研究生学位英语2012年6月真题(附答案)

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2012英语考研真题答案

2012英语考研真题答案英语考研是每个考生都非常重视的一门科目。

很多考生都会密切关注历年的真题，以便更好地备考和了解自己的英语水平。

以下是2012年英语考研真题的详细答案。

听力部分答案：Section A1. D2. A3. C4. B5. D6. C7. A8. B9. C10. DSection B11. C12. B14. B15. A16. B17. C18. A19. B20. C阅读理解答案：Passage 121. D22. C23. A24. C25. DPassage 226. B27. D28. A30. DPassage 331. D32. A33. C34. B35. CTranslation答案：36. Today, people often refer to the Gulf War as another oil war.37. Paris is to France what Tokyo is to Japan.38. People should be realistic and lay the groundwork for their future.39. The college professor gave the student a crash course in economics.40. The function of a university is to guide students to a better understanding of themselves and the world.写作答案：Part 1：Directions: Write an essay of 200 words based on the following chart.参考范文：The chart illustrates the consumption of different types of beverages in a typical western country over a span of 30 years, from 1980 to 2010. It is clear that the consumption of fruit juice and bottled water increased significantly, while the consumption of carbonated drinks declined.In 1980, carbonated drinks were the most popular, with over 250 liters consumed per person per year. Fruit juice and bottled water were consumed at a much lower rate, with approximately 50 liters and 10 liters per person respectively.However, by 2010, the situation had changed dramatically. The consumption of carbonated drinks had dropped to around 100 liters per person annually, less than half of what it was in 1980. On the other hand, the consumption of fruit juice and bottled water soared to 200 liters and 80 liters respectively.There are several factors contributing to this trend. Firstly, people are becoming more health-conscious, and are opting for healthier alternatives to carbonated drinks. Secondly, the convenience of bottled water has made it a popular choice, particularly among young people. Lastly, the marketing of fruit juice as a natural and nutritious choice has increased its popularity.In conclusion, the chart highlights the change in beverage consumption patterns over the past 30 years. Carbonated drinks have been largely replaced by fruit juice and bottled water, reflecting a growing trend towards healthier choices.Part 2：Directions: Write an essay of 600 words on the following topic.参考范文：The Impact of Social Media on YouthIntroduction:In today's digital age, social media plays an influential role in the lives of young people. This essay will explore the impact of social media on youth, focusing on its positive and negative effects.Positive effects:Firstly, social media platforms allow young people to connect and communicate with others from different cultures and countries, fostering a sense of global understanding and unity. This broadens their perspectives and promotes cultural exchange.Secondly, social media provides a platform for young individuals to express themselves creatively through sharing photos, videos, and artwork. This can boost their self-esteem and confidence by gaining recognition and feedback from others.Lastly, social media offers educational opportunities, as many organizations and institutions use these platforms to share knowledge and provide online courses. This enables youth to access educational resources and expand their knowledge beyond traditional classrooms.Negative effects:On the other hand, the excessive use of social media can have detrimental effects on mental health and well-being. Young people may become addicted to social media, increasing the risk of anxiety, depression,and social isolation. The constant comparison to others' highlight reels can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-worth.Furthermore, cyberbullying is prevalent on social media, with young people being vulnerable to online harassment and bullying. This can have severe consequences on their mental and emotional well-being, and even lead to self-harm or suicidal thoughts.Lastly, the overexposure to curated images and idealized lifestyles on social media can distort young people's perception of reality, leading to body image issues and unhealthy behaviors like disordered eating or excessive dieting.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has both positive and negative impacts on young people. It provides opportunities for global connections, creative expression, and online education. However, its excessive use can negatively affect mental health, contribute to cyberbullying, and distort perception of reality. It is crucial for young people to use social media in moderation, be aware of its potential risks, and seek support when needed. Additionally, parents, educators, and policymakers should work together to ensure responsible use of social media and provide necessary resources for young people to navigate the digital world effectively.。

2012研究生英语真题答案：完整版

Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。

2012年考研英语真题及答案1

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2012年考题(解析版)

2012年学位英语考试考题Part I Reading ComprehensionPassage 1【1-5 BCBAD】For centuries Dutch engineers have been fighting a war against water. Their main enemy is the sea. A large part of the country is below sea level. In fact, Holland is also called the “Netherlands” which means “low land.” Very tall and strong walls, called dykes, have built to keep out the sea. But in very rough weather the sea may suddenly burst through a dyke. Great damage can be caused by floods when this happens.Three large rivers are also part of the problem. These rivers are the Rhine, the Maas and the Scheldt. They flow through Holland into the North Sea. They have cut many passages across the country. At low tides, the rivers flow into the sea as usual. But at high tide, the sea can flow into the rivers! This is because the land is so low.The battles against the water never end, but they have made Holland a bigger and bigger country. In order to prevent floods, the engineers take or reclaim land that was under water. The Dutch have been reclaiming land for seven hundred years.Land is usually reclaimed from a passage between islands. Two dykes are built across the passage, so they block the water between them. Then the engineers dig long canals and pump the water into them. At low tide, the canals empty the water into the sea.Because the land is so low, water from the sea and rivers can rise up through the ground. For this reason, the pumps continue working even the land has been drained (that is, when the water has been pumped away). The dykes contain gates, and through these the water is pumped out. In many parts of Holland, pumps must be working all the time. If they stopped, there will be very bad floods.1. Water is the main threat to Holland because ____.A. the sea is too roughB. the land is lower than the seaC. the high and strong dykes can not keep the floods outD. the weather is too rough1.【答案】B第一段中提到：Their main enemy is the sea. A large part of the country is below sea level.他们主要的敌人就是海洋。

2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案)

2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. Atthe very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political---which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all means [B]at all costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage OneCome on---Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation andhalf forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join theClub, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the socialcure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safesex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Hercritiqueof the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers---teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Jointhe Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaringflaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for verylong. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits---as well as negativeones---spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtleform of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see everyday.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacherwho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cureengineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing ourown friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful [B] desirable[C] profound [D] questionablePassage TwoA deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, amajor energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide bythe strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of adesperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s astunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernont. As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission fromstate regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiringthat any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simplydidn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smanagement—especially after the company made misleading statements about thepipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last yearagainst allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatorypower over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; the SupremeCourt has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, butlegal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far thosepowers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulationsthat could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, thatdebate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alreadyso battered that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But thereshould be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth. Vowing to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3. Para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring. [D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Passage ThreeIn the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waitingto be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method tocarry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequentlyfollows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannotescape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interestinfluence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar tonewly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutinyand acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is thecredibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomesthe community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not thestarting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally,the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, theinteraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into thecommunity’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete orincorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is alreadyknown and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newlypublished discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important andconvincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutationby future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking whatnobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to beaccepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of themind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoningand each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B] has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B] discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Passsage FourIf the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the numberof unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they aremostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have auniversity degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their tiesgo back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has longbeenassociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare ofthe Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA onprisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians haverepeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modestbut adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Eventhough there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the mostimportant variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones andpromoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clampdown. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against ScottWalker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year areuniversity sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat paypackets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not rewardhigh achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A] often run against the current political system.[B] can change people’s political attitudes.[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D] are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A] disapproval. [B] appreciation.[C] tolerance. [D] indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET1.10 pointsThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window andrealize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than abrown-paper envelope, or your cell phone in the palm of your hand. Take a momentor two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)_____________________________________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place ofpraise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also treadwith caution. (42) ______________________________________.I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercialagendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority ofpeople who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significanceof what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds makenests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but thenturn around and use them to create superfluous material goods---paintings, sculptureand architecture and superfluous experiences---music, literature, religion andphilosophy. (43) ______________________________________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck indownload mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid ofproduction remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightlylarger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) _________________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after they have turned it on. (45)___________________________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires greatskills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a definingconstituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words andother media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickinessby amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium theyhad also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of peopleevery day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading---between passive consumption and active creation---whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we canonly beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to oneformat being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced byCD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium---television---and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, toencourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all wesee. It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remainsa major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it: all humans sharecommon origins; it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps theworld’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governedby universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared mightenable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publishedonline today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previousattempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity thatdictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold theentire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it soquickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammarshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or thepathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languagesare lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them anemail in thename of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name atthe end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.20 pointsSection I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.G46.—47.48.49.()50.( )Section III: Writing Part A (10 points)51. Dear international students, I am the chairman of the Students’Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would cometo our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of ouruniversity and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming. In order tomake all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’dbetter take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it isvery cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledgeabout Chinese culture for better understanding in class. I really hope you’ll find theseproposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming! Yours sincerely,。

2012年考研英语真题及答案解析

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Y et, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psyc hology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in V ermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of V ermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its V ermont Y ankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought V ermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in V ernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to V ermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both V ermont Y ankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the V ermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that V ermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in V ermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) review s the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from V ermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the V ermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] V ermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens”to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s c onceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionist s in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the pre sident of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. Y ou are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of whatthey are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Y et for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Y our translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that itmight entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.Y ou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsY ou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)参考答案Section I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B11.A12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.GPart C46. 物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。

2012年研究生入学考试英语(二)真题及答案(2)

Text2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly ac cepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented .But in March 2012 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battleOn July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a wom an’s risk of breast cancer .The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriads A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature…than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are unlikely patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like_____.[A] their executives to be active[B] judges to rule out gene patenting[C] genes to be patentable[D] the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe that_____.[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patants on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer , companies are eager to win patents for_____.[A] establishing disease correlations[B] discovering gene interactions[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying“Each meeting was packed”(Line 4,Para.6), the author means that______.[A] the supreme court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is______.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them - especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economic at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggests that the jobless try to ___.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] explore reasons for the unemployment[C] make profit from the troubled economy[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people___.[A] realize the national dream[B] struggle against each other[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may___.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to___.[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _____.[A] certain[B] positive[C] trivial[D] destructive。

6月研究生英语学位课统考真题及答案

Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A (1 point each)1. A. To work in his place.B. To ask his boss for leave.C. To meet his friend at the airport.D. To cover his absence from his boss.2. A. He doesn't want to go to the show, as he is not interested in it.B. He is not free to go to the fashion show with the woman.C. He cannot go with the woman, as he has a pile of paperwork to do.D. He cannot go with the woman, as he has to finish his paper.3. A. He has been mad.B. He has been pretty busy.C. He was at a meeting.D. He was with a business partner.4. A. A salesman.B. A bank teller.C. A policeman.D. A postman.5. A. She hasn't been in touch with Sam for weeks.B. She has been looking for Sam for weeks.C. Sam has been hunting for weeks.D. Sam has been out of work for weeks.6. A. She won't tell anyone else about the file.B. She will wrap the file very carefully.C. She is confident about the file.D. She will keep the file in a safe.7. A. He was very careful about what he said.B. He said something that he shouldn't have said.C. He didn't understand what the woman wanted him to do.D. He talked too much to the woman.8. A. He has had an accident.B. He has run out of gas.C. His car has been broken~D, He has arrived home.9. A. It is to reduce the cost of building.B. The location is more convenient.C. People like to live in high buildings.D. People can have a better view in high buildings.Section BMini-talk One10. A. Britain has been punished for exporting rubbish to China.B. Britain is dumping its wastes to China in the name of recycling.C. China should set up new environmental standards.D. China should acknowledge the costs of the environmental damage.11. A. 20,000.B. 50,000.C. 200,000.D. 500,000.12. A. They don't have any environmental standards to follow.B. They are doing the recycling in backyards.C. Their employees have been poisoned.D. They cause more pollution to the environment.Mini-talk Two13. A. He is a doctor.B. He is a music star.C. He is a drug dealer.D. He is a spokesman.14. A. He was recovering from cancer.B. He was going to receive an operation.C. He was expected to quit from the group.D. He was involved in a scandal.15. A. Most of its members abuse drugs.B. Most of its members are from the countryside.C. The group has been in trouble since 1963.D. The group has been full of scandals.Section C16. Where did the French Government legalize the use of mobile phone blocking devices?17. The blocking device can prevent people from receiving and making mobile telephone calls within _________ of the device.18. By changing the law the government expects to make cinemas ____________.19. While blocking telephone signals in cinemas and theaters the blocking device might affect signals on ____________.20. Before it was legalized, the use of blocking devices was punishable with a fine of 20,660 pounds or ________________.Part II VocabularySection A (0.5 point each)21. An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advancedstudents.A. ideaB. changeC. matterD. policy22. This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has beenpropagated.A. extendedB. terminatedC. speculatedD. restricted23. The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off.A. was releasedB. proved satisfactoryC. failed completelyD. won awards24. Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt.A. gravitationB. fascinationC. seriousnessD. incurability25. When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age.A. utilizeB. handleC. masterD. dominate26. These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect.A. amount toB. conform toC. contribute toD. attach to27. The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug.A. most poisonousB. most likelyC. most famousD. most desirable28. This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak.A. win the favor ofB. find good jobs forC. assume the responsibility forD. accept the challenge of29. The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned.A. collapsedB. disappearedC. perishedD. scattered30. Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly.A. for benefitsB. by luckC. for everD. at handSection B (0.5 point each)31. This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not takenseriously.A. episodeB. epidemicC. equivalentD. eruption32. With a wide variety of fresh fruit ____available, canned fruit is no longer so popular as before.A. willinglyB. appropriatelyC. confidentlyD. readily33. The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____ that events could take oncethe coalition troops are withdrawn.A. processB. lineC. wayD. course34. Decades of ______ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad.A. insulationB. irrigationC. integrationD. isolation35. There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains _____ through suicide.A. by and largeB. once for allC. heart and soulD. on the whole36. The country once threatened to ____ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was toofriendly to the rebels.A. show off:B. keep offC. break offD. call off37. In English learning, a _____circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded.A. viciousB. vigorousC. verticalD. voluntary38. Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow _____ by the sun on the slate.A. thrownB. flungC. castD. tossed39. Competition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare_______ with other local districts.A. significantlyB. favorablyC. dramaticallyD. superficially40. If you don't know how to _____ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be anightmare.A. take hold ofB. get rid ofC. let go ofD. make fun ofPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, I point each)There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere--from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 41 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can't 42 demand,”said inventor Mitch Altman of San Francisco, U.S. “I didn't know there were so many people who wanted to turn TVs off.”Hundreds of orders for Altman's US$14.99 TV-B-Gone device poured in last week. The tiny remote control device had been 43 in Wired magazine and other online-media outlets. 44 , the unexpected attention overloaded the website of his company, Cornfield Electronics, and caused it to 45.The keychain device works like a 46 remote control--but it only turns TVs on or off. With a push of the button, it goes through a 47 of about 200 infrared (红外线的) codes that control the power of about 1,000 television models. Altman said the majority of TVs should 48 within 17 seconds. It takes a little more than a minute for the device to 49 all the trigger codes.The 47-year-old Altman got the idea for TV-B-Gone a decade ago. He was out with friends at a restaurant and they found themselves all 50 by the TV, but no one was around to turn it off.41. A. expects B. expectation C. expecting D. expected42. A. give in to B. hold on to C. keep up with D. make up for43. A. announced B. acknowledged C. admitted D. applied44. A. At the same time B. At times C. On time D. Behind time45. A. clash B. crush C. crash D. cruise46. A. universal B. commonplace C. mean D. medium47. A. flock B. string C. school D. fleet48. A. repel B. repeat C. reproach D. react49. A. submit B. permit C. emit D. omit50. A. haunted B. bothered C. interrupted D. hinderedPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneTies have no practical use at all and most men see them as part of a uniform instead of an independent piece of clothing. But, these small strips of cloth should not be underestimated, fashion experts say.The shirt, suit or jacket are neutral means of expression. But, the tie gives you the final personal touch, experts suggest.In fact, its color also has psychological importance. "Red, for instance, evokes feelings of warmth and intimacy", according to Axel Venn. He's a professor of design at the University of Applied Sciences and Art in Germany. "It also stands for energy, dynamism and strength."Using shades of color requires understanding and sensitivity. Orange is regarded as a lively color. Blue stands for matter-of-fact, solitude and coolness. Shiny yellow stirs amusement. Green is the color of nature and harmony.It's only when the color fits the personal character that it is viewed as authentic."A lively orange with a black suit and white shirt can look great at a private party or in an artistic environment," Venn says. "In a conservative environment such as in a bank such dress is unsuitable".Imme Vogelsang, a trainer of etiquette in Hamburg, Germany, recommends in business environment low contrasting colors such as wine red, dark green or dark blue.But feminine colors have also become popular. "Light green and a fine rose color play an increasing role. Such colors express innovation and sensitivity," Venn says.Also, patterns that stand out can be an interesting eye catcher in a private environment but are unsuitable in business."Stripes and small geometric patterns are more appropriate in business," Vogelsang says, "but stripes should never run vertically or horizontally."With diagonal stripes it is important to look at the direction. They should run from the bottom left to the fight top. "This symbolizes dynamism. In the opposite direction it shows fear and escapist thoughts."51. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Ties--Impractical Pieces of ClothingB. Psychological Importance of TiesC. What The Colors of Ties MeanD. The Colors of Ties and the Occasions to Wear Them52. According to the passage, ties are more important ___________.A. than shirts, suits or jacketsB. in colors than in patternsC. in expressing one's mood than shirtsD. in business than on private occasions53. What color of tie should one wear, if he wants to appear energetic?A. Green.B. Orange.C. Shiny yellow.D. Red.54. The best color for the tie of a judge in a court should be _________.A. light green.B. lively orangeC. fine roseD. dark blue55. What kind of ties is more suitable on an important business occasion?A. Ties without stripes and geometric patterns.B. Ties with swipes of vertical or horizontal patterns.C. Ties of no bright colors and obvious patterns.D. Plain ties without any swipes and patterns.56. It is implied in the passage that ______.A. ties with stripes from the bottom left to the right top are not popularB. ties with stripes from the bottom right to the left top are not popularC. ties with stripes of vertical or horizontal patterns are popularD. ties of feminine colors are out of fashion nowadaysPassage TwoAnimals are more like us than we ever imagined. They feel pain, they experience stress, and they show affection, excitement and love. All these findings have been made by scientists in recent years--and such results are beginning to change how we view animals.Strangely enough, this research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald's and KFC. Pressured by animal rights groups, these companies felt they had to fund scientists researching the emotional and mental states of animals.McDonald's, for instance, funded studies on pig behaviors at Purdue University, Indiana. This research found that pigs seek affection and easily become depressed if left alone or prevented from playing with each other. If they become depressed, they soon become physically ill. Because of this, and other similar studies, the European Union has banned the use of isolating pig stalls from 2012. In Germany, the government is encouraging pig farmers to give each pig 20 seconds of human contact a day, and to provide them with toys to prevent them from fighting.Other scientists have shown that animals think and behave like humans.Koko, the 300-pound gorilla (大猩猩) at the Gorilla Foundation in Northern California, for instance, has been taught sign language. Koko can now understand several thousand English words, more than many humans who speak English as a second language. On human IQ tests, she scores between 70 and 95. Before such experiments, humans thought language skills were absent from the animal kingdom. Other myths are also being overturned, like the belief that animals lack self-awareness. Studies have also shown that animals mourn their dead, and that they play for pleasure.These striking similarities between animal and human behavior have led some to ask a question: "If you believe in evolution, how can't you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?"Until recently, scientists believed that animals behaved by instinct and that what appeared to be learned behavior was merely genetically-programmed activity. But as Koko the Gorilla shows, this is not the case. In fact, learning is passed from parents to offspring far more often than not in the animal kingdom.So what implications does this knowledge have for humans? Because of this, should we ban hunting and animal testing? Should we close zoos? Such questions are being raised by many academics and politicians. Harvard and 25 other American law schools have introduced courses on animal rights.57. The author feels it strange that the research was sponsored by fast food companies like McDonald's and KFC probably because these companies ____________.A. are the largest fast food chains in the worldB. have little to do with animalsC. consume a large amount of meat each dayD. are notorious for their ill-treatment to animals58. The experiment with Koko shows ____________.A. gorillas' IQ scores are as high as human beings'B. animals are much cleverer than we used to believeC. parent animals can pass learning to their offspring intentionallyD. some gorillas are smarter than many humans59. Which of the following is NOT true according to the studies?A. Some animals have developed language skills.B. Some animals can show their feelings.C. Animals enjoy playing with each other.D. Animals become indifferent when one of them dies.60. By citing the question “If you believe in evolution, how can't you believe that animals have feelings that human beings have?” the author means _________.A. human feelings can trace their origin back to animalsB. animal's feelings are as developed as human beings'C. from the point of view of evolution animals should have no feelingsD. we cannot believe that animals have feelings that human beings have61. The studies urge us to __________.A. stop killing animals for foodB. ban hunting and animal testingC. close zoos and animal farmsD. change our ways to treat animals62. The purpose of this passage is to tell us that ________.A. animals are much smarter than we ever imaginedB. animal rights should be taught in schoolsC. we should show greater respect to animalsD. animal rights should be protected worldwidePassage ThreeIn a recent Sunday school class in a church in the Northeast, a group of eight-to ten-year-olds were in a deep discussion with their two teachers. When asked to choose which of ten stated possibilities they most feared happening their response was unanimous. All the children most dreaded a divorce between their parents.Later, as the teachers, a man and a woman in their late thirties, reflected on the lesson, they both agreed they'd been shocked at the response. When they were the same age as their students, they said, the possibility of their parents' being, divorced never entered their heads. Yet in just one generation, children seemed to feel much less security in their family ties.Nor is the experience of these two Sunday school teachers an isolated one. Psychiatrists revealed in one recent newspaper investigation that the fears of children definitely do change in different periods; and in recent times, divorce has become one of the most frequently mentioned anxieties. In one case, for example, a four-year-old insisted that his father rather than his mother walk him to nursery school each day. The reason? He said many of his friends had “no daddy living at home, and I'm scared that will happen to me.”In line with such reports, our opinion leaders expressed great concern about the present and future status of the American family. In the poll 33 percent of the responses listed decline in family structure, divorce, and other family-oriented concerns, as one of the five major problems facing the nation today. And 26 percent of the responses included such family difficulties as one of the five major problems for the United. States in the next decade.One common concern expressed about the rise in divorces and decline in stability of the family is that the family unit has traditionally been a key factor in transmitting stable cultural and moral values from generation to generation. Various studies have shown that educational and religious institutions often can have only a limited impact on children without strong family support.63. It is mentioned that in a Sunday school class the children _________.A. deeply impressed their teachersB. had an argument with their teachersC. feared answering their teachers' questionD. gave the same response to their teachers' question64. The two teachers in the Sunday school felt _________.A. responsible for tightening school securityB. no fear of the divorce of their students' parentsC. no threat of broken family ties when they were ten-year-oldsD. shocked at the divorce rates of their students' parents65. The author uses a four-year-old as an example to ________.A. show the anxiety of today's childrenB. emphasize the importance of family tiesC. indicate the seriousness of psychological problemsD. reveal the change of children's attitude toward divorce66. It is stated that one third of the American population _________.A. consider family-oriented concerns to be a big problemB. are worried about the future of the United StatesC. believe the social situation is getting worseD. are facing family difficulties67. Family has been regarded as a major carrier of _________.A. religious beliefsB. various customsC. social traditionsD. cultural and moral values68. It is implied in the passage that __________.A. Sunday school teachers are different from public school teachersB. family has stronger impact on children than other social institutionsC. in a decade family-oriented concerns will be the same as they are nowD. parents' divorce has long been children's biggest fearPassage FourMusicians are fascinated with the possibility that music may be found in nature; it makes our own desire for art seem all the more essential. Over the past few years no less a bold musical explorer than Peter Gabriel has been getting involved. At the Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, he has been making music together with Kanzi, one of the bonobo apes (倭黑猩猩involved in the long-term language acquisition studies of Sue and Duane Savage-Rumbaugh.I have seen the video of Kanzi picking notes out on a piano-like keyboard, with Gabriel and members of his band playing inside the observation booth in the lab. (They did it this way because Kanzi had bitten one of his trainers a few days previously--interspecies communication is not without its dangers.) The scene is beautiful, the ape trying out the new machine and looking thoughtfully pleased with what comes out. He appears to be listening, playing the right notes. It is tentative but moving, the animal groping for something from the human world but remaining isolated from the rest of the band. It is a touching encounter, and a bold move for a musician whose tune Shock the Monkey many years ago openly condemned the horrors of less sensitive animal experiments than this.What is the scientific value of such a jam session? The business of the Research Center is the forging of greater communication between human and animal. Why not try the fertile and mysterious ground of music in addition to the more testable arena of simple language? The advantage of hearing music in nature and trying to reach out to nature through music is that, though we don't fully understand it, we can easily have access to it. We don't need to explain its workings to be touched by it. Two musicians who don't speak the same language can play together, and we can appreciate the music from human cultures far from our own.Music needs no explanation, but it clearly expresses something deep and important, something humans cannot live without. Finding music in the sounds of birds, whales and other animals makes the farther frontiers of nature seem that much closer to us.69. It can be learned from the passage that Peter Gabriel __________.A. is a bold expert on animal behaviorB. wants to find more about natural musicC. is working on animal's language abilityD. specializes in human-animal cooperation70. Kanzi was arranged to stay in a separate place ________.A. to prevent him from attacking the human playersB. so that he would not be disturbed by othersC. because he needed a large room to move aroundD. after he had destroyed the others' musical instruments71. Kanzi the ape __________.A. was annoyed by the music-playing activityB. demonstrated no unusual talent for musicC. became more obedient when playing musicD. seemed content with what he was producing72. Which of the following words can best describe the advantage of music?A. Controllable.B. Explainable.C. Accessible.D. Testable.73. The writer seems to suggest that ___________.A. music should replace language as the major arena of animal researchB. animal experiments are more often than not cruel and inhumanC. great progress has been made in the field of interspecies communicationD. the experiment with music may help scientific research on animals74. The best title for the passage is ___________.A. Music - The Essence of NatureB. Music - A Better Way to Enjoy NatureC. Music - A New Frontier for ScientistsD. Music - Beyond National and Cultural BoundaryPassage FiveFaith in medicine runs deep in America. We spend more per person on health care than any other nation. Whether we eat too much or exercise too little, whether we're turning gray or feeling blue, we look to some pill or procedure to make us better.We assume that devoting ever more dollars to medicine will bring us longer, healthier lives. But there is mounting evidence that each new dollar we devote to the current health care system brings small and diminishing returns to public health. Today the United States spends more than $4,500 per person per year on health care. Costa Rica spends less than $300. Yet life expectancy at birth is nearly identical in both countries.Despite the highly publicized "longevity revolution," life expectancy among the elderly in the United States is hardly improving. Yes, we" are an aging society, but primarily because of falling birthrates. Younger Americans, meanwhile, are far more likely to be disabled than they were 20 years ago. Most affected are people in their thirties, whose disability rates increased by nearly 130 percent, due primarily to overweight.Why has our huge investment in health care left us so unhealthy? Partly it is because so many promised "miracle cures," from Interferon to gene therapies, have proven to be ineffective or even dangerous. Partly it's because health care dollars are so concentrated on the terminally ill and the very old that even when medical interventions "work," the gains to average life expectancy are small. And partly it is because of medical errors and adverse reaction to prescription drugs, which cause more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer or AIDS. Each year roughly 200,000 seniors suffer fatal or life-threatening "adverse drug events" due to improper drug use or drug interaction.Why don't Americans live any longer than Costa Ricans? Overwhelmingly, it's because of differences in behavior. Americans exercise less, eat more, drive more, smoke more, and lead more socially isolated lives. Even at its best, modem medicine can do little to promote productive aging, because by the time most people come in contact with it their bodies are already compromised by stress, indulgent habits, environmental dangers and injuries.75. Americans in general believe that __________.A. more money spent on health care may not result in better healthB. health problems caused by bad habits can hardly be solved by medicineC. higher birthrate can better solve the problem of aging society than medicineD. medicine may provide an effective cure for various health problems76. Compared with the Americans, Costa Ricans _________.A. have a healthier way of lifeB. enjoy a longer life expectancyC. are more dependent on medicineD. are less concerned about their health77. The biggest problem affecting the health of younger Americans may be summarized as the problem of __________.A. overworkB. lifestyleC. stressD. depression78. Which of the following is NOT a reason why health care investment fails to bring a longer life?A. Imbalanced distribution of health care money.B. Failure of many highly-evaluated medical treatments.C. Soaring prices of both drugs and new therapies.D. Drug reaction due to improper use of drugs.79. It is implied in the last paragraph that _________.A. medicine should be taken timely before it is too lateB. poor health conditions leave little room for medicine to workC. great efforts should be made to develop new types of medicineD. it is reasonable to question the effectiveness of medicine80. The passage is mainly focused on __________.A. the limits of medicineB. the life hazards in the U.S.C. the barriers to a longer lifeD. the problems with health investmentPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to specialists and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)人人都有追求幸福的权利，但对幸福的定义却因人而异。

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2012-6研究生学位英语考试试题Part One：ListeningPart Two：V ocabulary1．Please do not be ____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A disregardedB distortedC irritatedD intervened2. Craig assured his boss that he would ____ all his energies in doing this new job.A call forthB call atC call onD call off3. Too much ____ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A disclosureB exhibitionC contactD exposure4. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A dimB blankC faintD vain5. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind.A incompatibleB incredibleC indefiniteD indispensable6. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A indistinctlyB separatelyC irrelevantlyD independently7. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ____ her laughter.A hold backB hold onC hold outD hold up8. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ____ attitude toward customers.A impartialB mildC hostileD opposing9. I ____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A expressB confessC verifyD acknowledge10. It is strictly ____ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A securedB forbiddenC regulatedD determined11. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ____ again next spring.A assemblyB sessionC conferenceD convention12. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ.A in accordance withB in terms ofC in favor ofD in honor of13. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ____ to carrying out the plan.A obligedB committedC engagedD resolved14. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ____ as well as we had hoped.A came offB went offC brought outD make out15. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ____ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.A improveB enhanceC guaranteeD gear16. He left early on the ____ that he had a bad toothache and had to see the dentist.A prescriptionB pretextC knowledgeD precondition17. The new edition of the encyclopedia ____ many improvements, which is the result of the persistent effort of all the compilers.A embeddedB embodiedC enchantedD enclosed18. The boys and girls ____ together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.A reversedB clappedC clusteredD contracted19. The new underground railway will ____ the journey to all parts of the city.A consumeB eliminateC formulateD facilitate20. The speaker attracted the audience at the very beginning of the lecture by giving a ____ description of his personal experience.A globalB graciousC graphicD prescriptivePart Three：ReadingPassage oneThe potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fascinating to visualize “the school of tomorrow”.Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country.After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-important “follow-up” period. The students will ask troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion.The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teacher’s desk, the traditional bright red apple will have been replaced by a multiple—control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will run prerecorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The lessons will be specifically geared to the students’ levels of ability. For instance, which the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability.Should questions arise, the students will be able to talk directly to the teacher on individual “intercoms” without disturbing the r est of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time.1.This article is mainly about_______.A. televisionB. electronicsC. the schools of the futureD. communication2. Closed-circuit television will probably carry lessons to_____.A. a single classroomB. one schoolC. all the classrooms in the worldD. all the classrooms in a city or country3. In the schools of tomorrow, the teacher’s desk will____.A. contain electronic equipmentB. actually be a television setC. no longer existD. look like an isolation booth4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will_____.A. all study different subjects at the same timeB. study at different levels within a subject at the same timeC. not studyD. not have to read books5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to_____.A. teach more than one class at the same timeB. retireC. teach only a small number of pupilsD. rely on TV stations onlyPassage Two：Industrial Psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discovering the special aptitudes and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research.Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist's function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hoursor by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks," during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management.6. From the first sentence of passage, we learn that the primary objective of industrial psychology is to study ______.A. working efficiency that leads to the highest outputB. the working skills and the working environmentC. the techniques leading to the highest productivityD. the utilization of workers to get the greatest profit7. A test in industrial psychology is used to find out ______.A. a worker’s achievementsB. a worker's potential for a certain jobC. a worker's psychological problemD. a worker's motivation for a certain job8. The industrial psychologist’s function differs from that of the efficiency experts in that the former______.A. places great emphasis on maximum productionB. never cares about the increase of productionC. is mainly concerned with workers' satisfactionD. worries a lot about those workers in poor working conditions9. In an industrial psychologist's mind, all of the following is important EXCEPT______.A. the steps in which work is doneB. the state of mind of a worker when workingC. the effect of working environment on a workerD. the value of the product a worker is making10. It is certain that ______.A. Two breaks in a day lead to higher productivity than oneB. working less hours can yield the highest efficiencyC. communication is increasing between the employers and employeesD. changing tools will help increase the productionPassage Three：The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added newicons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent tim es most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. peopl e’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identityA. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. pe ople’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage Four：What is true? What is right? What is beautiful? Science considers what is true, starting out with almost unimaginable ideas (The earth is moving! The future is unpredictable!). The job is to understand these ideas and fit them into a broad and logical picture of the universe. Politics considers what is right. This requires broad understanding and eventual consensus of points of view that often appear incompatible. Art is the development of what is beautiful---whether through words, a musical note, or architecture.Truth, morality, beauty. It has been humanity’s persistent hope that these three ideas should be consistent with each other. Y et successful activities in science, politics, and art diverge greatly, and I believe the three activities can be pursued initially without regard to each other, or without reconciling the possible conflicts that may arise. Today, there is perceived to be a strong contradiction between the results of science and the requirements of morality; for instance, the application of science has led to the development of nuclear weapons, while international morality seems to demand that such results never be applied —— and that research leading to them should be stopped. I hold a position radically different from the general point of view, believing that contradiction and uncertainty should be enhanced.Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanics might some day supersede classical physics. For Bohr, classical physics had to remain in permanentcontradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty.According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, only probabilistic predictions can be made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small causes can have significant effects.This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know as free will in humans is reduced to a mere illusion. I may not know that my actions are predetermined in some complicated configuration of my molecules, and that my decisions are nothing more than the realization of what has been inherent in the configuration of elec trons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choices left open to probability.One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum mechanics. (His famous statementis that, while God can rule the world by any set of laws, “God does not play dice with the universe.”)Attempts have been made to add laws to quantum mechanics to eliminate uncertainty. Such attempts have not only been unsuccessful, they have not even appeared to lead to any interesting results.Questions:16.According to the author, what do science, politics and art each try to explain?17.What is the strong contradiction mentioned in the second paragraph?18.What is the author’s attitude toward contradiction?19.How would the author face uncertainty?20.What is the main idea of the passage?Passage Five：I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ri bbons into our hair. I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that thewoman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.Questions:21. When the author met the woman in the market, what was the woman doing?22. How can you describe bargaining in Laos?23. According to the author, why did the woman accept the last offer?24. Why did the author finally decide to buy three skirts?25. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again?Part Four：Translation1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrates on US high technology exports. China hascorrectly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result. However, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because the US Government submits many items to COCOM(巴黎统筹委员会) for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM.2. Good manners are necessary because we are judged by our manners. Our manners not only showwhat kind of education we have received and what our social position is, but they also tend to show what our nature is. A person with good manners is always an agreeable companion, because he always thinks of others and shows respect for others.3. Individualism and collectivism have permeated every aspect of Eastern and Western culture,influencing American and Chinese economics, politics, morals and values, and especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause offailure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication.4. It is known to all that knowledge is power. Y oung people without knowledge cannot expect tobecome assets to society. In order to acquire profound knowledge, they strive to study well in school in the first place. This does not mean that knowledge only consists in books. In most cases, the knowledge from books is no substitute for the knowledge derived from social practices. For this obvious reason, young people should also regard it as indispensable to their acquirement of knowledge to learn earnestly from the experienced people and from society as well. In short, the rightly motivated young people are advised to insist on obtaining knowledge from all kinds of sources.5. 今天，环境问题变得越来越严重了。