(高等数学英文课件)1.5 Tangent Lines
微积分英文版3
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( x3 4cos x sin1) + x ( 3 x2 + 4sin x )
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有限次四则运算的求导法则
(u ± v)′ = u′ ± v′ (uv)′ = u′v + uv′
(Cu)′ = Cu′ ( C为常数 ) u ′ u′v uv′ (v ≠ 0) ( )= 2 v v
2. 曲线的切线斜率
曲线
在 M 点处的切线 割线 M N 的极限位置 M T (当 时)
y
y = f (x) N
C M
T
切线 MT 的斜率
o α x0
x x
= lim tan
f (x) f (x0 ) 割线 M N 的斜率 tan = x x0
→α
f (x) f (x0 ) k = lim x x0 x→x0
例.
y = x ( x 4cos x sin1) ,
3
3 解: y′ = ( x )′ ( x 4cos x sin1)
( x3 4cos x sin1)′ + x
2 x 1 y′ x=1 = (1 4cos1 sin1) + (3 + 4sin1) 2 7 7 = + sin1 2cos1 2 2
函数的可导性与连续性的关系
定理. 定理 证: 设 存在 , 因此必有 其中 故 所以函数 在点 x 连续 . 在点 x 处可导, 即
x →0
y= x
y
注意: 连续未必可导. 注意 函数在点 x 连续未必可导 反例: 反例 在 x = 0 处连续 , 但不可导.
高等数学-微积分第1章（英文讲稿）
高等数学-微积分第1章（英文讲稿）C alc u lus (Fifth Edition)高等数学- Calculus微积分（双语讲稿）Chapter 1 Functions and Models1.1 Four ways to represent a function1.1.1 ☆Definition(1-1) function: A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one element, called f(x), in a set B. see Fig.2 and Fig.3Conceptions: domain; range (See fig. 6 p13); independent variable; dependent variable. Four possible ways to represent a function: 1)Verbally语言描述(by a description in words); 2) Numerically数据表述(by a table of values); 3) Visually 视觉图形描述(by a graph);4)Algebraically 代数描述(by an explicit formula).1.1.2 A question about a Curve represent a function and can’t represent a functionThe way ( The vertical line test ) : A curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function of x if and only if no vertical line intersects the curve more than once. See Fig.17 p 171.1.3 ☆Piecewise defined functions (分段定义的函数)Example7 (P18)1－x if x ≤1f(x)＝﹛x2if x＞1Evaluate f(0)，f(1)，f(2) and sketch the graph.Solution：1.1.4 About absolute value (分段定义的函数)⑴∣x∣≥0；⑵∣x∣≤0Example8 (P19)Sketch the graph of the absolute value function f(x)＝∣x∣.Solution：1.1.5☆☆Symmetry ，(对称) Even functions and Odd functions (偶函数和奇函数)⑴Symmetry See Fig.23 and Fig.24⑵①Even functions: If a function f satisfies f(－x)＝f(x) for every number x in its domain，then f is call an even function. Example f(x)＝x2 is even function because: f(－x)＝ (－x)2＝x2＝f(x)②Odd functions: If a function f satisfie s f(－x)＝－f(x) for every number x in its domain，thenf is call an odd function. Example f(x)＝x3 is even function because: f(－x)＝(－x)3＝－x3＝－f(x)③Neither even nor odd functions:1.1.6☆☆Increasing and decreasing function (增函数和减函数)⑴Definition(1-2) increasing and decreasing function:① A function f is called increasing on an interval I if f(x1)＜f(x2) whenever x1＜x2 in I. ①A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if f(x1)＞f(x2) whenever x1＜x2 in I.See Fig.26. and Fig.27. p211.2 Mathematical models: a catalog of essential functions p251.2.1 A mathematical model p25A mathematical model is a mathematical description of a real-world phenomenon such as the size of a population, the demand for a product, the speed of a falling object, the concentration of a product in a chemical reaction, the life expectancy of a person at birth, or the cost of emission reduction.1.2.2 Linear models and Linear function P261.2.3 Polynomial P27A function f is called a polynomial ifP(x) ＝a n x n＋a n－1x n－1＋…＋a2x2＋a1x＋a0Where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0，a1，a2，…，a n－1，a n are constants called the coefficients of the polynomial. The domain of any polynomial is R＝(－∞,＋∞).if the leading coefficient a n≠0, then the degree of the polynomial is n. For example, the function P(x) ＝5x6＋2x5－x4＋3x－9⑴Quadratic function example: P(x) ＝5x2＋2x－3 二次函数（方程）⑵Cubic function example: P(x) ＝6x3＋3x2－1 三次函数（方程）1.2.4Power functions幂函数P30A function of the form f(x) ＝x a，Where a is a constant, is called a power function. We consider several cases：⑴a＝n where n is a positive integer ，(n＝1，2，3，…，)⑵a＝1/n where n is a positive integer，(n＝1，2，3，…，) The function f(x) ＝x1/n⑶a＝n－1 the graph of the reciprocal function f(x) ＝x－1 反比函数1.2.5Rational function有理函数P 32A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:f(x)＝P(x) /Q(x)1.2.6Algebraic function代数函数P32A function f is called algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations ( such as addition，subtraction，multiplication，division，and taking roots) starting with polynomials. Any rational function is automatically an algebraic function. Examples: P 321.2.7Trigonometric functions 三角函数P33⑴f(x)＝sin x⑵f(x)＝cos x⑶f(x)＝tan x＝sin x / cos x1.2.8Exponential function 指数函数P34The exponential functions are the functions the form f(x) ＝a x Where the base a is a positive constant.1.2.9Transcendental functions 超越函数P35These are functions that are not a algebraic. The set of transcendental functions includes the trigonometric，inverse trigonometric，exponential，and logarithmic functions，but it also includes a vast number of other functions that have never been named. In Chapter 11 we will study transcendental functions that are defined as sums of infinite series.1.2 Exercises P 35-381.3 New functions from old functions1.3.1 Transformations of functions P38⑴Vertical and Horizontal shifts (See Fig.1 p39)①y＝f(x)＋c，（c＞0）shift the graph of y＝f(x) a distance c units upward.②y＝f(x)－c，（c＞0）shift the graph of y＝f(x) a distance c units downward.③y＝f(x＋c)，（c＞0）shift the graph of y＝f(x) a distance c units to the left.④y＝f(x－c)，（c＞0）shift the graph of y＝f(x) a distance c units to the right.⑵ V ertical and Horizontal Stretching and Reflecting (See Fig.2 p39)①y＝c f(x)，（c＞1）stretch the graph of y＝f(x) vertically bya factor of c②y＝(1/c) f(x)，（c＞1）compress the graph of y＝f(x) vertically by a factor of c③y＝f(x/c)，（c＞1）stretch the graph of y＝f(x) horizontally by a factor of c.④y＝f(c x)，（c＞1）compress the graph of y＝f(x) horizontally by a factor of c.⑤y＝－f(x)，reflect the graph of y＝f(x) about the x-axis⑥y＝f(－x)，reflect the graph of y＝f(x) about the y-axisExamples1: (See Fig.3 p39)y＝f( x) ＝cos x，y＝f( x) ＝2cos x，y＝f( x) ＝（1/2）cos x，y＝f( x) ＝cos（x/2），y＝f( x) ＝cos2xExamples2: (See Fig.4 p40)Given the graph y＝f( x) ＝( x)1/2，use transformations to graph y＝f( x) ＝( x)1/2－2，y＝f( x) ＝(x－2)1/2，y＝f( x) ＝－( x)1/2，y＝f( x) ＝2 ( x)1/2，y＝f( x) ＝(－x)1/21.3.2 Combinations of functions (代数组合函数)P42Algebra of functions: Two functions (or more) f and g through the way such as add, subtract, multiply and divide to combined a new function called Combination of function.☆Definition(1-2) Combination function: Let f and g be functions with domains A and B. The functions f±g，f g and f /g are defined as follows: （特别注意符号(f±g)( x) 定义的含义）①(f±g)( x)＝f(x)±g( x)，domain ＝A∩B②(f g)( x)＝f(x) g( x)，domain ＝A∩ B③(f /g)( x)＝f(x) /g( x)，domain ＝A∩ B and g( x)≠0Example 6 If f( x) ＝( x)1/2，and g( x)＝(4－x2)1/2，find functions y＝f(x)＋g( x)，y＝f(x)－g( x)，y＝f(x)g( x)，and y＝f(x) /g( x)Solution: The domain of f( x) ＝( x)1/2 is [0，＋∞)，The domain of g( x) ＝(4－x2)1/2 is interval [－2，2]，The intersection of the domains of f(x) and g( x) is[0，＋∞)∩[－2，2]＝[0，2]Thus，according to the definitions, we have(f＋g)( x)＝( x)1/2＋(4－x2)1/2，domain [0，2](f－g)( x)＝( x)1/2－(4－x2)1/2，domain [0，2](f g)( x)＝f(x) g( x) ＝( x)1/2(4－x2)1/2＝(4 x－x3)1/2domain [0，2](f /g)( x)＝f(x)/g( x)＝( x)1/2/(4－x2)1/2＝[ x/(4－x2)]1/2 domain [0，2)1.3.3☆☆Composition of functions (复合函数)P45☆Definition(1-3) Composition function: Given two functions f and g the composite func tion f⊙g (also called the composition of f and g ) is defined by(f⊙g)( x)＝f( g( x)) （特别注意符号(f⊙g)( x) 定义的含义）The domain of f⊙g is the set of all x in the domain of g such that g(x) is in the domain of f . In other words, (f⊙g)(x) is defined whenever both g(x) and f (g (x)) are defined. See Fig.13 p 44 Example7 If f (g)＝( g)1/2 and g(x)＝(4－x3)1/2find composite functions f⊙g and g⊙f Solution We have(f⊙g)(x)＝f (g (x) ) ＝( g)1/2＝((4－x3)1/2)1/2(g⊙f)(x)＝g (f (x) )＝(4－x3)1/2＝[4－((x)1/2)3]1/2＝[4－(x)3/2]1/2Example8 If f (x)＝( x)1/2 and g(x)＝(2－x)1/2find composite function s①f⊙g ②g⊙f ③f⊙f④g⊙gSolution We have①f⊙g＝(f⊙g)(x)＝f (g (x) )＝f((2－x)1/2)＝((2－x)1/2)1/2＝(2－x)1/4The domain of (f⊙g)(x) is 2－x≥0 that is x ≤2 {x ︳x ≤2 }＝(－∞，2]②g⊙f＝(g⊙f)(x)＝g (f (x) )＝g (( x)1/2 )＝(2－( x)1/2)1/2The domain of (g⊙f)(x) is x≥0 and 2－( x)1/2x ≥0 ，that is( x)1/2≤2 ，or x ≤ 4 ，so the domain of g⊙f is the closed interval[0，4]③f⊙f＝(f⊙f)(x)＝f (f(x) )＝f((x)1/2)＝((x)1/2)1/2＝(x)1/4The domain of (f⊙f)(x) is [0，∞)④g⊙g＝(g⊙g)(x)＝g (g(x) )＝g ((2－x)1/2 )＝(2－(2－x)1/2)1/2The domain of (g⊙g)(x) is x－2≥0 and 2－(2－x)1/2≥0 ，that is x ≤2 and x ≥－2，so the domain of g⊙g is the closed interval[－2，2]Notice: g⊙f⊙h＝f (g(h(x)))Example9Example10 Given F (x)＝cos2( x＋9)，find functions f，g，and h such that F (x)＝f⊙g⊙h Solution Since F (x)＝[cos ( x＋9)] 2，that is h (x)＝x＋9 g(x)＝cos x f (x)＝x2Exercise P 45-481.4 Graphing calculators and computers P481.5 Exponential functions⑴An exponential function is a function of the formf (x)＝a x See Fig.3 P56 and Fig.4Exponential functions increasing and decreasing (单调性讨论)⑵Lows of exponents If a and b are positive numbers and x and y are any real numbers. Then1) a x+y＝a x a y2) a x－y＝a x / a y3) (a x)y＝a xy4) (ab)x+y ＝a x b x⑶about the number e f (x)＝e x See Fig. 14，15 P61Some of the formulas of calculus will be greatly simplified if we choose the base a .Exercises P 62-631.6 Inverse functions and logarithms1.6.1 Definition(1-4) one-to-one function: A function f iscalled a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice；that is，f (x1)≠f (x2)，whenever x1≠x2( 注解：不同的自变量一定有不同的函数值，不同的自变量有相同的函数值则不是一一对应函数) Example: f (x)＝x3is one-to-one function.f (x)＝x2 is not one-to-one function, See Fig.2,3,4 ☆☆Definition(1-5) Inverse function:Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then its inverse function f －1(y)has domain B and range A and is defined byf－1(y)＝x f (x)＝y for any y in Bdomain of f－1＝range of frange of f－1＝domain of f( 注解：it says : if f maps x into y, then f－1maps y back into x . Caution: If f were not one-to-one function，then f－1 would not be uniquely defined. )Caution: Do not mistake the－1 in f－1for an exponent. Thus f－1(x)＝1/ f(x) Because the letter x is traditionally used as the independent variable, so when we concentrate on f－1(y) rather than on f－1(y), we usually reverse the roles of x and y in Definition (1-5) and write as f－1(x)＝y f (x)＝yWe get the following cancellation equations:f－1( f(x))＝x for every x in Af (f－1(x))＝x for every x in B See Fig.7 P66Example 4 Find the inverse function of f(x)＝x3＋6Solution We first writef(x)＝y＝x3＋6Then we solve this equation for x:x3＝y－6x＝(y－6)1/3Finally, we interchange x and y：y＝(x－6)1/3That is, the inverse function is f－1(x)＝(x－6)1/3( 注解：The graph of f－1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y＝x. ) See Fig.9、8 1.6.2 Logarithmic function If a＞0 and a≠1，the exponential function f (x)＝a x is either increasing or decreasing and so it is one-to-one function by the Horizontal Line Test. It therefore has an inverse function f－1，which is called the logarithmic function with base a and is denoted log a，If we use the formulation of an inverse function given by (See Fig.3 P56)f－1(x)＝y f (x)＝yThen we havelogx＝y a y＝xThe logarithmic function log a x＝y has domain (0,∞) and range R.Usefully equations:①log a(a x)＝x for every x∈R②a log ax＝x for every x＞01.6.3 ☆Lows of logarithms :If x and y are positive numbers, then①log a(xy)＝log a x＋log a y②log a(x/y)＝log a x－log a y③log a(x)r＝r log a x where r is any real number1.6.4 Natural logarithmsNatural logarithm isl og e x＝ln x ＝ythat is①ln x ＝y e y＝x② ln(e x)＝x x∈R③e ln x＝x x＞0 ln e＝1Example 8 Solve the equation e5－3x＝10Solution We take natural logarithms of both sides of the equation and use ②、③ln (e5－3x)＝ln10∴5－3x＝ln10x＝(5－ln10)/3Example 9 Express ln a＋(ln b)/2 as a single logarithm.Solution Using laws of logarithms we have:ln a＋(ln b)/2＝ln a＋ln b1/2＝ln(ab1/2)1.6.5 ☆Change of Base formula For any positive number a (a≠1), we havel og a x＝ln x/ ln a1.6.6 Inverse trigonometric functions⑴Inverse sine function or Arcsine functionsin－1x＝y sin y＝x and －π/2≤y≤π / 2，－1≤x≤1 See Fig.18、20 P72Example13 ① sin－1 (1/2) or arcsin(1/2) ② tan(arcsin1/3)Solution①∵sin (π/6)＝1/2，π/6 lies between －π/2 and π / 2，∴sin－1 (1/2)＝π/6② Let θ＝arcsin1/3，so sinθ＝1/3tan(arcsin1/3)＝tanθ＝s inθ/cosθ＝(1/3)/(1－s in2θ)1/2＝1/(8)1/2Usefully equations:①sin－1(sin x)＝x for －π/2≤x≤π / 2②sin (sin－1x)＝x for －1≤x≤1⑵Inverse cosine function or Arccosine functioncos－1x＝y cos y＝x and 0 ≤y≤π，－1≤x≤1 See Fig.21、22 P73Usefully equations:①cos－1(cos x)＝x for 0 ≤x≤π②cos (cos－1x)＝x for －1≤x≤1⑶Inverse Tangent function or Arctangent functiontan－1x＝y tan y＝x and －π/2＜y＜π / 2 ，x∈R See Fig.23 P73、Fig.25 P74Example 14 Simplify the expression cos(ta n－1x).Solution 1 Let y＝tan－1 x，Then tan y＝x and －π/2＜y＜π / 2 ，We want find cos y but since tan y is known, it is easier to find sec y first:sec2y＝1 ＋tan2y sec y＝(1 ＋x2 )1/2∴cos(ta n－1x)＝cos y ＝1/ sec y＝(1 ＋x2)－1/2Solution 2∵cos(ta n－1x)＝cos y∴cos(ta n－1x)＝(1 ＋x2)－1/2⑷Other Inverse trigonometric functionscsc－1x＝y∣x∣≥1csc y＝x and y∈(0，π / 2]∪(π，3π / 2]sec－1x＝y∣x∣≥1sec y＝x and y∈[0，π / 2)∪[π，3π / 2]cot－1x＝y x∈R cot y＝x and y∈(0，π)Exercises P 74-85Key words and PhrasesCalculus 微积分学Set 集合Variable 变量Domain 定义域Range 值域Arbitrary number 独立变量Independent variable 自变量Dependent variable 因变量Square root 平方根Curve 曲线Interval 区间Interval notation 区间符号Closed interval 闭区间Opened interval 开区间Absolute 绝对值Absolute value 绝对值Symmetry 对称性Represent of a function 函数的表述（描述）Even function 偶函数Odd function 奇函数Increasing Function 增函数Increasing Function 减函数Empirical model 经验模型Essential Function 基本函数Linear function 线性函数Polynomial function 多项式函数Coefficient 系数Degree 阶Quadratic function 二次函数（方程）Cubic function 三次函数（方程）Power functions 幂函数Reciprocal function 反比函数Rational function 有理函数Algebra 代数Algebraic function 代数函数Integer 整数Root function 根式函数（方程）Trigonometric function 三角函数Exponential function 指数函数Inverse function 反函数Logarithm function 对数函数Inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数Natural logarithm function 自然对数函数Chang of base of formula 换底公式Transcendental function 超越函数Transformations of functions 函数的变换Vertical shifts 垂直平移Horizontal shifts 水平平移Stretch 伸张Reflect 反演Combinations of functions 函数的组合Composition of functions 函数的复合Composition function 复合函数Intersection 交集Quotient 商Arithmetic 算数。
高数双语课件section5_1.pptx
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Example of Definite Integral Problems
Example (Area of a trapezoid with a curved top) Computing the area surrounded by the curve y f ( x)( f ( x) 0), the vertical lines x a, x b and the horizontal line y 0.
On each subinterval [xk1, xk ] , select arbitrarily a point k ,
xk1 k xk , and form the product:
f (k )xk , k 1, 2,L, n.
Add the n products f (k )xk to form the sum
integrand f and the interval of integration. Also, it is
independent of the variable of integration x . Hence the following
integrals are the same
b
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a f ( x)dx a f (t)dt a f (u)du.
the vertical lines x a, x b and the horizontal line y 0.
Solution (3) “summation”
微积分英文词汇,高数名词中英文对照,高等数学术语英语翻译一览
微积分英文词汇，高数名词中英文对照，高等数学术语英语翻译一览V、X、Z:Value Of fun CtiO n :函数值VariabIe :变数VeCtOr :向量Velocity :速度VertiCaI asymptote :垂直渐近线Volume :体积X-axis : X 轴x-coord in ate : X 坐标x-intercept : X 截距Zero VeCtOr :函数的零点Zeros of a polyno mial : 多项式的零点T:Tangentfun Cti on :正切函数Tangentline :切线Tangent pla ne :切平面Tangent VeCtOr :切向量Total differe ntial :全微分TrigOnO metric fun Cti on :三角函数TrigOnO metric in tegrals :三角积分TrigOnO metric SUbStitUti ons :三角代换法TriPe in tegrals :三重积分S:SaddIe poi nt :鞍点SCaIar :纯量SeCan t li ne :割线SeCOnd derivative :二阶导数SeCOnd DeriVatiVe TeSt :二阶导数试验法SeC ond PartiaI derivative :二阶偏导数SeCtOr :扇形SeqUe nce :数歹USerieS :级数Set :集合Shell method :剥壳法SinefUn Cti on :正弦函数Singularity ：奇点Slant asymptote ：斜渐近线Slope ：斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line：直线的斜截式Smooth curve ：平滑曲线Smooth surface ：平滑曲面Solid of revolution ：旋转体Space ：空间Speed ：速率Spherical coordinates ：球面坐标Squeeze Theorem ：夹挤定理Step function ：阶梯函数Strictly decreasing ：严格递减Strictly increasing ：严格递增Sum ：和Surface ：曲面Surface integral ：面积分Surface of revolution ：旋转曲面Symmetry ：对称R:Radius of convergence ：收敛半径Range of a function ：函数的值域Rate of change ：变化率Rational function ：有理函数Rationalizing substitution ：有理代换法Rational number ：有理数Real number ：实数Rectangular coordinates ：直角坐标Rectangular coordinate system ：直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum ：相对极大值与极小值Revenue function ：收入函数Revolution , solid of ：旋转体Revolution , surface of ：旋转曲面Riemann Sum ：黎曼和Riemannian geometry ：黎曼几何Right-hand derivative ：右导数Right-hand limit ：右极限Root ：根P、Q:Parabola ：拋物线Parabolic cylinder ：抛物柱面Paraboloid ：抛物面Parallelepiped ：平行六面体Parallel lines ：并行线Parameter ：参数Partial derivative ：偏导数Partial differential equation ：偏微分方程Partial fractions ：部分分式Partial integration ：部分积分Partiton ：分割Period ：周期Periodic function ：周期函数Perpendicular lines ：垂直线Piecewise defined function ：分段定义函数Plane ：平面Point of inflection ：反曲点Polar axis ：极轴Polar coordinate ：极坐标Polar equation ：极方程式Pole ：极点Polynomial ：多项式Positive angle ：正角Point-slope form ：点斜式Power function ：幂函数Product ：积Quadrant ：象限Quotient Law of limit ：极限的商定律Quotient Rule ：商定律M、N、O:Maximum and minimum values ：极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem ：均值定理Multiple integrals ：重积分Multiplier ：乘子Natural exponential function ：自然指数函数Natural logarithm function ：自然对数函数Natural number ：自然数Normal line ：法线Normal vector ：法向量Number ：数Octant ：卦限Odd function ：奇函数One-sided limit ：单边极限Open interval ：开区间Optimization problems ：最佳化问题Order ：阶Ordinary differential equation ：常微分方程Origin ：原点Orthogonal ：正交的L:Laplace transform ：Leplace 变换Law of Cosines ：余弦定理Least upper bound ：最小上界Left-hand derivative ：左导数Left-hand limit ：左极限Lemniscate ：双钮线Length ：长度Level curve ：等高线L'Hospital's rule ：洛必达法则Limacon ：蚶线Limit ：极限Linear approximation ：线性近似Linear equation ：线性方程式Linearfunction ：线性函数Linearity ：线性Linearization ：线性化Line in the plane ：平面上之直线Line in space ：空间之直线Lobachevski geometry ：罗巴切夫斯基几何Local extremum ：局部极值Local maximum and minimum ：局部极大值与极小值Logarithm ：对数Logarithmic function ：对数函数I:Implicit differentiation ：隐求导法Implicit function ：隐函数Improper integral ：瑕积分Increasing/Decreasing Test ：递增或递减试验法Increment ：增量Increasing Function ：增函数Indefinite integral ：不定积分Independent variable ：自变数Indeterminate from ：不定型Inequality ：不等式Infinite point ：无穷极限Infinite series ：无穷级数Inflection point ：反曲点Instantaneous velocity ：瞬时速度Integer ：整数Integral ：积分Integrand ：被积分式Integration ：积分Integration by part ：分部积分法Intercepts ：截距Intermediate value of Theorem ：中间值定理Interval ：区间Inverse function ：反函数Inverse trigonometric function ：反三角函数Iterated integral ：逐次积分H:Higher mathematics 高等数学/ 高数E、F、G、H:Ellipse ：椭圆Ellipsoid ：椭圆体Epicycloid ：外摆线Equation ：方程式Even function ：偶函数Expected Valued ：期望值Exponential Function ：指数函数Exponents , laws of：指数率Extreme value ：极值Extreme Value Theorem ：极值定理Factorial ：阶乘First Derivative Test ：一阶导数试验法First octant ：第一卦限Focus ：焦点Fractions ：分式Function ：函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ：微积分基本定理Geometric series ：几何级数Gradient ：梯度Graph ：图形Green Formula ：格林公式Half-angle formulas ：半角公式Harmonic series ：调和级数Helix ：螺旋线Higher Derivative ：高阶导数Horizontal asymptote ：水平渐近线Horizontal line ：水平线Hyperbola ：双曲线Hyper boloid ：双曲面D:Decreasing function ：递减函数Decreasing sequence ：递减数列Definite integral ：定积分Degree of a polynomial ：多项式之次数Density ：密度Derivative ：导数of a composite function of a constant function directional ：方向导数domain of ：导数之定义域of exponential function ：指数函数之导数higher ：高阶导数 partial ：偏导数of a power function ：幂函数之导数of a power series ：羃级数之导数of a product ：积之导数of a quotient ：商之导数as a rate of change ：导数当作变率right-hand ：右导数 second ：二阶导数as the slope of a tangent ：导数看成切线之斜率Determinant ：行列式Differentiable function ：可导函数Differential ：微分Differential equation ：微分方程partial ：偏微分方程 Differentiation ：求导法 implicit ：隐求导法 partial：偏微分法 term by term ：逐项求导法 Directional derivatives ：方向导数Discontinuity ：不连续性 Disk method ：圆盘法：复合函数之导数：常数函数之导数DiSta nce :距离DiVerge nce :发散Domai n :定义域Dot PrOduCt :点积Double in tegral :二重积分Cha nge Of VariabIe in :二重积分之变数变换in polar coord in ates :极坐标二重积分C:Calculus :微积分differe ntial :微分学in tegral :积分学CarteSian coordinates :笛卡儿坐标JIl 一般指直角坐标CarteSia n coord in ates SyStem : 笛卡儿坐标系CaUCh's Mean VaIUe TheOrem :柯西均值定理Chai n Rule :连锁律Change of VariabIeS :变数变换CirCIe :圆CirCUIar cyli nder :圆柱Closed in terval :圭寸闭区间COeffiCie nt :系数Compositi on of fun Cti on :函数之合成Compo Undin terest :复禾UCon CaVity :凹性Conchoid :蚌线Cone :圆锥Con Sta nt fun ctio n :常数函数Con Sta nt of in tegrati on :积分常数COntin Uity :连续性at a poi nt :在一点处之连续性of a fun ctio n :函数之连续性on an in:在区间之连续性tervalfrom the left :左连续from the right : 右连续Con ti nu ous fun Cti on :连续函数Convergence :收敛in terval of :收敛区间radius of :收敛半径Conv erge nt SeqUe nce :收敛数列SerieS :收敛级数Coord in ate : S :坐标CarteSian :笛卡儿坐标cyli ndrical :柱面坐标polar ：极坐标rectangular ：直角坐标spherical ：球面坐标Coordinate axes ：坐标轴Coordinate planes ：坐标平面Cosine function ：余弦函数Critical point ：临界点Cubic function ：三次函数Curve ：曲线Cylinder ：圆柱Cylindrical Coordinates ：圆柱坐标A、B:Absolute convergence ：绝对收敛Absolute extreme values ：绝对极值Absolute maximum and minimum ：绝对极大与极小Absolute value ：绝对值Absolute value function ：绝对值函数Acceleration ：加速度Antiderivative ：反导数Approximate integration ：近似积分Approximation ：逼近法by differentials ：用微分逼近linear ：线性逼近法by Simpson's Rule ：Simpson 法则逼近法by the Trapezoidal Rule ：梯形法则逼近法Arbitrary constant ：任意常数Arc length ：弧长Area ：面积under a curve ：曲线下方之面积between curves ：曲线间之面积in polar coordinates ：极坐标表示之面积of a sector of a circle ：扇形之面积of a surface of a revolution ：旋转曲面之面积Asymptote ：渐近线horizontal ：水平渐近线slant ：斜渐近线vertical ：垂直渐近线Average speed ：平均速率Average velocity ：平均速度Axes, coordinate ：坐标轴Axes of ellipse ：椭圆之轴Binomial series ：二项级数。
(高等数学英文课件)1.3 Limits Involving Infinity
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1.3
Limits Involving Infinity
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1.3.1 Finite Limits as x … 1.3.2 Rules for Limits 1.3.3 Horizontal Asymptotes 1.3.4 Infinite Limits 1.3.5 Vertical Asymptotes 1.3.6 Oblique Asymptotes
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1.3.4
Infinite Limits
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x
x1
0
上式中分子多项式的次数应为零,
故有1－a=0,a－b=0,由此得 a=b=1
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1.3.3
Horizontal Asymptotes
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limsinx, limsinx.
x
x
11
lim , lim .
x x x0
x0
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同济大学《高等数学D》英文电子教案课件pptfile_5623579213949
Some Examples for Limit
f2 ( x) f1(a) f2 (a)
a
One Side Limit (An Informal View)
If the values of f (x) can be made as close as we like to L by taking values of x sufficiently close to a (but greater than a), written as lim f (x) L
Advanced Mathematics D
Chapter Two Limits & Continuity
Enter Calculus World
We have known “Function” This is the tool for us enter the Calculus
World The first adventure is “Limit” Limits is the soul of Calculus as well as
“割之弥细，所失弥小. 割之又割， 以至于不可割，则与圆周合体，而无 所失矣”。
Calculation of a Circle Area
N=4 N=6 N=8 N=10 N=12
Inside Polygo n Area
2 2.598 2.828 2.939 3
Outsid e Polygo n Area
高数名词中英文对照
高数名词中英文对照来源：微积分英文词汇,高数名词中英文对照,高等数学术语英语翻译一览关键词：微积分英文,高等数学英文翻译,高数英语词汇来源：上海外教网| 发布日期：2008-05-16 17:12V、X、Z:Value of function ：函数值Variable ：变数Vector ：向量Velocity ：速度Vertical asymptote ：垂直渐近线Volume ：体积X-axis ：x轴x-coordinate ：x坐标x-intercept ：x截距Zero vector ：函数的零点Zeros of a polynomial ：多项式的零点T:Tangent function ：正切函数Tangent line ：切线Tangent plane ：切平面Tangent vector ：切向量Total differential ：全微分Trigonometric function ：三角函数Trigonometric integrals ：三角积分Trigonometric substitutions ：三角代换法Tripe integrals ：三重积分S:Saddle point ：鞍点Scalar ：纯量Secant line ：割线Second derivative ：二阶导数Second Derivative Test ：二阶导数试验法Second partial derivative ：二阶偏导数Sector ：扇形Sequence ：数列Series ：级数Set ：集合Shell method ：剥壳法Sine function ：正弦函数Singularity ：奇点Slant asymptote ：斜渐近线Slope ：斜率Slope-intercept equation of a line ：直线的斜截式Smooth curve ：平滑曲线Smooth surface ：平滑曲面Solid of revolution ：旋转体Space ：空间Speed ：速率Spherical coordinates ：球面坐标Squeeze Theorem ：夹挤定理Step function ：阶梯函数Strictly decreasing ：严格递减Strictly increasing ：严格递增Sum ：和Surface ：曲面Surface integral ：面积分Surface of revolution ：旋转曲面Symmetry ：对称R:Radius of convergence ：收敛半径Range of a function ：函数的值域Rate of change ：变化率Rational function ：有理函数Rationalizing substitution ：有理代换法Rational number ：有理数Real number ：实数Rectangular coordinates ：直角坐标Rectangular coordinate system ：直角坐标系Relative maximum and minimum ：相对极大值与极小值Revenue function ：收入函数Revolution , solid of ：旋转体Revolution , surface of ：旋转曲面Riemann Sum ：黎曼和Riemannian geometry ：黎曼几何Right-hand derivative ：右导数Right-hand limit ：右极限Root ：根P、Q:Parabola ：拋物线Parabolic cylinder ：抛物柱面Paraboloid ：抛物面Parallelepiped ：平行六面体Parallel lines ：并行线Parameter ：参数Partial derivative ：偏导数Partial differential equation ：偏微分方程Partial fractions ：部分分式Partial integration ：部分积分Partiton ：分割Period ：周期Periodic function ：周期函数Perpendicular lines ：垂直线Piecewise defined function ：分段定义函数Plane ：平面Point of inflection ：反曲点Polar axis ：极轴Polar coordinate ：极坐标Polar equation ：极方程式Pole ：极点Polynomial ：多项式Positive angle ：正角Point-slope form ：点斜式Power function ：幂函数Product ：积Quadrant ：象限Quotient Law of limit ：极限的商定律Quotient Rule ：商定律M、N、O:Maximum and minimum values ：极大与极小值Mean Value Theorem ：均值定理Multiple integrals ：重积分Multiplier ：乘子Natural exponential function ：自然指数函数Natural logarithm function ：自然对数函数Natural number ：自然数Normal line ：法线Normal vector ：法向量Number ：数Octant ：卦限Odd function ：奇函数One-sided limit ：单边极限Open interval ：开区间Optimization problems ：最佳化问题Order ：阶Ordinary differential equation ：常微分方程Origin ：原点Orthogonal ：正交的L:Laplace transform ：Leplace 变换Law of Cosines ：余弦定理Least upper bound ：最小上界Left-hand derivative ：左导数Left-hand limit ：左极限Lemniscate ：双钮线Length ：长度Level curve ：等高线L'Hospital's rule ：洛必达法则Limacon ：蚶线Limit ：极限Linear approximation：线性近似Linear equation ：线性方程式Linear function ：线性函数Linearity ：线性Linearization ：线性化Line in the plane ：平面上之直线Line in space ：空间之直线Lobachevski geometry ：罗巴切夫斯基几何Local extremum ：局部极值Local maximum and minimum ：局部极大值与极小值Logarithm ：对数Logarithmic function ：对数函数I:Implicit differentiation ：隐求导法Implicit function ：隐函数Improper integral ：瑕积分Increasing/Decreasing Test ：递增或递减试验法Increment ：增量Increasing Function ：增函数Indefinite integral ：不定积分Independent variable ：自变数Indeterminate from ：不定型Inequality ：不等式Infinite point ：无穷极限Infinite series ：无穷级数Inflection point ：反曲点Instantaneous velocity ：瞬时速度Integer ：整数Integral ：积分Integrand ：被积分式Integration ：积分Integration by part ：分部积分法Intercepts ：截距Intermediate value of Theorem ：中间值定理Interval ：区间Inverse function ：反函数Inverse trigonometric function ：反三角函数Iterated integral ：逐次积分H:Higher mathematics 高等数学/高数E、F、G、H:Ellipse ：椭圆Ellipsoid ：椭圆体Epicycloid ：外摆线Equation ：方程式Even function ：偶函数Expected Valued ：期望值Exponential Function ：指数函数Exponents , laws of ：指数率Extreme value ：极值Extreme Value Theorem ：极值定理Factorial ：阶乘First Derivative Test ：一阶导数试验法First octant ：第一卦限Focus ：焦点Fractions ：分式Function ：函数Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ：微积分基本定理Geometric series ：几何级数Gradient ：梯度Graph ：图形Green Formula ：格林公式Half-angle formulas ：半角公式Harmonic series ：调和级数Helix ：螺旋线Higher Derivative ：高阶导数Horizontal asymptote ：水平渐近线Horizontal line ：水平线Hyperbola ：双曲线Hyper boloid ：双曲面D:Decreasing function ：递减函数Decreasing sequence ：递减数列Definite integral ：定积分Degree of a polynomial ：多项式之次数Density ：密度Derivative ：导数of a composite function ：复合函数之导数of a constant function ：常数函数之导数directional ：方向导数domain of ：导数之定义域of exponential function ：指数函数之导数higher ：高阶导数partial ：偏导数of a power function ：幂函数之导数of a power series ：羃级数之导数of a product ：积之导数of a quotient ：商之导数as a rate of change ：导数当作变率right-hand ：右导数second ：二阶导数as the slope of a tangent ：导数看成切线之斜率Determinant ：行列式Differentiable function ：可导函数Differential ：微分Differential equation ：微分方程partial ：偏微分方程Differentiation ：求导法implicit ：隐求导法partial ：偏微分法term by term ：逐项求导法Directional derivatives ：方向导数Discontinuity ：不连续性Disk method ：圆盘法Distance ：距离Divergence ：发散Domain ：定义域Dot product ：点积Double integral ：二重积分change of variable in ：二重积分之变数变换in polar coordinates ：极坐标二重积分C:Calculus ：微积分differential ：微分学integral ：积分学Cartesian coordinates ：笛卡儿坐标一般指直角坐标Cartesian coordinates system ：笛卡儿坐标系Cauch’s Mean Value Theorem ：柯西均值定理Chain Rule ：连锁律Change of variables ：变数变换Circle ：圆Circular cylinder ：圆柱Closed interval ：封闭区间Coefficient ：系数Composition of function ：函数之合成Compound interest ：复利Concavity ：凹性Conchoid ：蚌线Cone ：圆锥Constant function ：常数函数Constant of integration ：积分常数Continuity ：连续性at a point ：在一点处之连续性of a function ：函数之连续性on an interval ：在区间之连续性from the left ：左连续from the right ：右连续Continuous function ：连续函数Convergence ：收敛interval of ：收敛区间radius of ：收敛半径Convergent sequence ：收敛数列series ：收敛级数Coordinate：s：坐标Cartesian ：笛卡儿坐标cylindrical ：柱面坐标polar ：极坐标rectangular ：直角坐标spherical ：球面坐标Coordinate axes ：坐标轴Coordinate planes ：坐标平面Cosine function ：余弦函数Critical point ：临界点Cubic function ：三次函数Curve ：曲线Cylinder：圆柱Cylindrical Coordinates ：圆柱坐标A、B:Absolute convergence ：绝对收敛Absolute extreme values ：绝对极值Absolute maximum and minimum ：绝对极大与极小Absolute value ：绝对值Absolute value function ：绝对值函数Acceleration ：加速度Antiderivative ：反导数Approximate integration ：近似积分Approximation ：逼近法by differentials ：用微分逼近linear ：线性逼近法by Simpson’s Rule ：Simpson法则逼近法by the Trapezoidal Rule ：梯形法则逼近法Arbitrary constant ：任意常数Arc length ：弧长Area ：面积under a curve ：曲线下方之面积between curves ：曲线间之面积in polar coordinates ：极坐标表示之面积of a sector of a circle ：扇形之面积of a surface of a revolution ：旋转曲面之面积Asymptote ：渐近线horizontal ：水平渐近线slant ：斜渐近线vertical ：垂直渐近线Average speed ：平均速率Average velocity ：平均速度Axes, coordinate ：坐标轴Axes of ellipse ：椭圆之轴Binomial series ：二项级数。
高等数学英文版课件 15 Differential equations
where P, Q, R, and G are continuous functions.
If G(x) = 0 for all x, such equations are called secondorder homogeneous linear equations. (This use of the word homogeneous has nothing to do with the meaning given in Section 15.1.)
Example 3 Solve the equation 4 y 12y 9 y 0
Case 3 b2 4ac 0
In this case the roots r1 and r2 of the auxiliary equation are complex numbers, we can write
a(2rerx r 2 xerx ) b(erx rxerx ) cxerx
(2ar b)erx (ar 2 br c)xerx
0(erx ) 0(xerx ) 0
Since y1 erx and y2 xerx are linearly independent solutions, Theorem 4 provides us with the general solution:
(11) If the roots of auxiliary equation ar 2 br c 0
are the complex numbers r1 i , r2 i , then the general solution of ay by cy 0 is
y ex (c1 cos x c2 sin x)
P(x) y Q(x) y R(x) y
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1.5.3
Rates of Change: Derivative at a point
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Exercises
P140 12,14,16,25,27. P143 13,14,18,19,22,25,26.
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Finding a Tangent to the Graph of a Function
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a point
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1.5.1
What is a Tangent of a Curve
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1.5.2
(高等数学英文课件）1.5 Tangent Lines
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1.5
Tangent Lines
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1.5.1 What is a Tangent of a Curve 1.5.2 Finding a Tangent to the Graph
of a Function 1.5.3 Rates of Change: Derivative at