研究生一年级课后题
研究生一年级英语课件考试专用
Abraham Lincoln’s most outstanding quality was his honesty.
第六页，编辑于星期六：十九点 五十四分。
EXERCISE A: IDENTIFY THE TOPICS AND CONTROLLING IDEAS OF THE TOPIC SENTENCES BELOW:
第十三页，编辑于星期六：十九点 五十四分。
SUPPLY THE MISSING TOPIC SENTENCES:
① First, you should contact the registration office of the university you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning that particular university's entrance requirements. Then you must follow the steps outlined in their response. You will probably have to send copies of you high school diploma, get letters of recommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there. You may have to achieve a certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university. Finally, you will have to contact the American embassy to start procedures to obtain a student visa.
研究生一年级数理统计期末考试习题3-pt
20.1，20.0，19.0，19.9。设这批产品的直径服从
正态分布，试检验这批产品的直径的方差为
0.25(a = 0.05)。
解： H0 :s 2 = 0.25， H1 :s 2 ¹ 0.25
检验统计量为(n - 1)S 2 ，
s
2 0
H
0
的拒绝域为(0,
c2 1-a
(
n
-
1)]
U
[
c
2 a
(n
-
n =6，a =0.05，ta (n - 1) =2.5706，
2
算得检验统计量的观测值为 x - m0 = -0.909，由 s/ n
于检验统计量的观测值未落入 H 0 的拒绝域，故 接受 H 0 。 即认为这批元件符合标准。
4、从某种产品中任意取出 8 个，测量其直径（单
位：mm），数据如下：20.5，19.8，19.7，20.4，
H0的拒绝域为(-¥, -ua ]U [ua , +¥)，
2
2
由于u0.025 > u0.005，则
{(-¥, -u0.025 ] U [u0.025 , +¥)} ，
É {(-¥, -u0.005 ] U [u0.005 , +¥)}
{(-u0.025 , u0.025 )} Ì {(-u0.005 , u0.005 )}
粒子数 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 频数 57 203 383 525 532 408 273 139 45 27 10 4 2
试问以上数据是否在水平 0.05 下与泊松分布相 符？
解：H0 : X ~ P(l ) 先对参数l 求其最大似然估计值，
研究生英语综合教程上课后答案
研究生英语综合教程上课后答案目录Unit 1 Growing Up (1)Unit 2 Friendship (5)Unit 3公众科学观 (7)Unit 4 (10)Unit 5爱情故事 (14)Unit 6 Homework (18)Unit 7 (22)unit8关于懒散少年的寓言故事 (27)Unit 1 Growing Up为自己而写——拉塞尔·贝克从孩提时代，我还住在贝尔维尔时，我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头，但直等到我高中三年级，这一想法才有了实现的可能。
在这之前，我对所有跟英文课沾边的事都感到腻味。
我觉得英文语法枯燥难懂。
我痛恨那些长而乏味的段落写作，老师读着受累，我写着痛苦。
弗利格尔先生接我们的高三英文课时，我就准备着在这门最最单调乏味的课上再熬上沉闷的一年。
弗利格尔先生在学生中以其说话干巴和激励学生无术而出名。
据说他拘谨刻板，完全落后于时代。
我看他有六七十岁了，古板之极。
他戴着古板的毫无装饰的眼镜，微微卷曲的头发剪得笔齐，梳得纹丝不乱。
他身穿古板的套装，领带端端正正地顶着白衬衣的领扣。
他长着古板的尖下巴，古板的直鼻梁，说起话来一本正经，字斟句酌，彬彬有礼，活脱脱一个滑稽的老古董。
我作好准备，打算在弗利格尔先生的班上一无所获地混上一年，不少日子过去了，还真不出所料。
后半学期我们学写随笔小品文。
弗利格尔先生发下一张家庭作业纸，出了不少题目供我们选择。
像"暑假二三事"那样傻乎乎的题目倒是一个也没有，但绝大多数一样乏味。
我把作文题带回家，一直没写，直到要交作业的前一天晚上。
我躺在沙发上，最终不得不面对这一讨厌的功课，便从笔记本里抽出作文题目单粗粗一看。
我的目光落在"吃意大利细面条的艺术"这个题目上。
这个题目在我脑海里唤起了一连串不同寻常的图像。
贝尔维尔之夜的清晰的回忆如潮水一般涌来，当时，我们大家一起围坐在晚餐桌旁——艾伦舅舅、我母亲、查理舅舅、多丽丝、哈尔舅舅——帕特舅妈晚饭做的是意大利细面条。
2011考研数学1线性代数教材上要学习的任务和课后题
第二章
2.5小时
第3章第1节
n维向量及其线性相关性
n维向量的概念，n维实向量空间Rn的定义
向量的加法、数乘运算及其运算规则
向量的线性组合和线性表示的定义
向量组的线性相关、线性无关的定义
向量组线性相关性判定的几个定理
第3章习题
1,3,5,8,9,10,11★
26,27,28,29
25
3小时
第6章
总结归纳本章的基本概念、基本定理、基本公式、基本方法，总结归纳单元测试题中错题的知识点、题型
《考研数学学习进程监控习题汇编》线性代数部分
第五章
4
3(2)(3)
1．了解 维向量空间、子空间、基底、维数、坐标等概念．
2．了解基变换和坐标变换公式，会求过渡矩阵．
3．了解内积的概念，掌握线性无关向量组正交规范化的施密特（Schmidt）方法．
4．了解规范正交基、正交矩阵的概念以及它们的性质．
第4章第2节
Rn中向量的内积、标准正交基和正交矩阵
内积的定义和运算性质
2．理解齐次线性方程组的基础解系、通解及解空间的概念，掌握齐次线性方程组的基础解系和通解的求法.
3．理解非齐次线性方程组解的结构及通解的概念．
4．掌握用初等行变换求解线性方程组的方法．
第3章第5节
非齐次线性方程组有解的条件及解的结构
非齐次线性方程组有解的几个等价命题（定理3.15）和推论
非齐次线性方程组的解的性质
2．掌握用正交变换化二次型为标准形的方法，会用配方法化二次型为标准形．
3．理解正定二次型、正定矩阵的概念，并掌握其判别法．
第6章第2节
化二次型为标准形
中科院研究生一年级——植物化学复习资料
一．掌握天然产物生合成途径:1、醋酸-丙二酸途径：脂肪酸类、蒽酮类、酚类化合物由此途径生成2、甲戊二羟酸途径：甾体及萜类化合物由此途径生成3、桂皮酸途径和莽草酸途径：天然产物中具有C6- C3 结构的香豆素、木质素、苯丙素及C6- C3 - C6结构的黄酮类成分由此途径产生。
4、氨基酸途径：生物碱类成分由此途径产生5、复合途径：1) 醋酸-丙二酸—莽草酸途径2) 醋酸-丙二酸—甲戊二羟酸途径3) 氨基酸—甲戊二羟酸途径4) 氨基酸—醋酸-丙二酸途径5) 氨基酸—莽草酸途二．掌握植物化学有效成分的常用提取分离方法及特点（一）提取方法：如溶剂法、水蒸气蒸馏法、升华法、超临界流体提取法、固相提取法一）溶剂提取法是根据植物中各种成分在溶剂中的溶解性质，选用对活性成分溶解度大，对不需要溶出成分溶解度小的溶剂，而将有效成分从植物组织内溶解出来的方法。
（1）影响提取效率的因素：①药材的粉碎度：一般越细提取效率越高。
②温度：一般温度高有利于提取。
③浓度差：越高，提取效率越大。
最好的增大浓度差的方法是：搅拌、换溶剂、渗漉。
④时间：并不是越长越好。
一旦组织内外达到提取平衡，再长的时间也是无用的。
⑤植物的新鲜程度：用有机溶剂提取时，宜用干燥植物。
用水提取含有大量油脂类的植物时，应首先考虑脱脂。
（2）溶剂分类：①水：是一种强的极性溶剂。
缺点：回收麻烦；易发霉变质；淀粉：糊化；皂苷、粘液质：产生气泡。
②亲水性有机溶剂：优点：提取效率高，可回收利用，毒性小，价廉；缺点：易燃。
③亲脂性有机溶剂：优点：选择性强；不能或不容易提出亲水性杂质。
缺点：透入植物组织的能力较弱，药材中若含有较多的水分，用这类溶剂很难浸出。
挥发性大，多易燃(氯仿除外)，一般有毒，价格较贵，设备要求较高。
一般来说，可按溶剂极性由小到大的顺序来提取：石油醚→氯仿(乙酸乙酯)→正丁醇(丙酮)→水冷提法：浸渍法：优点：操作简便、低温、提取杂质少；有利于酶解作用。
研究生英语教材第一册答案
《研究生英语阅读教程》上册课后练习答案Unit OneWestern Legal SystemPassage AThe Law and the PoorKEYS TO EXERCISESⅠ. Reading comprehension1-5 CBCAD 6-10 CBBBDⅡ. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. D7. A8. D9. C 10. BⅢ. Word bank1. enrolment2. aggregate3. regressive4. takes issue with5. On balance6. accrue to7. enforceable8. access to9. Spelling out 10. sweepingⅣ. Cloze1. A2. C3. B4. B5. D6. C7. A8. B9. D 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. A14. A 15. BⅤ. Translation1. By this measure, emerging Asia's middle class remains relatively small.2. I would take issue with you on your statement that we know all the facts about this matter.3. Far from admitting his own mistake, he falsely accused his critic.4. Despite some failures, our firm has had quite a good year on balance.5. You could call in the twelve guys who had access to the report.6. Lawyers are less than 1% of American adults, but they are well-represented in government. Both the president and the vice-president trained as lawyers. So did 55% of senators and 100% of Supreme Court justices. There are advantages to having a bit of legal expertise among those who write and execute the nation‘s laws, or assess their constitutionality. But there is also a potential conflict of interest.课文翻译法律与穷人印度内阁于12月通过了一项名为―食品权利‖的议案，一旦通过，该法案将赋予印度三分之二的人口获得廉价食品的权利。
自然辩证法(研究生一年级课程-包括课件试题答案)
1、什么叫自然辩证法？其性质和研究对象是什么？答：自然辩证法是研究自然界和科学技术发展一般规律、人类认识自然和改造自然一般方法、以及科学技术在社会发展中的作用的科学，它是马克思主义哲学的重要组成部分，是对于人类认识自然和改造自然的成果与活动进行哲学概括与总结的产物。
对象：自然界发展和科学技术发展的一般规律、人类认识和改造自然的一般方法以及科学技术在社会发展中的作用。
性质：是一门自然科学、社会科学与思维科学相交叉的哲学性质的学科。
它从自然观、认识论、方法论与价值论方面，研究科学技术及其与社会的关系，是科学技术研究的思想理论基础。
内容：主要以科学技术及其与社会的关系为研究内容，唯物辩证的自然观与方法论是自然辩证法的基石，自然辩证法仍是马克思主义的重要组织部分。
范围：它的研究对象与研究范围涉及如下广泛的领域：自然界—科学—技术—社会。
体系：自然辩证法的体系和主要内容是：自然观—科学观—技术观—科学技术与社会。
2、自然界物质系统演化的周期性（可能出辨析题）答：系统是由若干相互联系、相互作用的要素组成的具有特定结构与功能的有机整体。
自然界是物质的，物质结构的层次是无限的，物质处于永恒的运动中，运动无论在量上还是在质上都是不灭的，时间和空间是物质运动的基本形式，自然界的运动是有规律的。
非平衡态自组织理论证明，一个远离平衡态的开放系统，通过与外界环境交换物质、能量和信息，从环境中获取负熵流来抵消系统内部的熵产生，就可能在一定条件下使系统从一种混乱无序的状态演化为一种稳定有序的结构。
同样，混沌理论也揭示了通向混沌的道路，说明了系统从有序向无序的转化过程。
在自然界的演化过程中，正是由于以上两个演化才使得自然界经历了“混沌——有序——新的混沌——新的有序”的循环发展过程。
自然界的系统演化，既不是单调地走向有序和进化，也不是单调地走向无序和退化。
有序和无序的不断转化，进化与退化的不断交替，使自然界处于永恒的物质循环之中。
2024年硕士研究生统一考试《311教育学专业基础综合》备考题库(含答案)
2024年硕士研究生统一考试《311教育学专业基础综合》备考题库（含答案）学校:________ 班级:________ 姓名:________ 考号:________一、单选题(35题)1.当一年级的教师遇到他班上差不多都是6岁的孩子时，他实际上面临着能力不同的孩子，从他们准备状态的差异来说，实际上是5岁到11岁，这说明儿童身心发展具有（）A.顺序性和阶段性B.稳定性和可变性C.不均衡性D.个别差异性2.主张“故明主之国无书简之文，以法为教。
无先王之语，以吏为师。
”的是（）A.孔子B.孟子C.荀子D.韩非子3.关于教育学科性质，乌申斯基的看法是A.探讨个人生理学和心理学知识B.人类教育问题：科学C.如何了解人和培养人的高级艺术D.学校教学目的高级艺术4.陶行知为了改变农村的教育面貌，探索了乡村教育的新模式，他提倡的教育模式是( )A.艺友制B.小先生制C.学徒制D.实习制5.朱熹的朱子读书法中的“居敬持志”，其中“居敬”的确切含义是（）A.敬畏之心B.保持读书场所安静、肃穆的气氛C.全神贯注D.恭敬态度6.见校“小学生自主学习策略”研究小组成员依椐“小学生自主学习课觉观察记录表"，互相观摩课堂教学，开展课堂观察研究。
这屈于（）A.半参与性、结构式观察B.半参与性、非结构式观察C.非参与性、结构式观察D.非参与式、非结构式观察7.基于夏山学校实践，尼尔认为在自然生长状态下，当孩子的自我需求得到充分满足，其自我中心就会变成利他观念，以及对别人的自然关心。
这种观念涉及个体身心发展的：A.顺序性B.阶段性C.差异性D.不平衡性8.形式训练说强调的迁移类型是：（）A.水平迁移B.垂直迁移C.特殊迁移D.一般迁移9.在关于学校萌芽的传说中，有一种学校的名称是“庠”，这个场所是（）A.实施乐教之地B.实施生活教育之地C.实施德育之地D.实施礼仪教育之地10.希望得到他人的关心和认可并获得一定的地位，这是人的( )A.生理的需要B.归属的需要C.尊重和爱的需要D.自我实现的需要11.古罗马帝国后期，创立了基督教哲学体系，并为中世纪基督教教育奠定了理论基础的是（）A.昆体良B.西塞罗C.奥古斯丁D.托马斯阿奎那12.被誉为18实际的《世界图解》，教育史上第二本图文并茂的教科书是（）A.《初级读本》B.《教育方法手册》C.《鲁滨孙漂流记》D.《泛爱教育杂志》13.杜威所谓教育的内在目的是指（）A.教育过程中的目的B.学校系统中的目的C.教育以人格发展为目的D.教育以知识掌握为目的14.国内外许多学者通过对自己孩子进行跟踪观察研究儿童的一般发展，主要采用的观察记录方法是（）A.日记描述法B.轶事记录法C.描述记录法D.连续记录法15.以下数据具有描述数据集中趋势的是（）A.平均数B.标准差C.相关系数D.方差16.人在婴儿时，还是一个软弱无能的生物体，依靠后天的学校教育逐渐的成为一个能有效地参与社会生活的主体，这说明教育具有（）A.个体社会化功能B.个体个性化功能C.教育的个人谋生功能D.教育的个人享用功能17.我国历史上第一次设立专门管理教育的行政机构是（）A.国子寺B.国子监C.礼部D.京师大学堂18.某研究团队采用观察法研究幼儿游戏中的冲突事件。
研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2
Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.。
东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8
Unit Six1.3.11. We observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2. We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver, and a borderline significant positive association for laryngeal cancer.3. Unexpectedly, we found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer.1.3.21. Provide a brief synopsis of key findings, with particular emphasis on how the findings add to the body of pertinent knowledge.2. Summarize the result in relation to each research objective or hypothesis3. Relate findings back to the literature or the results reported by other researchers4. Discuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings. Compare study results with relevant findings from other published work. Briefly state literature search sources and methods. Use tables and figures to help summarize previous work when possible.5. Discuss the limitations of the present study and any methods used to minimize or compensate for those limitations, or mention any crucial future research directions.6. Conclude with a brief section that summarizes in a straightforward and circumspect manner the clinical implications of the work.2.12Like, like, Although, similarity, similar, most, most, But, equal2.2.12.3In our study, zinc supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in overall mortality in children aged 1–48 months in a population with high malaria transmission. However, there was a suggestion that the effect varied by age, with no effect on mortality in infants, and a marginally significant 18% reduction of mortality in children 12–48 months of age (p=0·045). This effect was mainly a consequence of fewer deaths from malaria and other infections. Any effect on mortality in this trial was in addition to a possible effect of vitamin A supplementation3.2Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline.3.3The following is taken from a discussion section of a research paper.DiscussionA thorough analysis of both …worst‟ and …best‟ rankings shows that the onsite containment technique leads to the best LCA result in the light of the taken hypotheses. Unlike other treatment techniques, onsite containment requires not only few materials (geosynthetics only) but alsosmall-scale excavation works. Actually the more a technique includes heavy technical operations involving materials and equipment, the worst is the result of LCA. This is the case for bio-leaching and offsite landfilling, which include, on the one hand, setting up the bio-leaching device, the treatment of leachates with lime, disposal of waste and cleaning of the site, and on the other hand, removal of soil and the transportation of huge quantities of materials over large distances.As mentioned above, besides the LCA, it is necessary to take into account the ability of techniques to substitute for each other as well as the environmental burdens which may be associated with them. Viewed in this light, it is worth noticing that bio-leaching and offsite landfilling provide complete remediation of the site, contrary to other treatment techniques. Bio-leaching consists of a real onsite decontamination of the polluted soil, which enables bequeathing of a clean site to coming generations. Nevertheless, in addition to a bad LCA result, this emergent technique is still poorly known and its efficiency is not quite proven for large-scale applications as yet. As regards offsite landfilling, if the site is left usable without any risk, the huge quantities of non-stabilized waste, which have to be disposed of in landfill, may disturb the organization of local waste management. This point emphasises the bad result of LCA.In return, if the favorable LCA result of onsite containment is due to light treatment operations, this very thing brings environmental issues up into the long-term. Indeed, only setting-up of awater-resistance device entails onsite storage of huge quantities of non-stabilized soil meaning that the initial problem is actually postponed, but not solved.As regards liming, which gives intermediate LCA results, an embankment of stabilized soil plays an important part in site rehabilitation. Indeed, in the absence of embankment, liming offers no chance of reuse for the whole site, whereas the site becomes partly reusable when an embankment of limed soil is achieved. However, stabilization provided by the liming technique is not reliable in the long term and it cannot be assured that the site will be safe for coming generations.To conclude, with the view to treating the site contaminated by sulfur in the short-term, the LCA has been a useful tool in determining the most environmentally friendly technique: onsite containment has been revealed to offer the best resource productivity.On the basis of these interesting results, it would be useful to take into account a wider range of environmental flows in order to get a more exhaustive inventory. And furthermore, a more conventional LCA format could be achieved by using impact categories (global warming,acidif ication…) as inputs in the multi-criteria analysis, instead of environmental flows.Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Unit 72.1 Summerizing(Key: This text describes the experience of a Taiwanese man who has lived in Canada for several years. He considers Canadian women better off than Taiwanese. However, he notes some Canadian women feel nostalgic about the days when they received special courtesies. For example, formerly men opened doors for women or paid for their meals. At this time, most Canadians endeavor to treat men and women equally. Women today therefore are expected to cover the cost of their own meals. ) 2.2 Paraphrasing(Key for reference: Aries claims that beginning in the 1400s the way we viewed the family and the actual reality of the family changed. However, the change was so slow and subtle that people at that time did not see it. But the event itself, the growing importance of school, was quite striking. Prior to that time children were educated from the age of seven by being placed out or apprenticed to other families. Once schools were no longer limited to religious study, they replaced apprenticeship as society‟s means of educating the young and initiating them into society.)3.1 Key: EFABDC3.21) The present study is designed to determine what in San Francisco attracts visitors more,…2) The purpose of this investigation is to explore whether employees as well as managers have tobe equally trained for working in…3) This study set out to tackle the rate of juvenile delinquency in 1994 in U. S. A.4) The aim of this study is to determine whether education plays a role in….5) The project undertaken is to evaluate the marketing strategies currently applied by….6) The current study aims to determine whether children sent to daycare or preschool start….7) This project is aimed to explore how the discovery of … may change the way we treat….Unit 8 Writing Abstracts1.3.1 What does the abstract talk about1.3.2Decide how many elements this sample includes and how they function.2Language Focus2.1 Commonly used verbs in abstracts; tenses in abstracts2.2 More verbs and sentences patterns2.2 Verb tenses in abstractsRead the abstract above again and check the tenses in the abstract.3Writing Practice3.1 Abstract writing practice3.1.1A review of groundwater remediation in use today shows that new techniques are required that solve the problems of pump and treat, containment and in-situ treatment.3.1.2The use of a funnel and gate system via a trench has been examined in detail3.1.3The modeling involved an analysis of the effect of changing the lengths of the walls and gate, varying the permeability, and varying the number of gates.3.1.4An important factor in designing the walls is the residence time of the water in the gate or the contact time of the contaminant with the reactive media.3.1.5The results of the modeling and sensitivity analysis are presented such that they can be used as an aid to the design of permeable treatment walls.3.23.3Writing keywords4. Writing project4.1 Get prepared for writing an abstract 4.2 Outline an abstract4.3 According to the above table, draft an abstract and key words for the sample paper. Abstract:“Megacities” are defined as urban areas with more than ten million inhabi tants. By 2015 it is estimated that Asia (where much of the worldwide process of urbanization is taking place) may contain as many as 60 Megacities housing more than 600 million people in total. This number will dramatically increase over the next decades with more than 2 billion people living in Megacities by the end of this century. Low carbon performance is a fundamental aspect of the sustainable planning of a new urban development. Sustainable master planning has four components, namely operating energy use, embodied energy associated with buildings, energy supply infrastructures, another infrastructures such as transport, waste, water, sewage, etc. These aspects need to be understood to inform the concept design at its earliest stage, especially if designing to cater for the needs of global megacities where ramifications of poorly integrated planning could result in prof;ound andlong-lasting impacts on carbon and energy intensity. This paper describes how these aspects of low carbon planning and design can be assessed using urban scale modeling, namely the Energy and Environmental Prediction model (EEP-Urban),at a whole city and building plot level.Key words: Urban planning, High density, Urbanization, Energy modeling, Low carbon。
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Unit1 Low Carbon EconomyCloze(1) embraced(2) sped up(3) running out(4) urgency(5) initiative (6) specific(7) designated(8) contr ibute(9) incorporate(10) hampering (11) reward(12) involved(13) adverse(14) adaptive(15) vulner ability(16) alternative(17) context(18) due to(19) compensation(20) scheduled汉译英：1. Bending under the weight of the packs, sweating, they climbed steadily in the pine forest that co vered the mountainside.2. Concentrating on time passing, as we do when bored, will trigger brain activity which will make it seem as though the clock is ticking more slowly.3. Unemployment shot up in France during the second quarter, and the country’s top finance offici al said the situation will continue to aggravate even if the pace of global economic recovery quick ens. It was the worst quarterly unemployment in France since 2006.4. As social practice continues to develop, we should keep renewing our ideas and make innovatio ns courageously in light of practical needs.5. Bicycles are regarded as an more economical alternative to buses whose fares have increased 3 t imes in the past few years.6. The U.S. government has called on people to save water because the scarcity of water has beco me a source of global tension ecologically, economically and politically.7. In order to be a recogni zed leader in the industry, it’s essential for a company to improve production quality and tap the o verseas market through the help of state-of-the-art technologies and equipment.8. If you are thinking about coming to Britain for Christmas, it might be a good idea to think again . That’s because thousands of Christmas travelers have been stranded in the U.K. as adverse wheth er conditions caused massive disruption to the transport infrastructure.英译汉1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.很多权威的气候学家们都曾发出过这样的警告: 如果我们现在的温度超过工业化前2 摄氏度( 3.6华氏度)的话,我们将会迈进一个危险的未知国度。
没有人能知道到底全球变暖达到多少度会变得无法控制,并且造成像干旱、洪水、飓风以及热浪等自然灾害的逐渐恶化,造成诸如格陵兰岛或西南极洲大冰原坍塌以及伴随的全球海平面上升等意外的灾难性变化。
但是我们还依然在我们唯一的家身上不断做着危险而又不受约束的尝试,这也是为什么越来越多的年轻人开始将气候变化视为他们这一代人的一项挑战。
2) Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (1) 双方相信,应对气候变化应该尊重发展中国家把经济和社会发展作为优先事项,并相信向低碳经济转型是促进所有国家经济持续增长和可持续发展的机会。
(2) 中美双方决心根据各自国情采取重要减缓行动,并认识到两国在促成加强世界应对气候变化能力的可持续成果方面具有重要作用。
双方决心支持这些承诺。
(3) 在此背景下,双方致力于在哥本哈根会议达成最终的法律协议,同时相信,在共同但有区别的责任原则和各自能力的基础上,达成的成果应包括发达国家的减排目标和发展中国家的国内适当减缓行动。
(4) 基于中美两国在电动汽车领域的巨大投资,两国政府宣布在十几个城市开展联合示范项目,并努力开发共同的技术标准以推动此产业规模快速增长。
(5) 通过该伙伴关系,两国将就大规模利用风能、太阳能、先进生物燃料和现代电网制定路线, 在设计和执行实现这一远景所需的政策和技术手段方面进行合作。
Unit 2 A Harmonious SocietyCloze(1)accomplish(2) improve(3) urban(4) benefits(5) prosperous (6) signifies(7) comprehensive (8)faulty(9) accumulated(10) compulsory (11) maintained(12) requirements(13) outbreak (14)addressed(15) unsolvable (16) innovation(17) required(18) inadequate(19) spare(20) remarkable汉译英(1) Aliens in China shall abide by Chinese law and no behaviors will endanger the national security of China , harm its public interests or disturb its public order.(2) Love doesn't lie in gazing at each other but in looking forward together in the same direction.(3) When learning any foreign language, one has to learn, first and foremost, its new phonological and grammar systems, which means acquiring a totally unfamiliar set of language learning habits.(4) Financial experts suggest that to the women under 30, the income of this phase in general is the lowest.(5) China will increase dialogue and co operation with the United States and the international community to crack down on all forms of terrorist activities.(6) Now it is time to make a well organized schedule from the list, so you need to put first and urgent things first and set the high priorities.(7) In accordance with your request I am sending sample pages of the dictionary and meanwhile, your valuable suggestions on amendment are welcomed.(8) In addition, advertisers appeal to the desire for health and prestige, to the desire to be in style, to pride, and to envy and jealousy.英译汉1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.目前,在我国人均国内生产总值突破1000美元。
一些国家和地区的发展历程表明,当一个国家的国内生产总值达到1000 美元到3000美元时,这个国家的经济发展就进入了一个关键阶段。
在这个阶段,都市化程度加快,收入差距继续加大,社会矛盾变得更加复杂。
在国际范围内,不断增长的劳动力成本降低了劳动市场的竞争性。
在这个阶段,如果应对合理,经济会平稳发展;否则,极有可能引发社会动荡,造成社会资源浪费,破坏生态环境,导致经济衰退。
建设和谐社会的目的就是协调不同部门之间的关系,确保经济快速、可持续性发展。
2) Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (1) 胡主席说,“当前和今后相当长一段时间内,我国经济社会发展面临的问题和矛盾可能会更复杂、更突出。