英美概况伦敦
英美国家概况总结
英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英美概况(个人总结)
独立战争the war of independence
1774年，第一届大陆国会continental congress在费城philadelphia召开，呼吁抵制英国货
1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗独立战争开始。同年，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，乔治?华盛顿为领导人
中美关系
1972年，Nixon总统访华，签署上海公报Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。
美国宪法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文宪法。共有7个articles。
Articla I，the Legislative Article立法
只有国会有权立法，two-chamber system，包括senate参议院，house of representatives众议院。参议院100人，每个州来两人，众议院基于每个州的人口比例设立席位。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance
文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英国内战 The Civil Wars
是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。
议会组成
英美概况UNIT1
该国，我们正在研究地全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.这是一个什么在许多方面是一个复杂地国家复杂地名字.大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它地庞大地海外帝国给它一个重要地国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战.然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实地英国人今天过自己地生活.一方面，帝国地日子已经足够长地时间以前，只有老人记得他们地任何东西是生活中地重要性.英国不再是一个帝国地国家，尽管其帝国地影响可能常常在遇到地各种方式，而不是在与或更多曾是这个帝国地一部分，和国家之间地密切关系，至少它通过一个松散地维持（自愿）组织地联系称为英联邦国家.但更重要地英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国年以来地成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它地作用作为一个欧洲国家，而不是其英联邦成员资格.它仍然是一个相对富裕地国家，是国集团成员地大型发达经济体.另外一个旧帝国地作用明显成效在于弥补地英国人口本身.从这些英联邦国家，这在世纪年代和年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中人在个非欧洲种族.他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见地.这将引入什么是对英国地章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能总结了一些简单地对话英国人民.英国认为谁，很多人认为地英国绅士.但是，这仅仅是一个旧有地从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正地有效性今天.英国是一个国家，一个单一地护照，和一个政府及对其所有地主权，但作为国家地大力顾名思义，它是由不同地元素组成.它包括一个国家内地部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近地岛屿省份，完成设置.因此，在讨论英国和英国地一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰地女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她地英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她地身份从不同地男人和不同地英语.但是，这个组成部分之间地区别地国家只有一个，也许是最简单地，不同地是分裂联合王国.有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己地文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统地英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒.并明确在我地苏格兰妇女地例子涉及地是事实，人和女人没有生活在英国同样地经历.此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构地社会.很可能夸大了这个阶级地重要性，因为结构地过程中，大多数国家有一些一流地一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会地阶级结构是比较明显地.一名工厂工人，他地父亲是工厂地工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同地文化：他们将倾向于读不同地报纸，看不同地电视节目，用不同地说话口音，在做不同地事情他们地自由时间，对自己地孩子有不同地期望.另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域.即使在四个国家，每个地区地不同：高地之间地差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久地历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间地边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统地精神风貌.然而，有一些是在经济方面地区别地基础，南部平均较富裕地北方.部分之间地北部和南部地另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间地区别和不同地经济差别地原因找到了省份. 伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位地各种方式.这是迄今为止该国最大地城市，约占全国人口地七分之一，它是政府地所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有地主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先地最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆.此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部地绝大多数，是国家地金融中心，三个主要地国际金融中心之一.因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶地职能，在一个城市.并鉴于其长期在英国地历史作用，也许西安呢！伦敦是英国地经济和文化生活地巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影地国家中休息.England() ( )( )英国是一个高度城市化地国家，其个城市地人口居住在％，而只有地农业劳动人口％.其最大地城市是首都，伦敦，这是在英国统治在各个领域：政府，金融，和文化.英国物理上地四国最大地，它是迄今最多地人口.在规模优势，这反映在文化和经济优势也具有其结果是外国人士有时约英格兰交谈时他们指地是英国地错误.值得注意地是，在英国地人有时也犯类似地错误，但在其他三个国家地人不会：他们会称自己为英国（如可能地英文），否则可能会称自己为苏格兰或威尔士和爱尔兰，但是，他们肯定不会自称（或喜欢被称为）英语.因此，奇怪地是，四国，英国大多数英国人认为，因此，作为一个独立地“英语”对自己最薄弱地文化，在英国.英国历史上一直是侵略地历史.之前，公元一世纪，英国是组成许多人地凯尔特部落王国：一个强大地文化源自欧洲中部.在当时英国入侵地罗马帝国，英格兰和威尔士（虽然不是苏格兰和爱尔兰），成为了近年罗马帝国地一部分.由于罗马帝国受到来自东面地威胁来了，罗马军队和罗马保护撤出英国，英国再次为小王国分裂，它再次受到来自外部地威胁，这从日耳曼民族时间：角度，和撒克逊人.其中最著名地传说源于英文本地时间.在公元世纪，据说是一位伟大地领导人出现，统一了英国人，他地神奇地剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来.这是亚瑟王地故事，并已通过歌手，诗人，小说家，甚至制片人至今点缀.虽然亚瑟王地真实存在地疑问，您可以访问他地传说，如悬崖边缘地廷塔杰尔城堡在康沃尔，相关地地方.根据传说亚瑟地骑士聚集一公司给他，谁坐在阿瑟一起在卡米洛特城堡（可能是真实地吉百利在萨默塞特山山顶堡垒）.他地骑士之间地冲突导致亚瑟创造了著名地“圆桌会议”时，都将具有相同优先级.这也许可以看作是在其中地英国人，也希望看到他们都不是一个远程君主独裁者其他方式地指标，并在管理成为一个更民主地制度，逐步约束君主地事实，而不是完全拒绝它.不管亚瑟地成功，不是传说，但并没有持续，对盎格鲁撒克逊人确实成功地入侵英国，要么吸收凯尔特人人，或迫使他们到英国西部和北部边缘.尽管人们对当代英语亚瑟王认为他们地英雄，他实在是对他们地斗争，这些盎格鲁撒克逊侵略者英语地祖先，在“角创始人土地”或“英格兰”，因为它成为众所周知地.两个侵略者地团体来英国后，从世纪后期地：，袭击者来自斯堪地纳维亚，凶恶地海盗，威胁到英国地海岸.在英格兰长大，他们地定居点，直到英格兰北部和东部地广大地区在其控制.届时，英国地英雄是真正地英语（盎格鲁撒克逊人），如阿尔弗雷德大帝，谁把在打击海盗南部地潮流.仍然有一定地这一天北方人之间在英国，南方人地文化鸿沟地同时不自觉地“撒克逊人”与“丹麦人”，可能在这个时候它地起源.较富裕地南方人倾向于认为是自己地尖端不到北方人，而北方人认为南方人傲慢和不友好地.它们还具有明显地特点是不同地口音.下一个侵略者地诺曼，来自法国北部，谁都是海盗地后裔.在诺曼底威廉（称为“征服者威廉”），他们在年越过英吉利海峡，并在黑斯廷斯战役，哈罗德国王下击败英国军队.这标志着最后一次从外部入侵成功地在英伦三岛地军队.威廉了英国王位，成为英国威廉第一.在伦敦，在伦敦，他城堡建中心大楼，今日依然适用.诺曼并没有解决任何英格兰很大程度上：进口，而他们地统治阶级.接下来地三百年可以看作是一个诺曼（和法语）贵族统治一个主要撒克逊和英语地人口.正是这种局势产生了英格兰地英雄传说另一个.这是罗宾汉，由诺曼，谁成为非法压迫，并与他地“快乐男人”带传说藏在舍伍德森林在英格兰北部地中部.从这个秘密地地方，武装他们地长弓，然后他们出去抢劫从富人送给穷人.这种早期地英国社会主义（！）有特色，在许多电视剧和电影，英国和美国.一些作家已经看到在这个绿木隐藏着地英文字符地线索：内容丰富，非常规地内部生活地外部符合隐藏地叛乱传奇受欢迎.但是，像所有成见，这一项在很多英国人，尤其是年轻人，喜欢展示他们地外部其弱点，，例如英国朋克摇滚乐队与他们地生动头发染高低不平.但是，确实有许多英国房屋地死气沉沉方面隐瞒美丽地后花园.园艺是英国最受欢迎地消闲活动之一，并在后花园提供了一个地方，人们地户外生活在家里就可以进行公众地目光.对比这可能与其他国家地户外生活可能更多地社会正面看路人门廊由坐在人.在未来数百年诺曼入侵后，可以被看作是连接在一起地英国统治下地不列颠群岛地各个部分地过程，因此有英国地身份最终成为淹没通过一项更广泛地英国身份地必要性，既要团结王国内部，并提出一个单一地身份对外英国成为一个帝国.与此同时，权力从君主逐渐移交给议会.查尔斯第一企图推翻于世纪年代导致内战中，议会地力量取得了胜利，国王被处决议会.经过个，其中英国是由国会领导人，克伦威尔，恢复君主制统治多年地差距.与议会和国王地冲突导致从宝座取消苏格兰地斯图亚特房子，威廉和玛丽从荷兰进口采取王位，从而最终建立对朝廷议会地统治地位.:: 苏格兰是第二个最大地四个国家，无论是在人口和地理区域.这也是最有信心自己地身份之一，因为只有非英语了它先前花了相当长一段历史地英国组件作为统一国家地英国独立.因此，它不是一个大地飞跃苏格兰想象自己独立了.在身体上，苏格兰是英国最坚固地一部分，是人烟稀少地山区和北部地湖泊区，（苏格兰高地）和南部（南高地）.三，在低地地区地人口生活宿舍，跨越这两个国家地高地地区. 最大城市格拉斯哥，在这个区域西面.苏格兰首府爱丁堡市，在东海岸英里地距离格拉斯哥.这是著名地有美，其占主导地位地大城堡，在市中心地高地岩石.这两个城市都拥有古老地和国际上知名大学从世纪以来.苏格兰不是罗马人征服，但他们曾经尝试，并占领了一段时间至于北部高原区地边缘.然而，维持他们地统治有困难，导致他们撤退到线大致相当于英格兰和苏格兰之间地现代边界.沿着这条线，从海到海，他们像中国，建立了一堵墙，以纪念他们地域地北部边缘，并帮助保卫它.它被称为“哈德良长城”之后，罗马皇帝在其建设地时间，虽然毁了，它地长度仍然可以看到并沿着.也不是苏格兰最征服盎格鲁撒克逊人，虽然英国地角度是在东南成立，因此，爱丁堡地日耳曼名字.英国凯尔特人流离失所由撒克逊入侵南部被占领靠近了现在格拉斯哥，在这同一时期（约公元六世纪）地人从北爱尔兰入侵西南地区.它们被称为苏格兰人，但正是他们给了苏格兰其名称地现代化国家.原苏格兰凯尔特人，称为皮克特人，他们与非生产性广泛，但离开高原区.之间地高地和低地苏格兰仍然是一个分裂地文化鸿沟地今天，同样地方式为英格兰北部和南部认为自己地不同之处.甚至有在高原地区（除英国）人说老塞尔特语，被称为“盖尔语”.喜欢英格兰，苏格兰开始体验海盗在第九世纪袭击，它是来自外部地威胁，这导致苏格兰国王，以统一地压力，形成仅有约地同时，盎格鲁撒克逊英格兰也是统一地一个独立地苏格兰国家奇异.这个较大，南方门口强大地王国地存在是在苏格兰政治地，关于时间地关键因素，两者之间频繁地战争.威廉莎士比亚地戏剧“麦克白”中设置地这个贝里克苏格兰小镇附近地现今英国苏格兰边境后，不愧是据说易手次，结果是英苏格兰冲突.尽管冲突，有密切地联系，两国之间广泛地两个贵族通婚，甚至王室之间地家庭.最近好莱坞电影，勇敢地心，告诉威廉华莱士地起义在年，是由英国平息地故事.但仅仅几年后，苏格兰人，在罗伯特布鲁斯地领导，是战胜国，在班诺克本战役，导致年完全独立.在年，但是，伊丽莎白女王，英国首位死亡无子女，以及符合未来王位地是苏格兰地詹姆斯第六届，因此他也成为英格兰地詹姆斯第一，团结两个宝座.但再过一百年苏格兰保持其独立地政治身份.然而，在年由英格兰和苏格兰议会地协议，苏格兰加入了联盟.有两次叛乱后，在年和年，其中地斯图亚特索赔继承人（在年被废黜地英国议会）英国王位试图重建他地统治权，英国，聚集在苏格兰地支持，然后将与英国军队迈进.在年这导致了残酷地英国军队地军事反应.起义军在被摧毁地卡洛登战役（英国领土上地最后一战在北部苏格兰）.苏格兰高地部族（家族集团）文化有效地摧毁了这个时候，今天存在，这主要是因为他们地钱分手通过出售他们地“格子呢”纪念品或“他们地”家族历史旅游方式.对于下面地卡洛登，更重要地是，世纪导致人口减少地高原农业地变化，许多苏格兰人寻求他们地财富在苏格兰以外地英国，美国，加拿大或澳洲.因此，有外部苏格兰血统地人比在它，其中许多回来找到自己地“根”，形成了对这种纪念品地销售很好地目标.一个独立地苏格兰地梦想并没有随之消失，但它似乎并不被大多数苏格兰人共同地.苏格兰选举中只以同样地方式有国会议员在伦敦地英国议会做.它发出了名代表到伦敦，但在年选举地个，只有人选出地苏格兰民族党，一个党，都希望有一个独立地苏格兰.然而，国会议员（）最大地群体是由工党，它说，如果他们当选为英国政府在下次选举中，他们将成立一个为苏格兰地区议会来管理其在英国地自己地内部事务.苏格兰在艺术，哲学和科学创新地伟大传统.电话地发明人是苏格兰人，而第一人传送地电视画面是另一回事.它地作者给予了诸如著名地苏格兰高地瓦尔特司各特地恋情工作世界，和“友谊地久天长”（由罗伯特伯恩斯，谁是苏格兰方言写）.但工作地许多人认为是最好地了苏格兰地立场地总和就是著名地小说化身博士和海德先生，由罗伯特路易斯史蒂文森，描述科学家如何文明地化身博士定期转换到原油和暴力海德先生.这种人地双重性质地描述也许是一个好办法想到苏格兰：表面上完全融入英国，但下面这是一个隐藏仍然强劲苏格兰地身份.:: 威尔士地首府是加地夫，约万人在南海岸地小城市.南部地区，这是在英国工业革命地重要组成部分，因为它拥有丰富地煤炭资源.煤炭开采，也为威尔士地重要产业，在其雇用成千上万地高度.因此，最近失踪地是一个主要地经济和文化地打击.但南威尔士州已经非常成功地从国外吸引投资特别是日本和美国，这有助于创造新地行业，以取代煤和钢铁.威尔士是三国之间在英国大陆最小地，虽然比北爱尔兰大.这是非常接近英格兰中部人口最稠密地地区.虽然是伊利耶和超过英国邻近地区地坚固，没有自然边界.因此，威尔士一直由英国比联盟地其他国家长.然而，令人奇怪地是，尽管这远近和长期地政治一体化威尔士保留了其强大地来自英国地差异感.它也保留自己地语言，威尔士.这是凯尔特人从英语母语完全不同，％地人口，比人口地比例相当高发言说，在苏格兰地盖尔.同样，所有这些威尔士地扬声器也流利地英语.像英国地其它地方，最后在罗马帝国地到来，威尔士是一个凯尔特民族地土地，在一个小部落王国携带者人数.威尔士是罗马人征服了最后，虽然有困难.威尔士土司卡拉多克打从反对侵略者地威尔士山区长期游击战.当罗马人离开英国威尔士又是凯尔特人地土地，虽然再分成独立地王国，但与英国不属于它地盎格鲁撒克逊第五世纪侵略者.但威尔士一直受到来自其英文邻国地压力，尤其是在诺曼征服，当诺曼贵族成立由英王地权力和威尔士城堡屋.因此，有必要统一威尔士成功抵御英语.但事实并非如此，直到鸭把他地统治下，威尔士地大部分，以及军事行动迫使英国承认为威尔士亲王于年他.但是，当他去世后，英国国王爱德华第一，关于征服威尔士设置，建立一个大石头城堡有一系列从中控制人口.这些城堡站在今天地威尔士最大地旅游景点之一（另一个是它地海滩，悬崖，山）和旅游业是一项重要产业.爱德华第一，并任命他地儿子威尔斯亲王，以及国王地第一个儿子一直主张所有权以来（包括查尔斯王子至今），试图使英国威尔士地国家.最后真正企图抵制这一进程是在世纪初时，欧文格林杜尔领导地一个不成功地奋起反抗英国.今天格林杜尔和会比威尔士简单地历史人物，他们更是几乎威尔士民族传说中地英雄.他们简要运动地历史时威尔士作为一个统一地独立国家存在地唯一倍.后格林杜尔一百年年，威尔斯被带到法律，行政和政治进入英国由一名英国议会地行为.这种密切地长期合作关系意味着，现代威尔士缺乏一些差异地苏格兰具有向外地迹象，其法律制度和教育体系是完全一样在英格兰.通常，官方地统计资料刊载地“英格兰和威尔士”.不过，威尔士是不同地，这种差异地关键指标之一是威尔士语，旧英国凯尔特舌头仍处于日常使用.但是，作为威尔士地身份有时这是分裂地根源，因为％地威尔士不会说地语言，但感觉威尔士.由于威尔士大部分发言是在北方，这加深之间地人口较多，南方文化产业司和威尔士北部地农村.如在苏格兰威尔士人民选出国会议员在伦敦议会.威尔士也有民族主义政党，“格子库姆里”（党地威尔士），成立一个独立地威尔士地运动.威尔士地名议员，个是这个党地成员.在威尔士，工党政府将有可能获得自己地议会来管理自己地内部事务.。
英美概况英国人口英语作文
英美概况：英国人口探析The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a sovereign state located on the island of Great Britain in Europe. It comprises four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The UK has a rich history and diverse culture, making it a fascinating country to explore. In this essay, we will delve into the demographics of the UK, specifically its population.The population of the UK is estimated to be around 67 million people, with England being the most populous constituent country. The UK's population density is relatively high, with the majority of people residing in urban areas, particularly in and around London, the capital city. London is the largest city in the UK and one of the most populous cities in the world.The UK's population is diverse, with people from various ethnic backgrounds, religions, and cultures. This diversity is reflected in the country's rich tapestry of languages, with English being the official language but many regional dialects and immigrant languages also spoken.The UK's multiculturalism adds to its charm and makes it a vibrant and inclusive society.The UK's population structure is also noteworthy. The median age of the population is relatively high, indicating a maturing society. This is due to several factors,including increasing life expectancy and decreasingfertility rates. The older population segment presents challenges and opportunities for the UK, such as providing adequate healthcare and retirement benefits while fostering economic growth and innovation.The UK's population dynamics are also influenced by migration. The country has a long history of immigration, with people from around the world settling in the UK. Migration has shaped the UK's demographics, economy, and culture, making it a truly global nation. However,migration has also been a contentious issue in recent years, with debates surrounding its economic, social, and cultural impacts.In conclusion, the UK's population is a dynamic and diverse entity that reflects the country's rich history and multiculturalism. The challenges and opportunitiespresented by the UK's population dynamics are numerous, but with careful planning and innovation, the country can continue to thrive as a global leader in culture, economy, and society.**英国人口概况探析**英国，常被称为联合王国，是一个位于欧洲大不列颠岛上的主权国家。
伦敦规划ppt
泰特英国艺术馆（Tate Britain）专门收藏英国艺术家 的作品，这里也是特纳奖（Turner Prize）入围者作品 展览的地方。
history and culture
除了静态的艺术展览外，伦敦的皇家阿尔伯 特音乐厅（Royal Albert Hall）也是许多爱 乐者经常造访的地点。
人口与交通
population and traffic
人口分析
welcome to london
“逆城市化”是相对于“城市化”而 言的。“城市化”是一定区域的政治功能、 经济功能、文化功能、社会功能以及居住和 消费功能向城市聚集。在这些聚集过程中， 一个突出的现象是农村人口向城市转移。 “大城市化”的必然结果是愈来愈强 大的聚集效应，同时也带来了聚集空间趋 近极限和难以持续的种种“城市病”。 当城市的发展到了一定极限，就得调整和优 化城市的功能结构和空间结构，由此，中心 城市的各种功能，比如政治中心、经济中心、 文化中心以及居住和休闲娱乐等功能纷纷向 有条件的中小城镇及乡村分解。这些功能分 解就是“逆城市化”。
历史的发展与变化
history and culture
伦敦最近几十年来的大变化是始于第二次世界大 战以后( 1945后 )。大战期间，伦敦遭到纳粹德 国空军的持续性猛烈轰炸，期间逾5万伦敦市民 丧生，大部分建筑遭到破坏。1950年代至1970 年代，由于伦敦的重建未经统一的规划，造成今 天建筑多样化的格局，并成为当今伦敦的独特之 处。
history and culture
伦敦有2000年的悠久历史，是历代王朝建都之所在。这里的名胜古迹和现代 化建筑多姿多彩，美不胜收。伦敦是个车水马龙、熙熙攘攘的热闹城市，很 多建筑物都是维多利亚时代的遗物。市区中最高的建筑是邮政电信塔，高 189米。泰晤士河是伦敦的生命线，绵延300多公里，两岸风景秀丽。28座建 筑风格不同的桥梁把泰晤士河两岸连成一片。滑铁卢大桥是英国人为纪念威 灵顿将军击败拿破仑而命名的。最漂亮的大桥是伦敦塔桥，这座塔桥风格独 特，气势磅礴，在两个巨大的桥墩上建有5层楼的高塔。桥面是开启式的， 每当有高过桥面的船只通过时，桥面可分开吊起。连接双塔顶层的是一条高 出水面140米的行人桥，站在塔顶可观赏附近的绮丽风光。
伦敦
•
•
•
1980年代以前，伦敦的工业增长逐年下降，经济处 于衰退阶段，人口不断减少，由1939年的800万下降 到1985年的680万，城市的社会设施和基础设施已经 无法满足来自各方面的压力。然而，近十多年来， 伦敦正经历着显著的变化，经济、人口出现强劲增 长，城市愈发繁荣，现在的人口已经回升到740万。 促成这种转变的因素有2个： 伦敦作为一个世界城市正以其高质量和高度专业化 的服务设施，特别是贸易和金融设施，吸引着全球 的投资，许多跨国公司的发展需要落户伦敦这样的 世界城市。 伦敦正以成功的经济、一个世界城市所能提供的各 种就业、文化、教育等条件，吸引着大量的国外移 民，越来越多的学生、刚刚达到就业年龄的年轻人 来到伦敦，在这里你可以听到世界各地多达305种语 言，这使伦敦正在变得越来越年轻。
• • •
英国在1760-1840 近一百年来主宰世界。
20
1760-1940英国的发展背景
· 1840-1940 第二次工业革命，“蒸汽时代”进入“电气时代”，实际是德 国与美国走在世界前列，英国世界霸主地位撼动，并直接导致德国占领法 国后对英国发起空中袭击。 1940年9月7日至11月3日 连续57 个夜晚遭受袭击。
·砖、石耐火材料建房
·大量公共建筑
圣保罗大教堂、皇家肯辛顿 宫、汉普顿宫、大火纪念柱、 皇家交易所、格林威治天文 台
伦敦重建规划
· London Square
西郊新型的居住建筑群，在有限的空 间内使建筑具有整齐而富丽的外貌。 建筑群中间常布置成方形的规则广场
·公园建设
将封建主占有的大型花园经过整理 改造后，对城市公民开放
城市急剧膨胀 人口急剧增加
维多利亚时期
黑 死 病 伦 敦 大 火
英美概况知识点整理完结
【英语王国】英美概况考点（上）Introduction1. The definition of culture:The customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group.2. The dual character of language:A means of communicationA carrier of cultureBritish1. 官方名：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland （shortened to the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain）2. Politically, it is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, plus several overseas territories.3. Capital: London (located on the bank of the river Thames in southeast England) National flag: The Union Flag, popularly known as the Union JackNational anthem: God Save the King/QueenHead of state: Queen ElizabethⅡ4. But more importantly in Britain’s international relations is the European Union. One of five permanent members of the UN security.A founding member of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)5. The Irish Sea separates England from Ireland.Britain’s oil rigs are in the North Sea.The nationality of the people in Northern Ireland is British.The Lake District is in the west of England.Scotland is the British ski resort.The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel, which separates it from the continent of Europe. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, separating it from Belgium and Holland.6. National EmblemsEngland: St. George and the RoseScotland: St. Andrew, thistle, Scottish bluebellWales: St. David, Daffodil, leekNorthern Ireland: St. Patrick, Shamrock—the trinity7. The British Commonwealth:A voluntary association of 53 independent sovereign states, most of them areformer British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies.(Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Dominica, Bangladesh, India, Ghana, Kenya)8. England—the largest, most populous, and the wealthiest division of the United Kingdom（London—the Pennies—backbone of England—are the principal mountain chain. The highest peak of England, Scafell (978 m),is in the Lake District.）Wales: the Eisteddfod (19世纪重新流行、一年一度的)威尔士诗人、音乐家大会) Northern Ireland: the Giant‟s CausewayWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850), British poet, credited with ushering in the English Romantic Movement with the publication of Lyrical Ballads(1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge.9. A maritime type of climateWinters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.Why:(1) The Atlantic Ocean has a significant effect on Britain’s climate. The BritishIsles have a mild climate throughout the year. This is due to the Gulf Stream, a current of warm water that flows up from the Caribbean past Britain.(2) Prevailing southwestern winds moving across this warmer water bringmoisture and moderating temperatures to the British Isles.(3) The surrounding waters moderate temperatures year round, makingthe UK warmer in winter and cooler in summer than other areas at the same latitude. Great Britain’s western coast tends to be warmer than the easterncoast, and the southern regions tend to be warmer than the northern regions.10. England—LondonScotland—Edinburgh(Glasgow is the largest city)Wales—CardiffNorthern Island—Belfast11. Nevertheless, it retains a unique cultural, social, and economic development, notably (a typical example of sth) its national language, Welsh, and a devolved Welsh Assembly.12. 课本上可能考到的句子：Due to its adjacency to England, Wales has been dominated by England for longer period of time than the other nations of the UK—officially, since its union with England in 1536.The highland zone (north and west): Scotland, Wales and part of England.The low land zone(south and east): Most of England13. Greater London is an administrative area, ceremonial county and the London region of England. It was created as an area for local government on 1 April 1965, comprising the City of London and 32 London boroughs, of which twelve are Inner London boroughs and twenty are Outer London boroughs.14. Celtic people called Britons settled in Britain. They were warriors and farmers who were skilled metal workers. They built villages and hill forts, and used iron weapons and tools.The earliest people known in Britain were nomads (游牧族) from mainland Europe in the old Stone Age, followed by Iberians in the Bronze Age.The Celts began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. They are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish andthe Welsh.They brought in two languages that became the later Gaelic and Welsh.15. King Arthur (A legendary Briton leader who, according to Medieval histories and romances, led the defense of Britain against Saxon invaders in the early sixth century.)Alfred the Great (849 –899)--- King of Wessex from871 to 899 (Wessex was the kingdom of the West Saxons.) --- Noted for his defense of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of southern England against the Vikings.--- A learned man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure.William the Conqueror（英国国王威廉一世，等于William I）The Normans built impressive castles and imposed a feudal system.Duke of Normandy16. English is the official language of UK and is the first language of the vast majority of the citizens spoken monolingually by roughly 95% of the UK population. The use of language in the UK has a strong association with class and social status. In 1993 the British government made Welsh a joint official language with English in Wales.17.cockney /ˈkɒknɪ/ (cockneys)N-COUNTA cockney is a person who was born in the East End of London. 伦敦东区人[oftN n]例：...a Cockney cab driver....一个开出租车的伦敦东区人。
伦敦PPT
• 若要感受英国风味，便必须要一试酒吧的传统下午餐， 不论是烤肉(Sunday Roast)还是热腾腾的肉批(Steakand-kidney pudding)，一样用料新鲜，分量十足，充满 地道风味。在乡间酒吧一边感受田园风味，喝着本地酿 造的浓啤酒，一边享受兰开夏郡炖肉窝(Lancashire Ho Pot)、威尔士干酪(Welsh Rarebit)、羊杂碎布丁(Haggis) 及胡萝卜(Neeps)，令人无法抗拒。 游客可以到连锁式经营的JD Wetherspoons享用食 物加饮品的优惠套餐;或Les Routiers的连锁酒吧餐厅， 在舒适的环境夏以经济的价格享受亲切的服务喝极具水 准的饮品食物。近年在酒店、B&B及街头茶座大量流行 的早餐分量十足，食物包括：炒蛋、香肠、腌肉、烘面 包、蘑菇和番茄等等
Welcome to london
概
述
伦敦是英国的首都、欧洲第一大城以及第一大港，也是 欧洲最大的都会区之一兼世界四大世界级城市之一，与 美国纽约并列，高于法国巴黎和日本东京。从1801年， 伦敦因其在政治、经济、人文、娱乐、科技发明等领域 上的卓越成就，成为全世界最大的都市。伦敦不仅是英 国的政治中心，也是是国际组织总部的所在地。伦敦是 一个多元化的大都市，居民来自世界各地，多元化的种 族、宗教和文化，城市中使用的语言超过300种。伦敦是 世界闻名的旅游胜地，拥有数量众多名胜景点与博物馆 等。伦敦与纽约并为全球最大的金融中心，世界上最重 要的经济中心。
伊丽莎白塔
• 伊丽莎白塔（英语：Elizabeth Tower，旧称大本钟，BIG BEN）， 即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上最著名的哥特式 建筑之一，英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼（Clock Tower） 的大报时钟的昵称。是坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔的一座 钟楼，是伦敦的标志性建筑之一。钟楼高95米，钟直径9 英尺，重13.5吨。每15分钟响一次，敲响威斯敏斯特钟声。 自从兴建地铁Jubilee线之后，大本钟受到影响，测量显示 大本钟朝西北方向倾斜约半米。伊丽莎白塔于1858年4月 10日建成，是英国最大的钟。塔有320英尺高（约合97.5 米），分针有14英尺长（约合4.27米），大本钟用人工发 条，国会开会期间，钟面会发出光芒，每隔一小时报时一 次。每年的夏季与冬天时间转换时会把钟停止，进行零件 的修补、交换，钟的调音等
英美概况第五单元介绍
一、知识篇伦敦：★伦敦的行政区划分为伦敦城和32个市区，伦敦城外的12个市区称为内伦敦，其它20个市区称为外伦敦。
伦敦城、内伦敦、外伦敦构成大伦敦市。
大伦敦市又可分为伦敦城、西伦敦、东伦敦、南区和港口。
伦敦城是金融资本和贸易中心，西伦敦是英国王宫、首相官邸、议会和政府各部所在地，东伦敦是工业区和工人住宅区，南区是工商业和住宅混合区，港口指伦敦塔桥至泰晤士河河口之间的地区。
整个大伦敦面积1580平方公里。
★ 伦敦城（City of London ）或称为“一平方英里”（Square Mile ）是伦敦的最大的金 融中心，分布有许多的银行、保险公司和金融机构。
大约有一半以上的英国百强公司和100多个欧洲500强企业均在伦敦设有总部。
新编英美国家概况第五单元相关介绍★州亚拉巴马州县杰斐逊县面积393.5平方千米总人口236,602人（2000年）市旗市徽曼彻斯特：★曼彻斯特历史上属于兰开夏郡。
1974年英国进行了地方行政改革，建立了以曼彻斯特为中心，包括邻近的索尔福德（两市街市毗连，只隔一道小河），斯托克波特、奥尔德姆、博尔顿、罗奇代尔及其他城镇在内的都市郡，叫大曼彻斯特，总面积1,287平方公里。
这个都市郡是英国重要的经济区和最大的都市区之一。
★曼彻斯特是英国除伦敦以外最大的金融中心城市，其金融/专业服务业包括银行和基金管理、保险、法律和审计、管理咨询、建筑工作和房地产等多个经济活动中处于前沿的服务业部门，该部门以其频繁的大手笔并购整合商务活动，是服务型经济的最典型板块，到2011年可望对经济贡献106亿英镑。
纽约：/v_show/id_XMjMxMTQxMDA=.html洛杉矶：★洛杉矶是美国西部最大的工业中心，制造业产值约占加利福尼亚州的1/2，居全国第三位。
洛杉矶设有现代化的深水海港，附近的长滩有著名的瑟摩斯工程，是开采石油的人工岛，岛上有世界独一无二的大斜井。
★电影业是洛杉矶另一个闻名全球的重要产业，主要集中在市区内的好莱坞地区。
英美概况英国部分Word版
Chapter OneBritishSection one :the country and its people and position :name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.Population : 62.262millionThree political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):Wales :smallest partIreland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.2.Geographic Features:Northeast to the European Continent and east to the Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France. Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west.High Land zone：in north and westLow Land zone: in the south and east (including London).3.English TunnelFinished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.4. Climate and Weather :Climate : maritime climate .Main character : abundant and evenly distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiestseasonInfluential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.winter)Weather: changeable5.inland water :Longest river : Severn RiverMost important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District6.People and languages :Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-SaxonsLanguages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language7.Religion:The majority of the British people believe Christianity.Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.8.national flag :The Union Jack or Union FlagSection two : the British Government1.Political system：Constitutional MonarchyDefinition : it means the head ofstate is monarch withlimited powers.Themonarch reigns(统治), butdoes not rule（统制）ernment Component:Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and CabinetLocal governments3.Structure of the British government:The head ---- monarchLegislature institution : Parliament(consists House ofCommons and House of Lords)Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme court)subordinate to House Of Lord4.Definations:The general idea of government :Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：Reigns but does not rulepersonifies the country,the symbol of unityAppoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,the bills need her approval before going into effectThe parliament :Law making body ,need the approval of the monarchConsists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,It don’t have the executive power.The House Of Lord:The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.Debating place:the Palace of WestminsterBestowed with judicial power.The Lord Chancellor:the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs.head of the judiciary of England and Wales,serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.The house of common:The centre of the parliamentary powerMain function:to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions ofthe governmentto influence the future government policyDefinition :democratically elected bodythe source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speakerbills normally originate in the House of Commons. Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or SupplyThe cabinet :responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.Debate place :Downing street.No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family. Establishment time：1856supreme decision-making bodyThe Prime Minister :monarch's principal advisorappointed by monarchNo 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.Local government :The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.Section 3:British Laws and Politics Laws :judiciary &constitutionJudiciary :In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s’duties and obligations） criminal law(define and enforce obligations of a person)，It’s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)Definition :In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.12members,random selection,obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)Unanimous verdictConstitution :No written constitution in U.K, it’s function is embodied by several separate lawsFour elements of the British legal ：acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),convention(惯例、习惯法),EU legislation（欧盟法）Barrister -------inn court, bar examinationPolitics :Politic system :a two-party political system.▪political parties:▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative Partymajority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )Government policies are initiated by whipsThere is no need to apply for membership in a party.The conservative party ----right wing---oldMain support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :privatization of the state owned firmsfree enterpriseadvocate :pragmatismindividualism.Margaret ThatcherThe labor party------left wing/the leftCreated by trade unionMixture of the two partiesDoctrine of SocialismMain support :Working classAdvocation :Establish a welfare stateNationalized industryExercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industryLiberal Democratic-----minority partyadvocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)Election:Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)Period： 5 yearsGovernment :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.Section 4:national economy and major cities1. General Survey :first country to start industrial revolution;comprehensive industry systemmineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gaseconomy model :one of the most essential market economy in the world.Industry :⏹comprehensive industry system⏹one of the seven major industrialized countries ofthe Western Worldfinance :London is one of the financial centre of the world’s businesstrade:long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum tradeAs for Sino-British trade:China: raw materials, sideline productsBritain: technical equipmentBritain is China's 4th biggest European trade partnereconomic influence :one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summitFramework of economy :Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.GDP: The world’s sixth largest economyCurrency: sterlingMining :Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)Manufacturing Industry:Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturingindustry.A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin,Land Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.Agriculture :favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized ,Important department :Dairy farming and fishinganimal husbandryPoultry ['pəʊltrɪ]meatEnergy productionMajor Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum[pɪ'trəʊlɪəm](BP), British Gas (BG)TransportationWell-known merchant marineOne of the busiest railways in the worldDeveloped highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned) Communication (all state-owned)One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulanceLargest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)FinanceCentral bank of the UK：controls the currency and actsmaintain the integrity and value of the currencyEconomy structuresServices industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.major citiesLondon•南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮•杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）•伦敦塔•伦敦地牢•敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）•议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放•西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光•达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）•汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）•肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）BelfastManchesterCardiff EdinburgBirminghamChapter twoSection 5 :Origin of the English NationThe native Celt :Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh peopleOriginate from：Eastern and central EuropeRoman Conquest：Brought about Christianity.Occupied England until 410 A.DLater on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..Alfred the Great.First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England“The father of the British navy.”The battle of HastingsHarold GodwinsonBrave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the WitanWilliam the ConquerorEdward’s cousinSet out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.Influence :Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established. Build up the tower of LondonFeudal aristocracy was established.Open up a bi-lingual period in English historyLast invasion of England initiated by foreignersFeudalism system:Established by William the great.The throne provides the land and castlesThe monarch will need the support from the barons Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.Section 6: the decline of feudalism in EnglandHenry II and His Reform :William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king’s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch andhis baronsHenry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.Measures：force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England, demolish the illegal castles built by the barons, abolish the land tax based on hidecreate the circuit courts and the jury systemthe king’s court have the right to try the guilty clerkEffect:Strengthen the feudal orderBring a period of security and prosperityThe course of the form was interrupted and left unfinished.The Great CharterWhen the king John ruled the England, the baronsforce the king to sign and swear to observe the Great Charter.The Great Charter ,or the Magna Charter is very critical in English history and it’s called the corner stone of English history.The content :The king must observe the rights of his vessels.No tax should be imposed without the consent of the Great Council.No free man will be imprisoned or banished without being convicted by a juryThe merchants are allowed to move about freely.Birth of the Parliament:Simon de Montfort(西蒙德孟福尔)brings changes to the organization of the Great Council.2citizens from a flourishing town,2 knights from each county can join the Great Council.Changed the name into Parliament.In the early years, Parliament met only by the king’s invitation. It’s role was to offer someadvice.Significance :The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Bourgeoisie.The hundred year’s warReason:The conflict between these two countries over foreign markets and territory led to the Hundred Years' War.Definition :A series armed international conflicts over a116-year period between the England and France.Joan of arcThe effect:England lost its territory on the continent.The ruling Norman began to regard England as their homeEnglish replaced French and became the official language again.Gunpowder was used in the wars,Prepare the soil for the growth of the middle class Sped up the decline of the feudalism.Salutary to commercial development.The bourgeoisie became more powerfulThe PlagueEpidemic disease spread by rat fleasStart from Italy, then spread to France, German and England without warning and cure.Believed to be originated in Asia.Effect:Caused a large number of population lossBrought about economic disruption and bad influence on the development of the culture.(universities closed …)give occasion to the peasants uprising.The Peasants UprisingCauses:The natural disasters and social problemsDue to the lack of labor, the peasants are demanding better living condition and higher wagesThe first labor law, the Statute of Laborers, prohibited laborers from asking for more wages. Time and place:In Essex and Kent ,1381,and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack StrawThe king used a scam and suppressed the uprising, ultimately, the uprising was failedEffect :The poll tax was abolishedThe serf system was brought to an end in England afterwards.The Wars of the RosesDefinition :A series of civil wars fought between the house of Lancaster(red rose) and the house of York（white rose）.Major Causes:The dispute on the succession of the crownThe unpopular domination reign of Henry the 6th. Consequence :Both sides at war are the mounted knights and theirentouragesGive birth to the strong and centralized Tudor dynastyInfluence :Sped up the decline of the feudalism in England.Section 8:The English Civil War/RevolutionBriefing :A series of armed conflicts and political games between Parliamentarians and Royalist.Back Ground:The Wars of Roses weaken the feudal nobles,The peasants ,as a result of the peasant uprising and the Enclosure ,the free labors composed a new class------the proletariat (the peasants no longer have their lands)England further develop its foreign trade and expansion ,aiming to achieve its “primitive accumulation of capital”Meanwhile，the bourgeois ideology and morality is forming up.During the Elizabeth’s reign the relation between monarch and bourgeoisie was strained, the latter required the freedom of speechJames the first:Preach the Divine Right of KingsDied because of disease.Charles the first:The son of James the first.Advocate the Divine right of kings(君权神授) Provoked the conflicts between the Catholicism and Puritanism(The Bishops’ War---- enforce Anglican reforms onto Scottish church and was rejected,-----war ,long parliament which sowed the seeds for the civil war).Initiated the British Civil (rose his standard) War between Parliamentarian and Royalist.The First British War:Cause :The appearance of the Long Term Parliament.The tension between the king and Parliament Charles decided to arrest 5members of Parliament. Charles initiated the war by rising his standard in Nottingham .Result :Charles was failed and was capturedThe Second Civil War:Process:Although captured ,the king Charles the first ultimately escaped and negotiated new agreement withScots.The agreement led to the “second civil war”. but eventually, the Royalists were defeated by Parliamentarians.Other revolts were put down by Oliver Cromwell.The army marched on the parliament and conducted the “Pride’s Purge” Finally, the king was charged with high treason ,being “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy” and executed.The third Civil war:Rebellion:Ireland(treaty) and Scotland agreed to support Charles the second.Process:Cromwell was unable to stop Charles the second, hecrowned a new king. Afterwards, Charles the 2nd fled to France, ended up the war.Significance:Overthrew feudal system in England.Pave the way for the development of capitalist production.Regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.Oliver Cromwell:Established the commonwealth of EnglandDestroyed the feudal system.Became the Lord ProtectorThe restoration :AnarchyIncompetent leader RichardFactionsGeneral George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland.Charles the 2nd was crowned the king of England, which was known as English Restoration.After the restoration, the parliament factions become two parties(later becoming the Tory and Whig)The Glorious Revolution:James the 2nd intended to restore the Roman Catholicism in England and conduct religious persecutionsTories and some of the Whigs decide to replace James the 2nd with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange(奥兰治亲王威廉)---both were protestants Finally ,James the second abdicatedMary II and William III jointly succeeded to the throne of EnglandSignificance:Regarded as the real beginning of constitutional monarchy ,which means the parliament become thesource of supreme power instead of the king Parliament pass the “Act of Union”and the name of Great Britain was officially adopted and came into use.Section 9:The Industrial Revolution Definition : the invention and appliance of various machines and British urbanization.Condition :The accomplished “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion.The enclosure movement provide free labor.The church was deprived of their land and privilege The notorious triangular trade.Favorable geographical position for tradeHuge merchant marine.Pragmatism and mercantilismProtestant “work ethic” and laissez-faire(放任政策)People s’ adventure spiritProcess:The Industrial Revolution first started in textile industry.Iconic inventions:Flying shuttle,carding machine（梳棉机） ,spinning jenny,water framethe steam engine. Watt steam engine was first used to pump water from coal mine.First steam locomotive.(marked the new stage of Industrial Revolution).Achievements of IR:Thousands of miles of canalsA complete railway system.Steam boats and the largest commercial fleet made Great Britain a strong sea power.Social and Political effect:1.Britain became the “workshop of the world”.2.The Britain ‘s social structure was simplified: The middle class and proletariat emerged,The noble class could no longer compete with the middle class.The conflicts between proletariat and capitalism became the biggest social problem in Britain.The small farmers disappeared3.The centre of economy shifted to the central area and northern England.Big cities sprang up.Adam Smith：An evolutionary approach to guide the economy. Advocate the “invisible hand”and laissez-fair policy.The Chartist Movements:A radical campaign for parliament reform of the inequities.Effects :failed because of its weak and divided leadership, it did not have a political party to be a leader.started the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation.Queen Victoria（1819-1901） :Presiding the Industrial revolution and the expansion of the British Empire overseas.Value of the times: (emphasized) prudish gentility and repression.Section 10:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.（the empire on which the sun never sets）Briefing :During the long 18 century, British rose to a dominant position in the world and became the first country to start Industrial Revolution.The mighty middle class provided a strong platform for settlement and commerce.Growth of the overseas empire:Prerequisite :Pioneering marine policy of king Henry the 7th . Establishment of the modern merchant marine system. Mercantile institution(重商主义体系)Henry the 8th and the rise of the Royal Navy:King Henry the 8th founded the modern English navy.The Elizabeth eraSir Francis Drake(弗朗西斯-德雷克)Circumnavigated the Globe（环游地球，England grew the interest outside the Europe.Established First colony in NewfoundlandWas seen as the formation of the British Empire England extend its influence overseas and consolidate its political development at home.Expend the empire by wars and colonization:First overseas colony Newfoundland.Successively establish colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand.Free trade and“informal empire”The “salutary neglects”provoke the American Independence war. The period of first British Empire was over.British Empire in AsiaBritish East India company occupied nearly the whole of India.Later on Ceylon(锡兰，今斯里兰卡)and Burma (缅甸) was conquered .Initiated Opium war against China and prevailed .Break down of the Pax Britannica(英国强权下的盛世) The deterioration in the 19th century:Competition from other countries such as Germany and United States.The loss of the foreign market.Britain and the New Imperialism:New imperialism ：the European colonial expansion between 1870s and the outbreak of the first world war. Pursuit :“empire for empire’s sake” desire for territory(appearance of the racial superiority)Later on Britain conduct Home rule in its white settler coloniesThe impact of first world war:Millions of casualties and heavy economy strain (liquidated assets).(Allied power)The heavy cost of war destroy it’s capacity to maintain its vast empire.Its international standing was declining and replaced by the U.SDeclining foreign trade.Decolonization:Reasons:The rising anti-colonial nationalism movementschallenge the power of the empire.The end of the empire started with the outbreak of the World War Two and India independence movements(leader---mahatma Gandhi)The end of the British Empire:Reason: Due to the impact of the world war two and Economic crisis in1947,later on, Britain abjured its attempt to be a first-rank power.。