史上最全 克罗地亚 Croatia 中英双语介绍

史上最全克罗地亚Croatia 中英双语介绍HistoryThe Croats are largely Slavic-speaking people who lived in an area of what is today Galicia (in Ukraine and Poland). They migrated further south to present-day Croatia during the 7th century. Nominally under East Roman and then Frankish authority, Croatia became a strong independent kingdom, but in 1102 the Croatians ended a decade-long dynastic struggle by agreeing to submit themselves to Hungarian authority. By the mid-1400s, the Hungarian kingdom was hurt by the Ottoman expansion as much of the country now known as Bosnia and Herzegovina fell to the Turks. The Battle of Mohács in 1526 led the Croatian Parliament to invite the Habsburgs to assume control over Croatia. Habsburg thwarted the Ottomans, and by the 18th century, much of Croatia was free of Turkish control and came under Habsburg Monarchy (Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria) between 1797 and 1815.Following World War I and the demise of Austria-Hungary, Croatia joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which became Yugoslavia in 1929). Yugoslavia was invaded during World War II and Croatia was became a fascist state named the Independent State of Croatia. After the defeat of the Axis powers, Yugoslavia became a federal socialist state under the strong hand of Josip Broz Tito.Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it had to endure four-to-five years of fighting with the Yugoslav People"s Army and the Army of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Croatian major offensives in 1995 defeated the separatists and ended the war, restoring the territories of Krajina to Croatia. Between 1992 and late 1995, various Croatian forces were also involved in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Peaceful integration of the remaining separatist territories was completed in 1998 under UN supervision.历史克罗地亚人主要是个讲斯拉夫语的民族，他们居住在今天的加利西亚省（在乌克兰和波兰）。

他们大概在7世纪的时候移民到目前的克罗地亚南部的地区。

实际上是在东罗马之后在法兰克人的统治之下，克罗地亚成为强大的独立的王国，但是在1102年克罗地亚同意臣服于匈牙利政权，以结束了长达一个世纪的王朝纷争。

直到14世纪中期，匈牙利帝国受到了奥托曼帝国对外扩张的重创，其情况就好像是波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那被土耳其征服一样。

1526年的Mohács之战令克罗地亚的国会邀请哈普斯堡皇室来接手对克罗地亚的统治。

哈普斯堡皇室打败奥托曼，到18世纪，大量的克罗地亚人脱离了土耳其人的统治，而在1797年－1815年之间转为由哈普斯堡皇室的君主统治（奥地利的君主政体或者仅仅是奥地利）。

随着一战的结束以及奥匈帝国的阵亡，克罗地亚加入了塞尔维亚、克罗地亚和斯洛文尼亚帝国（在1929变成了南斯拉夫）。

南斯拉夫在二战期间被侵犯，克罗地亚成为了一个被法西斯统治的叫作克罗地亚独立政权的国家。

在法西斯轴心力量被打败了之后，南斯拉夫成为了一个被提托强权统治下的联邦社会主义国家。

虽然克罗地亚在1991年宣称从南斯拉夫统治中独立出来，但是它不得不忍受和南斯拉夫人民军队以及未在国家上受到承认的塞尔维亚共和国军队四到五年的战争。

克罗地亚主要的进攻派于1995年打败了分离主义者并且终结了战争，令塞尔维亚将领土还给了克罗地亚。

在1992年到1995年晚期期间，各种克罗地亚势力也纷纷卷入波黑战争中。

被割离的领土于1998年在联合国的的监督下和平回归。

GeographyCroatia is a crescent-shaped country in Europe bordering the Mediterranean, Central Europe and the Balkans. Croatia is situated between central, southern and eastern Europe. It has a peculiar shape that resembles a crescent or a horseshoe which helps account for its many neighbours: Slovenia, Hungary, the Serbian part of Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Montenegrin part of Serbia and Montenegro, and Italy across the Adriatic. Its mainland territory is split in two non-contiguous parts by the short coastline of Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.Its terrain is diverse, containing plains, lakes and rolling hills in the continental north and northeast (Central Croatia and Slavonia, part of the Pannonian plain); densely wooded mountains in Lika and Gorski Kotar, part of the Dinaric Alps; and rocky coastlines on the Adriatic Sea (Istria, Northern Seacoast and Dalmatia).地理克罗地亚是一个月牙形状的欧洲国家。

与地中海、中欧以及巴尔干半岛交界。

克罗地亚位于欧洲中部，南部和东部的中心。

它具有一个奇特的形状像一轮新月或者像一个马蹄铁，这能够帮助说明它的许多相邻的国家：斯洛文尼亚，匈牙利，塞尔维亚和黑山的塞尔维亚的部分、波黑、塞尔维亚和黑山的黑山部分，以及穿过亚得里亚海的意大利。

它的大陆领地被波黑在Neum附近的短海岸线划分成两个并不相邻的部分。

其地形变化多端，包括平原，湖泊以及高低起伏的山脉在其北面和东北面（克罗地亚的中心，帕尼尔平原的部分地区）；稠密树木繁茂的山区在林卡和Gorski Kotar，迪纳拉山脉的一部分，和起伏不平面临亚得里亚海的海岸线（伊斯的利亚，北海岸和达尔马提亚）。

Political SystemSince the adoption of the 1990 Constitution, Croatia has been a parliamentary democracy. The President of the Republic (Predsjednik) is head of state and elected for a five-year term. In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the Prime minister with the consent of the Parliament, and has some influence on foreign policy. The Croatian Government (Vlada) is headed by the Prime minister who has 2 deputyprime ministers and 14 ministers in charge of particular sectors of activity. The executive branch is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of the republic.The Croatian Parliament (Sabor) is a unicameral legislative body of up to 160 representatives, all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The plenary sessions of the Sabor take place from 15 January to 15 July and from 15 September to 15 December.政治体系从采用1990年宪法开始，克罗地亚就成为了一个民主议会制国家。