美国文学复习资料
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学复习资料
美国文学复习资料（Realism）一、Background1）Mechanization 机器化2）Urbanization 城市化3）Industrialization 工业化4）Federal government(race种族平等进入宪法）标志着马克·吐温的《镀金时代》开始5）Railway system工业化的一大标志，电力和石油的应用6) Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern agrarianism.二、文化特征：1）女性发挥作用明显，女性的作者和读者明显增多2）开始关注Mid class3）现实主义（realism）-->New York replaced Boston as the nation's literary center. 纽约成为新的文化中心。
一、时期综述：1、镀金时代：The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne,and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。
3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法：19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, theysought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件，关注人性中的微妙之处。
美国文学选读复习资料全
American Puritanism 殖民地时期( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明•富兰克林作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success.2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源3、参与起草《独立宣言》浪漫主义American RomanticismThe Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.The social and cultural background of RomanticismThe young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country.The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in va lue of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a sourc e of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.二、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (心理分析批评), and the detective story. 诗歌的精髓就是追求美小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution)二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 1706-1790"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴 annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集The Way to Wealth致富之道The Autobiography自传 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊1）drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了独立宣言美国文学史复习3（Romanticisms)一、文学特征：3、Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
美国文学史复习资料(DOC)
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。
本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)※《自传》“The Autobiography ”《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”2。
美国文学复习资料
The Review Information of Final Examination一、Match ( the writer and their works)1、Anne Bradstreet：《Some verses on the Burning of Our House》；《The Spirit and the Flesh》；《The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America》2、Michael Wigglesworth：《The Day of Doom》3、Edward Taylor：《Preparatory Meditation》4、Thomas Jefferson：《The Declaration of Independence》5、Thomas Paine: 《Common Sense》6、Benjamin Franklin: 《Poor Richard’s Almanac格言历书》；《Autobiography自传》7、Philip Freneau：《The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起》；《The House of Night夜之屋》；《The British Prison Ship英国囚船》；《To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士》；《The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花》；《The Indian Burying Ground印第安人墓地》；《The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·察吉》8、Washington Irving：《A History of New York纽约外史》（under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker）；《The Sketch Book见闻札记/札记集》（《Rip Van Winkle瑞普·凡·温克尔》&《The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说》）；《Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇庄园》；《Tales of a Traveler》；《Oliver Goldsmith哥尔德斯密斯》；《Life of George Washington华盛顿传》；9、James Fenimore Cooper：《Precaution》；《The Spy》；《The Pioneers》；《The Pilot》；《Lionel Lincoln》;《The Last of the Mohicans》；《The RedRover》；《The Prairie》；《The Red Rover》1828；《The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish》；《The Water Witch》1830；《The Pathfinder》；《The Deerslayer》；10、William Cullen Bryant：《To a Waterfowl致水鸟》；《Thanatopsis死亡随想》；《The Yellow Violet黄色堇香花》；《Poems诗选》；《The Fountain 泉》；《The White-Footed Deer白蹄鹿》；《A Forest Hymn森林赋》；《The Flood of Years似水流年》；11、Edgar Allan Poe：《Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque奇异怪诞故事集》；《MS. Found in a Bottle瓶子里发现的手稿》；《The Murders in the Rue Morgue毛格街杀人案》；《The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌》；《The Masque of the Red Death红色死亡的化妆舞会》；《The Cask of Amontillado一桶酒的故事》；《The Raven乌鸦》；《Israfel伊斯拉菲尔》；《Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李》；《To Helen致海伦》；《The Poetic Principle诗歌原理》；《The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学》12、Nathaniel Howthorne：《Twice-Told Tales故事重述》；《Mosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔》；《The Scarlet Letter红字》；《The House of the Seven Gables七个尖角阁的房子》；《The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇》；《The Marble Faun大理石雕像》；《Young Goodman Brown好小伙儿布朗》；《The Minister’s Black Veil教长的黑面纱》；《Dr. Rappacini’s Daughter拉普齐尼博士的女儿13、William Whitman：《Leaves of Grass》14、Ralph Waldo Emerson：《Nature》；《The American Scholar》, regarded as 《Declaration of Intellectual Independence》；《The Poet》；《Self-Reliance》；《Each and All》15、Henry David Thoreau：《A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers》；《Walden》；《Life in the Woods》；《The Maine Woods》；《Civil Disobedience》；《A Plea for Captain John Brown》；16、William Dean Howells：《The Rise of Silas Lapham》；《A Chance Acquaintance》；《A Modern Instance》17、Regional literature （similar, but larger in the world）⏹Garland, Harte – the west⏹Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring Camp《咆哮营的幸运儿》⏹Hamlin Garland: Main-travelled Roads《大路条条》⏹Eggleston – Indiana：The Hoosier Schoolmaster《山区校长》⏹Mrs. Stowe Old Town Folks《老城的人们》⏹Jewett – Maine Deephaven《深深拥有》⏹Kate Chopin – Louisiana：Bayou Folk《路易斯安娜移民》, A Night inAcadie《爱克迪之夜》, The Awakening《觉醒》⏹Woolson: Castle Nowhere: Lake-Country Sketches《处处城堡：乡村湖景札记》18、Bret Harte：《Tennessee’s Partener》；《The Luck of Roaring Camp》19、Hannibal Hamlin Garland：《Main-travelled Roads》；《Mrs Ripley’s Trip》20、Mark Twain：《The Gilded Age镀金时代》；《the two advantages》；《Life on the Mississippi》；《A Connecticut Yankee in King》，《Arthur’s Court》；《The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug》；《Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记》；《The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记》；《The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County》；《The Innocents Abroad》(non-fiction travel)；《Roughing It艰苦岁月》(non-fiction)；《The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County卡城名蛙》；⏹The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (fiction)⏹The Innocents Abroad傻子出国记(non-fiction travel)⏹Mark Twain's (Burlesque) Autobiography and First Romance⏹Sketches New and Old (fictional stories)⏹Old Times on the Mississippi (non-fiction)⏹The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (fiction)⏹A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage (fiction);⏹A Tramp Abroad (travel)⏹1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time ofthe Tudors (fiction)⏹The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿(fiction)⏹Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上(non-fiction (mainly))⏹Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fiction)⏹A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (fiction)⏹The American Claimant (fiction)⏹The £1,000,000 Bank Note and Other New Stories (fictional)⏹Tom Sawyer Abroad (fiction)⏹The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (fiction)⏹Tom Sawyer, Detective (fiction)⏹Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc (fiction)⏹How to Tell a Story and other Essays (non-fictional essays)⏹Following the Equator (non-fiction travel)⏹Is He Dead? (play)⏹The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (fiction)⏹The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated (satire)⏹Edmund Burke on Croker and Tammany (political satire)⏹To the Person Sitting in Darkness (essay)⏹A Dog's Tale (fiction)⏹King Leopold's Soliloquy (political satire)⏹The War Prayer (fiction)⏹What Is Man? (essay)⏹Eve's Diary (fiction)⏹Christian Science (non-fiction)⏹Is Shakespeare Dead? (non-fiction)⏹Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven (fiction)⏹Letters from the Earth (fiction, published posthumously)⏹The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, possibly not by Twain, publishedposthumously)⏹The United States of Lyncherdom (essay, published posthumously)⏹Mark Twain's Autobiography (non-fiction, publishedposthumously)⏹Letters from the Earth (posthumous, edited by Bernard DeV oto)⏹No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (fiction, published posthumously)21、Henry James：《Watch and Ward》；《Roderick Hudson》；《The American》；《The Europeans》；《Confidence》；《Washington Square》；《The Portrait of a Lady》；《The Bostonians》；《The Princess Casamassima》；《The Reverberator》；《The Tragic Muse》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《What Maisie Knew》；《The Awkward Age》；《The Sacred Fount》；《The Wings of the Dove》；《The Ambassadors》；《The Golden Bowl》；《The Whole Family》；《The Outcry》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》；《The Other House》；《The Spoils of Poynton》；《The Ivory Tower》；《The Sense of the Past》22、Harriet Beecher Stowe：《Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin》；《Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp》；《The Minister's Wooing》；《Old Town Folks》；23、Edith Wharton：《The House of Mirth》；《The Age of Innocence》24、Stephen Crane：《A Girl of the Streets街头女郎麦琪》；《The Black Riders黑骑手》；《The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章》；《The Open Boat 海上扁舟》；《The Blue Hotel蓝色旅馆》；《An Experiment in Misery不幸的试验》；《A Man Said to the Universe一个人对上帝说》；《A Man Adrift on aSlim Spar这个人漂泊在细细的梁上》25、Theodore Dreiser：《Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹》1900；《Old Rogaum and His Theresa》(1901)；《Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘》1911；《The Financier 金融家》1912；《The Titan巨头》1914；《The "Genius"天才》1915；《An American Tragedy美国悲剧》1925；《Chains: Lesser Novels and Stories》1927；《The Bulwark》1946；《The Stoic》194726、Frank Norris：《McTeague麦克提格》；《The Octopus章鱼》；《The Pit 深渊、粮食交易反》；《The Responsibilities of the Novelist小说家的责任》；《The Wolf狼》1902. unfinished27、Jack London：《A Daughter of the Snows》1902；《The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤》1903；《The Kempton-Wace Letters》1903；《The Sea-Wolf 海狼》1904；《The Game》1905；《White Fang白牙》1906；《The Iron Heel》1908；《Martin Eden马丁·伊登》1909；《The Scarlet Plague》1912；《The Valley of the Moon》1913；《The Star Rover》1915；《The Little Lady of the Big House》1916；《The Assassination Bureau, Ltd》1963；《Son of the Wolf狼的儿子》1900；28、T.S. Eliot：《The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock》1917；《The Waste Land》1922；《The Hollow Men》1925；《Ash Wednesday》1930；《Four Quartets》1943；《Murder in The Cathedral》1935；《Cocktail Party》1950；29、Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation)：《The Sun Also Rises太阳依照升起》1926；《A Farewell To Arms永别了，武器》1929；《Death In The Afternoon午后之死》1932；《The Green Hills Of Africa非洲的青山》1935；《The Spanish War西班牙战争》1938；《For Whom The Bell Tolls丧钟为谁鸣》1940；《The Old Man And The Sea老人与海》195230、Ezra Pound：《Cathay华夏》1915；《Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休·塞尔温·莫伯利》1920；《Cantos诗章》1915-1962；《The Pisan Cantos比萨诗章》；《A Pact》；《In a Station at the Metro》31、Sherwood Anderson：《Winesburg, Ohio小城畸人》；《The Triumph of the Eggs鸡蛋的胜利》；《Poor White穷白人》；《Death in the Woods林中之死》；32、John Dos Passos：《U.S.A, Trilogy美国三部曲》；《The 42nd Parallel 北纬四十二度》；《1919一九一九》；《The Big Money赚大钱》33、Robert Frost：《North of Boston波士顿以北》；《Stopping by Woods ona Snowy Evening雪夜停在林边》；《Mending Wall修墙》；《Design意图》；《The Road Not Taken未走过的路》；《After Apple-picking (lyric)摘苹果之后》34、Carl Sandburg:《Cornhuskers剥玉米机》；《Smoke and Steel烟与钢》；《Good Morning, America》；《The People, yes人民，是的》；《Fog雾》(a Imagism poem)；《Lost失落》；《Chicago芝加哥》；《The Harbor港口》；35、Langston Hughes：《The Negro Speaks of Rivers黑人谈河》；《As I Grow Older我长大的时候》二、Poetry analysis：1、Walt Whitman：A Bridge between Romanticism And Realism1819-1892Born and raised in New York (Manhattan)His poetry broke every rule of traditional poetryV olume of poetry: Leaves of Grass (1855)Mixed reaction to his poetryEmerson/Lincoln loved itMedic during the Civil WarThemes: Nature, Democracy, Common ManIntroduced Free Verse to America2、Emily Dickinson：She is one of the greatest American female poets inthe late 19th centuryRegular meter—hymn meter and ballad meter, also known as Common meterQuatrainsAlternating tetrameter and trimeterOften 1st and 3rd lines rhyme, 2nd and 4th lines rhyme iniambic pentameterThe use of dashesInfluenced by nature and spiritual themes3、Robert Frost：4、Ezra Pound：三、Novel Review :1、Ernest Hemingway：《In Another Country》2、Nathaniel Hawthorne：《The Scarlet Letter》The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter A. The "A" appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne.It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellingham's mansion. At night while Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter A in the sky. While Pearl is playing near the bay shore she arranges some grass in the form of an A on her own breast. But one of the most important A's is one the spectators see burnt on Dimmesdale's chest.In the novel, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning many different times. This change is significant. It shows growth in the characters, and the community in which they live.The meaning of the symbol：A symbol of sin; A symbol of alone and alienation; A symbol of able, angel and admirable.Adultery：The letter "A", worn on Hester's bosom, is a symbol of her adultery against Roger Chilling worth. This is the puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The puritan treatment continues, because as Hester walks through the streets, she will be looked down upon as if she is some sort of demon from hell that commits a terrible crime.This letter is meant to be worn in shame, and to make Hester feel unwanted. Hester is ashamed of her sin, but she chooses not to show it.She commits this sin in the heat of passion, and fully admits it because, though she is ashamed, she also receives her greatest treasure, Pearl, out of it.She is a very strong woman to be able to hold up so well against what she must face. Many will have fled Boston, and seek a place where no one knows of her great sin. Hester chooses to stay though, which shows a lot of strength and integrity. Any woman with enough nerve to hold up against a town, which despises her very existence, and to stay in a place where her daughter is referred to as a "devil child," either has some sort of psychological problem, or is a very tough woman.Alone and Alienation：The scarlet letter "A" also stands for Hester's lonely life in New England. After she is released, Hester lives in a cottage near the outskirts of the city.It had been built by an earlier settler, and abandoned, because the soil about it was too sterile for cultivation, while its comparative remoteness put it out of the sphere of that social activity which already marked the habits of the emigrants."Hester's social life is virtually eliminated as a result of her shameful history. Hester comes to have a part to perform in the world with her native energy of character and rare capacity." However, there was nothing that made her feel as if she belonged to it. Every gesture, every word, and even the silence of those with whom she came to contact, implied, andoften expressed, that she was banished, and as much alone as if she inhabited another sphere, or communicated with the common nature by other organs and senses than the rest of human kind. She stood apart from moral interests… seemed to be the sole portion that she retained in the universal heart."Hester has no friends in the world, and little Pearl is the only companion of her lonely life, so the scarlet letter "A" also is a symbol of the words "alone" and "alienate".Able, Admirable and Angel：Later, the scarlet letter "A" changes its meaning into being able, angel and admirable. The townspeople who condemned her now believe the scarlet letter to stand for her ability to her beautiful needlework and for her unselfish assistance to the poor and sick. "The letter was the symbol of her calling. Such helpfulness is found in her so much power to do and power to sympathize - that many people refuses to interpret the scarlet letter‘A' by its original signification."At this point, a lot of the townspeople realize what a noble character Hester possesses. "Do you see that woman with the embroidered badge? It is our Hester – the town's own Hester – who is so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comforting to the afflicted!" The townspeople soon begin to believe that the badge served to ward off evil, and Hester grows to be quite admirable amongst the people of the town. Hester overcomes the shame of her sin through the purity and goodness of her soul.Unselfishly offering her time and love to those who need her most proves that she is not worthy of the fate which has been dealt to her.The three changes in the scarlet letter are significant; they show the progressive possession of her sin, her lonely life, and her ability. Hester is a strong admirable woman who goes through more emotional torture that most people go through in a lifetime.More：Biblical Archetype：The scarlet letter "A" also can be seen the symbol of Adam. It tells us that Hester's sin is the original sin of human being, it is forgivable. The writer shows his sympathy by describing the scarlet letter "A" on Hester's clothing as an ornament and a decoration.The scarlet letter has a different individual meaning to the various characters.❖To Hester, the A is a symbol of unjust humiliation.❖To the Puritan community, it is a mark of just punishment.❖To Pearl, the A is a bright and mysterious curiosity which symbolizes her existence and the meaning behind it.❖For Chillingworth, the A represents the need for revenge and is the spur to this quest.❖To Dimmesdale, the A is a piercing reminder of his the guilt engulfing his concealed sin.四、Writer Review：1、Mark Twain：2、Ralph Waldo Emerson：3、Henry James：。
美国文学史复习要点手动
美国文学史复习要点手动1.早期美国文学（17世纪-18世纪）-早期美国文学的发展受到清教徒移民和殖民地环境的影响。
-早期作品主题包括宗教信仰、苦难和恐惧。
-著名作家有威廉·布拉德福和乔纳森·爱德华兹。
2.启蒙时期文学（18世纪）-美国启蒙时期的文学受到欧洲启蒙思想的影响。
-作品主题包括理性、自由和平等。
-著名作家有本杰明·富兰克林和汤玛斯·潘恩。
3.罗曼主义时期文学（19世纪早期）-罗曼主义时期美国文学反对启蒙时期的理性主义。
-作品主题包括个人感情、自然和超自然。
-著名作家有华盛顿·欧文和爱默生。
4.特拉华文学（19世纪中期）-特拉华文学是19世纪中期美国文学的重要流派。
-作品主题包括农民和工人的生活以及美国西部探险精神。
-著名作家有赫尔曼·梅尔维尔和华尔特·惠特曼。
5.现实主义和自然主义时期文学（19世纪末-20世纪初）-现实主义和自然主义时期的文学关注社会问题和个人命运。
-作品主题包括工业化、城市化和阶级冲突。
-著名作家有马克·吐温和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。
6.现代主义时期文学（20世纪初-中期）-现代主义时期的文学反对传统形式和价值观。
-作品表现迷失、不安和心理困惑。
-著名作家有欧内斯特·海明威和F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德。
7.后现代主义时期文学（20世纪中期-现在）-后现代主义时期的文学拒绝一切形式的正统和稳定性。
-作品表现多样化的语言和视觉实验。
-著名作家有托尼·莫里森和大卫·福斯特·华莱士。
美国文学期末复习资料
美国文学期末复习资料美国文学期末复习资料美国文学是一门广泛而深入的学科，涵盖了从殖民地时期到现代的众多作品和作家。
为了帮助大家复习期末考试，本文将以不同的主题和时期为线索，介绍一些重要的美国文学作品和相关知识。
一、殖民地时期的文学在殖民地时期，美国文学主要以宗教为主题，反映了早期殖民者的信仰和生活。
《普利茅斯纪事》是美国文学史上的里程碑之一，它记录了普利茅斯殖民地的建立和早期的困难。
另外，约翰·史密斯的《弗吉尼亚史诗》和威廉·布拉德福的《普利茅斯植民地纪事》也是重要的作品。
二、启蒙时代的文学启蒙时代是美国文学的重要时期，这一时期的作品反映了人们对自由、理性和独立思考的追求。
本杰明·富兰克林是启蒙时代的代表人物，他的《贫穷理性者的儿子》和《自传》都是重要的作品。
此外，托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》也是这一时期的重要文献。
三、浪漫主义时期的文学浪漫主义时期是19世纪美国文学的高峰期，作家们开始关注个人情感和内心体验。
华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱德加·爱伦·坡的《乌鸦》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，纳撒尼尔·霍桑的《红字》和赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的《白鲸》也是不可忽视的作品。
四、现实主义时期的文学现实主义时期是19世纪末到20世纪初的文学运动，作家们开始关注社会问题和人类命运。
马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》和斯蒂芬·克莱恩的《红字》是这一时期的代表作品。
此外，亨利·詹姆斯的《国际象棋之家》和埃德蒙·威尔逊的《了不起的盖茨比》也是重要的作品。
五、现代主义和后现代主义时期的文学现代主义和后现代主义时期是20世纪美国文学的重要阶段，作家们开始挑战传统的叙事方式和观念。
欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》是现代主义时期的代表作品。
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殖民主义时期
John Smith 美国第一位作家
Anne Bradstreet第一位移民诗人
Edward Taylor 清教徒诗人
文艺复兴时期
Benjamin Franklin参与了起草独立宣言成名作《Poor Richard’s Almanack》《Autobiography》Thomas Paine 拥护独立宣言成名作《Great Commoner of M ankind》最平凡的人
<Common Sense> 常识<the Age of Reason> 理性时代
<American Crisis>美国危机
Thomas Jefferson起草了独立宣言
Philip Freneau 美国诗歌之父文艺复兴的诗人《the Wild Honey》野金银花
浪漫主义时期
Irving 第一位纯文学作家（belletrist）<the Sketch Book>第一部短篇小说
第一位浪漫主义散文体作家（prose stylist）<the Legend of Sleepy Hollow>享有国际声誉
< a History of New Y ork>第一部
诙谐作品
Copper 开创了海上传奇小说和边疆传奇小说<the Spy> <the Deerslayer>
<the Pilot> <Leatherstocking Tales>
<the Last of Mohicans>
<the Prairie>
Bryant 第一个获得美国主要诗人的称号<to a Waterfowl>最完美的短诗
Poe 现代短故事之父侦探小说之父<the Fall of House of Usher>
<the Raven>
<Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque>
第一部短篇小说集
<to Helen>
<Annabel Lee>
Emerson 超经验主义运动<Nature> <Self-reliance> <Essays>
<the American Scholar> 知识分子独立宣言
<Representative men>
<English traits>
Thoreau 成名作<Walden>
<Civil Disobedience>
Hawthorne 象征主义作家<the House of the Seven Gables>
<the Scarlet Letter>
Melville <Mody dick>
Longfellow19世纪最受爱戴的诗人< a Psalm of Life>
<the Song of Hiawatha> 第一部印第安人史诗歌唯一被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人
现实主义时期
Whitman 创建了自由体诗歌free verse <Leaves of Grass>美国历史上一部史诗
Dickson该时期最伟大的女诗人< I Died for Beauty>
Stowe 该时期唯一的女散文作家< Uncle Tom’s Cabin>
Mark Twain 现实主义文学代表作<Adventures of Huckleberry Finn>
<Adventures of Tom Sawyer>
<the Gilded age>
<Life on the Mississippi>
<How to Tell a Story>对美国早期幽默文学的总结
O.Henry <the Four Million>
<the Gift of M agi>
<the Cop and the Anthem>
Henry James 心理现实主义的开创者<the Portrait of Lady>
<Daisy Miller>
<the Wings of the Dove>
<the Golden Bowl>
<the Ambassadors>
Jack London < the People of the Abyss>
<the Son of the Wolf>
<the Call of the Wild>
<Martin Eden>自传体小说
Dreiser <an American Tragedy> 最成功的小说金钱万能
<Sister Carrie>
欲望三部曲<the Financier>
<the Titan> <the Stoic>
二十世纪文学
Pound 意象派的创始人< in a Station of M etro>
<the Cantos>
Frost 自然派诗人
民族诗人<the Road not Taken>
<After Apple Picking>
<Mountain Interval>
Stevens 秩序理念<the Man with the Blue Guitar>
<Necessary Angel> <Anecdote of the Jar>
Eliot 现代主义创始人<the Waste Land> 标志现代主义文学诞生
<Four Quartets>
<Murder in the Cathedral>
Fitzgerald <the Great Gatsby>
<the Side of Paradise>
<Tender is the Night>
Hemingway 推动报告文学的发展<For Whom the Bell Tolls>
强调moment of truth <the Old Man and the Sea>
<the Sun Also Rises>
<a Farewell to Arms>
Steinbeck美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家<the Grapes of Wrath>
<of Mice and M en>
Faulkner 心灵与自己冲突是永恒的主题成名作<the Sound and the Fury>
<a Rose for Emily>。