2-Huawei_M2M on CDMA_Challenges and Opportunities
物联网的探索与实践
物联网的探索与实践物联网（M2M）将实现500亿个终端设备之间的智能互连，通信基础网络的覆盖范围及业务能力将因此而得到无限的扩展。
面对这一战略性的技术，华为的探索与实践已经开始。
物联网的本质从广义上看，M2M代表机器对机器（Machine to Machine）、人对机器（Man to Machine）、机器对人（Machine to Man）、移动网络对机器（Mobile to Machine）之间的连接和通信，它涵盖了所有在人、机器、系统之间建立通信连接的技术与相应的处理。
从狭义上看，M2M代表机器对机器的通信，即通过移动通信网络实现机器与机器之间，或机器与IT系统之间的通信，这是现阶段物联网的主要表现形式。
从运营商的角度来看，M2M是基于特定的行业终端，以SMS/USSD/CDMA/GPRS等为接入手段，为集团客户提供机器到机器的通信解决方案，满足客户对生产过程监控、指挥调度、远程数据采集和测量、远程诊断等方面的信息化需求。
M2M包括准确标识、全面感知、可靠传递、智能处理四个环节。
准确标识是指给所有的物打上一个唯一的数字化标识，用以与其他物相区分；全面感知是指利用RFID、传感器、二维码等技术随时随地获取物的信息；可靠传递是指通过电信网与互联网的融合，将物的信息实时准确地传送出去；智能处理是指利用云计算、模糊识别等各种智能计算技术，对海量的数据和信息进行分析与处理，并对物进行实时智能化的控制。
M2M的系统架构分为传感层、网络层和应用层三部分。
传感层实现“测量与感知”，采用了传感器、传感网和标签等技术；网络层实现“无处不在的连接”，由互联网、移动网组成，未来会成为一个泛在网络；应用层实现“智能分析与控制”，采用了云存储、云计算、信息挖掘、智能管理和控制等技术。
物联网的本质是指把信息通信技术（ICT）应用到各个行业中去，实现工业化和信息化的结合。
华为GSM面试
华为 GSM 网络优化面试题目汇总 （参考答案） 目 录
一、工作经验部分................................................................................................................................................................... 4 1、怎样才能更好的做好沟通；............................................................................................................................. 4 2、如果替换成华为的设备后，覆盖比原来的差，局方很生气，应该如何解释；.......................................... 4 3、搬迁前的准备工作有哪些，搬迁注意事项；..................................................................................................4 4、服务规范中，修改数据的五项注意是什么？..................................................................................................4 5、修改数据要做好哪些准备工作和注意哪些问题；..........................................................................................5 7、如果工程师去某个本地网进行网络优化，从
CDMA无线试题和答案(华为)
CDMA2000 BSS判断题1. 【初】BTS3606的射频天馈系统均不需要安装避雷器。
（×）2. 【初】基站时钟源高低优先级的切换条件是当前时钟源不可用，如果低优先级可用，高优先级也可用且配置了，则会切换到高优先级时钟（√）3. 【中】使用RMV BTS命令删除一个基站时，是不会清除该基站所有的相关配置信息，如BOOTP信息。
（×）4. 【中】在一个IMA组中，不允许同时存在IMA链路和FRACTIONAL IMA链路，在同一条E1/T1电路上，可以配置多条FRACTIONAL IMA链路。
（√）5.CBSC支持主备倒换的单板有：CMPU、CNET、CLIU、CMUX、CRMU、CSPU、CPCU、CHAC、GCKP。
（×）6.CDMA一个基站只有一条信令链路（基站的BCKM到基站控制器的相应的SPU板）。
（√）7. 【初】基站升级操作中，如果软件只下载不激活，不会影响基站的业务和操作维护功能。
（√）8. “塔下黑”又称“塔下阴影”，是专指需要覆盖的用户区处在天线辐射方向图的下方第一个零深的区域。
（×）9. CBSC所有单板的RUN灯快闪表示设备工作正常。
（×）10. 【初】BTS3606中，0和1号CCPM单板可以组成资源池，但是为串行连接（√）11. 【中】BSC6600系统提供业务资源核查功能，用于保护和恢复处理中发生异常的资源。
在一定的运行周期或者触发条件下，系统软件可以自发的进行业务资源核查，恢复异常资源，并将相应信息通过运行日志送到BAM。
（√）12. 【中】通过命令SET BTSPOWEROFF永久关闭基站电源，基站电源关闭后要想重新启动，可以再通过此命令远程打开基站电源。
（×）填空题13.【中】使用命令FMT SWDATA格式化交换框的数据，命令执行成功后，将在BAM的相应目录下生成一个数据加载文件，文件名为：BNET.DAT。
华为CDMA_BTS3900系列基站介绍
BTS3606C
V3 高性能 高可靠性 低投资成本, 低运营成本 快速开局 平滑演进 低功耗
数字化多载波功放 支持高性能DOR0
BTS3606
V2
单载波功放
BTS3612
BTS3601C
V1
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
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HERT平台 平台
学完本课程后, 您将掌握 学完本课程后 BBU3900的硬件结构 的硬件结构; 的硬件结构 RRU3606的硬件结构； 的硬件结构； 的硬件结构 CRFU的硬件结构； 的硬件结构； 的硬件结构 DBS3900、BTS3900、BTS3900C、BTS3900A主要应用场景 主要应用场景; 、 、 、 主要应用场景
4 UPEU 5 6 UPEU 7 1 0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
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第二章 BBU3900
BBU3900概述 概述 BBU3900中的单板 BBU3900中的单板 BBU3900逻辑结构 逻辑结构 BBU3900辅助设备 辅助设备 BBU3900安装 安装
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
HERT平台 平台
Huawei HERT BTS命名规则 命名规则: 命名规则
BTS类型 类型 室内宏基站 分布式基站 室外分布式宏基站 室外集中式宏基站 室内分布式基站 Pico BTS 小基站 Uni-name GBTS/NodeB/CBTS/Wimax BTS/LTE BTS3900 DBS3900 BTS3900A BTS3900AE (CDMA暂时不提供) iDBS3900（ CDMA暂时不提供） BTS3900B (CDMA暂时不提供) BTS3900C
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇(第六期)(含解析)
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)第六期专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large.So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use.Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies tousing it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication.So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song.Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia.1．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound?A．To help him fight boredom.B．To develop his creative ability.C．To make his drug more powerful.D．To aid the process of his experiments.2．What can we learn about Temple’s system?A．Its effect remains to be seen.B．It failed to work as expected.C．It is too complicated to operate.D．It has produced satisfying results.3．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it?A．To get rid of public fear of the virus.B．To show h1s talent in producing music.C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science.D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation.4．What does the text mainly talk about?A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music.B．How scientists help the public understand science.C．Why music can be the best way to present science.D．How music helps scientists conduct their research.（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness,fluency and comprehension, worked best.Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.5．What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?A．It is ill reputed.B．It is mostly misapplied.C．It is totally ignored.D．It is seemingly contradictory.6．What has America been witnessing?A．A burning passion for improving teaching methods.B．A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.C．An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.D．A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.7．What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”?A．Tolerant.B．Enthusiastic.C．Unclear.D．Disapproving.8．According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success?A．Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.B．Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.D．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans. Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve asthe satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.9．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A．The appearance of artificial satellites.B．The components of artificial satellites.C．The basic function of artificial satellites.D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.10．What is the role of computers in artificial satellites?A．Providing electrical power.B．Recording changes observed.C．Monitoring space environment.D．Processing information received.11．How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits?A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.12．Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly?A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell thatcontains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.13．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system?A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.14．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2?A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.15．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses?A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Antibodies Save Our Health.B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around.D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）A recent study, led by Professor Andrew Barron, Dr. HaDi MaBouDi, and Professor James Marshall, illustrates how evolution has fine-tuned honey bees to make quick judgments while minimizing danger.“Animal lives are full of decisions,” says Professor Barron. “A honey bee has a brain smaller than a sesame (芝麻) seed. And yet it can make decisions faster and more accurately than’ we can. A robot programmed to do a bee’s job would need the backup of a supercomputer.”Bees need to work quickly and efficiently. They need to make decisions. Which flower will have a sweet liquid? While they’re flying, they face threats from the air. While landing, they’re vulnerable to potential hunter, some of which pretend to look like flowers.Researchers trained 20 bees to associate each of the five different colored “flower disks” with their visit history of reward and punishment. Blue flowers always had sugar juice. Green flowers always had a type of liquid with a bitter taste for bees. Other colors sometimes had glucose (葡萄糖). “Then we introduced each bee to a ‘garden’ with artificial ‘flowers’. We filmed each bee and timed their decision-making process,” says Dr. MaBouDi. “If the bees were confident that a flower would have food, they quickly decided to land on it, taking an average of 0.6 seconds. If they were confident that a flower wouldn’t have food, they made a decision just as quickly. If unsure, they took on average 1.4 seconds, and the time reflected the probability that a flower had food.”The team then built a computer model mirroring the bees’ decision-making process. They found the structure of the model looked very similar to the physical layout of a bee brain. “AI researchers can learn much from bees and other ‘simple’ animals. Millions of years of evolution has led to incredibly efficient brains with very low power requirements,” says Professor Marshall who co-founded a company that uses insect brain patterns to enable machines to move autonomously, like nature.17．Why does Professor Andrew Barron mention “a supercomputer”?A．To illustrate how a honey bee’s brain resemble each other.B．To explain how animals arrive at informed decisions fast.C．To demonstrate how a robot could finish a honey bee’s job.D．To emphasize how honey bees make decisions remarkably.18．Which of the following can best replace “vulnerable to” underlined in paragraph 3?A．Easily harmed by.B．Highly sensitive to.C．Deeply critical to.D．Closely followed by.19．What influenced the speed of trained bees in making decisions?A．Their judgments about reward and punishment.B．Their preference for the colors of flower disks.C．Their confirmation of food’s presence and absence.D．Their ability to tell real flowers from artificial ones.20．What message does Professor James Marshall want to give us?A．The power of bee brains is underestimated.B．Biology can inspire future AI.C．Autonomous machines are changing nature.D．AI should be far more efficient.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）Are you frequently overwhelmed by the feeling that life is leaving you behind, particularly when you look through social media sites and see all the exciting things your friends are up to? If so, you are not alone.FOMO, or Fear of Missing Out, refers to the perception that other people’s lives are superior to our own, whether this concerns socializing, accomplishing professional goals or generally having a more deeply fulfilling life. It shows itself as a deep sense of envy, and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect. The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events, or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others, can have long-term damaging psychological consequences.While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human, social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways. The reason why social media has such a triggering effect is tied to the appeal of social media in the first place: these are platforms which allow us to share only the most glowing presentations of our accomplishments, while leaving out the boring aspects of life. While this kind of misrepresentation could be characterized as dishonest, it is what the polished atmosphere of social media seems to demand.So how do we avoid falling into the trap of our own insecurities? Firstly, consider your own social media posts. Have you ever chosen photos or quotes which lead others to the rosiest conclusions about your life? Well, so have others and what they’ve left hidden is the fact that loneliness and boredom are unavoidably a part of everyone’s day-to-day life, and you are not the only one feeling left out. Secondly, learn to appreciate the positives. You may not be a regular at exciting parties or a climber of dizzying peaks, but you have your health, a place to live, and real friends who appreciate your presence in their lives. Last of all, learn to shake things off. We are all bombarded daily with images of other people’s perfection, but really, what does it matter? They are probably no more real than the most ridiculous reality TV shows.21．What can frequently experiencing FOMO lead to?A．Harm to one’s feeling of self-value.B．A more satisfying and fulfilling social life.C．Damage to one’s work productivity.D．Less likelihood of professional success.22．What does the author suggest in the third paragraph?A．The primary reason for FOMO is deeply rooted in social media.B．Our own social media posts help us feel much more confident.C．People who don’t share posts on social media are more bored.D．Social media’s nature enhances envious feelings and self-doubt.23．Why does the author mention reality TV shows in the last paragraph?A．To emphasize how false what we see on social media can be.B．To indicate how complicated social media has turned to.C．To figure out how popular and useful social media has been.D．To point out how educational value reality TV shows reflect.24．Which is the best title for the text?A．Myths and misconceptions about FOMO B．FOMO: what it is and how to overcome itC．How FOMO is changing human relationships D．We’re now all in the power of “FOMO addiction”（23-24高三上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）While Huawei’s official website does not call Mate 60 Pro a 5G smartphone, the phone’s wideband capabilities are on par with other 5G smartphones, raising a related question: As a leader in 5G technology, has Huawei managed to develop a 5G smartphone on its own?The answer is not simple. Huawei, as a pioneer in global 5G communication equipment, has played a leading role in the commercialization of 5G technology, with its strong system design and fields such as baseband chips (基带芯片), baseband processors and 5G modems.However, basebands and modems are not the only aspects that define 5G wireless communication. The stability and high-quality signals of a 5G smartphone also depend on other critical components such as RF transceivers (射频收发器) and RF front ends and antennas (天线) . These components are largely dominated by four US high-tech giants—Qualcomm, Avago Technologies, Ansem and Qorvo—which account for a surprising global market share.Huawei has faced significant challenges in getting critical components because of the sanctions imposed by the United States which are primarily responsible for the inability of the Chinese company to launch 5G smartphones in the past three years. However, Mate 60 Pro, despite not being labeled a 5G device, exhibits mobile network speeds comparable to Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices, offering a stable communication experience. This suggests Huawei has, over the past three years, overcome the 5G development and production limits due to the US sanctions by cooperating with domestic partners, and establishing an independent and controllable stable supply chain.Considering that Huawei has not explicitly marketed this device as a 5G smartphone, it is possible that it isyet to fully overcome some key core technological and componential shortcomings. For the time being, we can consider Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro as 4.99G. But when combined with the satellite communication capabilities of Mate 60 Pro, it is clear Huawei has been trying to find more advanced wireless communication solutions for smartphones and making significant progress in this attempt. This should be recognized as a remarkable endeavor, even a breakthrough.25．What do the underlined words “on par with” mean in Paragraph 1?A．as poor as.B．as good as.C．worse than.D．better than.26．Why was it tough for Huawei to develop a 5G smartphone three years ago?A．Its system design and fields needed to be updated.B．It only focused on the commercialization of 5G technology.C．It was unwilling to cooperate with high-tech giants in America.D．It lacked critical components mainly controlled by US high-tech giants.27．What does Paragraph 4 centre on?A．The US sanctions.B．Critical components.C．Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices.D．Progress in Mate 60 Pro.28．What is the text mainly about?A．Huawei faced with significant challengesB．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a 5G smartphoneC．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a remarkable breakthroughD．Huawei leading in global 5G communication equipment（23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末）Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think.The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers.“It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have anyeffect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”.The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease.29．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text?A．They can improve eyesight.B．They may not reduce eyestrain.C．They can promote eye health.D．They can help to cure eye diseases.30．What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．A great many professors were involved in the study.B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes.C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public.D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot.31．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3?A．Denies.B．Opposes.C．Strengthens.D．Evaluates.32．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie?A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses.B．Have an examination in the hospital.C．Stop staring at the screen for ever.D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage.（2024·江苏连云港·一模）Not all birds sing, but several thousand species do. They sing to defend their territory and croon (柔声唱) to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist. However, the big question for her was why birds sing so much.“As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” Adam says. “Like, where you are and where your territory is.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her co-workers offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsongsrequire daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment on zebra finches-the little Australian songbirds.She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. Light is what galvanizes the birds to sing, so she had to work to keep them from warbling (鸣叫). “The first two or three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the longer the experiment goes, the more they are like, ‘I need to sing.’” At that point, she’d tap the cage and tell them to stop singing.After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily.Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing.It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out.33．According to Iris Adam, birds sing so much to ______.A．warn other birds of risks B．produce more songsC．perform perfectly in singing D．defend their territory34．What does the underlined word “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean?A．Prepares.B．Stimulates.C．Forbids.D．Frightens.35．What do we know about the caged birds in the experiment?A．They lost the ability to sing.B．They strengthened their muscles.C．Their songs showed no difference.D．Their songs became less appealing.36．What may Iris Adam agree with?A．The songbirds live on music.B．The songbirds are born singers.C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy.D．Practice makes birds perfect singers.（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes.When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an。
M2M 测试认证共17页文档
Choose a Supplier that can Assist You
• Some module suppliers provide full services that can guide you through application testing, submission and certification
© Copyright M2M United 2008
Certification Best Practices
Ken Bednasz Head Field Applications Engineer
Telit Wireless Solutions, Inc.
© Copyright M2M United 2008
• Wavecom can perform pre-testing for all phases of certification (FCC, Type Approval, Carrier) using our fully equipped local lab facilities
• Wavecom can provide expert consulting to assist and guide customers through every step of certification
© Copyright M2M United 2008
Test Everything Up Front
• Choose a wireless device that is pre-certified with your carrier of choice.
• Don’t use the certification bodies and the carriers as a test house. You should be very confident that your solution will pass before you submit your application.
LTE系统简介
10.5
9.5 8 9.3
5.1 4 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
来源：中国工信部
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page15
中国电信行业移动数据和互联网业务发展迅猛
来源：中国工信部
话费赚钱时代结束 流量经营正成为核心
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.Page16用户更源自关注体验、价值，带来挑战业务
连 接 连 接 流 量
连接
体验
流量
速度
商业模式：价值正在改变，用户愿意为业务、体验掏钱
10%
0% Q1 2008 Q2 2008 Q3 2008 Q4 2008 Q1 2009 Q2 2009 Q3 2009 Q4 2009 Q1 2010 Q2 2010 Q3 2010 Q4 2010 Q1 2011
日本KDDI
中国联通
香港和记 中国移动
中国电信 台湾中华电信
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page13
移动宽带业务成为电信行业的驱动力
数据收入百分比
60%
来源：Informa 2011年12月
52% 50%
50%
40%
41% 36% 34%
30%
20%
20%
语音：VOIP替代加速 全球智能用户9.4亿，爆发增长，进入繁荣 区~20% Skype(5.6亿)、QQ(6亿)、FaceTime支持 iOS、 Android2.X 运营商语音收入会逐渐被VOIP所蚕食 SMS：微博替代加速 SMS人均发送数下降 SMS的收入贡献呈现下降趋势。2012年 ，新兴市场SMS的收入贡献下降到45％， 而成熟市场已经下降到24％ Twitter爆发替代短信；SINA微博用户2.5 亿（14个月5000万） 移动数据：持续增长 世界范围内所有运营商数据收入持续增 长 中国三大运营商数据收入持续增长，从 2009年第四季度的~68亿美元增长到2011 年第一季度的82亿美元 （来源：Informa ）
CDMA培训
CDMA发展历史和现状
• 1993年7月, 第一个CDMA标准IS _95发布。 • 1995年 香港开通世界第一个CDMA商用移动网。 • 1996年, CDMA技术在韩国得到大规模商用。目前, 日本、美国、澳大利亚等一
些国家都建有CDMA商业网络。 • 1997年, 中国北京、西安、上海、广州等地建有CDMA实验网 • 2000年2月, 联通与QUALCOMM签署知识产权框架协议,开始建CDMA网。 • 2000年11月, 全世界已有7000万CDMA用户。
鉴权中心
MC（Message Centre）:
消息中心
SME（Short Message Entity）:
短消息实体
PSTN（Public Switched Telephone Network）: 共用电话交换网
ISDN（Integrated Service Digital Network）: 综合业务数字网
CDMA培训
第二代移动电话系统的不足:
A、频带太窄，不能提供如高速数据、慢速图像与电视图像等的各种宽带信息业 务，无法满足新业务的需要。
B.无线资源频率紧张，采用小区裂变方式引起切换频繁，干扰严重，降低了通话 质量。有限的频率资源利用率低。
而随着科学技术和通信业务的发展，需要的将是一个 综合现有移动电话系统功能和提供多种服务的宽带、 综合、数据、多媒体网络。
英国TACS(全接入通信系统)、北欧NMT（北欧移动电话）
CDMA培训
模拟移动通信的缺点
A) 各系统间没有公共接口。 B) 无法与固定网迅速向数字化推进相适应, 数字承
载业务很难开展。 C) 频率利用率低, 无法适应大容量的要求。 D) 安全利用率低, 易于被窃听, 易做"假机"。
第三代移动通信复习题答案
第三代移动通信复习题答案一、名词解释1、第三代移动通信系统(3G)第三代移动通信系统简称3G,又被国际电联(ITU , International Telecommunication Union) 称为IMT-2000,意指在2000年左右开始商用并工作在2000MHz频段上的国际移动通信系统。
2、扩频通信扩频通信，顾名思义是在发送端用某个特定的扩频函数(如伪随机编码序列)将待传输的信号频谱扩展至很宽的频带，变为宽带信号，送入信道中传输，在接收端再利用相应的技术或手段将扩展了的频谱进行压缩，恢复到基带信号的频谱，从而达到传输信息、抑制传输过程中噪声和干扰的目的。
3、HSPAWCDMA和TD-SCDMA系统增强数据速率技术为HSDPA/HSUPA HSDPA/HSUPA统称HSPA。
4、远近效应远近效应是由于移动台在蜂窝小区内随机移动，各移动台与基站之间的距离不同，若各移动台发射信号的功率相同，那么到达基站时各接收信号的强弱将有所不同，离基站近者信号强，离基站远者信号弱。
这种由于各移动台与基站之间的距离远近不同导致的在基站接收端，信号以强压弱，并使弱者即离基站较远的移动台产生通信中断的现象称为远近效应。
5、切换切换通常指越区切换，移动台从一个基站覆盖的小区进入到另一个基站覆盖的小区的情况下，为了保持通信的连续性，将移动台与当前基站之间的通信链路转移到移动台与新基站之间的通信链路的过程称为切换。
根据切换方式不同，通常分为硬切换和软切换两种情况。
6、N 频点技术通常多载频系统将相同地理覆盖区域的多个小区(假设每个载频为一个小区)合并到一起，共享同一套公共信道资源，从而构成一个多载频小区，称这种技术为N频点技术。
7、加性白高斯噪声信道加性是指噪声与传送的信号遵从简单的线性叠加关系，白噪声是指噪声的频谱是平坦的，高斯噪声是指噪声的分布服从正态分布。
仅含有这类噪声的信道称为加性白高斯噪声信道(Additional White Gauss Noise，AWGN)信道。
LTE概述及基本原理
12 Minutes 1 Hour
29 Hours 6+ Days
1Minutes 18 seconds
6Minutes 31Seconds
3 Hours 15 Minutes 17 Hours 22 Minutes
ADSL/ HSPA 2Mbps
1 Second
20 Seconds
Page 8
LTE工作频段
3GPP定义的E-UTRA频段
iPhone 5 LTE频段（A1429）
中国LTE频段 •2.6G 190M都用作TDD •1800M高30M还没有分配 •潜在LTE频段 •450MHz（3M、5M带宽） •700MHz •1.4G（TDD） •3.5GHz
TDD频段 B34：A频段，2.1G B38：D频段，2.6G B39：F频段，1.9G B40：E频段，2.3G
• 核心网：用户面和控制面分离
• 原有SGSN实体分解为MME(控制面实体)和Gateway（用户面实体）
Page 12
3G->LTE演进目标网--- 规模部署EPC网络，支持全网融合
GPRS UMTS LTE eHRPD
BTS BSC/PCU NodeB RNC eNodeB
SGSN
Gb
EPC(Evolved Packet Core)
Page 7
LTE能做啥？更多应用，需更多频谱与制式以及更灵活的承载
个人-体验更好
1. 便携接入 2. 移动热点 3. 移动多媒体
业务 4. 基于云计算
的业务 5. VoIP 6. …
家庭-减少宽带空白 区，丰富生活
1. 无线DSL 2. 视频通话 3. 应用商城 4. OTT 5. IPTV 6. VOD 7. …
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 6
CDMA Network is “Available” for M2M
M2M App Server M2M Device
M2M Area NW
HRPD or 1x
3GPP2 Packet NetwΒιβλιοθήκη rkIP Interface
Client Application
Example: Mobile Triage Service
• M2M Challenges over CDMA • Time for Action
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 2
The Era of “Internet of Things”
• M2M is known as machine-to-machine/man/mobile
• The Era of Internet of Things • M2M – The Future of Communications • Overall M2M System Architecture
CDMA Network is “Readily Available” for M2M
• M2M Opportunities over CDMA
Mobility High CDMA+LTE
• CDMA is a clear winner for Mobility required M2M Apps
4G 2G 3G
WiFi
• CDMA can work with other Access Technologies through Tiered Network Structure for Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 12
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 3
M2M- The Future of Communications
• Incubation phase
Impact on H2H/H2M users
A few small M2M Apps in the existing network
•
From Chairman of the Board – Ms. Sun, Yafang
New businesses, represented by the "Internet of Things", mobile broadband, cloud computing and home networks, will lead us into an exciting new decade. As telecom markets become saturated, the telecom industry will evolve from connecting people to connecting machines.
Chipset cost is higher than chipsets for other accesses. In short-term, may be justified by high-value-added applications.
•
Network Efficiency due to the use of M2M Devices
Communication involves one or more entities that do not necessarily need human interaction Human unaware communications
•
From 6 billion people to 50 billion machines
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 5
Overall M2M System Architecture
Radio Access Network Sensor Network (capillary)
Service Network
Packet core network
Local Radio Accesses
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
7
M2M Opportunities over CDMA
• • • • Never take “One-Size Fits All” approach for M2M Apps. Choose the right applications and right model that CDMA (WAN) presents an edge over other accesses. Adopt Tiered Network Architecture for M2M Leverage the features of different access in lower tier CDMA (WAN) Advantages:
We are here now
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Page 4
Messages from Huawei Management
• From CEO – Mr. Ren, Zhengfei
We foresee broad market development opportunities in mobile and home broadband networks, fixed mobile convergence, business operation support systems and smart devices.
(ZigBee, WiFi, Proprietary, PAN, City Mesh)
Individual M2M module/ Smartphones
3GPP2 RAN&CN
Service Gateway M2M Service Platform
M2M Server
Network M2M Relay (DAP, Local Gateway) Landline
Medical Team is ready with pre-diagnosis and required resources to save lives.
M2M Applications •Vehicular Telematics •Medical Imaging •…
In-Home Gateway
Silos of Small M2M Applications
Regulatory, Liability, Personal Concerns (Privacy)
Standard efforts to solve efficiency and application interworking, regulatory and publicity issues - For example, through 3GPP2, TIA TR50.1, CDG
Matured and worldwide deployed networks (ready to use) Full mobility, roaming, flexible data-rate, reliable RAN Network management and security mechanism available Full global standard support
Page 10
Example: Mobile Triage Service
Use Tiered CDMA Network structure to integrate multiple M2M Applications into a more valuable Service.
Transmit Patient’s Vital Signs, Medical Images, Medical History, through CDMA Network Systems M2M Applications •eHealth In-Home Care •eHealth Personal Care •Emergency Care •Home Security •…
•
Take-off phase
With more M2M device/traffic, there is a need to update/ optimize the network for M2M applications.
Re-design/engineer RAN
Support M 2M RAN Optimization Categories to mitigate impact M2M traffic carried transparently over legacy RAN
CDMA/PAN Client/Server on Devices Client/Server on Devices
MAN/PAN Client on Devices DAP/LGW Client/Apps on GW
CDMA Application Server
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
M2M Gateway Circuit Interface M2M Service Platform
M2M Device
M2M Gateway
1x
3GPP2 Circuit Network
Client Application
M2M Device M2M Device
M2M App Server Source: 3GPP2 X50-20100913-032 (Qualcomm) Page 7