商业银行管理学课后题答案
商业银行课后章节习题及参考答案
商业银行课后章节习题及参考答案第一章1．商业银行从传统业务发展到“金融百货公司”说明了什么问题？随着金融竞争的加剧，金融创新成为商业银行发展的关键和动力源。
这不仅表现在银行传统业务市场已被瓜分完毕，需要通过创新来挖掘新的市场和发展机会，而且对传统业务市场的竞争和重新分配也必须借助新的手段和方式。
各家商业银行纷纷利用新的科学技术、借鉴国外商业银行的先进经验，进行技术、制度和经营管理方式创新，全面拓展银行发展空间。
商业银行进行业务扩展可以分散经营风险，减少风险总量；多渠道获取利润；为社会提供全方位的金融服务；符合金融市场的运作要求内在统一性。
2．如何认识现代商业银行的作用？P5信用中介、支付中介、信用创造、金融服务3．银行组织形式有哪些？近年来，银行控股公司为什么发展迅速？P7银行的组织形式有：单一银行制、分行制和银行控股公司制（银行控股公司、非银行控股公司）金融控股公司的发展是随着全球金融自由化、市场竞争和现代信息技术在金融业广泛应用而日益兴隆的，它是现代经济发展的必然产物。
20世纪70年代中后期以来，全球范围内的放松市场监管、企业客户和个人客户的全球化发展，以及信息技术对金融业各个方面的战略性影响，使金融结构和客户结构发生了巨大变化。
各类金融机构开始向其他金融服务领域渗透，主要市场经济国家的金融业开始从分业经营体制向综合经营体制转型。
1.联合经营获得规模效应金融控股集团各子公司虽然是分业经营，但已经不是纯粹意义上的单一经营，而是互相联合起来，共同从事多种金融经营，保证集团整体效益的实现。
金融控股集团的基本作用是形成同一集团在品牌、经营战略、营销网络以及信息共享等方面的协同优势，降低集团整体的经营成本并从多元化经营中获取更多收益。
金融资产的强关联性和弱专用性，决定了其综合经营比其他行业更能形成规模经济和范围经济，而控股公司结构正是发挥这一优势的合适载体。
（产品创新、营销等）2.在当前监管体制下规避风险法人分业的作用是防止不同金融业务风险的相互传递，将风险控制在最小范围内，同时可对关联交易起到一定的遏制作用。
《商业银行管理学》课后习题答案及解析之欧阳学创编
《商业银行管理学》课后习题及题解第一章商业银行管理学导论习题一、判断题1. 《金融服务现代化法案》的核心内容之一就是废除《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔法》。
2. 政府放松金融管制与加强金融监管是相互矛盾的。
3. 商业银行管理的最终目标是追求利润最大化。
4. 在金融市场上，商业银行等金融中介起着类似于中介经纪人的角色。
5. 商业银行具有明显的企业性质，所以常用于企业管理的最优化原理如边际分享原理、投入要素最优组合原理、规模经济原理也适用于商业银行。
6. 金融市场的交易成本和信息不对称决定了商业银行在金融市场中的主体地位。
7. 企业价值最大化是商业银行管理的基本目标。
8. 商业银行管理学研究的主要对象是围绕稀缺资源信用资金的优化配置所展开的各种业务及相关的组织管理问题。
9. 商业银行资金的安全性指的是银行投入的信用资金在不受损失的情况下能如期收回。
二、简答题1. 试述商业银行的性质与功能。
2. 如何理解商业银行管理的目标？3. 现代商业银行经营的特点有哪些？4. 商业银行管理学的研究对象和内容是什么？5. 如何看待“三性”平衡之间的关系？三、论述题1. 论述商业银行的三性目标是什么，如何处理三者之间的关系。
2. 试结合我国实际论述商业银行在金融体系中的作用。
第一章习题参考答案一、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.√二、略；三、略。
第二章商业银行资本金管理习题一、判断题1. 新巴塞尔资本协议规定，商业银行的核心资本充足率仍为4％。
2. 巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的50%。
3. 新巴塞尔资本协议对银行信用风险提供了两种方法：标准法和内部模型法。
4. 资本充足率反映了商业银行抵御风险的能力。
5. 我国国有商业银行目前只能通过财政增资的方式增加资本金。
6. 商业银行计算信用风险加权资产的标准法中的风险权重由监管机关规定。
二、单选题1. 我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的。
《商业银行管理学》课后习题参考答案
《商业银行管理学》习题参考答案第一章1．金融制度对现代经济体系的运行起到了什么作用？（1）配置功能（2）节约功能（3）激励功能（4）调节功能2．商业银行在整个金融体系中有哪些功能？（1）金融服务功能（2）信用创造功能3．美国、英国、日本和德国的商业银行制度特征是什么？比较英美和日德的银行制度差异。
美国：是金融制度创新和金融产品创新的中心，拥有健全的法律法规对银行进行管制；竞争的激烈，使得美国商业银行具有完善的管理体系和较高的管理水平；受到双重银行体系的管制，即联邦和州权力机构都掌握着管制银行的权利。
英国：成立最早，经验丰富，实行分支行制；银行系统种类齐全、数量众多，按英国的分类，英国的银行主要包括清算银行，商人银行，贴现行，其他英国银行和海外银行等机构；不存在正式的制度化的银行管理机构，惟一的监管机构是作为中央银行的英格兰银行；典型的实行分业经营的国家。
日本：货币的统一发行集中到中央银行－日本银行；商业银行按区域划分的，具体可分为两大类型，即都市银行和地方银行；受到广泛的政府管制；二战前仿效英国业务分离的做法，之后随着环境的变化和经济的发展日本银行从1998年开始实行混业经营。
德国：由统一的中央银行－德意志联邦银行，统一发行货币，且德意志联邦银行被认为是欧洲各国中最具有独立性的中央银行。
德国银行高度集中，实行全能化的银行制度，密集程度是欧盟各国中最高的。
区别：英美在其业务上侧重存款的管理，而日德则侧重在贷款方面。
英美制度完善，有利于银行之间的竞争，日德法律体系发展相对缓慢。
4．根据你对我国银行业的认识，讨论我国银行业在国民经济中的地位以及制度特征。
答：地位：（1）我国的商业银行已成为整个国民经济活动的中枢（2）我国的商业银行的业务活动对全社会的货币供给具有重要影响（3）商业银行已经成为社会经济活动的信息中心（4）商业银行已经成为国家实施宏观经济政策的重要途径和基础（5）商业银行成了社会资本运动的中心制度特征：建立商业银行原则，有利于银行竞争，有利于保护银行体系安全与稳定，使银行保持适当规模。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap4
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap4在学习商业银行管理的过程中，课后习题是巩固知识、检验理解的重要环节。
以下是对《商业银行管理》第四章课后习题的详细答案。
一、选择题1、商业银行的核心资本包括（）A 股本和公开储备B 股本和未公开储备C 债务资本和附属资本D 债务资本和公开储备答案：A解析：核心资本又称一级资本，包括股本（普通股和永久非累积优先股）和公开储备（股票发行溢价、未分配利润等）。
2、下列属于商业银行附属资本的是（）A 重估储备B 普通股C 未分配利润D 公开储备答案：A解析：附属资本包括未公开储备、重估储备、普通准备金、混合资本工具和长期次级债务等。
3、商业银行资本充足率的计算公式是（）A 资本/风险加权资产B 资本/总资产C （核心资本+附属资本）／风险加权资产D （核心资本+附属资本）／总资产答案：C解析：资本充足率＝（核心资本＋附属资本）／风险加权资产。
4、按照《巴塞尔协议》的要求，商业银行的资本充足率不得低于（）A 4%B 8%C 10%D 12%答案：B解析：《巴塞尔协议》规定商业银行的资本充足率不得低于 8%。
二、简答题1、简述商业银行资本的作用。
答：商业银行资本具有以下重要作用：首先，资本为银行的开业、正常经营和持续增长提供了资金基础。
它是银行设立和注册的必要条件，为银行的初期运营提供启动资金。
其次，资本是银行抵御风险的重要防线。
在面临各种风险如信用风险、市场风险、操作风险等时，资本可以吸收损失，保护存款人和其他债权人的利益，维持银行的信誉和稳定。
再者，资本有助于树立公众对银行的信心。
充足的资本向外界传递了银行稳健经营、有能力应对潜在风险的信号，增强了客户、投资者和监管机构对银行的信任。
此外，资本还为银行的扩张和业务发展提供了支持。
银行可以利用资本进行新业务的开拓、分支机构的设立以及技术设备的更新等。
2、简述《巴塞尔协议》对商业银行资本构成的规定。
答：《巴塞尔协议》将商业银行的资本分为核心资本和附属资本两大部分。
商业银行管理学课后题答案
第一章商业银行：商业银行是以追求利润最大化为目标，以多种金融欠债筹集资本，以多种金融财富为其经营对象，能利用欠债进行信用创建，并向客户供应多功能、综合性服务的金融公司。
信用中介：是指商业银行经过欠债业务，把社会上各样闲散钱币资本集中到银行，经过财富业务，把它投向需要资本的各部门，充任有闲置资本者和资本欠缺者之间的中介人，实现资本的融通。
作用：使闲散的钱币转变为资本、使闲置资本获取充分利用、续短为长，知足这会对长久资本的需要。
支付中介：是指商业银行利用活期存款账户，为客户办理各样钱币结算、钱币收付、钱币兑换和转移存款等业务活动。
CAMELS：美国联邦贮备委员会对商业银行看管的分类检查制度，这种分类检查制度的主要内容是把商业银行接受检查的范围分为六大类：资本（ capital）、财富（ asset ）、管理（ management）、利润（ earning ）、流动性（ liquidity）和对市场风险的敏感性（ sensitivity）。
分行制：分行制银行是指那些在总行之下，可在当地或外处设有若干分支机构，并能够从事银行业务的商业银行。
这种商业银行的总部一般都设在多半市，部下所有分支行须由总行领导指挥。
长处：第一，有益于银行汲取存款，有益于银行扩大资本总数和经营规模，能获得规模经济效益。
第二，便于银履行用现代化管理手段和设施，提升服务质量，加快资本周转速度。
第三有益于银行调理资本、转移信用、分别和减少多种风险。
第四，总专家数少，有益于国家控制和管理，其业务经营受地方政府干涉小。
第五，因为资本根源宽泛，有益于提升银行的竞争实力。
弊端：简单加快垄断的形成；并且因为其规模大，内部层次许多，使银行管理的难度增添等。
流动性：指财富变现的能力，商业银行保持随时能以适合的价钱去的可用资本的能力，以便随时对付客户提存以及银行其余支付的需要。
其权衡指标有两个：一是财富变现的成本，二是财富变现的速度。
4.成立商业银行制度的基根源则有哪些？为何要确定这些原则？答：（一）有益于银行业竞争。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap21
CHAPTER 21PRICING CONSUMER AND REAL ESTATE LOANSGoal of the Chapter: To learn how consumer and real estate loan rates may be determined and to see the options a bank loan officer has today in pricing loans to individuals and families.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterAnnual percentage rate (APR) Compensating deposit balanceSimple interest Fixed rate mortgages (FRMs)Discount rate method Adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs)Add-on method PointsRule of 78sChapter OutlineI. Introduction: The Challenge of Pricing Consumer and Real Estate LoansII. The Interest Rate Attached to Nonresidential Consumer LoansA. Cost-Plus Loan Rate ModelB. Annual Percentage RateC. Simple InterestD. The Discount Rate MethodE. The Add-On Loan Rate MethodF. Rule of 78sG. Compensating Balance RequirementsIII. Use of Variable Rates on Consumer LoansIV.Interest Rates on Home Mortgage LoansA.Fixed Rated MortgagesB.Variable Rate MortgagesC.Charging the Customer Mortgage PointsV Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks21-1. What options does a bank loan officer have in pricing consumer loansMost consumer loans, like most business loans, are priced off some base or cost rate, with a profit margin and compensation for risk added on. The rate on a consumer loan may be figured from the cost-plus model or the base-rate model. Most installment and lump-sum payment loans are made with fixed interest rates. However, due to the volatility of interest rates in the 1 970’s and 1980's, a greater number of floating rate consumer loans have appeared.21-2. Suppose a customer is offered a loan at a discount rate of 8 percent and pays $75 in interest at the beginning of the term of the loan. What net amount of credit did this customer receive?The relevant formula is:Then the net amount of credit received must be $75/.08 or $937.50.Suppose you are told that the effective rate on this loan is 12 percent. What is the average loan amount the customer had available during the year?In this instance:Interest Owed $75Effective loan ratio = Average Loan Amount During the Year= x = 0.12Then the average loan amount during the year must be:x = $75 = $625.0.1221-3. See if you can determine what APR you are charging a consumer loan customer using the tables inside the back cover of this text if you grant the customer a loan for 5 (payable in monthly installments) years which carries a finance charge per $100 of $42.74.The terms quoted mean that the customer must pay an APR of 15 percent according to the Annual Percentage Rate Table in the tables inside the text's back cover.21-4. A customer is quoted an APR of 16 percent on a loan of $10,000, lasting for 4 and payable in monthly installments years.According to the Table in Appendix B the Finance charge per $100 of amount financed must be $36.03 or $36.03 *100 = $3603 in total finance charges.Problems21-1. William Crenshaw, who owns a small retail business, has requested a personal loan of $4500 for one year. He asks for a lump-sum loan with no installment payments; the loan, as requested, will be repaid at the end of the year plus interest. However, the bank wants monthly payments at an annual interest rate of 13 percent.If Crenshaw had received the loan under his preferred terms he would pay:Discount Interest Owed $75 loan rate = Net Amount = x = 0.08 of Credit ReceivedInterest Owed = Principal *Rate * Time = $4500 * 0.13 * 1 = $585.On the other hand, if the loan is repaid in 12 equal monthly installments (of $375 apiece) theinterest owed would be:First Month: $4500 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $48.75Second Month: $4125 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $44.69Third Month: $3750 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $40.62Fourth Month: $3375 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $36.56Fifth Month: $3000 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $32.50Sixth Month: $2625 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $28.44Seventh Month: $2250 x 0.13 x 1/12 =$24.37Eighth Month: $1875 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $20.31Ninth Month: $1500 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $16.25Tenth Month: $1125 x O.13 x 1/12 = $12.19Eleventh Month: $750 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $ 8.12Twelfth Month: $375 x 0.13 x 1/12 = $ 4.06Total Interest Paid $316.86In straight dollar terms it appears that Crenshaw pays less interest ($316.86 versus $585) with the loan paid back in monthly installments rather than repayment of a lump sum at the end. However, because Crenshaw has use of only about half the loan's balance (or $2250) on average over the year when repayment is in 12 equal installments he pays an approximate effective interest rate of $316.86/$2250 or 14.08% with the installment loan which significantly exceeds the loan contract rate of 13% under the lump-sum loan contract. (Note: We emphasize the word approximate.)As an alternative solution to this problem, we could prepare an amortization schedule for this loan, which would look like the following:For a $4,500 loan with a 13% annual interest rate and repayment on a monthly basis, the payment each month would be $401.85.Interest PrincipalBeginning Balance Payment Portion Portion Ending Balance$4,500.00 $401.85 $48.75 $351.10 $4,148.90$4,148.90 $401.85 $44.95 $356.90 $3,792.00$3,792.00 $401.85 $41.08 $360.77 $3,431.23$3,431.23 $401.85 $37.17 $364.68 $3,066.55$3,066.55 $401.85 $33.22 $368.63 $2,697.92$2,697.92 $401.85 $29.23 $372.62 $2,523.30$2,523.30 $401.85 $25.19 $376.66 $2,146.64$2,146.64 $401.85 $23.26 $378.59 $1,768.05$1,768.05 $401.85 $19.15 $382.70 $1,385.35$1,385.35 $401.85 $15.01 $386.84 $ 998.51$ 998.51 $401.85 $10.82 $391.03 $ 607.48$ 607.48 $401.85 $ 6.58 $395.27 $ 212.21$ 212.21 $214.51* $ 2.30 $212.21 $ 0.00Total Interest Paid $336.71* The final payment will equal the balance remaining before the last payment plus the interest on that balance. In most, if not all cases, this payment will be different from the regular payment.21-2. Frank Petrel plans to start an auto repair shop and has requested a $10,000 new-venture loan. The bank wishes to make a discount-rate loan at prime plus 2 percentage points or 14.5 percent.This means Petrel will receive net loan proceeds of $10,000 - $10,000 * 0.145 = $8550.Using this net figure as a base, Petrel will pay an effective interest rate of$1450 / $8550 or 16.96%.Alternative Scenario 1:Would Mr. Petrel be better off if he were able to get a $10,000 personal loan with a 12.5% add-on rate for one year? Why or why not?Solution:In this instance, Petrel would have to repay the $10,000 plus $10,000 x 0.125 in interest or $1250. He would be asked to make monthly installment payments of ($10,000 + $1250) / 12or $937.50 per month for 12 months. Because Petrel would have only $5,000 in borrowed funds on average to use over a 12-month period, the approximate effective interest rate he would pay under the add-on rate method would be $1250 / $5000 or about 25 percent. (A financial calculator solution gives us an effective rate of 22.32%.) Clearly this effective rate would be much higher than the interest rate on the discount business loan.Alternative Scenario 2:What happens to the effective rate on Mr. Petrel's loan if the prime rate changes to 10 percent?Solution:The rate on Mr. Petrel's discounted loan would be 12 percent (10% + 2%).The net proceeds from the loan would, therefore, be$10,000 - ($10,000 * .12) = $10,000 - $1,200 = $8,800.The effective cost of the loan would then be$1,200 / $8,800 = .1364 or 13.64%. (Declines from 16.96%)Alternative Scenario 3:How does the effective rate on this loan change if the prime rate increases to 13 percent?Solution:The rate on Mr. Petrel's discounted loan would be 15 percent (13% + 2%).The net proceeds from the loan would be$10,000 - ($10,000 *.15) = $10,000 - $1,500 = $8,500.The effective cost of the loan would then be$1,500 / $8,500 = .1765 or 17.65%. (Increases from 16.96%)Alternative Scenario 4:Suppose Mr. Petrel is able to raise personal equity to put into the new business in the amount of $2,500 from his accumulated savings and from a small loan extended by a close friend. The bank will then lend him just $7,500 at a discount rate of prime plus one-and-one-half percentage points (currently prime is 12 percent). What is the effective interest rate on the loan in this case?Solution:The rate on Mr. Petrel's discounted loan would be 13.5 percent (12% + 1.5%).The net proceeds from the loan would be$7,500 - ($7,500 *.135) = $7,500- $1,012.50 = $6,487.50.The effective cost of the loan would then be$1,012.50 / $6,487.50 = .1561 or 15.61%.21-3. The Robbins family has asked for a 20-year mortgage in the amount of $60,000 to purchase a home. At a 10 percent loan rate, what is the required monthly payment?Solution:$579.01 1- 0.10/12) 1(0.10/12) (1 * 0.10/12 * 60,000$12*2012*20=++Because of the computational problems in the above formula, an easier approach is to use the tables inside the text's back cover to find the:Total Finance Charge Per $100 Financed = $131.61Total Finance Charge on the Loan Amount Requested =($60,000 / $100) x $131.61 = $78,966Required Monthly Payment = Total Finance Charge + Loan AmountNumber of Payments= [$78,966 + $60,000] / 240 = $ 579.03Alternative Scenario 1:If the Robbinses' home mortgage loan rate is adjustable and rises to 11 percent at the beginning of the second year of the loan, what will the required monthly payment be?Solution:$628.48 1- 0.11/12) 1(0.11/12) (1 * 0.11/12 * 000,60$12*1912*19=++Note that we assume the first-year loan rate is 10 percent and then rises to 11 percent for theremaining 19 years (or 228 months) of the 20 year loan. Also, for ease of calculations, we assume that there has been no significant reduction in the principal amount of the loan. In reality, the Robbins will have reduced the principal to approximately $59,000 at the end of the first year. Interpolation in the tables inside the text's back cover for an 11percent loan for 228 remaining monthly payments gives:Total Finance Usage Per $100 Financed = $104.59) - ($147.73 * 180- 240180-228 104.59$+= $104.59 + $34.51 = $139.10Total Finance Charge on Remainder of Loan = ($60,000/$100) * $139.10 = $83,460Required Monthly Payment = $59,000)on ($618 $629.21 228$60,000 $83,460=+Alternative Scenario 2:Suppose the rate on the Robbinses' home mortgage declines to 9 percent at the beginning of the loan's second year. What happens to the required monthly payment?Solution:Note: Since Table 3 in the Appendix does not have 9 percent, we will calculate the required monthly payment using a financial calculator.Required Monthly Payment for $60,000 at 9 percent (.75% per month) for 19 years/(228 months)= $550.14 ($540.97 for $59,000)Alternative Scenario 3:Would the Robbins family be better off under all of the above scenarios if they took out a 15-year mortgage instead of a 20-year mortgage? What would they gain and what would they give up with this mortgage loan of a shorter maturity?Solution:The answer to this question depends upon the Robbinses' ability to make the higher payments that would be required on a shorter term mortgage.In each case, the Robbinses would have a higher monthly payment; however, their total payments would be less, their home would be paid for in less time, and they would accumulate equity in the home more quickly.21-4. James Alters received a $1500 loan last month with the intention of repaying the loan in 12 months. However, Alters now discovers he has the cash to repay the loan right now after making just one payment. What percentage of the total finance charge is Alters entitled toreceive as a rebate and what percentage of the loan's finance charge is the bank entitled to keep?The Rule of 78s applies here. James Alters is entitled to receive back as an interest rebate:percent 63.33 = 100x 78671211...2111 + . . . + 2 + 1=++++of the total finance charges on the loan: the lender is entitled to keep 36.67 percent of the finance charges associated with this loan.21-5. Constance Homer asks for a $10,000 loan. Slidell Corners State Bank agrees to give her immediate use of $9400 and to deduct $600 in interest up front. The effective discount rate on this loan is:6.38% $9400$600 Received Credit of Amount Net Owed Interest ==21-6. The Lindal family wants to borrow $2500 for a year to finance a European vacation. If the family must pay a 12 percent add-on loan rate, how much in interest will they pay?Interest Paid = Loan principal * Loan Rate = $2500 * 0.12 = $300What is the amount of each required monthly payment?Amount of Monthly Payment = $233.33 12$300 $2500=+What is the effective loan rate in this case?Effective Loan Rate = 24%or 0.24 $1250$300 Year the During Amount Average Owed Interest ==21-7. The APR for Joseph Nework's $10,000, 3-year automobile loan can be determined from the annual percentage rate table for monthly payment plans inside the back cover of the text.If Joseph must pay $2217 in total finance charges over 36 months, the table tells us he is paying100$2217$ or $22.17 per $100 or an APR of 13.50 percent.21-8. If Kyle Ellisor is to receive a 30-year mortgage loan in the amount of $225,000 at an APR of 14%, he will pay finance charges of $326.55 per $100 borrowed over the life of this loan (see the annual percentage rate tables inside the back cover of the text). Therefore, he will pay in total finance charges$100$225,00* $326.55 = $734,737.50.21-9. The Quisling family asks to borrow $1800 at 11 percent simple interest for one year. It will pay the following interest bill:I = P * r * t = $1800 * 0.11 * l = $198Therefore, they must pay back a total of $1998 in principal and interest.21-10. Mary Perland will pay the following in interest on her $1200 loan for one year at 8 percent simple interest:First Quarter: I = $1200 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $24Second Quarter: I = $900 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $18Third Quarter: I = $600 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $12Fourth Quarter: I = $300 x 0.08 x 1/4 = $6Total Interest owed = $24 + $18 + $12 + $6 = $60.If Mary were offered the $1200 loan at a 6 percent simple interest rate and the loan is paid in lump sum at maturity, she will pay total interest of:$1200 * 0.06 x 1 = $72.She clearly would pay more in interest but would have the full $1200 available for her use for one year.21-11. The Tielman family has asked for a $2500 loan for one year to complete home repairs. First National Bank assesses an 8 percent rate of interest and requires a $500 minimum compensating balance left in a deposit. The effective interest rate on this loan must be:10%or 0.10 $2000$200 $500 - $25000.08 * $2500 Amount Loan Net Owed Interest ===Actually 10 percent is the minimum loan rate. If the Tielman's keep a deposit balance larger than the minimum $500 required the effective loan rate will climb higher.21-12. Bill and Sue Rogers are negotiating with their local bank for a home mortgage loan in the amount of $80,000. The bank levies an up-front fee of 1.5 points on this loan. The dollar amount of points they must pay upfront is:Dollar Value of Points = $80,000 * 0.015 = $1200.The Rogers will have available for their use only $78,800 or $80,000 less $1200.21-13 As a loan officer you quote Mr. and Mrs. Coldner an APR of 14 percent on a two year loan to remodel their kitchen. The loan amount is $6000. Using the APR tables inside the back cover of the text determine the total finance charge on this loan.$913.80 15.23 x $100$6000= is the total amount in finance charges the Coldner’s wi ll pay.If they insist on a 12 percent loan$778.80 12.98 x $100$6000= is the total amount in finance charges the Coldner’s will payThe bank will lose $13521-14. Dresden bank’s personal loan department quotes Mr. Angelo a finance charge of $6.06 for each $100 in credit the bank is willing to extend to him for a year (assuming the balance of the loan will be paid off in 12 equal installments). What APR is Mr. Angelo being quoted by the bank? How much would he save per $100 borrowed if he could retire the loan in 6 months?The APR on this loan is 11 percent. If he could retire the loan in 6 months the finance charges per $100 would be $3.23. He would save $2.83 per $100 borrowed.21-15. Would you expect loan interest rates on new cars to be higher than on used cars? Why or why not? Would you expect a personal loan to carry a higher interest rate than an automobile loan? Why or why not?I would expect the interest rate on the new car loan to less than the interest rate on a used car loan. In general, newer cars are easier to sell than used cars and the bank would stand a better chance of getting their money back in the event of default on the loan. However, this may depend on the make and model of the car and the market for used cars.I would expect the interest rate on the personal loan to be higher than the interest rate on the automobile loan. In the personal loan there may not be any specific and identifiable assets pledged as collateral on the loan. In the case of the automobile loan the car purchased is generally used as collateral. In the event of default it may be more difficult for the bank to get their funds back on the personal loan.Web Site Problems1. What methods are in greatest demand today to aid in the pricing of consumer loans and real estate (particularly housing) credit? How can the world wide web be of help in this area? What web sites look especially good?I believe that the most common method for calculating consumer loan interest rates and payments is the APR. Since this is the method that banks must report by law, it is now the most often used method for calculating payments on consumer loans. The web can help because there are a number of places on the web where can find information about prevailing interest rates on consumer loans and a number of places that will calculate your payments based on a particular APR and amount borrowed. For examplehttp://moneysense.quicken.ca/eng/auto/calculators/payments/index.phtml is a place to calculate automobile loans. There are many other places on the web where you can make the same calculation.2. Why is credit scoring useful in helping to price consumer and home mortgage loans? Where can you go to get good credit-scoring information?The demand for consumer loans has expanded exponentially in recent years. As a result the need for a quick and reliable way to determine whether an individual will pay back a loan was needed. This led to the development of credit scoring. There are many web sites that discuss credit scoring and the advantages and disadvantages of these models. One web site that I found is/article1.htm. This web site is good because it does give a history of why credit scoring models have developed and a very basic description of how it works and the advantages and disadvantages. In addition there are several web sites where you can get an estimate of your credit score.3. Why is regulation so important in the personal loan area? How can you use the web to stay abreast of rule changes in the consumer loan field?Regulations are needed in this important field because it is very easy to take advantage ofill-informed individuals by charging them excessive interest rates and fees. Because of the changing technology and increased consumer demand for loans there have been a number of changes in regulations for consumer lending in recent years and changes will continue to be made in the future. There are a number of sites out on the web to help individuals keep up with these changes. One place to check is with the regulatory agencies overseeing banks (OCC, FDIC, FRS) as these agencies regularly post updates to the laws. In addition, as a banker there are several web sites that advertise seminars and classes on consumer lending which would include a discussion of the latest laws and regulations in this important area. One web site that lists several classes in this area is the web site of the American Bankers Association (ABA) at/Conferences+and+Education/onlinecourse8.htm.。
《商业银行管理》课后习题答案IMChap19
CHAPTER 19PRICING BUSINESS LOANSGoal of This Chapter: To explore different methods used by bankers today to price business loans and to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these pricing methods for achieving a bank's goals.Key Terms Presented in This ChapterCost-plus loan pricing Below-prime pricingPrice leadership Cap ratesPrime rate Customer profitability analysisLIBORChapter OutlineI. Introduction: The Challenge of Trying to Correctly Price Business Loans in a HighlyCompetitive MarketII. The Cost-Plus Loan Pricing MethodIll. The Price Leadership ModelA. Prime or Base Rate PricingB. Loan Risk and the MarkupC. Prime-Plus versus Times Prime PricingD. LIBOR-based Loan PricingE. Below-Prime Market Pricing (The Markup Model)F. Loans Bearing Maximum Interest Rates (Caps)IV. Customer Profitability AnalysisA. The Basic FormulaB. A Numerical ExampleC. Earnings Credit for Customer DepositsD. The Future of Customer Profitability AnalysisVI. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks19-1. What methods are in use today to price business loans?The following methods are in use today to price business loans:a. Cost-plus pricing d. CAP rateb. Price leadership pricing model e. Customer Profitability Analysisc. Markup market-pricing modelCost-plus-profit pricing requires the bank to estimate the total cost involved in making aloan and then adds to that cost estimate a small margin for profit. The price-leadership model, on the other hand, bases the loan rate upon a national or international rate (such as prime or LIBOR) posted by major banks and then adds a small increment on top for profit or risk. The markup model prices a loan on the basis of cost plus a risk premium added to those loans with greater credit risk and/or longer term loans that have greater term risk.CAP rates specify a maximum rate that a borrower can be assessed, thus limiting a borrower's interest-rate risk. Customer profitability analysis looks at all the revenues and costs involved in serving a customer and then requires the bank to calculate the net rate of return from this particular customer.19-2. The loan rate quoted for this $10 million corporate loan would be:Loan Rate = 4 percent Loan Funds Cost + .5 percent Non-funds Operating Cost+ .375 percent default risk premium+ .625 percent term risk premium+ .25 percent profit margin= 5.75 percentBased on a $10 million loan this customer will pay in interest each year:$10,000,000*.0575 = $575,000.19-3. What are the principal strengths and weaknesses of the loan-pricing methods in use today?a. Cost-plus pricingStrength: considers the cost of raising loanable funds and operating costs of running the bank.Weaknesses: banks must know what their costs are in order to consistently makeprofitable, correctly priced loans; gives little regard to competition from other lenders.b. Price leadership pricing modelStrength: considers competition from other lenders, allows for a risk premium to be added to the base or prime rate.Weakness: does not consider the marginal cost of raising loanable funds.c. Markup market-pricing modelStrength: allows banks to compete more aggressively with the commercial paper market.Weakness: narrow margins (markups) on loans.d. CAP rateStrength: is another service option that a bank may offer its customers for a specific fee.Weakness: a prolonged period of high interest rates will effectively transfer the risk offluctuating interest rates from borrower to lender.e. Customer profitability analysisStrength: takes the whole customer relationship into account when pricing each loan request.Weakness: must consider revenues and expenses from all of the bank's dealings with the customer.19-4. What is customer profitability analysis?Customer profitability analysis looks at all the revenues and costs involved in serving a customer and then requires the bank to calculate the net rate of return from all the services the bank sells to this particular customer.Problems19-1. The expected revenues and costs from continuing the present relationship between Enterprise National Bank and USF Corporation were given in this problem and the reader is asked to estimate the expected net rate of return if the bank renews its loan to USF.The total of expected revenues and expected costs is:Expected Revenues Expected CostsInterest Revenue $ 1,100,000 Deposit Interest $ 25,000 Commitment Fees 100,000 Cost of Other Funds Raised 975,000 Deposit Service 4,500 Wire Transfer Costs 1,300 (Maintenance) Fees Loan Processing Costs 12,400 Wire Transfer Fees 3,500 Record keeping Expenses 4,500 Agency Fees 8,800 Account Activity Cost 19,000 Total Expected $1 216,800 Total Expected Costs $ 1,037,200 RevenuesGiven: Total Expected Revenues = $1,216,800Total Expected Costs = $1,037,200Net Revenue = $1,216,800 - $1,037,200 = $179,600Net Funds Loaned = $10,000,000 - $2,125,000 = $7,875,000Expected Net Rate of Return = $179,600/ $7,875,000 = .0228 or 2.28%Because the estimated net rate of return is positive, the bank should strongly consider approving the loan as requested because the bank can earn a premium over its costs.If you decide to turn down this request, under what assumptions regarding revenues, expenses, and customer-maintained deposit balances would you make this loan?An initial reaction might be to increase loan revenues by raising the interest rate on the loan or increasing the loan commitment fee. Depending on the customer's relationship with the bank and with other banks, this may prove to be extremely difficult. Initially, it was assumed that the customer would draw down the entire line of credit, that is, borrow the full $10,000,000. If the customer were to borrow less than the full amount, the cost of funds raised to support this loan could be reduced, increasing the net revenue from the loan. Relative to expenses, it would be more likely that some adjustment in the expenses associated with the relationship would be more appropriate. For example, a careful examination of the relationship activities could allow for a revision of estimated costs incurred by the bank to manage the various aspects of the relationship. As far as the customer-maintained balances are concerned, there could be an opportunity to revise these estimates upward, making the net funds loaned smaller and the expected net rate of return greater.Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Prime rate drops from 10% to 8%. No change in interest costs.Solution:Interest Revenue = 9% x $10,000,000 = $900,000Change in Interest Revenue = $900,000 - $1,100,000 = -$200,000Net Revenue = [$1,216,800 - $200,000] - $1,037,200 = -$20,400Since the expected net revenues are now negative, the estimated net rate of return will be negative (-$20,400 / 7,875,000 = - 0.26%). With this negative expected net rate of return, the bank should carefully review the relationship. If this is a long, very good relationship, the bank should consider making the loan; however, there should be further negotiations to insure the profitability of the relationship. This might include restructuring the deposit relationship.Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Required Rate on Time Deposit = 9.25% (up from 9%)Cost of Other Funds Raised = $1,065,000 (up from $975,000)Prime Rate = 9.5% (down from 10%)Solution:Interest revenue = 10.5% x $ 10,000,000 = $1,050,000Change in Interest Revenue = $1,050,000 - $1,100,000 = -$50,000Add'I Interest Expense (Time Deposit) = $25,695 - $25,000 = $695Add'I Cost of Other Funds = $1,065,000 - $975,000 = $90,000 Additional Funding Costs $90,695Net Revenue = [$1,216,800 - $50,000] - [$1,037,200 + $90,695]= $1,166,800- $1,127,895 = $38,905Since the net revenue under these conditions is positive ($ 38,905), the bank should make the loan. Alternative Scenario 3:Given: All revenues, except interest revenue, and costs held constant.Solution:Break Even Revenues = $1,037,200Break Even Interest Revenue = $1,037,200 - [$100,000 + $4,500+ $3,500 + $ 8,800]= $1,037,200 - $116,800 = $920,400Break Even * $10,000,000 = $920,400Break Even = $920,400 / $10,000,000 = .092 or 9.2%Break Even = Prime Break Even + 1 = 9.2%Prime Break Even = 9.2% - 1 = 8.2%Alternative Scenario 4:Given: All costs, except interest costs, and revenues held constant.Solution: Break Even Revenues = $1,216,800Break Even Interest Costs = $1,216,800 - [$1,300 + $12,400+ 4,500 + $19,000]= $1,216,800 - $ 37,200 = $1,179,60019-2 Chilton Westover Bank has sold negotiable CDs in the amount of $6 million at a yield of 8.75% and purchased $4 million in federal funds at a rate of 8.40%. The weighted average cost of bank funds in this case would be:$ 6,000,000 * .0875 = $525,000$ 4,000,000 * .0840 = $336,000Total Interest Cost = $861,000On a $10 million loan this is an average annual interest cost of $861,000/$10,000,000 or 0.0861 which is 8.61 %. There were also $25,000 in noninterest costs or 0.25% of the loan total of $10million. With a one percent risk premium and a 0.25% minimal profit margin, the loan rate on a cost-plus basis would be:Interest Cost + Non-interest Cost + Risk Premium + Profit Margin =8.61% + 0.25% + 1.00% + 0.25% = 10.11%.Alternative Scenario 1:Given: Funding entire loan with federal funds at 8.4%.Solution:Loan rate on a cost-plus basis would be:Interest Cost + Non-interest Cost + Risk Premium + Profit Margin =8.40% + 0.25% + 1.00% + 0.25% = 9.90%The bank faces the risk that its interest cost component, the federal funds rate, which can change daily, could increase quickly and take up the "slack" in the loan rate, thereby reducing the profit margin on the loan.Alternative Scenario 2:Given: Noninterest costs unexpectedly rise to $38,000 and the customer insists on a cap of 10 percent on the rate.Solution:Profit Margin = Loan Rate – [Interest Cost + Noninterest Cost + Risk Premium]= 10.00% - [8.61% + 0.38% +1.00%]= 10.00%-9.99% = .01%The profit margin, for all intents and purposes, disappears.19-3. Englewood Bank is confronted with a $15 million loan request to fund accounts receivable and inventory for APEX Exports. The bank would prefer a floating-rate loan for 90 days at a rate of LIBOR + 0.25%. Most recently LIBOR was at 9.25%. APEX, however, wants the loan rate set1at 1.014 * LIBOR.At today’s prevailing LIBOR rate the customer's requested loan-rate formula would generate a loan interest rate of 1.014 * 9.25% = 9.38%. The bank wanted to charge a rate of 9.25% + 0.25% = 9.50%. Loan rates tend to move up and down faster with the customer's loan-rate formula than with the bank's LIBOR-plus formula. This customer appears to believe interest rates will soon decline, pulling its loan rate lower.Alternative Scenario:Given: The bank's counterproposal to Apex is LIBOR plus 0.125% with a compensating balance of $250,000.Solution:At the prevailing LIBOR rate of 9.25%, the effective rate of the counter proposal is:[9.25% + 0.125%]/[($15,000,000 - $ 250,000)/$15,000,000]= 9.375%/.9833 = 9.53%On an effective cost basis, Apex is not likely to agree to this request. However, if Apex looks only at the 9.375% rate, they might accept the request. Apex's opportunity cost of the minimum balance would come into play in accepting or rejecting the counter proposal.19-4. RJK Corporation was quoted a loan rate equal to the prevailing federal funds interest rate plus 3/8 of a percentage point (or 0.375%) . RJK wanted the loan renewed at money-market borrowing cost plus 0.25%. If the base rate is set at the federal funds rate the loan rate as requested by RJK would be:Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Fed Funds 8.72% 8.80% 8.69% 8.46% 8.46% Margin 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Loan Rate 8.97% 9.05% 8.94% 8.71% 8.71% Clearly the other money-market interest rates would have generated somewhat lower loan rates, especially the CD and Treasury bill rates. However, interest rates fell over the period examined, resulting in lower loan revenues for the bank. The bank would have been better off to offer its customer a fixed interest rate over the next five weeks.Alternative Scenario:Given: Bank desires to set a floor of 8%. Borrower agrees with the proposal if bank agrees to a loan rate of base rate plus 0.125%.Solution:The major risk faced by the bank is the risk that interest rates will rise along with other costs. If this occurs, increased fixed costs could erode the profit margin. Although this borrower would appear to be an excellent credit risk, increasing interest rates and inflation could result in increased default risk for the borrower over an extended period of time.Both the one-month commercial paper rate and the one-month CD rate have less volatility. Additionally, both maturities (i.e., one month) are closer to the five-week maturity of the requested loan. One might argue that either of these would be preferable, since they would maintain a higher rate in a declining interest rate environment. The one-month commercial paper rate had the lowestdecline during the five-week period, less than 2%, whereas the federal funds rate declined by approximately 3% and the CD rate declined by over 2%. If this trend were to continue over the next five-week period, the commercial paper rate would appear to be a better alternative.Web Site Problems1. What market interest rates are most widely used as base rates to price commercial loans? Where on the world wide web can you go to observe current and past levels of and changes in these market rates?After doing a search on the web, the Bloomberg site gave me the national averages for business loan rates. Their web site is /markets/rates.html. There are many other web sites out there that would also give this information or similar information. The table below lists key interest rates for business loans at the current time.Rate Current %Federal Funds 3.693 month LIBOR 3.71Prime Rate 7.002 Year AAA Industrial 4.5410 year .AAA Industrial 6.11From this information it appears that banks are most likely using the below prime market pricing (the markup) model to price their loans. These loan rates are close to the Federal Funds and LIBOR rates and are below the bank’s prime rate. Other loans to more risky customers may be priced differently.2. If you wanted to know more about the principles and procedures of business loan pricing where on the web would you go?One web site that has basic definitions for loans and may be a good place to start is/index.asp. This is the web site for Direct Loans. There are links to other sites from this one as well as frequently asked questions. A search of the web for business loan procedures may lead to other important web sites and information.。
(完整版)《商业银行管理学》课后习题答案
《商业银行管理学》课后习题及题解第一章商业银行管理学导论习题一、判断题1. 《金融服务现代化法案》的核心内容之一就是废除《格拉斯－斯蒂格尔法》。
2. 政府放松金融管制与加强金融监管是相互矛盾的。
3. 商业银行管理的最终目标是追求利润最大化。
4. 在金融市场上，商业银行等金融中介起着类似于中介经纪人的角色。
5. 商业银行具有明显的企业性质，所以常用于企业管理的最优化原理如边际分享原理、投入要素最优组合原理、规模经济原理也适用于商业银行。
6. 金融市场的交易成本和信息不对称决定了商业银行在金融市场中的主体地位。
7. 企业价值最大化是商业银行管理的基本目标。
8. 商业银行管理学研究的主要对象是围绕稀缺资源信用资金的优化配置所展开的各种业务及相关的组织管理问题。
9. 商业银行资金的安全性指的是银行投入的信用资金在不受损失的情况下能如期收回。
二、简答题1. 试述商业银行的性质与功能。
2. 如何理解商业银行管理的目标？3. 现代商业银行经营的特点有哪些？4. 商业银行管理学的研究对象和内容是什么？5. 如何看待“三性”平衡之间的关系？三、论述题1. 论述商业银行的三性目标是什么，如何处理三者之间的关系。
2. 试结合我国实际论述商业银行在金融体系中的作用。
第一章习题参考答案一、判断题1.√2.×3.×4.√5.×6.√7.×8.√9.√二、略；三、略。
第二章商业银行资本金管理习题一、判断题1. 新巴塞尔资本协议规定，商业银行的核心资本充足率仍为4％。
2. 巴塞尔协议规定，银行附属资本的合计金额不得超过其核心资本的50%。
3. 新巴塞尔资本协议对银行信用风险提供了两种方法：标准法和内部模型法。
4. 资本充足率反映了商业银行抵御风险的能力。
5. 我国国有商业银行目前只能通过财政增资的方式增加资本金。
6. 商业银行计算信用风险加权资产的标准法中的风险权重由监管机关规定。
二、单选题1. 我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的。
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商业银行：商业银行是以追求利润最大化为目标，以多种金融负债筹集资金，以多种金融资产为其经营对象，能利用负债进行信用创造，并向客户提供多功能、综合性服务的金融企业。
信用中介：是指商业银行通过负债业务，把社会上各种闲散货币资金集中到银行，通过资产业务，把它投向需要资金的各部门，充当有闲置资金者和资金短缺者之间的中介人，实现资金的融通。
作用：使闲散的货币转化为资本、使闲置资本得到充分利用、续短为长，满足这会对长期资本的需要。
支付中介：是指商业银行利用活期存款账户，为客户办理各种货币结算、货币收付、货币兑换和转移存款等业务活动。
CAMELS：美国联邦储备委员会对商业银行监管的分类检查制度，这类分类检查制度的主要内容是把商业银行接受检查的范围分为六大类：资本（capital）、资产（asset）、管理（management）、收益（earning）、流动性（liquidity）和对市场风险的敏感性（sensitivity）。
分行制：分行制银行是指那些在总行之下，可在本地或外地设有若干分支机构，并可以从事银行业务的商业银行。
这种商业银行的总部一般都设在大都市，下属所有分支行须由总行领导指挥。
优点：第一，有利于银行吸收存款，有利于银行扩大资本总额和经营规模，能取得规模经济效益。
第二，便于银行使用现代化管理手段和设备，提高服务质量，加快资金周转速度。
第三有利于银行调节资金、转移信用、分散和减轻多种风险。
第四，总行家数少，有利于国家控制和管理，其业务经营受地方政府干预小。
第五，由于资金来源广泛，有利于提高银行的竞争实力。
缺点：容易加速垄断的形成；并且由于其规模大，内部层次较多，使银行管理的难度增加等。
流动性：指资产变现的能力，商业银行保持随时能以适当的价格去的可用资金的能力，以便随时应付客户提存以及银行其他支付的需要。
其衡量指标有两个：一是资产变现的成本，二是资产变现的速度。
4.建立商业银行制度的基本原则有哪些？为什么要确立这些原则？答：（一）有利于银行业竞争。
根据经济学原理，经营同质产品的企业最需要竞争。
开展竞争有利于整个社会经济的发展。
所以国家应当提倡和保护银行业的竞争，允许新银行进入该领域，让各家银行按优胜劣汰规律进行竞争。
（二）有利于保护银行体系的安全。
因为银行之间的合理有序竞争可以提高银行经营效率，有利于增强银行抵御风险的能力；而过度竞争则可能导致银行破产、倒闭。
而一家银行倒闭会引起各方面连锁的反应，甚至可能触发金融危机，最终影响整个国家的经济发展。
所以，把保护银行体系安全作为建立本国银行制度所必须考虑的一个重要原则。
（三）使银行保持适当的规模。
“规模经济”的理论认为：在市场经济中，任何一个企业都具有一个“最合理规模”，在这种规模下，企业的成本最低，利润最优；而大于或小于这一规模，都会引起成本上升或利润下降。
商业银行作为一种特殊企业，也要受规模经济制约。
外源资本：主要由投资者超缴资本和资本增值构成。
是银行资本的重要组成部分。
内源资本：商业银行的资本主要来源于股息分配后的留存收益所形成的内源资本,留存收益受银行净利息收入、贷款损失准备(贷款质量)、耗费、税收、股息分配政策等因素的影响核心资本：资本由核心资本和附属资本两类。
核心资本包括普通锅、不可收回的优先股、资本盈余、留存收益、可转换的资本债券、各种补偿准备金。
核心资本在资本总额中所占的比重直接影响银行的经营风险。
(P42)附属资本：也称二级资本，.是衡量银行资本充足状况的指标，由非公开储备、资产重估储备、普通准备金、(债权/股权)混合资本工具和次级长期债券构成。
银行资本充足性：指银行资本数量必须超过金融管理当局所规定的能够保障正常营业并足以维持充分信誉的最低限度；同时，银行现有资本或新增资本的构成，应该符合银行总体经营目标或所需新增资本的具体目的。
（资本数量充足性，资本结构合理性）(P41)风险加权资产：银行在风险权数给定的基础上，利用加权平均法，将各项资产的货币数额乘以其风险等级权数得到该项资产的风险加权值，然后得到的累加值即为银行表内风险加权资产。
它是确定银行资本限额的重要依据之一。
3、为何《巴塞尔协议》有关银行资本规定对国际银行间的公平竞争具有特别重要的意义？《巴塞尔协议》对银行资本衡量采用了全新的方法。
其中，表内风险资产和表外风险资产测算是关键。
对资本充足性规定了国际统一的标准，具有很强的约束力。
为了保持资本质量，避免银行集团内部的双重杠杆作用，新协议的适用范围将在全面并表基础上扩大到以银行业务为主的银行集团的持股公司。
新协议还考虑了银行业的进步和业内对1988年协议的批评意见，明确提出五大目标，即把评估资本充足率的工作与银行面对的主要风险更紧密的联系在一起，促进安全稳健性；在充分强调银行自己的内部风险评估体系的基础上，促进公平竞争；激励银行提高风险计量与管理水平；资本反映银行头寸和业务的风险度；重点放在国际活跃银行，基本原则适用于所有银行。
可用资金成本：也称为银行的资金转移价格，指银行可用资金所应负担的全部成本。
它是确定银行营利性资产价格的基础，因而也是银行经营中资金成本分析的重点。
再贴现：指经营票据贴现业务的商业银行将其买入的未到期的贴现汇票向中央银行再提申请贴现，也称间接借款。
再贴现成为商业银行向中央银行借款的主要渠道。
2、简述商业银行短期借款的渠道和管理重点。
短期借款的主要渠道有：（一）同业借款。
也称同业拆借，指的是金融机构之间的短期资金融通。
主要用于支付日常性资金的资金周转，它是商业银行为解决短期资金余额、调剂法定准备金头寸而融通资金的重要渠道。
（二）向中央银行借款。
商业银行向中央银行借款的主要形式有两种：一是再贷款，二是再贴现。
再贷款是中央银行向商业银行的信用放贷，也成直接借款。
再贴现指经营票据贴现业务的商业银行将其买入的未到期的贴现汇票向中央银行再次申请贴现，也称间接借款。
由于中央银行向商业银行的放款将构成具有成倍派生能力的基础货币，因此各国中央银行都把对商业银行的放款作为宏观金融调控的重要手段。
（三）转贴现。
转贴现是指中央银行以外的投资人从二级市场上购进票据的行为。
商业银行通过转贴现在二级市场卖出未到期的贴现票据以融通到所需要的资金，而二级市场的投资人在票据到期前还可进一步转手买卖，继续转贴现。
（四）回购协议。
回购协议是指商业银行在出售证券等金融资产时签订协议，约定在一定期限后按约定价格购回所卖证券，以获得即时可用资金的交易方式。
（五）欧洲货币市场借款。
欧洲货币市场是一个完全自由开放的富有竞争力的市场。
（六）大面额存单。
大面额存单是银行负债证券化的产物，也是西方商业银行通过发行短期债券筹集资金的主要形式。
大面额存单的特点是可以转让，并且有较高的利率，兼有活期存款流动性和定期存款盈利性的优点。
管理重点：（一）主动把握借款期限和余额，有计划地把借款到期时间和金额分散化，以减少流动性需要过于集中地压力。
（二）尽量把借款到期时间和金额与存款的增长规律相协调，把借款控制在自身承受能力允许的范围内，争取利用存款的增长来解决一部分借款的流动性需要。
（三）通过多头拆借的办法将借款对象和金额分散化，力求形成一部分可以长期占用的借款余额。
（四）正确统计借款到期的实际和金额，以便做到事先筹集资金，满足短期借款的流动性需要。
3、简述金融债券的种类及其经营要点？答：一般性金融债券，资本性金融债券和国际金融债券。
经营要点：（1）做好债券发行和资金使用的衔接工作（2）注重利率变化和资金选择（3）掌握好发行时机（4）研究投资者心理4、对商业银行来说存款越多越好。
辨析此观点值得商榷，尤其是在中国目前面临流动性过剩的情况下。
一家银行的存款量，应限制在其贷款的可发放程度及吸收存款的成本和管理负担之承受能力的范围内。
而如果超过这一程度和范围， 就属于不适度的存款增长，反而会给银行经营带来困难。
因此，银行对存款规模的控制，要以存款资金在多大程度上被实际运用于贷款和投资为评判标准。
第四章现金资产：是银行持有的库存现金以及与现金等同的可随时用于支付的银行资产。
库存现金：商业银行保存在金库中的现钞和硬币。
超额存款准备金：101页狭义和广义。
资金头寸 ：商业银行的资金头寸是指商业银行能够运用的资金。
它包括时点头寸和时期头寸两种。
基础头寸：所谓基础头寸是指商业银行的库存现金与在中央银行的超额准备金之和。
可用头寸：是指商业银行可以动用的全部可用资金，它包括基础头寸和银行存放同业的存款。
可贷头寸：指商业银行可以用来发放贷款和进行新的投资的资金，它是形成银行盈利资产的基础4、影响商业银行现金需要量的因素有哪些？如何测算商业银行库存现金的需要量和最适送钞量？影响因素：（一）现金收支规律。
银行的现金收支在数量上和时间上都有一定的规律。
（二）营业网点的多少。
银行营业网点的数量与库存现金的需要量成正比。
（三）后勤保障的条件。
（四）与中央银行发行库的距离、交通条件以及发行库的规定。
（五）商业银行内部管理。
库存现金需要量的匡算：（略）最适送钞量的测算：为了保持适度的库存现金规模，商业银行的营业网点需要经常性的调节现金头寸，及时送运现金。
其公式为：T=C ·Q/2+P ·A/Q T 表示总成本，A 表示一定时期内的现金收入或支出，Q 表示每次运钞的数量，P 表示每次运钞费用，C 表示现金占有费率，A/Q 表示运钞次数，Q/2表示平均库存现金量，P ·A/Q 表示全年运钞总费用，C ·Q/2表示库存现金全年平均占用费。
化简结果：Q=C P A /·2第五章贷款政策是指商业银行指导和规范贷款业务、管理和控制贷款风险的各项方针、措施和程序的总和。
商业银行的贷款政策由于其经营品种、方式、规模、所处的市场环境的不同而各有差别，但其基本内容主要有以下几个方面： 1、贷款业务发展战略2、贷款工作规程及权限划分3.贷款的规模和比率控制4. 贷款种类及地区5. 贷款的担保6.贷款定价7. 贷款档案管理政策8.贷款的日常管理和催收制度9.不良贷款的管理信用贷款：是指银行完全凭借客户的信誉而无需提供抵押物或第三者保证而发放的贷款。
特征：风险较大，银行要收取较高的利息，借款人多为银行熟悉的较大的公司。
担保贷款：是指具有一定的财产或信用作还款保证的贷款。
根据还款保证的不同，具体分为保证贷款、抵押贷款、质押贷款。
保证贷款：指按规定的保证方式以第三人承诺在借款人不能偿还贷款时，按约定承担一般保证责任或者连带责任而发放的贷款抵押贷款：银行以抵押方式做担保而发放的贷款。
抵押是债务人或第三人不抵押财产的占有，将该财产作为债权的担保质押贷款：指按规定的质押方式以借款人或第三者的动产或权利作为质物发放的贷款信用分析：是对债务人的道德品格、资本实力、还款能力、担保及环境条件等进行系统分析，以确定是否给予贷款及相应的贷款条件。