To Treat Ambiguity Properly
自制守正义的英语作文
In the modern world,where moral ambiguity often clouds judgment,it is essential to cultivate a sense of justice.A just society is one where fairness and equality are upheld, and every individual is treated with respect and dignity.This essay will explore the importance of upholding justice,the challenges faced in doing so,and the ways in which we can strive to be just individuals.The Importance of JusticeJustice is the cornerstone of a civilized society.It ensures that laws are applied equally to all,regardless of ones social status,wealth,or influence.Without justice,the weak and vulnerable are at the mercy of the powerful,leading to a society rife with inequality and oppression.Justice fosters trust in institutions,promotes social harmony,and encourages individuals to contribute positively to the community.Challenges in Upholding JusticeDespite its importance,upholding justice is not without its challenges.Corruption,bias, and a lack of awareness can all undermine the pursuit of justice.In some cases,the legal system may be slow or inefficient,leading to a sense of injustice among those who feel wronged.Additionally,societal norms and cultural practices can sometimes conflict with the principles of justice,making it difficult to enforce fairness in every situation.Striving for Personal JusticeAs individuals,we can take steps to uphold justice in our own lives.This begins with educating ourselves about our rights and the rights of others.By understanding the principles of justice,we can better recognize when they are being violated and take action to correct these injustices.1.Promote Fairness:In our daily interactions,we should strive to treat everyone with fairness and respect.This means avoiding favoritism and ensuring that opportunities are distributed equitably.2.Speak Up:When we witness injustice,it is our responsibility to speak up.This could involve reporting unethical behavior,supporting those who have been wronged,or advocating for policy changes that promote justice.cate Others:By sharing our knowledge about justice,we can help others understand its importance.This can be done through discussions,community workshops, or even social media campaigns.4.Practice Empathy:Understanding the experiences and perspectives of others is crucial in promoting justice.Empathy allows us to see situations from different angles and consider the impact of our actions on others.5.Support Just Institutions:We should support and engage with institutions that are committed to justice,such as nonprofit organizations,advocacy groups,and transparent government bodies.ConclusionIn conclusion,justice is a fundamental aspect of a wellfunctioning society.While challenges exist,it is within our power as individuals to promote and uphold justice.By educating ourselves,practicing fairness,and supporting just causes,we can contribute to a more equitable and harmonious world.It is through these actions that we can ensure that justice is not just an ideal but a reality for all.。
跨文化交际口语考试题（大学英语）
Topics for Final Oral Exam (3-4mins each)1.Jean Safari, an American manager, was investigating a serious error made by aJapanese worker at the Japanese subsidiary（子公司）of a US multinational（跨国公司）. A component（零件）had been inserted upside down（颠倒，混乱）and the entire batch（一组）had been pulled out of production to be reworked.The cost of this was high. Jean asked the Japanese plant director about which employee had made the error. Had she been identified? What action was being taken against her? She was amazed when the director claimed not to know. “The whole work group has accepted responsibility,”he told her. How do you understand this explanation?= = As we have seen, when asked who had made the error, the Japanese worker answered”the whole work group has accepted responsibility.”However,Jean’s question means which one person is to blame for this mistake. This case reflects the differences between individualism and collectivism .Jean is an American manager while the worker is Japanese. American culture determines American attitude associated with individualism, they think each person seperated from others,they usually think in terms of “I”.So, they will think group has relatively little influence on the behavior of group members.That’s why Jean asked which employee had made the error,you know it’s which one people.On the other hand,Japanese attitude associated with collectivism,they think each person is part of a group, he can’t be be separated from the group,they usually think in terms of “we”.So,they think everyone in the group should assume the responsibility when one person in this group made a mistake.As the saying goes in china ,you know, youfutongxiang younantongdang. That’s why he answered, The whole work group has accepted responsibility.2.I was frustrated with a low-English-level Korean student who never askedquestions in class. My goal was to equalize classroom participation, and one aspect of it was to have students ask questions when they didn’t understand something during class. I taught techniques of how to ask a question, which the students from Mexico readily adopted, but not the Korean student. Why?= =From this case, we have seen the differences between the western class and the traditional eastern class because of the different culture. In fact ,this phenomenon is so common in our Chinese classes, students don’t like asking and teachers are always talking alone. So you know, our English class sometimes is so silent, as if there was teacher only one. The western class is student-centered, teachers just give some suggestion when help is needed. Because of this, students usually think by themselves and ask some questions when they don’t understand. The student-centered way can let teachers see the students’potential. However ,the traditional eastern class is teacher-centered. The teacher is the center of the class,students are often passively to accept the knowledge .In fact ,the students are so afraid of the teacher that they avoid making any mistakes, so they usually keep silent .3. A young Japanese student came to the United States, and he was overwhelmed（压倒，覆盖）by the cordial reception（热诚的接待）he was given. He said, “The American people are wonderful. They are so warm, so friendly-much beyond my expectations.” Some time later, while traveling in the west, this same young man had had dinner with an American family and had remarked that he greatly admired the country’s efficiency, organization, and accomplishment. But he said, there was one thing he would never quite understand, and that was why Americans were so cold, so distant. His host was deeply hurt, and the visit ended on a bit of a sour note（不愉快）. What had made the Japanese young man change his view about Americans? What can you infer about American friendship based on this case?= =This case was about a young Japanese student’s experience in the United States, especially in his thoughts about Americans. This young Japanese man’s feeling is typical as many foreign visitors do so. Because of the different treat received ,he totally changed his view about Americans.From this case, we can see that how Americans regard the word “friend ship”is quite different from us Asians. American friendships develop rapidly, and they may change rapidly. People from the United States may at first seem friendly. Americans often chat easily with strangers. As we all know, Americans use the word “friend” in a very general way. They may call acquaintances and companions “friends”. These friendships are usually based on common interests. When what they shared activities end , the friendship may fade.4. Litz met a Chinese doctor in the United States, and fell in love with him and theygot married. Litz’s husband had long wished to bring his mother to live with them for a while. So, they invited her over. They are very happy about their mother’s visit. Litz knows being filial to parents is a great value Chinese people cherish. As wife of a Chinese, she tries to be as filial as her husband. Two days after the mother’s arrival, Litz talked to her husband, Dick, while his mother was sitting in the garden enjoying the sunshine.Litz: Dick, how long is your mum going to stay?Dick: I don’t know. I haven’t asked her.Litz: Why not ask her?Dick: What do you mean by asking her?Litz: I mean what I said. Just ask her how long she’ going to stay.What was going to happen the next day made Litz very confused. The mother overheard their conversation and decided to leave for China the very afternoon. Litz had never expected that her visit should be so shot.Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon? What went wrong?= =Because she heard what they said and feel that Litz may don’t welcome her. She felt sad and unhappy ,then she thought she had better leave .from this case ,we can see the big difference in language between China and America. Chinese people tend to speak more subtle , while the Americans are more directly . This difference is determined by the different cultures between ours. Chinese people pay more attention to subtle, and like to think the deep meaning of each of what others have said. Americans prefer to directly talk about their feelings and thoughts . They do not think that more.This will easily lead to ambiguity and then produce conflict. Just in this case ,Litz just want to know how long her Chinese mother-in-low is going to stay. However, her husband and his mother don’t think so , they think Litz don’t want his mother to live here. So this case arises.4.Linda was a young Puerto Rican girl studying in a New Y ork City high school.She was once suspected of smoking with a group of troublemakers and was punished with them by the principal. She was thought so because when she was interviewed by the principal, she avoided meeting his eyes and only stared down at the floor, hence（因此）being regarded as sly(诡秘的) and dishonest. Her mother insisted that she was a good girl while the principle firmly believed that she was not. This led to a demonstration（实证）of Puerto Rican parents at the school the next morning. And later the principal found that Linda was indeed a gentle and sweet girl.= =Linda is misunderstood because she avoided meeting the principal’s eyes and stared down at the floor.Her behaviors may express that she has down something terrible and she felt guilty .She told a lie and tried to conceal something.Sometimes eye contact plays a meaningful part in communication.Eye contact is an important aspect of body language.One could draw up quite a lot of 'rules' about eye contact: to look or not to look, when to look and how long to look, who and who not to look at, etc. And these rules vary from culture to culture.People from American culture expects eye contact, though this does not have to be constant when communicating with one another. If you look at the other person’s eye when speaking,he will think you as a confident person and feel be respected.6.Attending a conference in Rio de Janeiro, Linda struck up a conversation with a young lady from the local group. As the lady talked, she appeared to be making a physical advance, moving toward Linda every time Linda moved away. Eventually, Linda found her back against the wall, unable to retreat any further. Concerned and uncomfortable, she excused herself curtly, left the party, and did not attend any others. Why?This case is about the cultural differences in the understanding of personal space.Riode janeiro is a big city in brazil.Brazilians simply do not give private,personal space high consideration.The local lady is not as sensitive about personal space as is linda.Maybe she only wants to express her enthusiasm,so she makes a physical advance.In this sense,she never realizes that her behaviors may be regarded as rude. By constrast,linda’s culture is more sensitive to privacy.When the lady approaches her,she feels an invasion of his private space,and thus becomes angry.。
4 What is the text
What is the text?1.The starting poin t for interpreting a statute is the language of the statute itself.nguage has meaning only because it reflects practices and conventions shared by acommunity of speakers and listeners.3.The meaning of words is determined by the shared understandings and expectations of therelevant linguistic community.4.What is plain to those within a specialized linguistic community may be obscure to the manor woman on the street, and the same word or phrase may mean different things to different linguistic communities.Scientific or ordinary meaningNix v. Hedden (1893)Facts: Plaintiff imported some tomatoes. Under the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, if you import vegetables, you have to pay a 10% rate tax. But fruits are in the free list of the Act. P thought tomatoes were fruits, while the collector thought they were vegetables.Issue: whether tomatoes, considered as provisions, are to be classed as "vegetables" or as "fruits", within the meaning of the Tariff Act of 1833Reasoning:1.How dictionaries define the word "fruit"; have no tendency to show that tomatoes are"fruit". (Nix may argue tomatoes fit that definition)2.The fruit and vegetables have no special meaning in trade or commerce, they must receivetheir ordinary meaning.it means that the ordinary people's understanding and the meaning in this special filed is the same. (how should the court have determined trade practice orunderstanding?)3.In the common language of people, tomatoes constitute the principal part of the repast, andnot, like fruits generally, as dessert.Note:1.How do we know when to treat words in a statute as having a specialized meaning as opposedto an ordinary meaning? Consider whom the legislature was addressing. But the statute’s target audience will not always be obvious. So adopting a starting presumption: Unless otherwise defined, congress uses words in their ordinary sense.2.Other ways to resolving the ambiguityIn case of doubt tax statutes are construed most strongly against the government, and in favor of the citizen.Colloquial meaning or dictionary meaning?Smith v. United States (1993)Issue: whether the exchange of a gun for narcotics constitutes "use" of a firearm "during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime" within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. section 924(c)(1)Whether the phrase is most reasonably read as excluding the use of a firearm in a gun-for-drugs trade.P: useD: use a firearmP: Dictionary: general meaning of useD(Smith): In context: Use a Firearm: use as a weapon (ordinary, natural, everyday meaning).P: "As a weapon" appears nowhereD: It is not important that the words appear nowhere in the statute. They are reasonably implicit because ordinary meaning governs, and the ordinary meaning is to use it as a weapon.P: Using it as a weapon is the ordinary meaning, but it does not preclude other uses that qualify as well.D: The ordinary meaning of uses a firearm does not include using it as an article of commerce. The witness example.It would be reasonable and normal to say that he used the firearm to exchange for drugs. But it is not reasonable to say simply "do not use firearms" when one means to prohibit selling them.P: Even though we understand use as all kinds of use, there is still limitation to it. He must use it during or in relation to the drug trafficking crime, which means the use of the firearm must facilitate or further the drug crime.D: Government's construction of the phrase will produce anomalous applications. All kinds of use of the gun would be included.The other part of section 924P: section 924 (d) (3) also lists offenses in which the firearm is not used as a weapon but instead as an item of barter or commerce. And we have no reason to think that this term has different meaning in different parts of the statute.D: We are not dealing with a technical word, but common words, which are very sensitive to context. So the meaning of the words should be different if the context is different. Adding the phrase "in the offense of transferring, selling, or transporting firearms " to the phrase "use a firearm" expands the meaning of that phrase to include nonweapon use.P: In subsection (d)(1): When dealing with making a material misstatement to the lawfulness of a gun's transfer, congress use the language "involved in", because even the broadest definition of the word "use" can not include this situation. So congress really carefully expanded the statutory language.Dichotomy:P: not a strange dichotomy: use a firearm by trading it for drugs or using it to shoot someone v. carry the firearm by keeping it on his person whether he intends to exchange it for drugs or fire it. D: An eminently reasonable dichotomy: using a fire arm as a weapon and carrying a firearm in such a manner as to be ready for use as a weaponEvoke legislative purpose:P: Even if we assume a more limited scope in 1968, we believe it clear from the face the statute that the congress that amended section 924( c) in 1986 did not. (Selling the firearm still creates a grave possibility of violence and death)D: section 924( c)(1) originally dealt with use of a fire arm during crimes of violence; the provision concerning use of a firearm during and in relation to drug trafficking offenses was added later.Rule of lenity:P: Not applicable. Because the statute is unambiguous from the structure, the language and also legislative intent.D: The issue is subject to some doubt. So adhere to the familiar rule: where there is ambiguity in a criminal statute, doubts are resolved in favor of the defendant.Notes:The use and abuse of dictionaries:mon but controversial2.Miss or undervalue the policy impulses that inspired the legislation3.No problem to use the dictionary as a starting point for considering how a reasonable personwould have used or understood a given word. (impersonal authority)4.Dictionaries can not conclusively answer the question of statutory interpretation: (1)technical connotations that a conventional dictionary has not recorded (2) do not have aninfinite capacity to record nuanceBe sensitive to the possibility of colloquial meaningsDisagreement and clear meaning:1.Textualism presupposes that interpreters can discern and agree upon the clear import of astatutory text.2.When is the text clear? Judge Posner has written that a statute is clear when "all or mostpersons, having the linguistic and cultural competence assumed by the authors of the text, would agree on its meaning.3.But some degree of uncertainty is present in all legal analysis, including statutoryinterpretation.4.So they are merely describing their conclusion that there is a high probability that mostreasonable people would understand the statute in the way that the judge describes.。
英语翻译
1、A meeting of head 1994年7月在巴黎召开的联合国环境保护组织领导人会议上，气候变暖是这次会议重点讨论的话题。
2、Sea rise as a consequence of 全球变暖导致海平面上升，这将迅速威胁全球位于海平面附近的把部分地区。
3、the harmful effects of localized当气候变暖的时候，局部城市的空气污染会更加严重。
4、to asses the scientific aspect 为了科学层面去评估全球变暖造成的后果，并针对镇邪影响制定相应的政策措施，联合国环境计划署正在开展大量研究和评估5、these actions mebtioned上述措施仅仅表明我们在解决世界上最大的，也是影响最为深远的环保问题过程中一个不成熟的初衷，当然，这个初衷还比较粗略，也仅仅是各开始，需要完善。
1、the costs of energy人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不但包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
2、inadequacy of energy resources 能源资源不足或者（更经常）开采、加工和分配这些资源所需要技术与机构的不足，会影响能源给人类带来利益，并以为着能源生产增长遭到干扰、损害或限制。
3、one key determinant of the answer 回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来前所未有的人口增长所带来的对资源需求的激增以及相同规模的人均工业能源需求的增长。
4、but they all require elaborate and expensive 但这些资源转化为电力或液体燃料，以满足社会需求，均需经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。
5、in the case of air pollution from fossil 以矿物燃料造成的空气污染为例，一般认为其对大众健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒，但接触这种污染空气究竟会导致多少人死亡，却无法取得一致意见。
与同事相处的英语作文
与同事相处的英语作文英文回答：Working with colleagues can be both rewarding and challenging, as it involves managing relationships with individuals from diverse backgrounds and work styles. To foster a positive and productive work environment, it is crucial to establish strong professional relationships with colleagues. Effective communication, mutual respect, and a willingness to collaborate are essential elements of successful team dynamics.Open and honest communication is the cornerstone of any successful relationship, and the same holds true in the workplace. Colleagues should feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and ideas, and actively listening to the perspectives of others. This fosters a climate of trust and respect, where everyone feels valued and heard. Additionally, by providing constructive feedback and seeking input, colleagues can help each other grow andimprove.Mutual respect is another fundamental aspect ofpositive colleague relationships. This involves recognizing and appreciating the unique contributions and perspectives of each individual. Acknowledging the strengths and differences of colleagues creates a sense of camaraderie and support, which can translate into increasedproductivity and job satisfaction. It is important to treat everyone with dignity and respect, regardless of their position or seniority.Collaboration is essential for achieving shared goals and objectives. Colleagues should be willing to share their expertise, knowledge, and resources to support one another. By working together, colleagues can leverage their collective strengths and overcome challenges more effectively. A willingness to help others and take on additional responsibilities when needed fosters a sense of camaraderie and teamwork.In addition to these core elements, several otherfactors can contribute to positive colleague relationships. These include:Building rapport: Engaging in informal conversations and social activities outside of work can help colleagues get to know each other on a personal level and build stronger bonds.Setting clear expectations: Establishing clear roles and responsibilities can minimize ambiguity and misunderstandings, reducing the potential for conflicts.Resolving conflicts effectively: Conflicts are inevitable in any workplace, but it is important to address them promptly and professionally. By communicating openly and seeking mutually acceptable solutions, colleagues can maintain constructive working relationships.Maintaining a positive attitude: A positive attitude can have a contagious effect on colleagues, creating a more enjoyable and productive work environment. By approaching challenges with a positive outlook and focusing onsolutions, colleagues can foster a supportive and collaborative atmosphere.In conclusion, building strong and positiverelationships with colleagues is essential for creating a productive and fulfilling work environment. Effective communication, mutual respect, and a willingness to collaborate are the cornerstones of successful team dynamics. By fostering these elements, colleagues cancreate a work environment where they feel valued, supported, and motivated to achieve shared goals.中文回答：与同事相处是一项既有益又具有挑战性的事情，因为它涉及管理与来自不同背景和工作风格的人员的关系。
大学英语视听说4全部答案
Unit1Hello, everyone. Today I invite you to join me in an exploration off the causes of depression. There ate many factors involved, but I believe some deserve special attention.Heredity certainly plays a role. .The tendency to develop depression may be inherited; there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.Physiology is another factor related to depression. There may be changes or imbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain called neurotransmitters. Many modern antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels of certain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication. While the causal relationship is unclear; it is known that antidepressant medications do reliever certain symptoms of depression.Researchers also study psychological factors. They include the complex development of one’s personality and how one has learned to cope with external environmental factors, such as stress. It is freeqently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeating thinking are connected with depression. While it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect, it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to their thinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.Another factor causing depression is one’s early experiences. Events such as the death of a parent, the divorce of the parents, neglect, chronic illness, and severe physical abuse can also increase the likelihood of depression later in life.Some present experiences may also lead to depression. Job loss, financial difficulties, long periods of unemployment, the loss of a spouse or other family member, or other painful events may trigger depression. Long-term stress at home, work, or school can also be involved.It is worth nothing that those living with someone suffering from \depression experience increased anxiety which adds to the possibility of their also becoming depressed.Unit2Greetings, ladies and gentlemen. I hope you’ll find it interesting how to be fashionable without spending too much money.Sure, some famous stars always look stylish. They have unlimited clothing budgets that put the latest looks at their fingertips! But you can also look amazing without spending lots of money on your wardrobes. Simple try the following suggestions on for size.First, you should make seasonal purchases; that is, you should buy winter coats, leather jackets, bathing suits, ad summer dress at the end of the season. Y ou’ll get major discounts as you stock up for the next year.If you want clothes to wear right now, you can go to discount stores. They may not be the place to buy an expensive evening dress, but they’re perfect for buying things like T-shirtsThere is yet another cheap way of you to buy stylish clothes. Many department stores have a store brand. It means they offer current styles but are much cheaper thanbig-name brands.To save money, an important principle for you to follow is to not buy “outfits”. With the exception of suits, interchangeable piece are more affordable—buying clothing in separate.Wear-with- anything pieces are always a good buy. For example, you can almost always wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt; you can wear them several times a week, paired with different accessories.If you can’t afford expensive clothes, you can spend money on accessories such as nice shoes and fashionable bags. Such extras make even the simplest outfit look polished.Finally, a great haircut always helps. When you hair looks fabulous, you look more stylish and fashionable.Unit3A natural disaster is the consequence of a hazardous event, occurring when human activities are affected by adverse natural phenomena such as flood, drought, hailstorm, heat wave, forest fore, hurricanes or typhoons, tornado, tsunami, landsides and mudslides, or volcanic eruption. The resulting deaths or property damages depend on the human ability to resist the disasters.Sometimes two seemingly different disasters may be related to each other. For example, an undersea earthquake may result in a tsunami. While there is a long dry spell in one area, there may be a great flood in another. It is necessary for human beings to understand and combat natural disasters.A drought is a long-lasting weather pattern consisting of dry conditions with very little or no precipitation. During this period, food and water supplies can run low, and other condition, such as famine, can result. Drought can last for several years and are particularly damaging in areas in which the residents depend on agriculture for survival.A flood follows too much rain or water in a location, and could be the result of many different conditions. Floods can be caused by heavy rainfall from a storm, including thunderstorms, rapid melting of a large amounts of snow, or rivers which swell from too much precipitation upstream, causing widespread damage to areas downstream. Another possible cause of a flood is the bursting of man-made dams.Unit4Lillian: Mr. Baxter, you have worked in the company for five years, and you manage everything here smoothly, like a clock. Could you tell us the secret of your successful career?Baxter: Just as the golden rule of real estate is location, location, location, the golden rule of work is relationships, relationships, relationships. Unfortunately, many workers focus so hard on the job at hand that they never develop useful relationships with people in other parts of their organization. Worse, when they do interact with colleagues in other departments, they may not treat then with respect.Lillian: Could you give more details?Baxter: Let’s take Wendy as an example. She switched jobs several months ago in the company. In her first position, as a marketing manager, she frequently found herself in conflict with the financial department over her staff’s expenses. Her argument for more funds usually ended in vain.Then in her new job as training administrator, she wanted to launch an on-the-job training project. She needed the financial department to support her request for a budget. How did she convince them this time?Although the financial department’s offices were located in another city, Wendy decided to visit them in their offices and try to establish closer relationships. She believed she must first of all understand their mission and their own training needs. Then she found an ally in the company’s chief financial officer, who saw how her group could help develop his staff. So the two forged a long-tern=m alliance, which led to a training program so successful that it has since been picked up by the company’s offices in Germany and Japan.Winning allies throughout your organization has an additional benefit. These days, it’s far too risky to expect your work to speak for itself. Having allies who speak well of you increases your reputation with the top management.Unit5Kathy: Well, now that everybody I here, let’s call the meeting to order. Today we have to discuss the operation of our software development department. We’re all aware that nowadays market competition is becoming more intense than ever before. If we want to keep our competitive edge, the only way is to offer excellent and considerate service to our customer and, at the same time, lower our prices. So, what I’m thinking is, maybe we could outsource the software side of out business to another company. But what impact will ithave on our engineers? It’s a big problem. Mm, I’d be interested to know your thoughts, Warton.W arton: I totally agree with you.Kathy: Could you go into more detail about your opinion?W arton:I think that outsourcing this part of our operation to another company certainly makes a lot sense. Our software engineers ate getting a bit too old,and their technology is a bit out of date. Worse still, their salaries are quitehigh. Many professional software-designing companies are offering betterproducts at lower rates. With outsourcing, we can give some of theengineers the sack.Jennifer: Sorry to interrupt you. Coming from the PR department, I look at this issue from a different perspective. I think we should consider all sides of thisissue before we make a decision.Kathy: Jennifer, I’d be interested t o knot your view too.Jennifer: I think as a large company we should consider not only customers and prices, but also our employees. Our workers have contributed a lot to ourcompany. Some of them even started working here when our companyopened. I hope we can find a solution that won’t require us t o lay off ourloyal and trust employees.Kathy: I’m very much impressed by what you said. We’d better give this issue more careful consideration.Unit6Thanks, perhaps, to falling stock markets and unrest in the Middle East, Britons have become even more superstitious than usual, according to a report published today. “There has been a significant increase in superstition over the last month, possible as a result of current economic and political uncertainties,” stated Dr. Dick Armstrong. He launched an Internet Survey of national superstition, and found it to be surprisingly high, even among those with a scientific background. Only more in ten of those surveyed claimed not to be superstitious at all. Three out of four people in Britain feel the need to touch wood, and 65% cross their fingers.It is interesting to note that lucky people were much less superstitious and tended to take constructive action to improve their lives. Conversely, superstitious people tended to regard themselves as among the less lucky, worried about life, had a strong need for control, and could not tolerate ambiguity.The survey also revealed some unexpected beliefs. For example, one respondent could not stay in the bathroom once a toilet had been flushed.There was no evidence that superstitious ever worked, even, when people were instructed to carry lucky charms for a week. They didn’t feel any luckier or more stratified with their lives at the end of that week than when they started.Armstrong attempted to explain this phenomenon: “When students are preparing for exams with a lucky charm, they may trust the charm, rather than doing some extra revision.”。
国家卫生部最新病历书写规范文件
国家卫生部最新病历书写规范文件1.病历书写应当准确无误。
Medical records should be written accurately and without errors.2.病历应当包括患者的基本信息和疾病情况。
The medical record should include basic information about the patient and their condition.3.病历中的诊断、治疗方案和药物使用应当符合医学规范。
Diagnosis, treatment plans, and medication use in medical records should adhere to medical standards.4.病历书写应当清晰易懂，以保证医护人员的工作效率。
Medical records should be written clearly and comprehensively to ensure the efficiency of healthcare professionals.5.病历书写应当保护患者隐私，不得泄露个人信息。
Medical records should protect patient privacy and should not disclose personal information.6.病历中的特殊治疗和手术记录应当详细描述，以便后续跟踪和评估。
Special treatment and surgical records in medical records should be detailed to facilitate follow-up and evaluation.7.病历中的实验室检查结果和影像学资料应当清楚、准确，并与相关医嘱对应。
Laboratory test results and imaging data in medical records should be clear, accurate, and correspond to relevant medical orders.8.病历中的过敏史、家族史等重要信息应当得到重视，确保医疗安全。
商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能
商务英语合同中使用模糊语的功能Business English contracts often use vague language to protect the interests of both parties. 在商务英语合同中使用模糊语言通常是为了保护双方的利益。
This can be seen as a way to leave room for interpretation and avoid potential disputes. 这可以被看作是为了给予解释的空间，避免潜在的纠纷。
However, this practice can also lead to confusion and miscommunication if not handled properly. 然而，如果不妥善处理，这种做法也可能导致混乱和误解。
It is important for both parties to clearly understand the implications of using vague language in a contract. 双方必须清楚地理解在合同中使用模糊语言的影响。
Failure to do so can result in unforeseen consequences that may harm the business relationship. 如果不这样做，可能会导致意想不到的后果，损害商业关系。
One of the main reasons why vague language is used in business English contracts is to provide flexibility. 使用模糊语言在商务英语合同中的主要原因之一是提供灵活性。
By leaving certain terms open to interpretation, both parties can adapt to changing circumstances without breaching the contract. 通过将某些条款留给解释，双方可以在不违反合同的情况下适应变化的情况。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
To Treat Ambiguity Properlyabstract: ambiguity is an inevitable language phenomenon that arouses current interest of many linguists. the present paper attempts to make a tentative analysis of ambiguity which is subdivided into phonological/phonetic ambiguity,lexical/semantic ambiguity, structural/grammatical ambiguity and pragmatic ambiguity based on its different causes. to treat ambiguity properly, the author points out that ambiguity is both a problem to avoid and an award to make use of. thus several possible means to disambiguate are suggested, mainly attributed to achievements in the study of context.key words: ambiguity; causes; context; disambiguate; applicationclcnumber:h319documentcode ：aarticleid：1672-1578（2012）03-0001-02introductionlanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. it might be regarded imprecise concerning the ubiquity of ambiguity, which inevitably arises mainly out of the intrinsic arbitrariness and conventionality of language,as well as contextual factors.1 definition of ambiguityambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning in a given context. an ambiguous expression can be potentially understood in two or more ways. as geoffrey n. leech puts it, ambiguity is the case of “more than one cognitive meaning for the same piece of language.” (1969) 2. causes of ambiguityto treat ambiguity properly, we are supposed to analyze firstly the possible causes of different types of ambiguity. the most popular classification is employed in the following analysis, i.e. phonological/phonetic ambiguity,lexical/semantic ambiguity, structural/grammatical ambiguity, and pragmatic ambiguity.2.1phonological/phonetic ambiguity.phonological ambiguity generally occurs in spoken language, where the utterance is conveyed and received by different breath-groups rather than syllable by syllable or word by word. therefore, phonological ambiguity is frequently caused by factors as assimilation and homophones.2.2lexical/semantic ambiguity.lexical ambiguity arises when context is insufficient to determine the sense of a single word that has more than one possible meaning. due to the arbitrary relationship between sign and referent, multiple meaning seems to be universal in language, which is an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency. actually the main cause of lexical ambiguity is multiple word meaning including polysemy, perfect homonymy, homographs, and transferred meaning. in a broader sense, these aspects mentioned are to a certain extent resulted in by semantic development or change. multiple meaning is particularly common in the lexicon of english because of its varied history.2.3structural/grammatical ambiguity.structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase, i.e. a phrase or sentence is said to be structurally ambiguous when it has more than one underlying structure. to quote john lyons, structural ambiguity may exist in “any sentence to which there is assigned more than one structural analysis at the grammatical level of analysis.”(1977) possible factors leading to structural ambiguity are attachment, coordination and ellipsis.2.4pragmatic ambiguity.pragmatic ambiguity arises when the addresser in a given context conveys to the addressee more than one illocutionary acts or forces synchronically with an uncertain, vague or indirect expression. the addresser’s words themselves are unambiguous, but the meaning is not uniquely determinable.3. how to treat ambiguity properlyto avoid the negative effect of ambiguity in communication, we have concluded some possible means to disambiguate on basis of the causes of ambiguity already discussed above. who started the trouble shall end it, and it is a return to context that forwards the best means to disambiguate.3.1disambiguate through contextualization .context plays the most vital role in determination of word meaning. the meaning of words may be viewed as determined both by linguistic/verbal contexts (co-context) andextra-linguistic/non-verbal contexts (context of situation). although ambiguity can be deemed ubiquitous as a property of linguistic expressions, not much ambiguity or confusion is created in daily communication. it shall attribute mostlyto the influence of context, which runs towards two opposite directions, i.e. context can cause ambiguity to come into being, and it is by turning to context that ambiguity may be eliminated.3.2disambiguate through sentence transformation or paraphrase.the seniors were told to stop demonstrating.the sentence can be converted into the following two:the seniors were demonstrating and were asked to desist. people were demonstrating and the seniors were asked to stop them.sentence transformation, which to some extent resembles the way of paraphrase, shall be applied carefully, under the premise that the meaning of transformed sentence must conform to the original one.3.3 disambiguate through translation.while translation does downgrade the flavor of original text, especially those used deliberately, meanwhile it is able to exclude false implications and clarify the fact. the text about rocky above, if correctly translated in chinese, will disperse the doubts whether he is a prisoner or a boxer. this way to disambiguate,however, is restricted in use, for one has to understand at least two languages.3.4 ambiguity is a reward.despite the many troubles ambiguity has brought about, it is meanwhile a blessing in disguise.ambiguity reflects the arbitrariness between linguistic sign and its referent, without which human communication would become unbearably laborious and time-consuming. ambiguity, if decently used, can help get rid of sticky position in discourse, and help to end embarrassment and troubles with an understanding smile.ambiguity attributes to written language special artistic effect with a unique air of humor and wisdom. the hybrid of ambiguity and rhetoric is intentionally applied in many writings.a dive into ambiguity is rewarding for language learners to enlarge vocabulary, and to upgrade ability of analyzing and employing language. meanwhile, one’s imagination can be stirred and intelligence sharpened through this creative language phenomenon.3.5 application of ambiguity.to achieve aesthetic effect, ambiguity is occasionally applied with deliberation in various domains.3.5.1application of ambiguity in rhetoric.ambiguity has spotted its niche in rhetoric. it prepares the ground for pun, euphemism, metonymy and other rhetoric devices.pun or punning, a play on words, is a kind of double speak with intention for comic effect. actually the line between ambiguity and pun is rather slim and vague, revealed mainly by whether the comic intent is known for sure.why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.on one hand, apparently they explain the reason why lawyers feel hard to sleep is that they tossed and turned all night in bed. on the other, this implicates that lawyers tell lies to both sides, for which they have to keep highly alert all the time.the great thinker went to sleep.without further context, “went to sleep” is the applying of ambiguity in euphemism while meaning “passed away”.metonymy is another rhetoric device that concerns ambiguity. he works in the bar.the bar may be a specific pub selling all kinds of liquids, or it may stand for the line of lawyer.merged with rhetoric, ambiguity becomes mighty helpful in language use, no matter speech or writing. ambiguity and the uncertainty it caused in this sense is not to be eliminated, but to be digested and appreciated. to quote sir donald francis tovey, “theorists are apt to vex themselves with vain efforts to remove uncertainty just where it has a high aesthetic value.” (1935)3.5.2 application of ambiguity in literature.take the following excerpt for example:“how is bread made?”“i know that!” alice cried eagerly. “you take some flour…”“where do you pick the flower?”the white queen asked, “in a garden, or in the hedges?”“well, it isn’t picked at all,”alice explained, “it’s ground…”“how many acres of ground?” said the white queen.(lewis carrol: alice’s adventure in wonderland)hard as it is to translate into chinese, the story is made interesting by employment of ambiguity and wins generations and generations of children.3.5.3 application of ambiguity in registers .registers such as notices, news headlines and advertisement slogans have to be concise and attracting, or designed for other purposes, where ambiguity helps.sagging spirits in scotland (newsweek, 1983)as the line of spirits in scotland underwent a depression and the daily output of spirits was brought down, staffs of spirit production were in low spirit. the double meanings are expressed synchronically only by four words.more sun and air for your son and heir.the piece of ad helped a resort win big money. it is well up to standard with tanaka’s aida principles of an expecting advertisement, i.e. attention, interest, desire and action.3.5.4 application of ambiguity in music and movie.the lines in songs and movies often resort to ambiguous words for aesthetic effect.doe, a deer, a female deer.ray, a drop of golden sun.me, a name i call myself.far, a long long way to run.sew, a needle pulling thread.la, a note to follow sew.tea, a drink with jam and bread.that’ll bring us back to doe. (the sound of music) homophonic ambiguity is made good use of in this piece of movie music. we cannot help adoring the song writer’s wisdom.3.5.5 application of ambiguity in daily communication.a professor tapped on his desk and shouted,“gentlemen---order!”the entire class yelled, “beer!”the professor in face of such a clever response may just end his short-temper with a grin.a: david, didn’t you hear the weather report?b: well, i’ll take an umbrella.apparently both had listened to the weather report and knew it might rain that day, so the implication of a was correctly received by b. a’s way of requirement sounds very polite andeuphemistical, devoid of the possibility of a wrangle. on many occasions ambiguity is applied in daily life unconsciously to be effective, polite, humorous, and the like.4. conclusionambiguity, with its two-edged effects, seems universal and inevitable in natural language, because of the arbitrary relationship between sign and referent which reflects contradictions between the creativeness and economy of language. we are supposed to treat ambiguity dialectically. those ambiguities that pose problems for communication shall be avoided as possible as we can. for those we can’t, we accept it as a natural phenomenon and make our best effort to sympathize and rationalize the other side, namely to observe the principle of cooperation in communication so that a conversation can go on smoothly. to eliminate ambiguities, especially intentional ones, is both unrealistic and unnecessary. so we also deem ambiguity as a best reward that enriches our languages, adding charm and flavor to it. reference books:[1]asher, r.e., and simpson, j.m.y. the encyclopedia of language and linguistics (volume i) [m]. oxford: pergamonpress, 1994. pp89-91.[2] hu zhuanglin. linguistics. a course book (second edition)[m]. beijing: beijing university press 2001. pp3-8, pp60-63, pp71-72, pp119-129, pp158-162.[3]李行亮. 《英语歧义现象的形成与消除》[j]. 江西师范大学学报（哲社版）, 1999(11).[4]李鑫华. 《英语双关修辞格的分类、多（歧）义与双重语境》[j]. 四川外语学院学报, 2000(7).[5]邱进. 《英语歧义现象解读》[j]. 渝西学院学报（社科版）, 2005(1).[6]王欣. 《语法歧义及其语用效果》[j]. 四川外语学院学报, 1999(7).作者简介：姚数萍（1979-）、女、河南洛阳人、助教、硕士研究生。