Kistler测力仪软件DynoWare使用说明书
Kistler 4504B扭矩测量法兰说明书
Page 1/7Torque Measuring FlangeShort Profile, Robust, Bearingless, High Accuracy, 50 ... 5 000 N·m4504B _000-805e -10.13TorqueThis information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Type 4504B...Type 4504B... torque measuring flanges operate on the strain gage principle. The integral, digital measurement precondi-tioning system produces analog or digital output signals, which are transmitted without contact. The rotor runs in the stator ring without mechanical bearings and is therefore free from wear.• Accuracy class 0,1 for frequency and voltage output avail-able• Dust and moisture proofed magnetic speed/angle acquisi-tion system with high resolution • I dentification, parameterization, measuring and zero point taring via RS-232C is standard • Very short axial dimensions• Compact flange-to-flange solution • Digital non-contact signal transmission • Maintanance-free, bearingless• Electrical control signal to test sensor functions • Active temperature compensation • Calibrated RS-232C outputDescriptionType 4504B... torque measuring flange was designed to be a very short flange-to-flange solution and its rotor can be in-stalled from one side (normally the test specimen side), straight to the flange of the loading machine. This allows easy, cost-ef-fective assembly into a power train. Speed acquisition system is fully integrated within sensor construction.The rotor is usually attached to the flange of the load machine. The stator is aligned at the mounted rotor and held by the stator support.Data transmission is not affected by surrounding metal parts, so that it is not necessary to regard minimum distances to other machine parts.Geometry, dimensions, materials, measuring system and signal transmission are designed especially for raw and complex ap-plications in engine test rigs.Options• Analog output or frequency output• Speed measurement up to 60 pulses/rev.• Rotational angle measurement, resolution up to 3 600 puls-es/rev. (depends on size)ApplicationThe extremely narrow profile of the torque measuring flange Type 4504B... makes it very suitable for many test rig applica-tions: Test bed for engines, dynamometer, wheel load simula-tion, gear boxes, pumps, electric motors and many others.Page 2/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************, General Electrical Specifications Output signalVDC ±0 ... 10 at M nom (rated value) VDC 10**Load resistancekΩ >10Limit frequency −3 dB kHz 2100 % control input VDC "On" 3,5 (30)"Off" 0 ... 2Control signal %FSO 100 ±0,1Supply voltage VDC 11 (30)Power consumptionW <5Electrical Measuring Data Accuracy class 0,1Linearity errorincluding hysteresis %FSO <±0,05Temp. influence on the zero point %FSO/°C <±0,005Temp. influence on the nominal value %FSO/°C <±0,01Zero point stability (for 24 h) %FSO 0,03Reference temperature °C22 ±2Operating temperature range °C 10 ... 60 (Rated temperature range)Service temperature range °C 0 ... 70Storage temperature range°C−25 (80)Speed and Angle Measurement Speed measurement option N1 Pulses/revolution1x60 Max. distance from rotor to probe mm 2,5Angle measurement option N2Pulses/revolution (Track A and B) 2x720 (2x600*)90° displaced, TTLMax. distance from rotor to probe mm1,0(adjustable)Angle measurement option N3Pulses/revolution (Track A and B) 2x1 02490° displaced, TTLMax. distance from rotor to probe mm 1,0(adjustable)Technical DataMechanical Basic Data Type 4504B...050...100...200...500...1k0...2k0...3k0...5k0...Rated torque M nom N·m 50100200500 1 000 2 000 3 000 5 000Measuring range N·m ±50±100±200±500±1 000±2 000±3 000±5 000Limiting torque M op N·m 100200400 1 000 2 000 4 000 6 00010 000Rupture torque M rupt N·m >200>400>800>2 000>4 000>8 000>12 000>20 000Alternating torque M dyn N·m 50100200500 1 000 2 000 3 000 5 000Nominal speed n nom 1/min 15 00015 00015 00012 00012 00010 00010 0008 000Torsional rigidityC T kN·m/rad 66238375945 1 462 3 220 5 08911 442Rotation angle at M nom ϕ°0,0380,0210,0320,0410,0530,0590,0560,052Max. bending torque M B N·m 4080130230600700 1 400 3 000Max. axial force F A kN 246810152530Rotor weight m rotor kg 0,90,951,7334,56,210,5Stator weightm stator kg1,41,41,61,91,92,52,52,5Moment of inertia (rotor)j rotorkg·m 2·10−31,51,6411,611,125,227,891,6Partial mass of the rotor (measurement side)also for option N1, N2 m rotor-M kg0,330,360,751,21,1522,84,5Partial moment of inertiaof the rotor (measurement side also for option N1, N2) j N1-M kg·m 2·10−30,40,461,443,810,114,236,6Balancing class Q6,3Housing material Hard anodized aluminumProtection classIP54**Further options available*With nominal torque 50 N·m and 100 N·m (Size 1)Page 3/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************, DimensionsDimensions in mmPage 4/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************,Electrical ConnectionsPin Allocation of the 12-Pin Built-in M16 Standard Connector APin Allocation of the 7-Pin Built-in Standard Connector BFig. 1: Pin allocation of the built-in connector A and B (Voltage B1)Fig. 2: Pin allocation of the built-in connector A and B (Frequency B2/ B3/B4) ** Can be switched over in the torque measuring flangePage 5/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************, Electrical ConnectionsFig. 3: Pin allocation of the built-in connector C and D (Voltage B1)** Can be switched over in the torque measuring flangeFurther konfigurations of output are adjustable (see instruction manual)Pin Allocation of the 7-Pin Built-in M16 Connector CPin Allocation of the 8-Pin Built-in M16 Connector DFig. 4: Pin allocation of the built-in connector C and D (Frequency B2/ B3/B4)** Can be switched over in the torque measuring flange1)Pin 1 and Pin 7: at N2 and N3 can be switched over in the flangePage 6/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************, MountingRotor8x Hex socket head screw (ISO 4762)8x Fastening boltThreaded Joint of Rotor, Fastening Bolts Important: mounting depth has to be strictly observed!Application ExamplesEngine Test Rig:Calibration Facility:EngineDrive ShaftTorque Measuring Flange Type 4504B...Loading Machine (locked)Bearing SupportNominal torque M nom N·m50100200500 1 000 2 000 3 000 5 000ThreadM6M6M8M12M12M14M14M18Quality class10.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.9Min.mounting depth mm 6681313162121Max. mounting depth mm1515162222263135Fastening torque M fast N·m141434100115185185400Balancing classQ 6,3Counterflange flatness mm 0,01Counterflange concentric.mm 0,02Max. delay rotor to stator Axial mm ±1Radialmm±1,5Page 7/74504B _000-805e -10.13This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting ©2009 ... 2013, Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,Fax+41522241414,****************, Included Accessories • NoneOptional Accessories Type/Art. No.• Connection cable, length 5 m KSM007203• Connection cable, length 5 m, 12 pin – open ends KSM124970-5• Connection cable, length 5 m, 7 pin – open ends KSM219710-5• Connection cable, length 2,5 m, 12 pin – CoMo Torque KSM186420-2,5• Female connector 7 pin (plug C) KSM000517• Female connector 8 pin (plug D) KSM013136• ControlMonitor CoMo Torque 4700B... • Evaluation instrument for torque sensors • Adapter flange 2300A...• Torsion proof multi-disk coupling 2300A...• SensorTool 4706AOur torque calibration service lab DKD-K-37701 offers trace-able recalibration of any brands.For further information of cable and connector see data sheet 000-615.Order Example: Type 4504B1k0B1N1Torque sensor : Rated torque 1 000 N∙m 1k0, Analog output ±10 V, Speed measurement with 60 pulses/rev.Ordering Key。
新测力仪使用说明书
测力仪使用说明书绍兴市同辉电脑有限责任公司目录一．概述二．功能及性能指标三．面板结构四．操作说明1．测量范围选择2．清零3．加荷速度显示4．试验日期、时间修改5．编号输入6．试样面积输入7．最大值保持选择8．打印输出9．数据查询10．通讯功能五．试验机精度调整1．调零2．精度调整六．后板接线的连接七．工作条件八．常见故障及排除一．概述：YL—1试验机力值显示仪是我公司专为100KN、300KN、2000KN、3000KN压力试验机研制的高精度显示仪，它集成了成熟、可靠的电子技术，如采用集成了ROM的单片机，带锂电池的RAM等等。
它具有精度调整方便、稳定性、精度高等特点，完全符合《GB177—99水泥胶沙强度检验方法》《GBJ81—85普通混凝土力学性能试验方法》之要求，它不仅可以代替以前各个试验机厂产的度盘显示，并且可以提高了精度，操作也更加方便。
二．功能及性能指标：（注意：YL—1力值显示仪分为普通型和增强型，其中带有“*”号的功能只有增强型具有。
）1、测试范围2000KN试验机0~400KN、0~1000KN、0~2000KN600KN试验机0~120KN、0~300KN、0~600KN300KN试验机0~60KN、0~150KN、0~300KN100KN试验机0~20KN、0~50KN、0~100KN2、测力分辨率0.1KN3、测力精度优于示值±1%,一般为±0.5%4、零点漂移不超过满量程的0.2%5、具有峰值保持功能，*并且能把此值保存，掉电保护，以便随时数据查询。
6、具有加荷速度自动测量显示功能，以方便进行等速加荷等各种试验操作。
7、测量数据自动处理、*并打印检验报告。
8、具有数据查询、*数据通讯功能，非常便于管理部门管理。
三、面板结构：前面板键盘说明（见图）1、“0~9”数值键用于修改数据，出用于输入编号、面积等功能。
2、标定键是为了测试仪表时的传感器精度时用，按了此键后，峰值不显示和存贮，再按此键，恢复原来功能。
奇力速KILEWS数字扭力计操作手册
KILEWS JAPAN CO., LTD.□ KTM - 10□ KTM - 100□ KTM - 50S数字扭力计操作手册DIGITAL TORQUE METER INSTRUCTION MANUALDigital Torque Meter操作前请阅读全部说明一. 安全警告!!1. 工作场所要保持干净。
◎ 杂乱的工作区域及台面容易造成伤害。
2. 注意工作场所的环境。
◎ 勿将扭力计置放于雨中或潮湿处。
◎ 请在正常室温下(约24℃)使用扭力计。
◎ 工作场所应照明良好。
◎ 勿于有易燃液体或气体之处所使用扭力计。
3. 勿让孩童接近。
◎除操作人员以外应避免他人靠近工作场所。
4. 穿着适宜。
◎勿穿着太宽松的衣物或珠宝，以免操作工具时勾扯拉到。
5. 谨慎操作。
◎操作扭力计时应小心使用，注意操作方式及工作场所安全。
6. 稳固的固定机身主体。
◎当测量较大扭力时应使用夹子或虎头钳等工具来固定起子，如此会比较安全，同时可用双手操作起子。
7. 勿测试超过负荷量的扭力。
◎若测试超过负荷量会使仪器损坏甚至产生意外或伤害。
8. 勿拆卸、撞击或震动仪器。
◎自行拆卸仪器或仪器遭过度撞击、震动，可能导致仪器损坏。
9. 电击警告!!◎勿以潮湿的手碰触电源插座以免电击。
10. 使用专用的充电器充电。
◎使用非专用的充电器可能会损坏仪器，更可能引起火灾意外。
11. 适当的充电。
◎ 请依指示电压充电。
勿使用直流供电机或发电机充电，如此会产生高热引发火灾。
◎ 充电时间不要超过8小时，过量充电会引起爆炸、过热和电池漏液，引起火灾。
12. 绝不可将电池(嵌装于扭力计内)丢弃火中。
◎如此会导致爆炸或释放有毒物质。
(丢弃电池的程序应依当地法律规定妥善处理或送到专门的回收处)13. 如有下列情况应关闭电源。
◎ 没有使用时或进行充电时。
◎ 进行修理时。
◎ 其它可能招致危险的情况时。
14. 细心保养扭力计。
◎ 请经常检查弹簧座，不要使用变形或坏掉的接头，以使操作正常安全。
Kistler电机和齿轮的测试台系统说明书
Test Stand Systemsfor Electric Motors and Gearingat Laboratory (R&D), Production (EOL)and Quality Assurance(QA)2 The analysis of mechanical and electri-cal features, of the thermal evaluation, overload capacity and technical data of electrical machinery, of which the most important are efficiency and perfor-mance factor, today makes heavy de-mands on safe operability and flexibility of a test stand system.The scope of services comprises me-chanical components such as drive test set-ups with torque sensors, small test stands with torque-/speed measure-ment and manual or external control, as well as computer controlled complete solutions for the analysis and documen-tation of electrical machinery.By means of an integrated power an-alyzer, computer controlled test stands can be realized with up to 8-chan-nel current-/voltage measurement, so that a separate efficiency specification of motor and converter can be effected even for converter fed drive systems.Test Stand Technology by KistlerSpecial features of Kistler test standsystems • Modular design• Use of active brakes (4-quadrantoperation)• Torque ranges 0,01 ... 25 000 N·m • Power ranges 2 W ... 500 kW • Speed ranges up to 120 000 min -1 • High-precision power analyzer for electronic data logging• Standard- and customized software packages• Optimal project handling • Worldwide after-sales serviceAt a GlanceTest station for serial control of windshield wiper motors 3An optimal functioning mainly depends on the selection of mechanical and met-rological components. Load is effect-ed by an active brake, which works in 4-quadrant operation.Only this version allows all the neces -sary functions especially in the labora-tory field.The modular software not only serves for collecting and presentation of mea-suring data, but also allows simulating of HIL (hardware-in-the-loop) as well as automation of measurement and test processes.• Optional climatic chamber • Activation hardware for motor con-verter (specimen)• Measuring signal conditioning • Computer-interface hardware • Power analyzer• PC with printer and network inter -face• User defined softwareConfiguration• Rack with lifting device • Mounting plate • Motor brake • Torque-/speed sensor• Gear unit for speed and torque adjustment• Specimen retaining unit • AC- and/or DC-motor supply • Terminal box for specimen and temperature sensorTypical ComponentsValidation of electric power toolsTest stand for electric motors with high-performance gearbox (efficiency >96 %)Shaft 1 (directly): 70 N·m/8 000 min -1Shaft 2 (i = 1:7): 10 N·m/50 000 min -14 SoftwareControlThe software serves for parameter as-signment of the test stand including the converter for the active brake and the test sequences of the test system, so that an optimum of profitability and precision is achieved.• Diverse test modules• Manual operation• Characteristic (dynamic, stepwise)• Locked motor torque test • Friction loss measurement • Warm-up operation • Static operation • No load• Families of characteristics • Harmonic values • Load cycles/cyclical load• Step changes in load with transient data collection• Load/start-up characteristics • Recorder• Customer specific applications • Laboratory report• Menu controlled, multilingual user prompting• High-speed data collection • Menu controlled calibration of the torque sensor• Graphic and numeric display and output (printer) of measured values • Test parameter management• Storage of the measuring data• Processing of stored graphic data (scaling, color, section)• Curve optimization and adjustment • Data export/import • Statistical evaluationMonitoring FunctionsMonitoringThe software is especially useful for simulating loads of the cyclical working conditions of specimen. Additionally, measuring signals with limit values aremonitored to generate in production plants and quality control tasks on a go or no go decision.Test stand for electric motor spindles (Speed 120 000 min -1, 6 kW Speed 50 000 min -1, 45 kW) 5From XS to XXL ...Loading unit for drivesWith scalable features such as lifting de-vice, adjustable fastening of specimen, integrated torque calibration device, gear unit for torque and speed adjust -ment, climatic chamber, noiseinsulation and much more, we will de-sign the most suitable test stand solu-tion for your individual requirements.Test stand for blower motorsTest stand for gearboxes(Vertical measuring alignment)Test stand for pump motorsElectric motor test stand with lifting deviceand high-performance gearbox6 The precise measurement of torques at rotating drives and componentsis a very important criterion for an effective product designing and a safe quality control in production andassembly.The universal dual-range torque sen-sor Type 4503A... therefore offers a variety of flexible application possibili-ties.Torque Measurement... Nothing’s Impossible!Test stand for wheelchair drives (Final inspection)Torque sensor Type 4503A... dual-range sensor with integrated speed measurementController electronics for compact systems (Mechanical set-up with noise insulation and climatic chamber) 7Test Stand Systems – For Your Motors, too ...Electronic motorsDC motorsVacuum cleaner universal motorsMotor vehicle generatorsWindshield wiper motorsDrill hammersAngle grindersWindow liftersInduction motorsAC motorsTest stand for window lifters and seat adjustmentand your motor ...Performance Portfolio300-604e -06.08 M a t 1500 © 2008, K i s t l e r G r o u pDr. Staiger, Mohilo + Co GmbH A Kistler Group CompanyMaierhofstrasse 6, 73547 Lorch GermanyTel. +49 71 72 184 0Fax +49 71 72 184 400************************Kistler Group Eulachstrasse 228408 Winterthur SwitzerlandTel. +41 52 224 11 11Fax +41 52 224 14 14****************。
kistler 9301c-9371c 力传感器 操作手册说明书
Page 1/6ForcePiezoelectric Load Cellsfor measuring dynamic and quasistatic tensile and compression forces9301C _003-556e -09.21© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from Type 9301C ... 9371CPiezoelectric load cells, also known as force transducers or force links, measure dynamic or quasistatic forces, both ten-sile and compression. These load cells contain a piezoelectric ring force transducer of the 90x1C family: preloaded and cali-brated, thus ready to use immediately. • Calibrated and ready to use • Simple installation• Centering seats for exact installation • Ground-isolated• Accessories for optimum force introductionDescriptionThe 93x1C load cell family is the easiest way to measure forces piezoelectrically without the need for sophisticated installation and calibration. The force transducers are factory calibrated and preloaded to measure both tension and compression forc-es. This means, that the sensor is ready to measure within minutes and provides accurate data from dynamic or quasi-static processes. In addition, the sensor has been installed in an electrically isolated manner, so that ground loops are largely eliminated.ApplicationQuasistatic measurements are possible without any problems, but the 93x1C is mainly used where dynamic processes have to be recorded exactly. Due to the extremely high stiffness of the piezoelectric load cell, the elastic behavior of the measured object is practically unchanged.The force link comes calibrated in 3 different ranges and is im-mediately ready for use.Examples of Use Automobile industry• Safety technology, monitoring of collision forces • Mechanical shocks in chassis • Forces on balancing machines Material testing• Impact testing, alternate strength testing Machine tools• Monitoring on presses, punching, embossing and welding machines• Force measurements on longitudinal guidewaysMounting and Force IntroductionThe mounting of these force transducers is quite simple, but nevertheless it should be done carefully and correctly:• The contact surfaces must be flat, clean, parallel and as rigid as possible.• The fixing screws must not touch the threaded base.• The mounting screw must be tightened so that no gap is created at maximum tensile force.The force application should be as concentric as possible with the sensor axis. Eccentric force introduction, bending moments, torques and shear forces are only permissible up to a certain degree. For further details, please refer to the user manual.General machine building• Monitoring of supporting forces (force oscillations) on machinery mounted on damping elements.• Clamping processes, e.g. force sensor combined with hydraulic cylinder• Joining technique (insertion, press fit of components)Quality control• Force measurements on switches• Monitoring of automatic assembly machinesPage 2/6© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandTel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves theright to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from 9301C _003-556e -09.21Technical DataType 9301C 9311C9321C 9331C 9341C 9351C 9361C 9371C Nominal force kN ±3 ±6 ±14 ±24 ±36 ±48 ±80 ±160Calibrated range 1 kN 0 ... 3 0 ... 6 0 ... 14 0 ... 24 0 ... 36 0 ... 48 0 ... 80 0 ... 160Calibrated range 2 kN 0 ... 0.03 0 ... 0.06 0 ... 0.14 0 ... 0.24 0 ... 0.36 0 ... 0.48 0 ... 0.8 0 ... 1.6Calibrated range 3 kN 0 ... -3 0 ... -6 0 ... -14 0 ... -24 0 ... -36 0 ... -48 0 ... -80 0 ... -160Maximum force kN ±3.3 ±6.6 ±15.4 ±26.4 ±39.6 ±52.8 ±88 ±176Sensitivity pC/N -3.1 ±0.3 -3.4 ±0.3 -3.7 ±0.3 -3.9 ±0.3 -4.0 ±0.3 -3.9 ±0.3 Linearity incl. hysteresis %FSO ±0.5 ±0.7Natural frequency (free-free) f 0fz calc. kHz 58.5 50.6 41.2 36.9 29.7 27.9 23.8 19.9Axial stiffness (calc.) N/µm 245 398 724 1 150 1 510 1 756 2 597 4 794Lateral stiffness (calc.) 1)N/µm 6 14 27 48 74 86 136 316Shear stiffness (calc.) N/µm 22 47 76 130 210229 349 733Torsional stiffness (calc.) Nm/° 15 53 254 633 1 387 2 269 5 540 21 231Bending stiffness (calc.) Nm/° 22 78 355 865 1 926 3 105 7 619 28 411Maximum bending moment Fz=0 calc. N·m 4.2 12 49 104 195 312 640 1 955Temperature sensitivity Sensitivity change(-40°C ... 120°C, Tref = 25°C) % ±2.5 ±1.5 Operating temperature range °C -40 (120)Insulation resistance @23°C Ω ≥1013Ground insulation resistance Ω ≥108Sensor capacitance pF 13.5±1 17±2 33±4 52±5 70±6 93±7 149±10 303±20Connector type KIAG 10-32 neg.Degree of protection EN60529 IP See table, page 5Weight g 14 28 90 170 330 480 1 020 2 5001)Resistance of the sensor to shear and bending deformation. (Theoretical) assumption: The sensor is fixed at the bottom, the shear force acts at the top, so that the lever length is equal to the total sensor height.Type M D1 D2 D3 S W H H1 H2 s t 9301C M5 8,5 11 10,3 9 25 2 5 12,75 7,259311C M6 12,5 15 14,5 13 30 3 5,5 14,85 7,259321C M10 18 23 22,5 19 45 5 10 18,6 7,259331C M12 23 29 28,5 24 52 5 11 21,65 7,259341C M16 31 35 34,5 32 62 6 14,5 24,65 7,259351C M20 35 41 40,5 36 72 7 18 27,65 7,259361C M24 45 53 52,5 46 88 9 22 33,65 7,259371C M30 64 76 77,2 65 108 10 28 45 6,75Dimensions of Types 9301C ... 9371CPage 3/6© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandTel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from 9301C _003-556e -09.21Calibration and measuring rangesThe expected error deviations of a sensor are directly depen-dent on the size of the measuring range and the choice of the operating point. The smaller the measuring range, the better the linearity and hysteresis.The piezoelectric force transducers 93x1C are preloaded with 60% of the nominal force of the 90x1C sensor built into them. This enables the measurement of equally large positive and negative forces.The lowest 20% of the nominal force range is not taken into account, since the susceptibility to moments, shear forces and non-linearities is highest there.The load cells 93x1C are calibrated in three different ranges: +100%, -100%, +1%.A detailed operating manual with further explanations of I nstallation, dimensioning and cabling can be found in the download area of our website .Mounting Examples, Different Types of Force IntroductionExample AExample BExample CForce introduction of compression forces.Loading from tensile and compression forces via an extension piece. The preloading force on the sleeve must not be less than a mini-mum value under the effect of tensile forces.Force introduction of tensile and compres-sion forces directly onto the threaded con-nection. I n this case, a lock nut should al-ways be used.Example DMounting example of a force link in a hy-draulic clamping device. Monitoring of ten-sile and compression forces.Example CPage 4/6© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandTel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from 9301C _003-556e -09.21Distributing cap Type 9500A...The force distributing cap can be screwed in with a cylindrical tool.Flange Type 9501A...A socket head cap screw is supplied with the flange.Fig. 1Force link with flange and pressure distributing cap. Insert for compression force loading.Fig. 2Force link with flanges fitted on both sides. Insert for compression force loading.Type Distribut. cap D2 L H4 R d 9301C 9500A0 8,5 8 4 R10 2,29311C 9500A1 12,5 10 6 R15 3,29321C 9500A2 18 17 9 R25 4,39331C 9500A3 23 21 12 R35 4,39341C 9500A4 31 28 15 R45 6,49351C 9500A5 35 33 18 R50 6,49361C 9500A6 45 41 22 R65 8,49371C 9500A7 64 57 32 R90 8,4Type Flange D3 H3 d1 d2 d3 C H1 H2 (Fig. 1) (Fig. 2)9301C 9501A0 25 9 8,5 18 3,2 8 37 419311C 9501A1 34 11 12,5 24 4,3 9 45 489321C 9501A2 44 18 18 33 5,3 16 70 779331C 9501A3 56 22 23 42 6,4 20 84 929341C 9501A4 70 29 31 52 8,4 27 104 1169351C 9501A5 84 37 35 62 10,5 35 125 1429361C 9501A6 102 44 45 77 13 42 152 1729371C 9501A7 136 53 64 106 17 51 191 210Force distribution capIf the Force Link is not firmly installed in a structure on both sides, there is always the risk, that the force might be intro-duced eccentrically. The force distribution cap helps to signifi-cantly increase the precision and repeatability of the measure-ment with an exactly defined point of force application.FlangeI f installation with the central bolt is not possible directly, the flange 9501Ax is installed. The precision part can be used for both compressive and tensile forces, as shown examples A...D on page 3.Page 5/6© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandTel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from 9301C _003-556e -09.21Measuring chainMeasureConnectAmplifyConnecting cableAll sensors of 9301C...9371C feature a KI AG 10-32 neg. connection and are compatible accordingly with all K AG 10-32 pos. cable connectors. Only high-insulation coaxial cables with low capacitance that produce only a very small amount of static electricity may be used as connecting cables for piezoelectric sensors. Kistler uses cables made of high-qua-lity PFA or oil-proof FPM here.On the sensor side, the IP protection class acc. to EN60529 is generally dependent on the used connector. For IP65, the standard 10-32 KI AG cable connector with knurled nut is used; for increased requirements in harsh environments, the industrial-suited 10-32 KIAG pos. int. version is used which, if necessary, can be tightly welded with the sensor case and IP68 achieved.Fig. 3: Measuring chainCompatibilities of cables and charge amplifiersPage 6/6© 2021 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, SwitzerlandTel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group pro-This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting from 9301C _003-556e -09.21Charge amplifiersVarious criteria are decisive when selecting the right charge amplifier for a given application. Among the most important are the number of channels, the measuring range, the type of measurement and the frequency range. At this point, only atabular summary is shown to provide an overview. More de-tailed information and explanations are available in the force product catalog and in the respective data sheets at .Digital laboratory amplifiers: LabAmpThe latest generation of universal laboratory charge amplifiers; with integrated data acquisition for dynamic or quasistatic measurements; network ready with web interface.Analog laboratory amplifiers: Type 5015A, 5018A and 5080A The proven analog charge amplifiers for laboratories and re-search. With very wide measuring range and high flexibility (Type 5080A).Industrial amplifiersSize- and function-optimized amplifiers for continuous use in daily work. Bus-capable; some with further functions. (evalua-tion of force curves, etc.)Fig. 4: LabAmp Type 5165A and Type 5167AFig. 5: Laboratory charge amplifiers Type 5015A and Type 5080AFig. 6: Industrial amplifiers Type 5073A and 5074A (from left) At theright is the maXYmos BL Type 5867B…Optional AccessoriesType • Distributing cap 9500A...• Flange9501A...• Cables according to table on page 5Piezoelectric Force Transducer Range ±3 kN 0Range ±6 kN 1Range ±14 kN 2Range ±24 kN 3Range ±36 kN 4Range ±48 kN 5Range ±80 kN 6Range ±160 kN7Ordering keyType 93 1C。
基尔斯特 LabAmp 5167Ax0 型号 电荷放大器和数据采集器 多通道测量说明书
Page 1/7Electronics & SoftwareKistler LabAmpCharge amplifier and data acquisition for multi-channel measurement5167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland . Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Type 5167Ax0This universal laboratory charge amplifier can be used wher-ever mechanical quantities are measured with multiple piezo-electric sensors. It covers slow, quasi-static signals as well as dynamic processes.Piezoelectric sensors produce an electric charge which varies in direct proportion with the load acting on the sensor. The amplifier converts this charge directly into digital values or a proportional output voltage.• 4- or 8-channel amplifier for piezoelectric sensors• Integrated 24-bit data acquisition with up to 100 kSps per channel• Continuous digital signal processing at minimal latency • Fully flexible low-pass, high-pass and notch filter adjust-ment• Low-noise design• 4 or 8 analog outputs with fully flexible 2-point scaling and internal routing• Status indication via LED• Virtual channels for real-time calculations using one or more sensor channels• Configuration and control in a standard web-browser • Virtual instrument driver for LabVIEW• Two Ethernet interfaces with included switch functionality • Digital inputs for Reset/Measure and TriggerDescriptionThe Kistler LabAmp Type 5167Ax0 is not only an outstanding low-noise charge amplifier for dynamic signals but also a pow-erful data acquisition device delivering the digitized measure-ment values directly to a host computer for further analysis. It is configured and operated in a web-interface, conveniently accessible by a standard web-browser.Thanks to advanced signal processing technology, the Kistler LabAmp Type 5167Ax0 offers impressive flexibility. The fre-quencies of the high-pass, low-pass and notch filters can be directly entered as numeric values in Hertz. The input signals can be flexibly routed to the analog outputs.The graphical user interface not only offers a simple and in-tuitive way to configure the device but also displays different measurement values (e.g. live value, peak value, root mean square). The virtual channel functionality allows real-time summation of different input signals.Furthermore, the browser-based data download allows the ac-quired data to be processed in an analysis software. For more advanced tasks or direct analysis, the amplifier can be inte-grated directly into LabVIEW thanks to the provided Virtual Instruments Driver.ApplicationWith its ability to measure quasi-static signals, Type 5167Ax0 is particularly suitable for multi-component force measure-ments in various applications in the laboratory as well as in research and development. For example, wheel force mea-surement on a tire test stand, reaction force measurements on engine-transmission units, monitoring of forces and torques in vibration tests etc.For higher channel counts, the synchronization feature allows acquiring data from multiple Type 5167A... devices. Kistler LabAmp Type 5165A... devices can be synchronized with the Type 5167A... as well which allows the combined acquisition of pure dynamic signals from other charge or Piezotron (IEPE)sensors or any voltage signals.Page 2/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Technical dataConnections Number of channels Type 5167A404Type 5167A808Input connector type BNC neg.Analog output connector type BNC neg.Ethernet interface 2xRJ45Remote control D-Sub 9fCharge input Measuring ranges pC ±100 … 1 000 000Frequency range (–3 dB)≤195 000 pC Hz ≈0 … >45 000>195 000 pC Hz≈0 … >15 000Input noise (typ.)1 Hz ... 100 kHz 100 pC pC rms 0,0091 000 pC pC rms 0,01910 000 pC pC rms 0,43100 000 pC pC rms 4,01 000 000 pC pC rms 8,51 Hz ... 10 kHz 100 pC pC rms 0,0071 000 pC pC rms 0,01210 000 pC pC rms 0,25100 000 pC pC rms 3,01 000 000 pCpC rms3,4Drift, measuring mode DC (Long)at 25 °C, max. relative humidity RH of 60 % (non-condensing)pC/s <±0,03at 25 °C, max. relative humidity RH of 70 % (non-condensing)pC/s <±0,05at 50 °C, max. relative humidity RH of 50 % (non-condensing)pC/s<±0,2Measure-jumpCompensatedMeasure-jump pC <±0,1Correction time ms<20Measurement uncertaintyMeasuring range <100 pC %<1Measuring range ≥100 pC %<0,5Temperature coefficient, typ.ppm/°C <50Linearity error, typ.%FSO <0,01Crosstalk between channels dB <–80Sensor impedanceΩ>1010Voltage output Nominal output rangeV ±10Output impedanceΩ10Max. common mode voltage between input and output ground V50Output noise (all ranges)1 Hz ... 100 kHz, typ.mV rms 0,0301 Hz ... 10 kHz, typ.mV rms 0,012Frequency range (–3 dB)Hz 0 ... 100 000Group delay (input to output, filters off)μs ≤14Zero errormV <±2DAC resolution (analog out)Bit16Data acquisition ADC resolutionBit 24Internal ADC sampling ratekSps 625Acquisition data rate per channel (adjustable)kSps100Note: For the data acquisition with ≥25 kSps an anti-aliasing filter is automatically set with a cut-off frequency of 0,3 ... 0,43 x selected output update rate.High-Pass filter Order1.Analog high-pass filter Time constant DC (Long)<45 000 pC s >10 000≥45 000 pC s>100 000Time constant Short <45 000 pCs 10≥45 000 pC s 110Tolerance (typ.)%20Digital High-Pass Filter Cutoff-frequency (–3 dB) selection in 0,1 Hz steps Hz ≥0,1 ... 10 000Tolerance (typ.)%<1Digital Low-Pass filter Filter type Bessel or ButterworthOrder2./4.Cutoff-frequency (–3 dB) selection in 0,1 Hz steps Hz ≥10Tolerance (typ.)%<1Page 3/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Technical data (continuation)Digital Notch filter Center frequency (–3 dB) selection in 0,1 Hz steps Hz ≥10Tolerance (typ.)%<1Q factor 0,9 ... 1 000Virtual channels Number of channelsType 5167A402Type 5167A806Ethernet interface Data rateMBit100Remote control(Digital input and 24 V supply)Remote measure and trigger with 10 k Ω pullup to +5 V Connector type D-Sub 9fInput levelHigh (Reset, Stop trigger)V>3,5orInput openLow (Measure, Start trigger)V <1Max. input voltage V ±30Supply (output)V DC +24/±10 %Output current (short circuit proof)mA ≤200OperationAll settings are configured in a standard web-browser through the graphical user interface. Simply connect to the Kistler LabAmp Type 5167A... by its network name and start working.Power supply requirements Supply voltage range VDC 18 (30)Power consumption W <15Socket for barrel jack plug (IEC 60130-10 Type A) mm5,5x2,5x9,5Power supply requirements– galvanic isolation – PE and GND not connectedGeneral dataOperating temperature range °C 0 ... 60Storage temperature range °C –10 (70)Rel. humidity, not condensing %≤90Degree of protection (EN 60529)IP20Outer dimensions incl. feet and connectors (WxHxD)Type 5167A40mm ≈218x50x223Type 5167A80mm≈218x93x223WeightType 5167A40kg 1,2Type 5167A80kg1,8Fig. 1: Web user interface Type 5167Ax0A simple data acquisition is also implemented, offering a data download controlled by a start/stop button. In addition, an API is available to perform automated measuring tasks PC-based.Page 4/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Block diagramFig. 2: Block diagram of the Kistler LabAmp Type 5167Ax0Sensor 1Sensor 2Sensor 3Sensor 4Sensor 5 (8)ControlPage 5/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting DimensionsFig. 3: Dimensions of Kistler LabAmp Type 5167A40Page 6/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Fig. 4:Dimensions of Kistler LabAmp Type 5167A80Page 7/75167A x 0_003-277e -10.18© 2017 ... 2018 Kistler Group, Eulachstrasse 22, 8408 Winterthur, Switzerland Tel.+41522241111,****************,. Kistler Group products are This information corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Kistler reserves the right to make technical changes. Liability for consequential damage resulting Included accessories Type/Mat. No.• Calibration sheet –• Quick-start guide –• Power supply 24 V 5779A2 incl. country-specific plug • Ethernet cable, l = 2 m tbd Optional accessories Type/Mat. No.• 19" rack mounting tablet for 5748A1 Type 5167A40• Dummy panel for empty 5748A2 19" position (1 height unit)• 19" rack mounting tablet for 5748A3 Type 5167A80• Dummy panel for empty 5748A4 19" position (2 height units)• DynoWare software 2825A-03-2 Full license with HASP license key • Inductive proximity switch 2233B generates an external trigger signal tostart measurementOrdering keyLabVIEW is a registered trade mark of National Instruments Corporation.。
拉力测试软件使用说明书
目录目录 (1)第一章简介 (7)一、前言 (7)二、特点 (7)三、控制性能 (8)第二章安装和运行 (9)一、运行环境 (9)二、安装 (9)1、硬件安装步骤 (9)2、驱动程序安装步骤 (9)3、SmartTest程序安装 (12)三、卸载 (14)四、修复 (15)五、拆卸步骤 (15)第三章界面操作 (16)一、主窗口 (16)二、力、变形和时间显示板 (17)三、位移显示板 (18)四、曲线显示板 (19)五、控制板 (20)1、控制方式选择卡片 (20)程控：可编程序控制方式 (21)3、阀芯中位 (21)4、位移控制调整位置 (23)5、位移控制 (24)6、力控制 (25)7、变形控制 (26)8、自定义程序控制 (26)六、刻度板 (26)七、数据板 (27)1、数据板窗口 (27)2、数据板工具栏 (27)3、数据库显示定位按钮 (28)八、数据分析 (28)第四章定制试验方法 (31)一、在配置工具箱中选择试验方法（定制1—定制20） (31)二、在软件主程序的数据板上选择【定制*】（最后一项） (31)三、定制试验方法 (32)四、定制试验方法的步骤 (33)五、部分功能概括 (34)1、内部定义 (34)2、字段 (35)第五章试验过程 (36)一、选择试验类型 (36)二、输入试件信息 (36)三、打开历史数据 (40)四、试验操作 (41)1、安装试件 (42)2、选择试验方法 (42)3、开始试验操作 (42)4、试验结束 (42)五、结果保存 (42)六、数据分析 (43)第六章报表的使用与制作 (44)一、报告打印（经典） (44)二、报表打印 (46)三、输出报表至O FFICE (50)1、新建模块 (50)2、Excel报表的制作（方法一） (52)3、Excel报表的制作（方法二） (55)4、曲线 (57)5、Word报表的制作 (58)6、Excel中求平均值 (59)7、Word求平均值 (60)第七章系统设置和调整 (61)一、系统参数 (61)1、系统 (61)2、显示 (62)3、曲线 (63)4、保护 (63)5、选项 (64)二、选择力传感器和引伸计 (64)三、校准、检定 (65)四、控制参数调整 (67)五、硬件测试 (69)六、控制观察 (69)第八章配置工具箱SMARTDEBUG使用说明 (70)一、安装和运行 (70)二、使用 (70)1、系统 (71)2、力传感器 (71)3、引伸计 (71)4、横向引伸计 (72)5、大变形 (72)6、位移 (72)7、控制 (72)8、选项 (73)9、试验方法 (74)10、外部控制 (75)第九章程序编制和程序执行 (76)一、用途 (76)二、程序执行 (76)三、程序编制 (76)1、控制程序的新建、删除和重命名 (76)2、加载方向 (77)3、程序内容 (77)4、编辑程序结构 (77)5、编辑程序内容 (78)6、编程实例 (81)第十章错误信息 (84)一、安装时 (84)二、启动时 (84)三、运行时 (85)附录：万能试验卡接线定义 (86)一、万能试验卡主要接线引脚定义 (86)二、电子万能接线方式 (87)1、J1、J2（DB-9）传感器、引伸计接线图 (87)2、J3（DB-25）接线图 (87)3、J4（DB-9）大变形接线图.................... 错误！未定义书签。
奇力速KILEWS数字扭力计操作手册
KILEWS JAPAN CO., LTD.□ KTM - 10□ KTM - 100□ KTM - 50S数字扭力计操作手册DIGITAL TORQUE METER INSTRUCTION MANUALDigital Torque Meter操作前请阅读全部说明一. 安全警告!!1. 工作场所要保持干净。
◎ 杂乱的工作区域及台面容易造成伤害。
2. 注意工作场所的环境。
◎ 勿将扭力计置放于雨中或潮湿处。
◎ 请在正常室温下(约24℃)使用扭力计。
◎ 工作场所应照明良好。
◎ 勿于有易燃液体或气体之处所使用扭力计。
3. 勿让孩童接近。
◎除操作人员以外应避免他人靠近工作场所。
4. 穿着适宜。
◎勿穿着太宽松的衣物或珠宝，以免操作工具时勾扯拉到。
5. 谨慎操作。
◎操作扭力计时应小心使用，注意操作方式及工作场所安全。
6. 稳固的固定机身主体。
◎当测量较大扭力时应使用夹子或虎头钳等工具来固定起子，如此会比较安全，同时可用双手操作起子。
7. 勿测试超过负荷量的扭力。
◎若测试超过负荷量会使仪器损坏甚至产生意外或伤害。
8. 勿拆卸、撞击或震动仪器。
◎自行拆卸仪器或仪器遭过度撞击、震动，可能导致仪器损坏。
9. 电击警告!!◎勿以潮湿的手碰触电源插座以免电击。
10. 使用专用的充电器充电。
◎使用非专用的充电器可能会损坏仪器，更可能引起火灾意外。
11. 适当的充电。
◎ 请依指示电压充电。
勿使用直流供电机或发电机充电，如此会产生高热引发火灾。
◎ 充电时间不要超过8小时，过量充电会引起爆炸、过热和电池漏液，引起火灾。
12. 绝不可将电池(嵌装于扭力计内)丢弃火中。
◎如此会导致爆炸或释放有毒物质。
(丢弃电池的程序应依当地法律规定妥善处理或送到专门的回收处)13. 如有下列情况应关闭电源。
◎ 没有使用时或进行充电时。
◎ 进行修理时。
◎ 其它可能招致危险的情况时。
14. 细心保养扭力计。
◎ 请经常检查弹簧座，不要使用变形或坏掉的接头，以使操作正常安全。
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DynoWare Type 2825A…
2825A_002-195e-02.11
Instruction
DynoWare Type 2825A…
2825A_002-195e-02.11
Page 1
Foreword
Foreword
This manual is written for DynoWare, a general-purpose data acquisition and analysis software. Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Kistler reserves the right to change or improve its products and make changes in the content without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes or improvements. ©2002 … 2011 Kistler Group. All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided herein, no part of this manual may be reproduced for any purpose without the express prior written consent of Kistler Group.
Kistler Group Eulachstrasse 22 8408 Winterthur Switzerland Tel. +41 52 224 11 11 Fax +41 52 224 14 14 info@
2825A_002-195e-02.11
Page 2
DynoWare, Type 2825A…
Content
1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.9 4.10 4.11 5. 6. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................7 Getting Software Help.............................................................................................................8 Customer Support ...................................................................................................................8 Service and Assistance .............................................................................................................9 License Agreement ..................................................................................................................9 Warranty .................................................................................................................................9 Claims ...................................................................................................................................10 Important Information ..................................................................................................................11 For your Safety ......................................................................................................................11 Warning ................................................................................................................................11 How To Use This Manual ......................................................................................................11 Description of DynoWare .............................................................................................................12 General..................................................................................................................................12 System Requirements ............................................................................................................13 Installation....................................................................................................................................14 DynoWare Software Installation ............................................................................................14 HASP Key Installation ............................................................................................................16 Installing Data Acquisition Card.............................................................................................17 PCIM-DAS1602/16 ...............................................................................................................17 PC-CARD-DAS16/16 ............................................................................................................18 Type 5697A DAQ-System for DynoWare (USB2533)............................................................19 A/D Card Configuration ........................................................................................................20 PCIM-DAS1602/16 ...............................................................................................................21 PC-CARD-DAS16/16 ............................................................................................................21 Type 5697A DAQ-System for DynoWare (USB2533)............................................................22 Set Card Number to Zero ......................................................................................................22 Running DynoWare...............................................................................................................23 Connecting the Measurement Signal Cable ("Analog Input") ...............................................23 PCIM-DAS1602/16 and PC-Card-DAS16/16........................................................................23 Type 5697A DAQ-System for DynoWare..............................................................................24 Connecting RS-232C Interface Cable ....................................................................................25 Connecting to PC / Notebook ...............................................................................................25 Connecting to Connecting Box Type 5697A..........................................................................25 Using Remote Control Interface on DAQ-System Type 5697A..............................................27 Important Issues Regarding Piezoelectric Dynamometers ......................................................27 Charge Amplifiers ..................................................................................................................27 Quick Start....................................................................................................................................28 Reference ......................................................................................................................................31 File... .....................................................................................................................................31 Open… .................................................................................................................................31 Save modified file ..................................................................................................................31 Configuration... .....................................................................................................................32 Load… ................................................................................................................................. 32