21世纪研究生英语教材阅读教程
研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)
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Course outline
Unit 4: Critical Thinking and Analysis
Identifying the author's purpose and perspective
Evaluating the credibility and reliability of the source
Graduate English Reading Course (Basic Level 2 Edi
目录
CONTENTS
introduction English reading skills English article types English reading comprehension exercises English Reading Practice English Reading Assessment and Feedback
Comprehend complex sentences
Improve reading speed
Regular practice of reading English texts can help improve reading speed and comprehension.
Speed reading techniques
Expository text
Argumentative essay is a genre that is designed to persuade or convince the reader of a particular point of view or argument. It typically includes a clear position statement, evidence or reasons to support the position, and a conclusion that summarizes the argument. Argumentative essays are written in an assertive and forceful style. They use language that is precise and accurate, and they present evidence or reasons that are relevant and reliable. Argumentative essays are often found in editorials, opinion columns, political speeches, and other public forums. They are also used in academic contexts, such as term papers and research papers.
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
Unit 5 Why genes aren’t destiny为什么基因不是命运 ——《21世纪研究生英语教材阅读教程》下册
Unit 5 Why genes aren’t destiny为什么基因不是命运The remote, snow-swept expanses of northern Sweden are an unlikely place to begin a story about cutting-edge genetic science. The kingdom's northernmost county, Norrbotten, is nearly free of human life; an average of just six people live in each square mile. And yet this tiny population can reveal a lot about how genes work in our everyday lives.1. 偏远，白雪皑皑的瑞典北部区域不像是一个关于最前沿的基因科学的故事开始的地方。
北博滕是这片区域最北部的一个镇，那儿人烟稀少，每平方公里平均只有两人居住。
然而如此稀少的人口却大大揭示了基因在我们日常生活中的作用。
Norrbotten is so isolated that in the 19th century, if the harvest was bad, people starved. The starving years were all the crueler for their unpredictability. For instance, 1800, 1812, 1821, 1836 and 1856 were years of total crop failure and extreme suffering. But in 1801, 1822, 1828, 1844 and 1863, the land spilled forth such abundance that the same people who had gone hungry in previous winters were able to gorge themselves for months.2. 北博滕是如此的与世隔绝以至于在十九世纪时，如果收成不好，人们就只能挨饿。
研究生英语阅读教程上册UNIT1-6课后答案及翻译刘朝武主编
研究生英语阅读教程上册UNIT1-6课后答案及翻译刘朝武主编《21世纪研究生英语教材》阅读教程UNIT1-6课后答案及课文翻译（上册）UNIT ONEThe Belly BurdenAmanda SpakeKey to ExercisesI. Reading Comprehensioni 1. B 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. Aii (略)II Vocabulary and Structurei 1.Obesity 2.circulate 3.abdominal 4.break down 5.mortality6.variable7.resistance8.modified9.critically 10. inertii 1. internist 2.supplant. 3.willowy (twiggy) 4.slow down 5.set off 6. nonchalantly 7.accumulate 8. unravel 9.culprit 10. affirm III Cloze1. D2. A3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. A 15. D 16. C 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C IV Translationi1. 几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好—医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的生理机能。
2.与腹部脂肪是位于腰部无所事事的惰性软组织这一观念相反，腹部脂肪实际上是一些小的内分泌工厂，会制造一些把信息传送给许多器官的激素。
3. 医学解开代谢之谜是脂肪的难题尚需数十年。
医生们说，在此期间采取的主要行动是制止腰部变粗。
萨瓦德说：“我们每个人都需要放慢让自己体形变得更像苹果的过程。
体形实在不容忽视。
Unit9End-of-lifecare临终关怀——《21世纪研究生英语教材阅读教程》下册.doc
Unit 9 End-of-life care临终关怀Into the sunset桑榆迟暮The idea that the terminally ill need pain relief and humane care instead of 'curing' is catching on. But what about the people who just grow old?1 绝症患者所需要的不是“治疗”，而是减轻痛苦和人道关怀，这一点正逐步得到认同。
但对那些走向死亡的老者又应如何？'MOST things may never happen: this one will.' That stark allusion to death, penned by the poet Philip Larkin, sums up the philosophical starting-point of the hospice movement, which began in Britain 40 years ago and has since become influential, in various ways, in almost every corner of the world. Given that your time on earth is bound to finish one day, assuring a decent quality of life in the final months and years often makes better sense than trying to prolong a painful existence for a short period; so in many cases, loving care and pain relief should take priority over aggressive intervention. When Dame Cicely Saunders, who founded the Saint Christopher's Hospice in London in 1967, first aired those ideas, the medical world was hostile. Now her beliefs enjoy wide acceptance.2 “世间事多数未必发生，唯有这一桩必定发生。
(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1
Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)
课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济：低估风险戴维伦哈特·[1] 回想起来，模式似乎很清楚。
早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年，BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。
2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。
联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为，削减成本是事故的部分原因。
第二年，阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。
就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求，不管出现什么情况。
但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用，一个更普遍的人性的因素。
BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时，犯了一个可怕的错误。
[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。
显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的，但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。
几乎每个人都会如此。
“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件，”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。
我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。
当一件事情是很难想象的，我们往往会低估它的可能性。
这就是众所周知的黑天鹅（稀有之物）现象。
大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。
因此他们认为这不会发生，至少不会发生在他们身上。
[5] 同样，不久以前，本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫，因为以前从未有过泡沫。
华尔街交易员也持同样观点，他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。
研究生英语阅读教程(上)徐智英骆洪主编课文翻译和课后答案.doc
Unit 3Economicsdeficit n.■［英JfdefisitlJ 美『血fisitLthe difference between the amount of something that you have and the higher amount that you need 赤字■shortfallin deficit■美国的国际收支平衡出现逆差。
■The US balance of payments was in deficiton course to do sth■likely to do sth■我们看可能打进锦标赛。
■We are on course to qualify for the championship.no end in sight■unlikely to end soon■罢工开给至今已六个月了，眼下还看不到结束的迹象。
■Six months from the start of the strike there is still no end in sight finance v.■to provide money to pay for sth 为…提供资金■fund v.■inflation n.■ a continuing increase in prices 物价上涨，通货膨胀■deflation通过紧缩■depreciation (line 3, para. 1)■［英Jldijprij/ifei/enlJ 美］［di’priJTe/onL■decrease in the value of a currency relative to other currencies (货币)贬值■外汇贬值是有关国家经济不景气的结果。
■Foreign currency depreciation is a result of economic depression in the country concerned.■knowledgeable adj.■learned■well-informedunsustainable adj.■unable to continue 难以维持的sustain v.■to make sth continue■maintain■她发现很难维持孩子们的兴趣。
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第一单元词汇11.Obesity is one of the leading causes of accelerated aging,according to Cooper.1.按照库柏的看法,过度肥胖是加速衰老的主要原因之一。
2.Many of the molecules and substances that circulate in body overlap between immu ne function and sleep.2.许多这些分子和物质在身体内循环在免疫力和睡眠之间重叠。
3.This patient has fever and lower abdominal pain that I cannot explain.3.我不能解释这个病人的发烧和下腹痛。
4.Chemicals in our bodies break down the food we eat so we can absorb it.4.我们身体的化学物质分解所吃的食物,所以我们才可以吸收。
5.Moreover,the same virus that causes mild illness in one country can result in much h igher morbidity and mortality in another.5.另外,有的病毒在一国造成轻微症状,而在一国,同一病毒引起的发病率和死亡率却可能高得多。
6.We conclude this section with two examples of motion under the action of a variable force.6.下面我们举两个关于物体在变力作用下运动的例子来结束这一节。
7.Friction is the resistence to motion between two objects in contact with each other.7.摩擦力是在两个相互接触的物体之间因相对运动产生的阻力。
8.The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.8.工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。
9.The plane was critically disabled when one of the engines caught fire.9.有一台引擎起火,使飞机严重受损。
10.Two principal hazards exist in dealing with inert gases:asphyxiation and pressure.10.涉及惰性气体时存在两个主要的危险:窒息和压力。
翻译2——中译英1.因特网是一个互动网络,客户在因特网上能发布消息、参加讨论、进行投票或聊天。
(release)1.Internet is an interactive network on which the customers can release news,join in di scussion,and perform voting or chatting.2.与我原先的想法相反的是,这家跨国公司的气氛一点都不令人轻松愉快。
(contrary to) 2.Contrary to what I had thought,the atmosphere of the multinational co mpany was not easy and enjoyable at all.3.经过几天仔细的调查后,联邦调查局特工人员发现一切证据都表明他犯有谋杀罪。
(point to)3.After several days’investigation,FBI agents found all the evidence pointed to his committing a murder.4.2004年,中国政府采用了大量放缓经济增速的措施,并对钢铁行业加以关注。
(a raft of) 4.In2004,the government took a raft of measures to slow the economy and p aid close/special attention to the steel industry.5.我们的目的是探讨对大学生进行艾滋病教育的有效方式,为研究适合我国高校的艾滋病教育模式提供参考。
(explore)5.Our objective is to explore an effective way of AIDS education for college students, and to provide reference for AIDSeducation model in China’s colleges.题目When women do become managers, do they bring a different style and different skills to the job? Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly motivated and __1__ than male managers?Some research __2__ the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs, such as greater __3__, an emphasis on affiliation and attachment, and a __4__ to bring emotional factors to bear __5__ making workplace decisions. These differences are __6_ to carry advantages for companies, __7__ they expand the range of techniques that can be used to __8__ the company manage its workforce __9__.A study commissioned by the International Women's Forum __10__ a management style used by some women managers (and also by some men) that __11__ from the command-and-control style __12__ used by male managers. Using this "interactive leadership" approach, "women __13__ participation, share power and information, __14__ other people's self-worth, and get others excited about their work. All these __15__ reflect their belief that allowing __16__ to contribute and to feel __17__ and important is a win-win __18__-good for the employees and the organization." The study's director __19__ that "interactive leadership may emerge __20__ the management style of choice for many organizations."1. A) confronted B) commanded C) confined D) committed2. A) supports B) argues C) opposes D) despises3. A) combination B) cooperativeness C) coherence D) correlation4. A) willingness B) loyalty C) sensitivity D) virtue5. A) by B) in C) at D) with6. A) disclosed B) watched C) revised D) seen7. A) therefore B) whereas C) because D) nonetheless8. A) help B) enable C) support D) direct9. A) evidently B) precisely C) aggressively D) effectively10. A) developed B) invented C) discovered D) located11. A) derives B) differs C) descends D) detaches12. A) inherently B) traditionally C) conditionally D) occasionally13. A) encourage B) dismiss C) disapprove D) engage14. A) enhance B) enlarge C) ignore D) degrade15. A) themes B) subjects C) researches D) things16. A) managers B) women C) employees D) males17. A) faithful B) powerful C) skillful D) thoughtful18. A) situation B) status C) circumstance D) position19. A) predicted B) proclaimed C) defied D) diagnosed20. A) into B) from C) as D) for答案解析1. D confront面对，遭遇；command命令，指挥；confine有限的，狭窄的；committed(对事业，本职工作尽忠的)2. A despise轻视，厌恶，根据下文可知，这些研究是支持而不是反驳这种观点，只有support为支持的意思3. B 根据下文，强调affiliation,attachment的自然就是cooperativeness合作了。