understandably (18)_____ of reforms that could lead to their own toppling. Never before have women’s rights in the Arab world been so (19)_____ debated. That (20)_____ is cause to rejoice.A．remouldedB．inheritedC．accordedD．handed正确答案：D解析：本题是一道语意逻辑推导题。
考研考前必做模考试卷及解析2020跨考联考测试卷(英语二)
2020跨考教育英语二联考测试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10points)If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills,American firms have a problem.Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as1to the competitive survival of the firm in the United bor is simply another factor of production to be hired or2at the lowest possible cost—much3one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance4to human resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy.In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second5command. The6of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job,off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy.The executive who7it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to8to Chief Executive Officer(CEO).9,in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive,after the CEO,in the firm's10.As a11,problems12when new breakthrough technologies arrive.If American workers,for example,take much longer to learn13to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers on Germany(as they do),the effective cost of those stations is14in Germany than it is in the United States.More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for15retraining16costs and creates bottlenecks that17the speed with18new equipment can be employed.The result is a slower pace of technological 19.And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population20the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated,the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.1.[A]necessary2.[A]rented [B]dispensable[B]acquired[C]central[C]required[D]understandable[D]got3.[A]like[B]that[C]as[D]while4.[A]compared[B]attached[C]detached[D]entitled5.[A]in[B]on[C]through[D]by6.[A]responsibility[B]personality[C]importance[D]post7.[A]supervises[B]holds[C]manages[D]brings8.[A]pick up[B]start up[C]put up[D]move up9.[A]Furthermore[B]Similarly[C]Although[D]However10.[A]hierarchy[B]post[C]position[D]management11.[A]matter[B]fact[C]result[D]case12.[A]invent[B]emerge[C]perform[D]expose13.[A]how[B]what[C]where[D]whom14.[A]fewer[B]higher[C]littler[D]lower15.[A]extensive[B]intensive[C]excessive[D]decisive16.[A]produces[B]generates[C]manufactures[D]grows17.[A]promote[B]limit[C]confine[D]accelerate18.[A]which[B]that[C]where[D]whom19.[A]innovation[B]recession[C]progression[D]adaptation20.[A]raise[B]lift[C]affect[D]balanceSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1A divided Supreme Court ruled Monday that police may take DNA samples when booking those arrested for serious crimes,narrowly upholding a Maryland law and opening the door to more widespread collection of DNA by law enforcement.The court ruled5to4that government has a legitimate interest in collecting DNA from arrestees,just as it takes photographs and collects fingerprints.Rejecting the view that the practice constitutes an unlawful search,the majority said it was justified to establish the identity of the person in custody.“DNA identification represents an important advance in the techniques used by law enforcement to serve legitimate police concerns for as long as there have been arrests,”Justice Anthony M.Kennedy wrote for the majority.The dissenters were three of the court’s liberals plus conservative Justice Antonin Scalia,who amplified his displeasure by reading a summary of his dissent.“The court has cast aside a bedrock rule of our Fourth Amendment law:that the government may not search its citizens for evidence of crime unless there is a reasonable cause to believe that such evidence will be found,”In his dissent,Scalia wrote that the majority’s attempts to justify the use of DNA as an identification tool “taxes the naivety of the naive.”He added,“Make no mistake about it:As an entirely predictable consequence of today’s decision,your DNA can be taken and entered into a national DNA database if you are ever arrested,rightly or wrongly,and for whatever reason.”Kennedy said Maryland’s law is more limited than that.He noted that DNA can be taken only from those suspected of“serious”crime,that the sample is destroyed if the arrestee is not convicted,and that the DNA tests did not violate the privacy of the person by revealing genetic traits or medical information.Besides that,Kennedy said,DNA identification contains critical clues about whether an arrestee should be eligible for being released on bail or whether he would be likely to flee because he had committed a crime more serious than the one for which he was arrested.But Scalia said“Solving unsolved crimes is a noble objective,but it occupies a lower place in the American noble objectives than the protection of our people from suspicionless law-enforcement searches,”He concluded with a nod to the Framers of the Constitution:“I doubt that the proud men who wrote the charter of our liberties would have been so eager to open their mouths for royal inspection.”The decision was evidence of how the court抯ideological differences blur on Fourth Amendment cases.Earlier this term,Scalia joined Ginsburg,Sotomayor and Kagan to rule that bringing a police dog to a suspected drug dealer’s door without a warrant amounted to an unlawful search.And Scalia joined Sotomayor抯broad ruling in another case that held police officers generally must try to get a warrant before forcing uncooperative drunken-driving suspects tosubmit to a blood test.21.The majority of Supreme Court Justices hold that the collection of DNA samples from arrestees.[A]overestimates the implications of techniques[B]provides an effective identification tool[C]serves the interest of the government[D]constitutes an illegal police search22.According to Paragraph3,Justice Antonin Scalia’s dissent is largely out of.[A]his strict adherence to the Fourth Amendment law[B]his concern over misjudgment and wrong arrests[C]his defense of a citizen’s privacy in lawenforcement[D]his doubt about the reliability of DNAidentification23.To which of the following would Kennedy agree,according to Paragraph4?[A]Maryland’s law about DNA collection has obvious limitations and needs to beimproved.[B]DNA samples should be taken from for both serious crimes and minor offences.[C]DNA samples collected from arrestees should be entered into a national DNAdatabase.[D]DNA identification provides critical information about the potential danger posed by an arrestee.24.By mentioning the Framers of the Constitution,Scalia intended to.[A]question the nobility of the judicial process of Maryland case[B]demonstrate the historic significance of Maryland case[C]denounce the court’s decision as against the protection of personal rights[D]illustrate the embarrassing DNA sample collection procedure25.Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A]The court’s attitude on Fourth Amendment cases is increasingly apparent.[B]The justices usually split on decisions about the Fourth Amendment cases.[C]Scalia has an inconsistent attitude on the issue of law-enforcement searches.[D]The court sometimes goes against the Fourth Amendment deliberately.Text2Being the first to do something matters.Being the first to tell other folks that you did it matters too.For scientists,publication in a peer reviewed journal is the primary way of communicating experimental results,so getting a manuscript through the review process and into publication in a timely manner is important.This can get complicated if you are also trying to be published in the most prestigious journal possible.For example,a scientist could submit their manuscript to a prestigious journal like Nature or Science.The article is sent out for review and within a few months the authors get a note back saying that while their science was methodologically sound,it just wasn’t innovative enough for those journals.Next,the scientist submits it to the top journal in their field,only to be told in a few months that it was too interdisciplinary for that journal.A scientist may go through several roundsof submission and rejection looking for a suitable home for their manuscript,worrying as the months slip by that someone else has beat them to the publication of similar results.Enter the folks behind new“portable peer review”services.Traditionally,the review process was done within the organizational structure of the journal you submitted your manuscript to. These new services are independent of specific journals and their goal is to cut down on the redundant work being done in the publication process.This separates the review process from the publication process,and authors could take their reviews with them as they search for an appropriate publication venue.While the details vary widely,it is similar to traditional journal based peer review.An author submits a manuscript,reviewers are located,and the reviewers provide commentary on the paper. The portable peer review services have generally taken the time to develop detailed rubrics and detailed guiding questions for reviewers.The authors can then revise their manuscripts and take everything to a journal of their choice.The portable peer review services are also working hard to cooperate with journal editors,allowing them to tell their authors that reviews from their service will be welcomed at specific journals.Some journals have instituted policies accepting outside peer review,starting to welcome manuscripts that have been rejected by higher impactjournals.Importantly,these services often mention the desire to develop a“reputation economy”for reviewers.While many reviewers take the time to provide polite,constructive criticism of a manuscript,there are others who may simply say“this sucks.”Knowing who is more likely to provide the former ahead of time could be useful.For example,Peerage of Science offers a“peer review of peer review”that rates reviewer reviews,and provides reviewer scores on reviewer profiles.Although scientists recognize that peer review has problems,most recognize that it serves a valued role in communicating scientific research.New portable peer review services hope to improve the quality of reviews while simultaneously reducing the amount of redundancy in the publication system.26.In the first two paragraphs,the author discusses.[A]the background information of journal editing[B]the significance of submitting manuscripts timely[C]the complicated route of getting published in prestigious journals[D]the redundant procedure followed in the traditional publication system27.The portable peer review services emerge to help.[A]keep peer reviews independent and impartial[B]avoid repetition of scientific studies[C]speed up the publication process[D]curb the excessive publication28.According to Paragraph4,the new services can help authors.[A]better their manuscripts before submitting to journals[B]get a detailed revising guidelines from reviewers[C]learn review results from journal editors in advance[D]eliminate reviewers’negative feelings toward once-rejected manuscripts29.Paragraph5indicates that“reputation economy”is developed to.[A]guarantee the quality of manuscripts[B]earn reviewers academic credit and huge profits[C]make the reviews polite and easily accepted by authors[D]improve reviewers’conscientiousness in their reviews30.What is the subject of the text?[A]Peer review still has a role to play.[B]Portable peer review is emerging.[C]The merits and problems of portable peer review.[D]Online publication:solver to the redundant publication system.Text3The Internet has turned into a massive surveillance tool.We're constantly monitored, sometimes by corporations wanting to sell us stuff and sometimes by governments wanting to keep an eye on us.Momentary conversation is over.Wholesale surveillance is the norm.It's about to get worse,though.The Internet of Things refers to a world where much more than our computers and cell phones is Internet-enabled.Soon there will be Internet-connected modules on our cars and home appliances.Internet-enabled medical devices will collect real-time health data about us.In its extreme,everything can be connected to the Internet.It's true that the"Internet of Things"will make a lot of wonderful things possible,but it also gives the governments and corporations that follow our every move something they don't yet have:eyes and ears.In the near term,the sheer volume of data will limit the sorts of conclusions that can be drawn.The invasiveness of“Internet Things”new technologies depends on asking the right questions.For example,if a private investigator is watching you in the physical world,she or he might observe odd behavior and investigate further based on that.Such occasional observations are harder to achieve when you're filtering databases based on pre-programmed queries.In other words,it's easier to ask questions about what you purchased and where you were than to ask what you did with your purchases and why you went where you did.These analytical limitations also mean that companies like Google and Facebook will benefit more from the Internet of Things than individuals--not only because they have access to more data,but also because they have more sophisticated query technology.In the longer term,the Internet of Things means ubiquitous surveillance.If an object"knows" you have purchased it,and communicates via either Wi-Fi or the mobile network,then whoever or whatever it is communicating with will know where you are.Your car will know who is in it,who is driving,and what traffic laws that driver is following or ignoring.Fast food restaurants will know what you usually order,and exactly how to entice you to order more.Will you know any of this?It depends.Lots of these devices have,and will have,privacy settings.But these settings are remarkable not in how much privacy they afford,but in how much they deny.Access will likely be similar to your browsing habits,your searches on Google,and your text messages from your phone.You'd think that your privacy settings would keep random strangers from learning everything about you,but it only keeps random strangers who don't pay for the privilege–or don't work for the government and have the ability todemand the data.Power is what matters here:you'll be able to keep the powerless from invading your privacy,but you'll have no ability to prevent the powerful from doing it again and again.31.The first two paragraphs mainly discuss.[A]the uses of personal data collection[B]the beneficial aspects of surveillance[C]an emerging large-scale threat to privacy[D]an unknown side of governments and corporations32.The example of the private investigator’s act is mentionedto highlight.[A]the limitation of program-based queries[B]the significance of access to more data[C]the way technology companies collect data[D]the complexity of the Internet of Things world33.The author implies that privacy settings.[A]can inform people of their being under surveillance[B]can protect people from being monitored[C]are helping companies collect personal data[D]are essential for the Internet of Things34.The last paragraph implies that personal privacy_.[A]will be accessible to the general public[B]will fall victim to the privileged[C]will be under effective protection[D]will be an exclusive right for high-tech elites35.The author’s tone behind Internet of Things is one of.[A]welcome[B]criticism[C]indifference[D]worryText4When a coalition of interest activists and web companies scuppered the Hollywood-sponsored Stop Online Piracy Act(SOPA)last year,they warned Congress that future attempts to push through legislation that threatened digital freedoms would be met with a similar response. Now some of them are up in arms again,this time against the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act(CISPA).This is one of several bills designed to reinforce America’s cyber-defences that were being discussed by the House of Representatives.Whatever the outcome of the deliberations,the fuss surrounding CISPA is unlikely to die down soon.Its fans,which include companies such as IBM and Intel,say the bill’s provisions will help America defend itself against attempts by hackers to penetrate vital infrastructure and pinch companies’intellectual property.CISPA’s critics,which include the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a digital-rights group,and Mozilla,the maker of the Firefox web browser,argue that it couldachieve that goal without ignoring privacy laws designed to prevent the government getting its hands on citizens’private data without proper judicial oversight.CISPA aims to encourage panies and spies often keep quiet about cyber-threats because they fear that sharing the details many land them in legal hot water.But this makes it harder both to hunt hackers,and to defend power grids and other infrastructure against online assaults.The bill encourage both groups to be more forthcoming by offering them an exemption from civil and criminal liability when gathering and sharing data about cyber-threats.The trouble is that although its goal is laudable,the bill is vague about what sort of information on cyber-threats can be shared.So in theory everything from e-mails to medical records could end up being shipped to intelligence agencies,even if it is not needed.Harvey Anderson of Mozilla says CISPA“creates a black hole”through which all kinds of data could be sucked in by the government.The bill does forbid the use by officials of personal information from medical records,tax returns and a list of other documents.But its critics say it would be far better if companies had to get rid of such data before sharing what is left.They also note that the broad legal protection CISPA offers to firms could be abused by companies keen to cover up mishaps in their handling of customer data.A more carefully worded legal remedy would stop that happening.All this has exposed a rift in the internet world.Whereas Mozilla and other firms want CISPA to be overhauled or scrapped,some web firms that helped sink SOPA seem ambivalent.Google claims it has taken no formal position on the draft legislation and it“watching the process closely”. But TechNet,an industry group whose members include the web giant and Facebook,has written to the House Intelligence Committee expressing support for CISPA.If Google and other web companies do have doubts about some of the bill’s provisions,now would be the time for them to sound the alarm.36.We learn from the first paragraph that SOPA has.[A]incurred criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]received acclaim[D]aroused curiosity37.It can be inferred from Paragraph2that the critics criticize CISPAfor its.[A]obsession with cyber security[B]invasion of intellectual property[C]threat of privacy violation[D]lack of judicial oversight38.Harvey Anderson holds that CISPA.[A]fails to clarify what kind of information can be shared[B]adds huge burden to intelligence agencies[C]facilitates the America’s cyber-defences by intelligence-sharing[D]helps the government get hands on personal data39.According to Paragraph5,the critics note that CISPA.[A]weakens government officials’power[B]offers full data protection over access[C]lacks justifiable punishment for data misuse[D]stands all in favor of web companies40The author’s attitude towards the standing of those web firms like Google is one of.[A]appreciation[B]understanding[C]indulgence[D]oppositionPart BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community.Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10points)•What to do as a student?•Various definitions of plagiarism•Ideas should always be sourced•Ignorance can be forgiven•Plagiarism is equivalent to theft•The consequences of plagiarismScholars,writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas.In the English-speaking world,the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas.Simply stated,plagiarism is"the wrongful appropriation or purloining,and publication as one's own of the ideas,or the expression of ideas of another."41..The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation.In many universities,the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university.In the literary world,where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws,the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career.Protection of scholars and writers,through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities,is a relatively recent concept.Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.42..Students,as inexperienced scholars themselves,must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars'ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words,otherwise dire consequences may occur.There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students'inexactness in identifying sources properly.They are plagiarism by accident,by ignorance,and by intention.43..Plagiarism by accident,or oversight,sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from.He may have read it long ago,heard it in a lecture since forgotten,or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues.He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed.Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against,it is the least serious and,if lessons learned,can be exempt from being severely punished.44..Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources.The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting,footnoting,listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references.Although'there is no copyright in news,or in ideas,only in the expression of them,"the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.45..The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention.The writer,limited by his laziness and dullness,copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals,he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original.Such words as immoral,dishonest,offensive,and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement.All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students,as developing scholars,writers,teachers,and professional leaders,should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed.Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship,they will admire the humility and honesty.Section III Translation1.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)Employers are more likely to hire people they fancy,researchers claim,as they find"leisure pursuits,background and self-presentation"are more important than skills.Women in the workplace have fought a long battle to prove their skills,experience and CV are the onlykeys to their success.But their efforts may have been in vain,as a study find good looks,a winning smile may be the key to securing a job after all.Bosses would rather hire someone they find attractive and enjoy spending time with than the perfectly-qualified candidate,it has been claimed.They would rather employ someone“who will be their friend or maybe even their romantic partner”,with whom they feel a“spark”,researchers have suggested.A study,conducted by American sociologists,has found interviewers at banking, law and management consultancy firms consistently prefer applicants they“feel good around”Section III WritingPart A2.Directions:Write a letter to your university canteen,making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B3.Directions:Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET.(15points)You should•interpret the chart,and•give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)。
2023年全国硕士研究生考试考研英语二试题真题(含答案)
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business, and though you’re making a nice __1__, you need to find a way to take it to the next level. What you need to do is __2__ growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus __3___ on finding ways to grow.Let’s look at a real-world __4___. Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the __5___ departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The __6__ was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And __7__ making improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade. Things changed, __8__, when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, __9__ a growth team and sparked the kind of __10__ perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the __11__ of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered. Armed with this __12__, the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently ___13____ the premium version to users of the free version. ____14_____, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.But in order for your growth team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader. It needs someone who can ___15__ the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will __16__ the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the___17___ of these goals. The growth leader is also __18__ for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of distractions. __19__ attractive new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t __20___ the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.1.[A] purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet2.[A] define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate3.[A] exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially4.[A] experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example5.[A] identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6.[A] rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem7. [A] despite[B] unlike [C] through [D] besides8. [A] moreover [B] however[C] therefore [D] again9. [A] inspected [B] created[C] expanded [D] reformed10. [A] cultural [B] objective [C] fresh [D] personal11. [A] end [B] burden [C] lack[D] decrease12. [A] policy [B] suggestion [C] purpose [D] insight13. [A] contributing [B] allocating [C] promoting[D] transforming14. [A] as a result[B] at any rate [C] by the way [D] in a sense15. [A] unite[B] finance [C] follow [D] choose16. [A] share [B] identify[C] divide [D] broaden17.[A] announcement [B] assessment [C] adjustment [D]accomplishment18. [A] famous [B] responsible[C] available [D] respective19. [A] before [B] once [C] while[D] unless20. [A] serve[B] limit [C] summarize [D] alterSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by Choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut — and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles.The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year’s event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: “We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, mitigating flooding and cooling the environment.”The RHS’s decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. A Twitter account called Shit Lawns, which claims to “cut through the greenwash” of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an “ecological damage” tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,260 and 11,272 signatures.However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and that people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of £500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass”.It added: “We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.”21. The RHS thinks that plastic grass __________.[A] is harmful to the environment[B] is a hot topic in gardening circles[C] is overpraised in the annual show[D] is ruining the view of west London22. The petitions mentioned in para.3 reveal the campaigner's ________.[A] disappointment with the RHS[B] resistance to fake grass use[C] anger over the proposed tax[D] concern above real grass supply23. In para 4, supporters of fake grass point out that_________.[A] the necessity to lower the costs of fake grass[B] the disadvantages of growing real grass[C] the way to take care of artificial lawns[D] the challenges of insect habitat protection24. What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?[A] urge legislation to restrict its use[B] take measures to guarantee its quality[C] remind its users to obey existing rules[D] replace it with sustainable alternatives25. It can be learned from the text that fake grass ________ .[A] is being improved continuously[B] has been a market share decline[C] is becoming affordable[D] has been a controversial productText 2It’s easy to dismiss as absurd the Trump administration’s ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it’s a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at Sequoia National Park? But the administration is right about one thing: U.S. national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department’s Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and concessionaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining how U.S. residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them — whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700 U.S. taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.The national parks provide great value to U.S. residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life, and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America’s past alive, working with thousands of local jurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites — including Ellis Island and Gettysburg — and to bring the stories of these places to life.The parks do all this on a shoestring. Congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system — an amount that has been flat since 2001 (in inflation-adjusted dollars) with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as part of the Obama stimulus package. Meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.26. What problem are U.S. national parks faced with?[A] decline of business profits[B] inadequate commercialization[C] lack of transportation services[D] poorly maintained infrastructure27. Increased privatization of the campground may_______?[A] spoil visitor experience[B] help preserve nature[C] bring operational pressure[D] boost visits to parks28. According to para.5, most respondents in the survey would ______?[A] go to the national parks on a regular basis[B] advocate a bigger budget for the national parks[C] pay extra for the national parks[D] support the national parks' recent reforms29. The national parks are valuable in that they________[A] lead the way in tourism[B] have historical significance[C] sponsor research on climate[D] provide an income for locals30. It can be concluded from the text that the national park system _______[A] is able to cope with shortages[B] is able to meet visitors' demand[C] is in need of a new pricing policy[D] is in need of a funding increaseText 3The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggests Columbia University psychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 201, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 facts in a computer ("an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain, for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember their information and the folders it was stored in. They didn't remember their information. But they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but "adapting to new communications technology," Sparrow says.In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as "cognitive offloading." "Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking -something that isnot available on the Internet." I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things," Sparrow says, adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.Still, other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-save older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at the University of California, Los Angeles.There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs, observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm:'It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don't know.31.Sparrow's study shows that with the Internet, the human brain will ________[A] analyze information in detail[B] collect information efficiently[C] switch its focus of memory[D] extend its memory duration32.The process of "cognitive offloading"________[A] helps us identify false information[B] keeps our memory from failing[C] enables us to classify trivial facts[D] lessens our memory burdens33.Which of the following would Sparrow support about the Internet?[A] It may reform our way of learning[B] It may impact our society negatively[C] It may enhance our adaptability to technology[D] It may interfere with our conceptual thinking34. It is indicated in Para 3 that how the Internet affects our brains?[A] requires further academic research[B] is most studies in older adults[C] is reflected in our reading speed[D] depends on our web-surfing habits35. Neither Sparrow nor Storm would agree that ________[A] our reliance on the Internet will be costly[B] the Internet is weakening our memory[C] memory exercise is a must for our brain[D] our ability to focus decline with ageText 4Teenagers are paradoxical. That's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers, often to the point of self-destruction. Accidental deaths go up dramatically in adolescence.A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policymakers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.The researchers studied “prosocial” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late. Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity.”Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.36.According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to ______[A] develop opposite personality traits[B] see the world in an unreasonable way[C] have fond memories of the past[D] show attention for their parents37.It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Crone's study[A] explores teenagers' social resposibilities[B] examines teenagers' emotional problems[C] provides a new insight into adolescence[D] highlight negative adolescent behaviour38.What does Crone's study find about prosocial behavior?[A] It results from the wish to cooperate[B] It is cultivated through education[C] It is subject to family influence[D] It tends to peak in adolescence39.It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers ______[A] overstress their influence on others[B] care a lot about social recognition[C] become anxious about their future[D] endeavor to live a joyful life40. What is the text mainly about?[A] why teenagers are self-contradictory[B] why teenagers are risk-sensitive[C] How teenagers develop prosociality[D] How teenagers become independentPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaringNew building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday in England, are part of government plans to reduce the UK’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, a trade group for small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, productsand systems to be installed. “All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,” he says.Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.“The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,” he says. “There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.Thomas Goodman, of MyJobQuote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.“Glazing on windows, doors and rooflights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 June next year.Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator, which prices projects.As the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will eventually drive down heating bills. But in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work. Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from the Construction Products Association. How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “While admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,” says Rolande. “An average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.”John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. “As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says. However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Andrew Mellor. “Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time.”[A] The rise of home prices is a temporarymatter.41.Brian Berry [B] Builders possibly need to submit newestimates of their projects.42.Gareth Belsham [C] There will be specific limits on homeextensions to prevent heat loss43.Marcus Jefford [D] The new rules will take home price to aneven higher lever.44.John Kelly [E] Many people feel that home prices arealready beyond what they can afford45.Andrew Mellor [F] The new rules will affect people whosehome extensions include new windows ordoors.[G] The rule changes will benefit homeownerseventually.【参考答案】41.D42.F43.B44.A45.GSection III Translation46. Directions:Translate following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)In the late 18th century, William Wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. And he was one of the founders of a movement called Romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.Poetry is powerful. Its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make them see things differently. Through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.No one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. It was a way to tell stories and pass down history. It is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. Poems really cometo life when they are recited. This can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.【参考译文】18世纪晚期，威廉·华兹华斯因其关于自然的诗歌而闻名。
2024考研英语二试题及答案解析(word版)
2024考研英语二试题及答案解析(word版)2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Reading the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Your social life is defined as the activities you do with other people,for pleasure,when you are notworking.It is important to have a social life,but what is right for one person wont be right for another.Some of us feel energized by spending lots of time with others,_1_some of us may feel drained,even ifits doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a__2_in your social life is key.Spending too much time on your own,not__3_others,can make you feel lonely and_4_.lomeliness is known to impact on your mental health and_5_a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,__6__,you are workingfrom home and you are __7__on the social conversations that happen in the office.Other life changes also_8_periods of loneliness too,such as retirement,changing a job or becoming a parent.Its important to recognize feelings or loneliness.There are ways to __9___a social life.But it can feeloverwhelming __10.You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be abletomeet__11__people.There are groups aimed at new parents,at those who want to_12_a new sport forthe first time or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and __13_ideas.On the other hand,it is__14_possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like youre alwaysdoing something and there is never any __15_in your calendar for downtime,you could suffer socialbunout or social _16_.We all have our own social limit and its important to recognize when yourefeeling like its all too much.Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be_17ofpoor social health.Make sure you _18__some time in your diary when youre _19_for socialising anduse this time to relax,__20__and recover.1.A.becauseB.unlessC.whereasD.until2.A.contrastB.balanceC,linkD.gap3.A.secingB.pleasingC.judgingD.teaching4.A.misguidedB.surprisedC.spoiledD.disconnected5.A.contribute toB.rely onC.interfere withD.go against6.A.in factB.of courseC.for examplsD,on average7.A.cutting backB.missing outC.breaking inD.looking down8.A.shortenB.triggerC.followD.interrupt9.A.assessB,interprelC,providsD.regain10.at firstB.in turnC.on timeD.by chance11.far-sightedB.strong-willedC.kind-heartedD.like-minded12.A.tnyB.promoteC.watchD.describe13.A.testB.shareC,acceptD.revise14.A.alreadyB.thusC.alsoD.only15.A.visitB,orderC.spaceD,boundary16.A.[atigueB.criticismC.injusticeD.dilemma17.A.sourcesB.standardsC.signsD.scores18.A.take overB.wipe offC,add upD.mark out19.A.ungratefu]B.unavailsblgC.responsiblkD.regretful20.A.reactB.repeatC,retunD.restSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Text 1Anger over AIs role in exacerbating inequality could endanger the technologys future.In her new bookCogs and Monsters:What Economics Is,and What It Should Be,Diane Coyle,an economist at CambridgeUnivcrsity,argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress."Whatever wemean by the economy growing,by things getting better,the gains will have to be more evenly shared than inthe recentpast,"she writes."An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers,withmiddle-income jobs undercut by automation,will not be politically sustainable."Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digitaltechnologies to boost productivity in various sectors,including health care and construction,saysCoyle.Butpeople cant be expected to embrace the changes if theyre not seeing the benefits—if theyre just seeinggood jobs being destroyed.In a recent interview with MIT Technology Review,Coyle said she fears that techs inequality problemcould be a roadblock to deploying AI."Were talking about disruption,"she says."These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day,that change business models that succeed.”To make such tremendous changes,"she adds,you need social buy-in.Instead,says Coyle,resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites ina handful of prosperous cities.According to the Brookings Institution,a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco,San Jose,Boston,and Seattle had roughly 38%of all tech jobs by 2019.New AI technologies areparticularly concentrated:Brookingss Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just 15 cities account fortwo-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in the United States(San Francisco and San Jose alone accountfor aboutone-quarter).The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographicaldisparities in wealth will continue tosoar.Not only will this foster political and social unrest,but it could,asCoyle suggests,hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining theAI agenda.That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.Muroand others have suggested hefty federal funding to help create US regional innovation centers,for example.A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies thatdont simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care mostabout,like health care,education,and manufacturing.21.Coyle argues that economie growth should_A.give rise to innovationsB.diversity career choicesC.benefit people equallyD.be promoted forcedly22.In Paragraph 2,digital technologies should be used to.A.bring about instant prosperityB.reduce peoples workloadC.raisc ovcrall work cfficicncyD.enhance cross-sector cooperation23.What does Coyle fear about transformative technologics?A.They may affect work-life balance.B.They may be impractical to deploy.C.They may incur huge expenditure.D.They may unwelcome to public.24.Several cities are mentioned toA.the uneven distribution of Al technology in USB.disappointing prospect of jobs in USC.fast progress of US regional economicsD.increasing significance of US AI assets25.With regard to concern,the author suggest________.A.raising funds to start new AI projectsB.encouraging collaboration in AI researchC.guarding against side effectsD.redefine the role ofAIText 2The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,Conforhas warned.The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the countrys relianceontimber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.Currently only 20 percent ofthe UKs wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the sccond-largest net importer of timber in theworld.Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees,thetrade body says these dont go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timbersupplies.“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now,but we will also be facing a future construction crisisbecause of failure to plant trees to produce wood."said Stuart Goodall,chief executive of Confor."Fordecades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic woodsupply,leaving us exposed tofluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall."The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader incertifying that its forests are sustainably managed,Confor says.While around three quarters of Scottishhomes are built from Scottish timber,the use of home-grown wood in England is only around 25 percent.While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to theUKs net-zero strategy,the focus of government support continues to be on food production and therewinding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.Goodall add:“While food productionand biodiversity are clearly of critical importance,we need our land to also provide secure supplies of woodfor construction,manufacturing and contribute to net zero.“While the UK govemment has stated its ambition for more tree planting,there has been little action onthe ground."Confor is now calling for much greater impetus bchind those aspirations to ensure we haveenough wood to meet increasing demand."26.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that UK need to____.A.increase domestic wood supplyB.reduce demand for timberC.lower wood production costsD.lift control on timber imports27.According to Confor,UK government fresh incentives______.A.can hardly address construction crisisB.are believed to come at wrong timeC.seem to be misleadingD.too costly to put into practice28.The UK exposure to fuctuating wood prices is the result of________.ernments inaction on timber importB.inadequate investment for woodpetition among traders at homeD.wood producersmotive to maximize profits29.Which of following causes the shortage of wood supply?A.excessive timber consumption in constructionB.unfavorable conditions in UKC.outdated technology for wood productionD.farmersunwillingness to plan trees30.What does Goodall think US government should do?A.Subsidize the buildingB.Pay attention to rural economyC.Provide support for tree plantingD.Give priority to pursue net-zero strategyText 3One big challenge in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it is time to tumover the key.It is a complete life-changer when someone stops-or is forced to stop -driving,said formerrisk manager Anne M.Menke.The American Medical Association advises physicians that in situation where clear evidence ofsubstantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety,and where the physiciansadvice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored,it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department ofMotor Vehicles,Menke wrote."Some states require physicians to report,others allow but do not mandatereports,while a few consider a report breach of confidentiality.There could be liability and penalties if aphysician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality "she counseled.Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piccemeal bydifferent professions with different focuses,including gerontologists,highway administration officials,automotive engineers and others,said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan."Theres not a National Institute ofOlder Driver Studies,"she said."We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe"and what can help,said DuganOne thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.Mandatoryin-person renewal was associated with a 31 percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers 85 or older,according to one study.Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers,although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.Many old drivers dont see eye doctors or cant afford to.Primary care providers have their hands fulland may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they cant turn theirheads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and havent changed their seat settingssufficiently to reach car pedals easily, As long as there are other cars on the roads,self-driving cars wont solve the problems of crashes,saidDugan.Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require to many algorithms,she said.Butwe need to do more to improve safety,said Dugan."If were going to have 100-year lives,we need cars thata 90-year-old can drive comfortably."31.Aecording to Paragraphl,keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road_ .A.is a ncw safety measureB.has become a disputed issueC.can be a tough task to completeD.will be beneficial to their health32.The American medical associations advice_ .A.has won support from driversB.is generally considered unrealisticC.is wide dismissed as unnecessaryD.has met with different responses33.According to Dugan,efforts to keep older drivers safe.A.have brought about big changesB.necd to be well coordinatedChave gained public concermD.call for relevant legal support34.Some older drivers have trouble driving because they tend to_ .A.stick with bad driving habitsB.have a weakened memoryC.suffer from chronic painsD.neglect car maintenance35.Dugan thinks that the solution to the problems of crashes may lie in__A.npgrading self-driving vehicleB.developing senior-friendly carsC.renovating transport facilitiesD.adjusting the age limit for driversText 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its naturalconstruction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallowsprovide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in anidaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority toregulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bythe EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection"to bodiesof water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators andother commereial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significantrepereussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as Justice BrettKavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlandsprotections.But thats a very shortsightedview,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,dont respeet stateboundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackettv.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights ofland owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And its a reminder that theEPAs involvement in the ChesapeakeBay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcendthe influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to useone telling example,arent thinking about next years blue erab harvest in Maryland when theydecide whether to sprend animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can haveenormous impact downstream.And so we would eall on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing theirown wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer thema visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald engles fly overtidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatie life.Itsworth the scenic drive.36.A.the prevalence of health apps37.A.Its coverage needs to be extended.38.Before sharing its usershealth information,Flo Health is required to___.A.seek the approval of the FTCB.find qualified third partiesC.remove irrelevant personal dataD.obtain their explicit permission39.What challenges is the FTC currently faced with?A.The complexity of health information.B.The rapid increase in new health apps.C.The subtle deceptiveness of health apps.D.The difficulty in assessing consumer harm.40.D.has gained legislative support in some statesPart BDirections;Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondinginformation in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany ofextracurricular activities hopingto bolster their chances of admission a selective undergraduate institution.However,college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopefuls extracurricular activitiesmatter more than the number of activities.he or she participates in.Sue Rexford,the director of college guidance at the Charles.E.Smith Jewish Day School,says it is notnecessary for a student,filling out the Common Application to list lo activities in the application.“No”college will expect that a students has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have beenpassionately involved in each for an tended period of time,"Rexfon d wrote in an email.Experts say it is toughen to distinguish oneself in aschool-affiliated extracurricular activity that iscommon among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer,and so if they re going todo a popular activity,Id say,be the best at it."says Sara Harherson,a college admission consultant.High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently oftenimpress colleges,experts say."For example,a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skills and potential bystarting a profitable small business."Olivia Valdes,the founder or Zen Admissions consulting firm,wrote inan emailJosoph Adegboyega—Edun,a Maryland High school guidance counselor,says unconventional,extracurricular activities can help students,impress college admissions offices,assuming they demonstrated,serious commitment."Again,since one of the big question.high school seniors muse consider is"Whatmakes you unique?"having an uncommon,extracurricular activity,a conventional one is an advantage,"hewrote in an email.Experts say demonstrating talent in at lcast one extracurricular activity can help in the collegeadmissions process,especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions."Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in theadmissions process,especially for highly selective institutions,where having top grades and test scores isnot enough,"Katie Kelley admissions counselor at Ivy Wise admissions consullancy,wrote in anemail.“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them tovisualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community."Extracurricular activities related to the college major declared on a college application are beneficial,experts suggest."If you already know your major,having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be abig plus,"says Mayghin Levine,the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabhage PatchSettlement House,a Louisville,Kentucky,nonprofit community center.High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through anextracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship,says Erica Gwyn,a former math andscience magnet programassistant at a publie high school who is now executive director of the KaleidoscopeCareers Academy in Atlanta,a nonprofit organization.41.Sue Rexford42.Sara Harberson43.Katie Kelley44.Mayghin Levine45.Erica Gwyn口EABA.Students who stand out in a specific extracurricular activity will be favored by top-tier institutions.B.Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.C.Undertaking too many extracurricular activities will hardly be seen as a plus by colleges.D.Student who exhibits activity in doing business can impress colleges.E.High school students participating in popular activity should excel in it.F.Engaging in uncommon activity can demonstrate Studentsdetermination and dedication.G.It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study atcollege.Section III Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translationon the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points) With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air,stalls bursting with colourful vegetables andtempting cheese,and the buzz of friendly chats,farmersmarkets are a feast for the senses.They alsoprovide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food,support your localeconomy and pick up fresh seasonal produce …-all at the same time.Farmersmarkets are usually weekly or monthly events,most often with outdoor stalls,which allowsfarmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.The size or regularity of markets can vary fromseason to season,depending on the areas agriculture calendar,and you are likely to find different produceon sale at diferent times of the year.By cutting out the middlemen,the farmers secure more profit for theirproduce.Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where---and to who their money is going.参考译文·空气中弥漫着咖啡和新鲜面包的香味，摊位上摆满了五颜六色的蔬菜和诱人的奶酪，人们友好地聊天，农贸市场完全是一场感官盛宴。
2020年研究生考试英语二真题及答案
2020年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining what it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very __1__, particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, __2__, a younger sibling.__3__, there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to __4__: a patient parent. Children of every age benefit from patient parenting. Still, __5__ every parent would like to be patient, this is no easy __6__. Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a __7__ and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You’re only human, and sometimes your kids can __8__ you just a little too far. And then the __9__ happens: You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too __10__ and does nobody any good. You wish that you could __11__ the clock and start over. We’ve all been there.__12__, even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of fatigue, you can say something to your child that you may __13__ for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also __14__ your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your __15__ with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the __16__ of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when __17__ by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.Certainly, it’s incredibly __18__ to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with __19__ situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and __20__ from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A tedious B pleasant C instructive D tricky2. A in addition B for example C at once D by accident3. A fortunately B occasionally C accordingly D eventually4. A amuse B assist C describe D train5. A while B because C unless D once6. A answer B task C choice D access7. A tolerant B formal C rigid D critical8. A move B drag C push D send9. A mysterious B illogical C suspicious D inevitable10. A boring B naive C harsh D vague11. A turn back B take apart C set aside D cover up12. A overall B instead C however D otherwise13. A like B miss C believe D regret14. A raise B affect C justify D reflect15. A time B bond C race D cool16. A nature B secret C importance D context17. A cheated B defeated C confused D confronted18. A terrible B hard C strange D wrong19. A trying B changing C exciting D surprising20. A hide B emerge C withdraw D escape今年完形填空的难度系数很小，基本无生词，长难句也很少。
考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析word版
考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析word版•相关推荐考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析（word版）在社会的各个领域，我们总免不了要接触或使用试题，借助试题可以对一个人进行全方位的考核。
那么一般好的试题都具备什么特点呢？以下是小编为大家收集的考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析（word 版），仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析word版篇1Text 4When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace， scientists immediately get to work， trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes，success is achieved，as medical science is able to isolate the parasite， germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases， in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk，it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination，so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.The process of vaccination allows the patients body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that，if it is encountered， one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this，a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment，so that his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the diseases defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally， in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that， should the patientlater come into contact with the real problem， his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it， having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process，however. On occasion， even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle， resulting in the immune system succumbing，and，therefore，the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine，designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus， if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today，3000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately， the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s，ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease，however，mandatory vaccinations may resume，resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process， which is truly a mixed blessing， may indeed hide some hidden curses.36.The best title for the text may be?[A] “Vaccinations：A Blessing or A Curse”[B] “Principles of Vaccinations”[C] “Vaccines：Methods and Implications”[D] “A Miracle Cure Under Attack”37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?[A] The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.[B] The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.[C] The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.[D] The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.38.The phrase “ward it off naturally” (Paragraph 2) most probably means?[A] dispose of it naturally [B] fight it off with ease[C] see to it reluctantly [D] split it up properly39.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.[B] The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.[C] Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.[D] The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is?[A] to comment and criticize [B] to demonstrate and argue[C] to interest and entertain[D] to explain and informPart BSample oneDirections：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)We are seeing a series of paradoxes at the turn of the millennium. On the one hand， globalization means that nationalfrontiers are becoming increasingly meaningless，but on the other，we are being swept by a wave of parochialism，with countries clinging to the notion of sovereignty.41)?But there are so many factors in the world that make this position increasingly meaningless. Governments no longer have complete control over their economic and monetary policies， and many multinationals now have greater profits than individual countrys GDP.The end of the cold war has brought its own dangers and we need to find a new balance of power in the world. It has also spawned many conflicts. Governments must be prepared to surrender some authority to global and regional institutions or we risk world disorder. It is tragic that，just when we need a strong international organization， the United Nations is starved of funds and often sidelined by its own member states. What happened in East Timor was unforgivable because it was foreseeable. Angola has been another sad instance of international vacillation. 42)?I do think world war is less likely for the present， although I worry about the proliferation of nuclear weapons at one end and lethal small arms at the other. 43)?Another worry stems from the huge economic imbalances in a world where the richest 20 per cent have 86 per cent of global GDP， and the 20 poorest countries only one per cent.Humanitarian aid is no more than a palliative. 44)?The international implications of，for example，the collapse of Africa are unthinkable. There must be a new concept of security based not just on military and defense matters but on economic and social concerns too. 45)?The global pendulum has swung too far towards a total dependence on market forces，but finding some point ofbalance in the middle is extremely difficult. I am by nature optimistic， but in my gloomier moments I sometimes think the only solution will be an invasion from outer space-then at last everyone would unite!考研英语模拟试题二及答案解析word版篇2Text4Now that members of Generation Z are graduating college this springthe most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was bom after 1995, give or take a year-the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If"entitled"is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those bom between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Z are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and expert who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren,'t interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record $1.5trillion, according to the Federal Reserve.One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the great good.36. Generation Zs graduating college this spring_____.[A] are recognized for their abilities[B] are in favor of job offers[C] are optimistic about the labor market[D] are drawing growing public attention37. Generation Zs are keenly aware_____.[A] what a tough economic situation is like[B] what their parents expect of them[C] how they differ from past generations[D] I how valuable a counselors advice is38. The word"assuage"(line 9, para 2)is closet in meaning to_____.[A]define [B]relieve [C] maintain [D] deepen39.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs_____.[A] care little about their job performance[B] give top priority to professional training[C]think it hard to achieve work-Life balance[D] have a clear idea about their future job40 Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are_____.[A]less realistic B] less adventurous [C]more diligent [D] more generous36. 【C】are drawing growing public attention细节题。
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考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（20）(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Anonymity is not something which was invented with the Internet. Anonymity and pseudonymity has occurred throughout history. For example, William Shakespeare is probably a pseudonym, and the real name of this __1__ author is not known and will probably never be known.Anonymity has been used for many purposes. A well-known person may use a pseudonym to write messages, where the person does not want people´s__2__of the real author__3__their perception of the message. Also other people may want to__4__certain information about themselves in order to achieve a more __5__ evaluation of their messages. A case in point is that in history it has been__6__that women used male pseudonyms, and for Jews to use pseudonyms in societies where their __7__ was persecuted. Anonymity is often used to protect the __8__ of people, for example when reporting results of a scientific study, when describing individual cases.Many countries even have laws which protect anonymity in certain circumstances. For instance, a person may, in many countries, consult a priest, doctor or lawyer and__9__personal information which is protected. In some__10__, for example confession in catholic churches, the confession booth is specially__11__to allow people to consult a priest,__12__seeing him face to face.The anonymity in__13__situations is however not always 100%. If a person tells a lawyer that he plans a__14__crime, some countries allow or even__15__that the lawyer tell the__16__. The decision to do so is not easy, since people who tell a priest or a psychologist that they plan a crime, may often do this to__17__their feeling more than their real intention.Many countries have laws protecting the anonymity of tip-offs to newspapers. It is regarded as__18__that people can give tips to newspapers about abuse, even though they are dependent__19__the organization they are criticizing and do not dare reveal their real name. Advertisement in personal sections in newspapers are also always signed by a pseudonym for__20__reasons.第1题A.strangeB.ordinaryC.ridiculousD.famous第2题A.preconceptionB.worshipC.admirationD.discrimination第3题A.colorB.destroyC.distinguishD.prefer第4题A.showB.concealC.cancelD.distain第5题A.funnyB.unbiasedC.freshD.straight第6题A.surprisingmonC.acknowledgedD.unbelievable 第7题A.religionB.beliefC.ideaD.synagogue第8题A.possessionB.honorC.privacyD.reputation第9题A.requireB.disperseC.revealD.get第10题A.countriesB.filesC.regionsD.cases第11题A.cleanedB.putC.designedD.automated第12题A.beforeB.afterC.withD.without第13题A.confessionalB.churchC.otherD.private第14题A.casualB.seriousC.mediumD.temporary第15题A.begB.pleadC.appealD.require第16题A.policeB.confessorC.bossD.priest第17题A.keepB.leakC.intensifyD.express第18题A.insultingB.importantC.forgivableD.proud第19题A.ofB.amongC.onD.within第20题A.unknownB.strikingC.obviousD.intimate下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading Comprehension Directions :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.I can tap my smartphone and a cab will arrive almost immediately. Another tap will tell me the latest news, value my share portfolio or give me route directions to my next meeting. As a result, I do not need to stand on a street corner vainly trying to hail a taxi to the theatre, lose myself in London streets. The changes that have occurred in the past decade have, from an economic perspective, increased at virtually no cost the efficiency of household production.The data framework within which economic analysis is conducted is largely the product of the second world war. In the 1930s American economist Simon Kuznets began to elaborate a system of national accounts. That work was given impetus when the war led governments to take control of important sectors of economic activity. It was soon realized that this required far better data than had previously existed, which in turn raised the challenge of how best to structure such information.Household production—women´ s work as homemakers—did not have much of a look-in; that was not the front line against fascism. The joke about the man who reduced national income by marrying his housekeeper, so that a market transaction became part of household production, was once a mandatory part of every introductory course on national income accounting but has succumbed to political correctness.Technological advance has always enhanced household as well as business efficiency. Our domestic productivity has benefited from washing machines, vacuum cleaners and central heating, and before that from electric light and automobiles. But at least these things were partially accounted for: from an economic perspective a car is a faster and cheaper horse. Statisticians in principle incorporated these improvements in the efficiency of consumer goods into their measurement of productivity, though in practice they did not try very hard.But the technological advances of the past decade seem to have increased the efficiency of households, rather than the efficiency of businesses, to an unusual extent. An ereader in the pocket replaces a roomful of books, and all the world´ s music is streamed to my computer. We look at aggregate statistics and worry about the slowdown in growth and productivity. But the evidence of our eyes seems to tell a different story.第21题It can be implied from the first paragraph that______.A.a new smartphone is createdB.the new smartphone has changed people´ s lifeC.there are many changes in the past decadeD.economically speaking, the changes have improved the efficiency of household production第22题Creating the system of national accounts was given impetus when______.ernments controlled the important sectors of economic activity during the warB.people realized this demanded far better dataC.it began to raise the challenge of how best to structure such informationD.it needed more data than before第23题The phrase "succumbed to" is closest in meaning to______.A.turned toB.submitted toC.gave upD.sent out第24题Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 4?A.Technological advance has always improved the business efficiency.B.Our domestic productivity has benefited from technological advance.C.Statisticians in practice tried very hard as they did in principle.D.In principle, the statisticians should consider these improvements in the efficiency of consumer goods when they measure productivity.第25题According to the last paragraph, the author believes______.A.the technological advances have an unusual effect on people´ s lifeB.the technological advances bring treats to real storesC.we don´t need to be worried about the slowdown in growth and productivityD.the evidence in life seems to be disadvantageous上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Although Consumers Union concedes that "no confirmed cases of harm to humans from manufactured nanoparticles have been reported", it adds that "there is cause for concern based on several worrisome findings from the limited laboratory and animal research so far." It worries that particles that are nontoxic at normal sizes may become toxic when nanosized; that these nanoparticles, which are already present in cosmetics and food, can more easily "enter the body and its Vital organs, including the brain", than normal particles; and that nanomaterials will linger longer in the environment. All of this really comes down to pointing out that some particles are smaller than others. Size is not a reliable indicator of potential harm to human beings, and nature itself is filled with nanoparticles. But the default assumption of danger from the new is palpable. Anti-nanotech sentiment has not been restricted to Consumers Union´s relatively short list of concerns. In France, groups of hundreds of protesters have rallied against even such benign manifestations of the technology as the carbon nanotubules that allow Parkinson´ s sufferers to stop tremors by directing medicine to their own brains. In England members of a group called THRONG (The Heavenly Righteous Opposed to Nanotech Greed) have disrupted nanotech business conferences dressed as angels. In 2005 naked protesters appeared in front of an Eddie Bauer store in Chicago to condemn one of the more visible uses of nanotech: stain-resistant pants.These nanopants employ billions of tiny whiskers to create a layer of air above the rest of the fabric, causing liquids to roll off easily. It´s not quite what Kurzweil and Crichton had in mind, nor is it "little robots in your pants", as CNN put it. But nanotechnology arguably embraces any item that incorporates engineering at the molecular level, including mundane products like this one. Just as the nano label can be broadly applied to products for branding and attention-grabbing purposes, so too can critics use the label to condemn barely related developments by linking。