耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕11
耶鲁大学公开课：心理学导论 Introduction of Psychology 1
Introduction of Psychology( textbook: <<Psychology>> by Peter Grey, 5th edition)A comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind. Topics: brains,children, language, sex, memory, madness, disgust, racism, love, etc.The proper explanation for differences between men and woman.The question of whether animals can learn language.The puzzle of what grosses us out.The problem of why some of us eat too much and what we could do to stop.The question of why people go crazy in groups.Whether you could trust your childhood memories.Course reading: << Norton Reader>> by Gary MarcusGeneral goals of the course: Provide a state of the art introduction to the most important topic, that there is: us. How the human mind works.5 sub-areas:Neuroscience——study of the mind by looking at the brain. Developmental——learn about how to develop and grow and learn. Cognitive——refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind, often reviewing the mind on analogy with a computer and looking at how people do things like understand language and so on.Social——how people act in groups with othersClinical——mental health and mental illnessInvolving: economics, Game Theory, philosophy,computer science, anthropology, literature, theology, other domains.How a physical thing can give rise to mental life?Question about development:1.How do we come to have knowledge? In particular, how much of it is hard-wired, built-in, innate and how much of it is the product of culture, of language, of schooling?2.To what extent is Zachary(professor's youngest son) at that age going to be that way forever? To what extent is your fate sealed?William Wordsworth:" The child is father to the man."3.What makes us the way we are?One common theory is we are shaped by our parents.Phillip Larkin:" They mess you up, your mom and dad. They may not mean to but they do, they fill you with the faults they had and add some extra just for you."4.What makes somebody attractive?Evil& GoodEvil: somebody behaving cruelly towards somebody else, perhaps not dueto malice but because of the institution that she's in.e.g. Asama Ben Laden, Ted BundyGood:e.g. Oscar Schindler, Paul RusesabaginaMajor disorders: depression& anxietye.g. Phineas Gage, 100 years ago,disorders in memoryCapgras syndrome: typically the result of some sort of stroke, create a delusion is that the person you love the most have been replaced.Cotard's syndrome: believe oneself is dead.Words:Syllabus, teaching, fellow, orient, shopping period, centrally, profanity, fugitive, overlap, floating around, multiple choice, short answer, prior, domain, stark, preoccupy, hard-wired, built-in, innate, ingenious, pinpoint, gruesome。
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕12
我们今天要做的是So what we're doing today继续情感这一主题is continuing on the theme of emotions.情感这课分两次讲"Emotions" Is a two-part lecture我们会继续一些话题and we're continuing along certain themes.首先我想先回答一个问题I want to begin by responding to a question这是上节课提出的关于微笑which was raised in the last class concerning smiling和非人灵长类动物and nonhuman primates.这个问题非常好It was a very good question.问题是The issue was:我们知道人类有不同种类的微笑we know that humans have different sorts of smiles传递不同种类的信息to convey different sorts of information.问题是非人灵长类动物The question was, "Do nonhuman primates,像黑猩猩和长臂猿like chimpanzees or gorillas or gibbons,也像人类一样有这么多种微笑吗have the same many sorts of smiles?"我联系了世界第一的微笑研究专家So, I contacted the world's expert on smiling,他没回我邮件who did not return my e-mails.于是我联系了世界第二微笑研究专家So, I contacted the second world's expert on smiling这位专家告诉我答案是否who told me that the answer is "No,"非人灵长类动物的微笑that primate--nonhuman primate smiles其实基本全都是用来安抚及缓和情绪的actually correspond almost entirely to appeasement smiles.像是别伤害我的微笑They're "Don't hurt me" Smiles.还有像人类一样害羞地微笑They're equivalent to the "Coy smile" that we saw on humans.但非人灵长类动物不会用微笑打招呼But that nonhuman primates do not use smiles for greetings;它们没有像问候式微笑或空姐式微笑there's no equivalent to the "Greeting smile" Or "Pan Am smile";也不把微笑当作是对幸福的真情流露nor do they use them as genuine expressions of happiness. 也没有杜乡式微笑[完全真实的微笑]There's no equivalent to the "Duchenne smile."这就是我目前所知道的That's as far as I know.如果世界第一那位专家给我回复了If the world's expert gets back to me若不同的内容我会告诉你们的and says something different, I'll keep you posted.还有件事Another thing.回到情感的开课主题Going back to the beginning theme of the class,回顾一下当时讲的内容what we started--just to review,我们讲了感情的不同功能we talked about the different functions of emotions.然后是微笑和面部表情And then we talked about smiling and facial expressions.然后讲了And then we turned to some--恐惧这一非社会性情感to a nonsocial emotion, the case of fear.又讲了社会性情感And then we shifted to social emotions.然后我们讲了对亲属的社会性情感And we talked about social emotions towards kin和使这种情感发生进化的and the special evolutionary reasons特殊原因that would lead them to evolve.快下课的时候And as we were ending,我们讲了动物和we were talking about the relationship它们的子女之间的关系between an animal and its children,重点讲了人类鸟类哺乳类动物particularly in cases like humans and birds and mammals与他们子女的关系尤为亲近where there tends to be a close relationship with our children.我们注重子女质量而非数量We invest in quality, not quantity.我可能一辈子生不了几个孩子I might produce very few children in my life.而进化的作用使得我对他们非常关注And my evolutionary trick then is to focus very intently on them确保他们都能存活and make sure they survive.如果我生了一百个孩子If I were to produce 100 children,那失去几个我也能受得了I could stand to lose a few,但如果我一辈子就生了五个或两个或一个but if I just produce five in my lifetime or two or one,对我而言他们就十分珍贵了they become very precious to me.因此在像人类这样的物种进化过程中And so, the story of the evolution of a species like us包含着父母和孩子之间形成的长期依赖和involves a long period of dependence and deep, deep bonds很深很深的情感纽带between the parent and the child.这是我所讲的父母是如何对待孩子的And that's part of what I talked about,其中的一部分内容how parents respond to children.我想在这堂课的开头放部有关父母如何And I want to begin this class by giving an illustration 对待子女的纪录片并以此为例from a documentary about parental response to children,但我想用非人类物种but I want to give it in a species that's not us.原因为何我将会用类比来解释And here is why. I'll explain why with an analogy.我有一个研究宗教心理学的朋友I have a friend of mine who studies the psychology of religion. 他研究人们信仰宗教的原因He studies why people hold religious beliefs.他告诉我当他跟一个非专业人士And he tells me that when he's talking to a non specialist,一个不是该领域的人说话时somebody not in the field,他从来不会说he doesn't ever tell them,为什么人类相信圣经里的话"Yeah, I'm really interested in why people believe in the Bible为什么人们在安息日点蜡烛or why people light the candles on Sabbath人们为何去教堂我对这些特别感兴趣or why people go to church"因为周围的人都信仰宗教because these are religions that people around here hold,如果你告诉他们你在研究这些问题and if you tell people you study them他们就会有点儿诧异they'll sort of be puzzled,为什么你会研究这些"Why would you want to study something like that"或者感觉遭到了冒犯Or offended.如果你想跟这样的听众If you want to talk about the psychology of religion讨论宗教心理学to an audience like this,那你应该以异域风情为话题what you do is you start with the exotic.给他们讲讲那些把黄油So, you start by talking about people放在头上的人who put butter on their heads.丹·斯珀伯谈到这样一种文明Dan Sperber talks about a culture那儿的人夏天把黄油放在头上where the men put butter on their heads in the summer.黄油就会融化And it kind of melts这是他们的风俗之一and that's part of--one of the things that they do或者你说有一种文明or--you talk about a culture他们相信鬼神相信树能说话that believes in spirits or that trees can talk.你说你在研究这个他们就会说You say you're studying it and they say,真有趣"Oh, that's interesting.我想知道他们为什么会相信那些I wonder why they believe that?"你用这种方法能看到And you use that as a way to look at more general facts我们文明中一些更加普遍的事实that exist even in our culture.用我们不熟悉的异域文化You use the fact that we don't take the exotic for granted促进我们熟悉的as a way to motivate the scientific study科学研究of things we do take for granted.这点当然更加普遍And this is, of course, true more generally.这是威廉·詹姆斯一段话中的观点This was the point in the William James quote他说有些事对人类而言很自然when he talked about things that are natural to us and noticed并注意到有些奇怪的事情that some very odd things对其它物种而言也很自然are equally natural to other species.我认为的确如此尤其是And it's true, I think, in particular当我们谈到when we talk about things比如说我们对自己孩子的爱时like the love we have for our children.一种科学看待So, one way to look at the love we have我们爱孩子的方式for our children scientifically,就是不感性地直接看待isn't to look at it head-on,因为我们对孩子的爱是神圣的because the love we feel towards our own children feels sacred, 我们觉得这种爱是独有的it feels special,但其他物种呢but look at it in other species.对舐犊之情最好的例证之一And so, one of the nicest illustrations of this就是帝企鹅is the Emperor penguin,有人将帝企鹅对子女的爱护which was--which--whose和交配拍成了一部childcare and mating practices were dramatized精彩的电影帝企鹅日记in a wonderful movie called "March of the Penguins."非常有趣And this is interesting因为它们生育照顾子女的方式because they had this incredibly elaborate异常精细复杂and quite precarious system of generating并且还非常危险and taking care of offspring.我想给你们看一小段电影So, I want to show you a brief clip of the movie看看其中一些部分to illustrate some parts of this.它们在开始所做的What they do at the beginning,生育子女的准备which is not--which leads up to this,就是从水中进行长途的艰苦跋涉is they take a very long trek from the water去它们的繁殖地to their breeding grounds.它们的繁殖地是一个不受风雨侵害的地方Their breeding grounds is--are protected from the wind它们在一快很厚的冰上and they're on a firm piece of ice这样它们就能完成整个生育过程了so they could hold the whole pack.它们在那里繁殖They do the breeding there在那里孕育了帝企鹅蛋and it's there that the eggs are created.电影就是从这儿开始的So, this is where the movie begins at this point.帝企鹅日记是"March of the Penguins" Was the second best--有史以来第二受欢迎的纪录片second most popular documentary of all time,仅次于华氏九一一beaten only by "Fahrenheit 9/11."人们对该片反映不一And people responded to it in different ways,值得注意的是当我们想到普遍的爱时which are informative when we think about the generalizations就能从动物行为联想到人类行为you could make from animal behavior to human behavior.一些保守的评论家把这视为Some conservative commentators saw this对家庭价值的颂扬as a celebration of family values,如爱信任一夫一妻制such as love and trust and monogamy.一些厌恶一切美好真实事物的自由主义者Some liberals, who hate everything that's good and true,回应道responded by saying,对它们是在一个交配季节一夫一妻"Well, yeah, they're monogamous for one breeding season. 这只是一年It's a year.第二年它们就分道扬镳另找配偶Then they go and find another mate.如果把这些年份加起来那相当淫荡If you add it up, it's pretty slutty."我想这更多说明了I think more to the point,这些动物表现出来的people were impressed and stunned by the rich丰富清晰并且系统化的行为and articulate and systematic behavior令人们印象深刻叹为观止that these animals were showing.显然它们的这些行为并不是从电视Plainly, they didn't pick it up from television,电影文化学习movies, culture, learning,学校等地方学到的schooling, and so on.从某种程度来说To some extent,这种复杂的行为是天生的this sort of complicated behavior came natural to them.那么就可以理解为什么智力设计论And it's understandable或是神造论的支持者that some proponents of intelligent design,将此视为上帝造物的例证or creationism, pointed to this as an example上帝创造了这些非常细致无比精巧的生命of how God creates things that are deeply, richly intricate影响了不同动物的生存so as to perpetrate the survival of different animals.从达尔文主义者的立场来说From a Darwinian standpoint,他们同意神造论者的这个观点the Darwinian would agree with the creationist这些精巧生命的形成并非偶然that this couldn't have happened by accident,这简直太复杂了但他们会认为这是this is just far too complicated, but would appeal to the--生物学适应性的非凡典范to this as an exquisite example of a biological adaptation,尤其是这一生物适应性in particular a biological adaptation即父母关怀子女是因为regarding parental care to children shaped by the fact子女继承了父母的基因that children share the parents' genes因此父母就会逐渐以各种方式and so parents will evolve in ways使其子女生存下来that perpetrate the survival of their children.还有其他研究方向Then there's the other direction,关于孩子如何对待父母which is how children respond to parents,年幼的孩子怎样以不同方式how the young ones are wired up to resonate响应周围的成年者与他们产生共鸣and respond in different ways to the adults around them.对此我们简单讲了一些理论And we quickly talked about some different theories of this.回顾一下上节课我们讲的内容And I'll just review what we talked about last class.婴儿会对与他最亲近的人产生依恋Babies will develop an attachment to whoever is closest.他们通常更喜欢他们的妈妈They'll usually prefer their mothers因为妈妈一般是because their mothers are typically他们最亲近的人those who are closest to them.他们喜欢她的声音They'll prefer her voice,她的面容她的微笑her face, her smell.人们常常认为It used to be thought当婴儿出生时会有某种that there is some sort of magical moment of imprinting神奇的铭记时刻that when the baby is born,婴儿必须看到他们的妈妈嘭的一下the baby must see his or her mother and "Boom,"母婴之间的联系就生成了a connection is made.如果婴儿没有这么做If the baby doesn't,以后这种依恋关系就会产生很严重的问题terrible things will happen with attachment later on. 这种说法很傻This is silly.那些什么特别时刻是没有道理的There is no reason to believe there's some special moment什么特别五分钟或是特别一小时or special five minutes or special hour.只是在适当的时间It's just in the fullness of time婴儿会对于他们babies will develop an attachment最亲近的人产生依恋to the animal that's closest to it.他们会以暗示的方式They will recognize it as, at an implicit level,下意识地将那个人视作他们的亲属at an unconscious level, as their kin.那么这是怎样形成的呢Well, how does this work?婴儿的大脑是怎样形成How does the baby's brain develop--一种对那个生物的情感依赖呢come to develop an emotional attachment to that creature?你们记得斯金纳[行为主义心理学家]Well, you remember from Skinner他的操作性条件理论会作出很好的解答that operant conditioning could provide a good answer to this.这被称为碗柜理论And this is known as the "Cupboard Theory,"婴儿爱他们的妈妈因为妈妈给予他们食物which is babies love their moms because their moms provide food.这就是规律效应操作性条件的作用It's the law of effect. It's operant conditioning.他们接近他们的妈妈They will approach their mothers从她们那里得到食物to get the food from them.而后他们会对母亲产生依恋And they will develop an attachment因为妈妈提供食物because their mother provides food.这与鲍尔贝那更具本土主义者风格And this is contrasted with a more nativist,在心理上更根深蒂固的理论截然相反hard-wired theory developed by Bowlby鲍尔贝称有两件事相关which claims that there's two things going on.对婴儿来说妈妈安慰他与他进行There is a draw to mom for comfort社会互动但他也对陌生人心存恐惧and social interaction and afraid of strangers.在现实世界中Now, in the real world,很难将这两种情况分开it's difficult to pull apart these two means of attraction因为给予你安慰的那个女人because the very same woman who's giving you comfort同样为你提供母乳and social interaction is also the one giving you milk.但是在实验中就能将两者进行区分了But in the laboratory you can pull them apart.这正是亨利·哈洛在你们And that's what Henry Harlow did上周看的那部电影里所做的in the movies you saw last week.哈洛揭示了灵长类动物的两种不同的妈妈So, Harlow exposed primates to two different mothers.一种是铁丝代母斯金纳理论的妈妈One is a wire mother. That's a Skinnerian mother.给予食物的妈妈That's a mother who gave food.另一种是绒布代母The other is a cloth mother手感很好这样抱上去很舒服set-up so that she'd be comfortable并且给予婴儿温暖和拥抱and give warmth and cuddling.问题是婴儿喜欢哪个妈妈And the question is, "Which one do babies go for?"你能从电影中回忆起来的话And as you can remember from the movies,结果是很明确的the results are fairly decisive.婴儿去铁丝代母那里要食物Babies go to the wire mother to eat--正如其中一位研究员所言as one of the characters said,你要活着就得吃饭"You've got to eat to live."但是他们发现他们更爱绒布代母But they viewed the--they loved the cloth mother.他们对给予温暖和拥抱的代母产生依恋They developed an attachment to the warm, cuddly mother.当他们遇到威胁时她就是他们的依靠That's the one they used as a base when they were threatened.当他们开始探索世界时That's the one they used as a base她就是他们的港湾from which to explore.好的那实际上Okay. And that actually--那是我有张照片Oh, that's just--I have a picture.我马上就会讲到And that actually takes me to the--还有一件事Oh, except for one thing,我马上就要讲完it almost takes me to the end我们对亲人的感情问题of the question of our emotions towards kin.你们可能会问一个问题One question you could ask is,如果什么交流也没有怎么办"What if there's no contact at all?"你可以想象Now, you could imagine the effects of很多人对这个问题的答案感兴趣how--A lot of people are interested in the question孩子早期与周围的成年人的关系of the effects of the child's early relationship会如何影响孩子的未来to adults around him or her in how the child turns out later.这与很多社会讨论This becomes hugely relevant如日托关系巨大for social debates like daycare.比如很多心理学家So for instance, a lot of psychologists非常关心一个问题are interested in the question,孩子被父母通常是母亲"Is it better for a child to be raised by a parent,养大是否更好usually a mother,把孩子送到托儿所是否会造成什么差别or does it make a difference if the child goes to daycare?如果孩子六个月就被送到托儿所会怎样What if the child goes to daycare at six months?如果孩子岁两再送到托儿所会怎样What if the child goes to daycare at two years?这会如何影响孩子How does this affect the child?"简单的答案是没人知道The short answer is, nobody really knows.针对是否会有微妙差异的讨论There's a lot of debate over whether or not一直存在并且争议巨大there are subtle differences and it's deeply controversial.但是我们能确定的是差异并不大But we do know that it doesn't make a big difference.我们知道如果你被妈妈养大We do know that if you got raised by mom,或者妈妈和爸爸或者只有爸爸or perhaps mom and dad, or maybe just dad直到你去上学而我all through your life until going off for school and I--父母在我三个月的时候就把我送到托儿所my parents threw me in a daycare at age three months--这不会使我们存在巨大的差异it's not going to make a big difference for us,也许会有细微的差异maybe a subtle difference但是并不能确定是哪方面的差异though it's not clear which way it would go.反正不会有很大区别But it won't make a big difference.但是如果完全没有联系呢But what if there's no contact at all?如果在某些可怕的情况下What if--What about terrible circumstances人们失去绒布代母where people get no cloth mother,没有任何人可依赖they get nobody for attachment?这当然存在于现实生活中This is a really--In the real world, of course,你不能拿这个做实验you can't do experiments on this.在人类的现实生活中And in the real world with humans,这只会在悲惨的情况下发生this only happens in tragic cases.但是这已经有人研究过But this has been studied.哈洛又是他So Harlow, again,他将猴子隔离raised monkeys in solitary confinement喂养在铁笼中so they were raised in steel cages只有一个铁丝代母with only a wire mother.换言之In other words,他们能够获得所需的营养they got all the nutrition they needed但是没有母亲抚育but they got no mothering.最后你会发现猴子们疯了It turned out that you kind of get monkey psychotics.他们孤僻不会玩耍甚至咬伤自己They're withdrawn. They don't play. They bite themselves.他们缺乏性能力They're incompetent sexually.缺乏社交能力They're incompetent socially.缺乏做母亲的能力They're incompetent maternally.在一个实验中一只隔离喂养的猴子In one case, one of these monkeys raised in solitary confinement被人工受精was artificially inseminated.她生下孩子后拿孩子的头撞地板When she had a child she banged its head on the floor最后将它咬死and then bit it to death.所以你需要这表明So, you need to be--you need--This shows--这残酷地证明This is kind of a stark demonstration that某些早期关系某些早期依赖some early connection,some early attachment对灵长类动物的生长十分重要is critical for the developing of a primate.显然你不会用人类做这样的实验Obviously, you don't do these experiments with people但是有现实情况but there are natural experiments,在某些严苛的孤儿院长大humans raised in harsh orphanages没有社会接触的人with little social contact,这些孩子换言之and these children--If the--In other words,他们仅能吃饱they get fed, barely,但是没人会抱起他们拥抱他们but nobody picks them up and cuddles them.这些孩子如果时间足够长These children, if this happens for long enough,他们的社会和情感发展会出现严重问题they end up with severe problems with social and emotional development.从情感观点说他们总是无法满足From an emotional point of view, they're often insatiable.他们非常需要拥抱和支持They really need cuddling and support否则他们就会很冷淡完全不关心or they're apathetic, they don't care at all.但是有些好消息Now, there's some sort of good news,如果能够早些给人们或者猴子一些改变which is if you get these people or these monkeys early enough就能转变这一不良发展的影响you can reverse the effects of this bad development.猴子治疗师做了些研究So, there's some research done with monkey therapists.他们所做的是选一个猴子So then, what they do is they take the monkey,把他养在铁笼中等猴子出来they raise it in a steel cage, the monkey comes out,他有些神经质the monkey is kind of psycho,然后他们将一个小猴子送进笼子and then they send in a younger monkey小猴子四处闲逛who is just goofing around,在笼子里上蹿下跳jumping all around the place and everything.小猴子跟着他们And experience with this younger monkey紧挨着他们这些与小猴子相处的经历who just follows them around and clings to them使他们逐渐改善leads to gradual improvement.使孤僻的猴子得到改善It makes the solitary monkey become better.这对人类可能有相似的效果There might be a similar effect with humans.有个故事是个真事不是实验So one story more about--of an anecdote than an experiment一群一岁半的孩子was a situation where at the age of one and a half,被从一个不给孩子任何交流的children were taken away from a really harsh orphanage严苛的孤儿院带出来where they had no contact送到一个收留精神失常妇女的收容所中and brought into a home for mentally retarded women 在这女人们给予他们很多交流和拥抱where these women gave them plenty of contact andcuddling结果我们知道and apparently, from what we know,使他们恢复正常brought them back to normal.关于我们对亲人And this is all I want to talk about,孩子和父母的感情问题about the emotions we feel towards our kin,我就说这些towards our children, and towards our parents.谁有问题或者想法Any questions or thoughts?请讲Yes.孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗Do children in orphanages comfort each other?这个问题很好Professor Paul Bloom: It's a good question.孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗Do children in orphanages comfort each other?我不知道I don't know.可能不存在这样的条件The situation probably wouldn't be there--问题在于遭遇这种情况的The problem is children in orphanages孤儿院孩子who are in these terrible situations一般都是婴儿或者很小tend to be babies and very young他们可能不会被聚集到一起and they wouldn't be thrown together in situations有机会互相安抚where they could comfort each other.这是个很有意思的问题It's a really interesting question.如果在一种情形下孩子虽然What if it was a situation where children没有绒布代母were raised without a supportive cloth mother at all,不能抱起他们拥抱他们would not be able to pick them up and hold them,但是他们是否能够一起玩互相支持but they could play amongst themselves and support each other?我不知道这个问题的答案I don't know the answer to that.助教:可以Teaching Assistant: Yes.可以吗有依据吗Professor Paul Bloom: Yes? Is there evidence on that?助教:有Teaching Assistant: Yes, there is.有Professor Paul Bloom: Yes.答案是有依据The answer is there is evidence,众所周知as everybody knows,这种幼儿之间的that this sort of--amongst the young,互相支持可以帮助猴子和孩子support can actually help the monkey and the children.还有人有问题吗Somebody else had a question here?请讲Yes.中间情况会怎样What does that tell us about the middle ground,如果父母只给与很少的安抚if the parent is comforting just a little bit却不够多会怎样and then not that much好的问题是Professor Paul Bloom: Right. So this is--The question is,中间情况会怎样"What does that tell us about the middle ground?"前面说的是极端情况So this is an extreme case那中间情况会怎样but what do we know about the middle case?假设你的父母你不是被养在笼子里Say your parent--You're not raised in a cage,也不在罗马尼亚的孤儿院you're not in a Romanian orphanage,但是你的父母就是不怎么抱你but your parents just don't pick you up very much.他们不太爱你They don't love you very much.暂时没有充足证据证明There's no good evidence that这会对一个人产生任何影响that has any effect on a person.问题是几周以后我们会The problem is, and we're going to talk about this详细地讲这个问题in much more detail in a couple of weeks,确实有不太亲近的父母is it's true that parents who aren't affectionate孩子也不太近人have kids that aren't affectionate but it's not clear但是还不清楚这是由于遗传原因this is because of a genetic connection还是环境原因or an environmental connection.能确定的是在中间情况下The one thing we do know is that in the middle ground,影响不太明显effects tend not to be dramatic.除非在极端情况下So when you get away from extreme cases,否则影响很难观察effects are hard to see需要仔细的实验来梳理结论and require careful experimental research to tease out.我认为对很多对所有事情来说I think what it's safe to say for a lot--for everything可以确定的是除非是极端情况but the severe conditions否则我们不知道会有什么样的影响is we don't know what kind of effects there are.即使有影响也不会很大很明显But if there are effects they are not big and dramatic ones.好的Okay.动物的好感Animals' good feelings,动物对亲属的感情吸引animals' emotional attraction to their kin,从进化论观点看并不特别费解is not a huge puzzle from an evolutionary point of view.进化是由你的后代遗传和复制了Evolution is driven by forces that operate on the fact of多少你的基因所决定的how many genes get reproduced and replicated among your descendants. 所以不难理解为什么动物热衷于So, it makes sense that animals would be wired-up会照顾他们的孩子to care for their kids.也不难理解It would make sense that kids得以存活的孩子who are wired-up to survive会对他们的父母产生依赖would develop attachments to their parents.但是令人疑惑的是动物What's more of a puzzle though is that animals,包括人类including humans,与非亲属也有微妙复杂的关系seem to have exquisitely complicated relationships with non-kin. 确切地说动物对非亲属很好In particular, animals are nice to non-kin.你也会对完全没有关系的人很友善You are nice to people that you're not related to.这有很多例子There are a lot of examples of this.动物们互相照顾Animals groom one another.你会把虱子和虫子从你朋友的身上抓走You go, you pick off the lice and the bugs off your friend;他们也会帮你抓走they pick it off you.动物会发出危险警告They give warning cries.危险警告很多动物会发出危险警告So, warning cries--All sorts of animals give warning cries. 假设你是我不知道You are--I don't know.假设你是个小动物大的敌人来了You're a little animal and a big animal comes charging你会喊喂and you say, "Hey!"你会喊叫然后大家闻风而逃Oh. You may sort of cry and everybody runs away.这对你很危险And that's very risky for you但你还是会做but you do it anyway,为了保护跟你没关系的人often to protect people you aren't related to.动物们还会互相照顾孩子Often animals share childcare.如果从一个冷血的自然选择And from a cold-blooded, natural selection,保存自身基因的观点来看survival-of-the-gene point of view,你可以想象you would imagine that假如你将孩子交给我白天照顾if you lend me your kid for the day我会将他吃掉以获得营养I would eat him for the protein这不是我的基因and "It's not my genes这样对我的孩子有好处and actually it gives more for my kids."实际上并不是这样的That's not quite how it works though.动物们分享食物Animals share food.事实上那种动物In fact, that animal,及其丑陋的吸血蝙蝠就分享食物hugely ugly, the vampire bat, shares food.吸血蝙蝠会What happens is the vampire bat--吸血蝙蝠住在洞穴中飞出去觅食vampire bats live in caves and they fly out.经常会有一只蝙蝠收获丰厚And what they do is often a bat will strike it big.比如说她发现了一匹马咬了它She'll find a horse, for instance, bite the horse,吸取了大量的鲜血然后飞回来pump in tons of blood and then fly back.她不会自己全部留下And what it does is it doesn't keep it to itself.取而代之她飞遍整个洞穴Rather, it goes around the whole cave将血吐给所有的吸血蝙蝠and vomits blood into the mouth of all the other vampire bats这样所有蝙蝠都会受益so everybody benefits.难道这不好吗Isn't that nice?现在你会说Now, what you're tempted to say is,这很好所有蝙蝠都能受益"Well, that's really nice. Everybody benefits,"但是从进化论角度but this raises a puzzle这产生了一个问题from the evolutionary point of view.记住这样动物获益更多Remember, animals benefit more,在这种情形下and to this situation,动物们共同工作比单独工作获益更多animals benefit more by working together than by working alone.益处超过代价The benefits outweigh the costs.这被称作互惠利他主义This is known as "Reciprocal altruism"指我对你的行为meaning my behavior to you,我对你的帮助对你的利他主义my good behavior to you, my altruism for you,是建立在互惠的基础上is predicated on the idea of reciprocation,我也会受惠于你"I'll benefit from you."假设吸血蝙蝠比如说And you imagine how vampire bats, for instance,为什么这样合情合理why this makes sense.假设你是一只吸血蝙蝠This is--If you're a vampire bat,。
耶鲁心理学导论07中英文
耶鲁心理学导论07中英文Here is an essay on the topic "Introduction to Yale Psychology 07" with a word count exceeding 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of psychology has long been a subject of fascination and exploration, with researchers delving into the intricacies of the human mind and behavior. One such area of study that has garnered significant attention is the work of the renowned Yale University, particularly its contributions to the understanding of human cognition and decision-making. In this essay, we will explore the "Introduction to Yale Psychology 07," a comprehensive exploration of the university's groundbreaking research and its implications for our understanding of the human psyche.At the heart of the Yale Psychology 07 curriculum lies a deep dive into the mechanisms that govern our thought processes and decision-making. The program delves into the complex interplay between our conscious and subconscious minds, examining how various cognitive biases and heuristics shape our perceptions and choices. Through a rigorous examination of experimental studies and real-world case studies, students are challenged to critically evaluatethe ways in which our brains process information and arrive at conclusions.One of the key areas of focus within the Yale Psychology 07 curriculum is the concept of decision-making under uncertainty. In a world where we are constantly bombarded with information and faced with complex choices, the ability to navigate ambiguity and make sound decisions becomes increasingly crucial. The program explores the various cognitive strategies and biases that come into play when individuals are tasked with making decisions in the face of incomplete or conflicting information.For instance, the program examines the phenomenon of the "anchoring effect," whereby individuals tend to rely heavily on the first piece of information they encounter when making judgments or decisions. This bias can have significant implications in a variety of contexts, from financial investments to legal proceedings. By understanding the underlying cognitive processes that contribute to this effect, students are better equipped to recognize and mitigate its influence in their own decision-making.Another crucial aspect of the Yale Psychology 07 curriculum is the exploration of the role of emotions in shaping our behavior and decision-making. Emotions, long considered the antithesis of rationality, are now recognized as integral components of the humancognitive landscape. The program delves into the ways in which our emotional responses can both enhance and hinder our ability to make sound choices, and how the interplay between cognition and emotion can lead to complex and sometimes counterintuitive outcomes.For example, the program examines the concept of "affective forecasting," the process by which individuals predict their future emotional reactions to events or outcomes. Research has shown that people often struggle to accurately anticipate the intensity and duration of their emotional responses, leading to suboptimal decision-making. By understanding the mechanisms behind affective forecasting, students can develop strategies to better account for the emotional dimension of their choices.The Yale Psychology 07 curriculum also delves into the realm of social cognition, exploring how our perceptions and judgments are shaped by the social context in which we operate. From the influence of group dynamics to the impact of cultural norms, the program examines how our cognitive processes are inextricably linked to the social world around us.One particularly fascinating area of study within this domain is the concept of "heuristics and biases." These mental shortcuts that we employ to navigate the complexities of social interaction can oftenlead to systematic errors in judgment and decision-making. The program explores how these biases can manifest in areas such as stereotyping, in-group favoritism, and the attribution of causality.By understanding the underlying cognitive mechanisms that drive these biases, students are better equipped to recognize and mitigate their influence in their own lives and in the broader social context. This knowledge can have profound implications for fields ranging from organizational management to public policy, where the ability to make unbiased decisions can have far-reaching consequences.Throughout the Yale Psychology 07 curriculum, students are challenged to apply the principles and insights they have gained to real-world scenarios. Through a combination of case studies, simulations, and hands-on research projects, they are encouraged to explore the practical applications of psychological theory and to develop innovative solutions to complex problems.One such example is the program's exploration of the role of psychology in the realm of behavioral economics. By understanding how cognitive biases and heuristics shape financial decision-making, students can contribute to the development of more effective financial products and policies that better account for the human element in economic behavior.Similarly, the program's focus on social cognition has implications for fields such as organizational management and human resources. By understanding how group dynamics and cultural norms influence employee behavior and decision-making, students can develop strategies to foster more inclusive and productive work environments.In conclusion, the "Introduction to Yale Psychology 07" curriculum represents a comprehensive and deeply insightful exploration of the human mind and its intricate workings. Through a rigorous examination of cognitive processes, emotional responses, and social influences, the program equips students with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate the complex and ever-evolving landscape of human behavior. As the field of psychology continues to advance, the insights and methodologies developed at Yale University will undoubtedly continue to shape our understanding of the human experience and inform our efforts to create a more just, equitable, and fulfilling world.。
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕17
回顾一下上节课我们讲到这Just to review, here's where we left off.上节课和这节课的一半The discussion from last lecture and for about half of this lecture都将讨论社会心理学is going to be social psychology.我们首先谈论了某些基本偏见And so, we started off by talking about certain fundamental biases关于我们如何看待自己然后我们转向讨论in how we see ourselves. We then turned to talk about a bias如何看待他人的偏见都是基本归因错误and how we see other people, the fundamental attribution error.现在我们谈论一些And now we're talking a little bit about some aspects of我们如何看待他人的问题how we see other people.我们上次课快速地讲了我们喜欢他人的几个因素So, we quickly talked about certain aspects of why we like other people包括邻近性相似性吸引力including proximity, similarity, and attractiveness,上次课讲到马太效应and where we left off was a discussion of the Matthew effect,就是一般好的事物会趋向于更好which is basically that good things tend to compound.如果你有钱你会得到更好的教育If you're rich you'll get a better education,如果你很聪明别人会更喜欢你如果你很有吸引力等等if you're smart people will like you more, if you're attractive and so on.现在不要交论文Nobody bring up their papers at this point.下课会有人来收They'll collect them at the end of class.我要说的是What I want to talk to--好吧你除外就到此为止Okay, except for you. Just ending it now.看来我要让教学助理I'm going to ask the teaching fellows to阻止任何人接近这区域才行stop anybody from approaching that area.我想先开始讨论印象形成I want to begin by talking about impression formation,我们是如何对他人产生印象的how we form impressions of others,告诉你们一些关于印象形成的有趣事情and tell you a couple of interesting things about impression formation.首先第一印象非常重要The first one is, first impressions matter a lot.因为不同原因而重要They matter a lot for different reasons.他们很重要可能因为人类有They might matter a lot because humans have,一般来说都有证实偏差in general, a confirmation bias such that比如一旦你相信某样事物once you believe something other information其他与喜欢相关的信息就会被编码来支持你所相信的is then encoded along the likes to support what you believe.凯利进行了一个经典实验So, the classic study here was done by Kelley当一位演讲嘉宾进来的时候一些学生收到的简介是描述嘉宾where a guest speaker comes in and some of the students received a bio很热情的其他人describing the speaker as very warm, the other as--迟到的同学现在不要交你的论文do not bring your paper up if you're coming in late.下课再交Just--at the end of class, yeah.另一些人拿到的个人简介是谢谢艾里克Others got a bio saying--thanks, erik--简介是说嘉宾相当冷酷后来结果表明the speaker was rather cold and then it turned out later on当学生们被问到对嘉宾的印象时when they're asked for their impressions of the speaker他们很大程度地受第一印象的影响people are very much biased by what they first assumed.如果我被描述成一个活泼富有创意的人If I'm described to you as a vivacious and creative person当你看到我浑身是劲跳来跳去时and you see me and I'm all kind of bouncing around and everything,你就会加强对我的第一印象"他真是活泼可爱头脑灵活啊"you could then confirm this as, "Look how vivacious and creative he is."如果我被描述成整天泡在酒缸里If I'm described as somebody who drinks too much,你可能会想他是个酒鬼you might think he's an alcoholic.如果我被描述成一个紧张不安的人If he's described as somebody who's insecure and nervous, 你会把我的活动理解成是紧张抽搐you could interpret my activity as nervous twitches.第一印象给你设置了一个框架通过框架去理解其他事情Your first impression sets a framework from which you interpret everything else.这是一部出色电影的主题This was the theme of an excellent movie就是彼得·塞勒斯主演的《妙人奇迹》called Being There starring Peter Sellers.这部讽刺喜剧《妙人奇迹》的主角And the running joke of the movie "Being There" was that the main character,仓西·加德纳the character Chauncey Gardner,意外地被认为是一名天才somehow through accident had the reputation for being a genius but while,但实际上他是个轻度智障他会四处走动in reality, he was actually mildly retarded. But he would go around and人们就会问他一些政治上的看法他就会说些类似people would ask him his opinions on politics and he would say things like"我喜欢呆在花园里"的话因为他天才的盛名"Well, I like being in the garden." and because of his reputation as a genius人们就会说"真是深奥我想知道他是什么意思"people said, "Wow. That's very profound. I wonder what he means."人们就会说"真是深奥我想知道他是什么意思"And--or people would talk to him and he'd just stare at them and say--人们就会被他冒失鲁莽地盯着看吓到and people would say--would be intimidated by his bold and impetuous stare而实际上他完全不知道发生什么事when actually he just totally didn't know anything.所以第一印象能塑造后续印象So, first impressions can shape subsequent impressions而不仅仅塑造当下的印象不久前有个狙击手not just when dealing with people. A little while ago there was a sniper,实际上是一对狙击手在华盛顿杀人actually a pair of snipers killing people in Washington有一件大家都知道的事情是犯人开了一辆白色小货车and the one thing everybody knew about it was there was a white van involved.后来发现根本就没有白色小货车It turned out there was no white van at all但第一件案子里有人看到白色小货车but in the first incident somebody saw a white van,新闻媒体都大肆报道this was reported in all the newspapers,然后其他同类案件中人们都开始看到白色小货车then every other incident people startedseeing the white van.于是他们开始寻找白色小货车开始注意它们So, they started looking for them and they started to attending--attend to them.因此第一印象在人际交往中非常重要So, first impressions matter hugely when dealing with people因为它为我们如何理解事物奠定了基础because it sets the stage for how we interpret everything else.第二个发现就是A second finding building on the first is that我们的印象形成非常迅速we form impressions very fast, very quickly,这里有个文献资料叫《片刻解读》and this is a literature known as "Thin slices."观点是我们形成对他人的印象The idea is you don't have to see much of a person并不需要观察很久对此最早的研究to get an impression of what they are. The first studies done on this其实是针对教师和大学教授们were actually done on teachers, on university professors.大学教授有教学评估So, university professors have teaching evaluations可以利用这方法来粗略评估and you could use this as a rough and ready approximation of学生们对教授的看法what students think of them.接下来你们要做的就是两位社会学家So, what you do then is--the question that these people were interested in,罗森塔尔和安巴蒂感兴趣的问题是Rosenthal and Ambady, two social psychologists,就是需要观察教授多久时间were how long do you have to look at a professor才能猜测出教授的受欢迎程度to guess how popular a teacher he is?他们给学生看了一整节课的剪辑录像So, they showed these clips for a full class.你们需要看一整节课吗Do you have to see them for a full class?你们需要看两节课吗Do you have to see them for two classes?还是需要看半个小时呢Do you have to see them for a half hour?你需要在他周围观察多久How long do you have to be around a person to see him,才能评价讲课人呢答案是五秒钟to estimate how good a lecturer that person is? And the answer is five seconds.看剪辑录像五秒钟后人们就能很好地预料到So, after clips of five seconds people are pretty good at predicting演讲者的某种评价还记得大五人格模型吗what sort of evaluations that person will have. Remember "The Big Five,"我们如何用大五人格模型来评价他人你们都有室友how we evaluate people on "The Big Five?" well, you have a roommate你们可以用大五人格模型来评价你的室友and your roommate you could evaluate on "The Big Five."你们曾经和他或她有很多的经历你需要多少时间You've had a lot of experience with him or her. How much time do you need来评估他们人格的五个维度呢to evaluate somebody on the five dimensions of personality?再次强调答案是根本不需要很多时间在很简短的接触后The answer is, again, not much time at all. After very brief exposures to people,人们就可以非常准确地运用大五人格模型来评价他们people are very accurate at identifying them on "The Big Five."另一个更惊奇的发现是One of the more surprising findings is--关于性取向或同性恋雷达这不是一个科学术语concerns sexual orientation or "Gaydar." that's not a scientific term这两位心理学家很有兴趣研究but the same psychologists were interested in studying你能多快需要多久how quickly you can--if at all how long does it take to能看出某个人的性取向他们所做的是figure out somebody's sexual orientation? Now, what they did was--他们都是聪明的心理学家他们设计了一个研究实验they were clever psychologists so they set it up in a study研究中被试并不知道性取向是研究的问题where the people did not know sexual orientation was at issue.例如他们可能像你们这样填一张表格So, for instance, they may be people like you who filled in a form,在非常长的问卷中只有一题是问你性取向的one question along a very long form was your sexual orientation,然后你就坐下来接受访谈and then you're sitting down being interviewed by somebody访谈过程都被拍了下来然后拿给其他人看and your interview is being filmed, and then other people are shown--给那些不认识你的人看录像研究表明who don't know you are shown the film. And the finding is that人们片刻就能较准确地判断出性取向people based on thin slices are quite good at detecting sexual orientation.每个人都很擅长同性恋者做得比异性恋者更好Everybody's good at it, gay people are better at it than straight people,再次说明你不需要太多的时间你仅需要约一秒钟and, again, you don't need much time. You just need about a second.你用一秒钟去观察某个人你就能做出猜测You see somebody for about a second, you could make a guess.但并不总是对的其实你只是比乱猜好一些You're far from always right. In fact, you're just a bit better than chance但在判断性取向时比乱猜要好but you are better than chance at telling sexual orientation.综合这两方面So, these two facts taken together,片刻解读和第一印象thin slices and the power of first impressions,意味着仅仅短暂接触某个人means that just by a brief exposure to somebody就能决定你将来对他们的看法it shapes so much of how you're going to think about them in the future.现在我们从另一个方向来看这问题Now, we can look at this from the other direction.我们谈论对他人的看法We're talking about the perceptions of other people,我们如何理解他人但社会心理学家同样感兴趣的是how we perceive other people, but social psychologists are also interested in当我们对他人产生特定看法时the question of what happens to other people他人会有什么反应因此一个问题是as a result of being perceived in a certain way. So, one question is,"是什么影响着我认为他人是聪明或愚蠢的"What would cause me to perceive somebody asintelligent or stupid,同性恋或是异性恋焦虑或是冷静的"gay or straight, anxious or level-headed?"第二个问题是"当受到这种方式的评价后会有什么影响"A second question is, "What are the effects of being judged that way?"心理学家创造了一个术语关于自我实现预言And psychologists have coined a term, talk about self-fulfilling prophesies,更确切地说这就是众所周知的"皮格马利翁效应"and the claim here more specifically is what's known as "The Pygmalion effect."皮格马利翁效应就是如果我相信你有某种特点And the Pygmalion effect is if I believe you have a certain characteristic这可能会使你表现得好像你就有这个特点this might cause you to behave as if you have that characteristic.这名字出自一部戏剧萧伯纳的皮格马利翁The name comes from the play by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion,引用里面的一句话"淑女和卖花女之间的区别and the quote here is "The difference between a lady and a flower girl不是她的举止而是她受到的对待is not how she behaves but how she's treated.我在希金斯教授前总是卖花女I shall always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins因为他总是把我当卖花女来看待一直这样"because he always treats me as a flower girl and always will,"改编成为一部广为人知的电影《窈窕淑女》但我觉得同样的主题made into a better known movie, my Fair Lady. But I think that the same theme有一个更好的电影当例子《尼基塔女郎》is better exemplified in a far better movie, La Femme Nikita,当一名冷血杀手受到尊重和爱戴时where a cold-blooded killer is treated with respect and affection她变得更温和平易近人and then she becomes a much more warm and accessible person,即使她还是杀了很多人但它仍然很好地阐明这个效应and then she kills a lot of people but that-- but still it illustrates the point.这一效应被大量实验论证And this point has tons of empirical validity.罗森塔尔和杰克逊设计的经典实验中The classic experiment was by Rosenthal and Jackson他们告诉老师们一些学生非常聪明where they told teachers that some of their kids were really smart但另一些学生就不是那么的聪明and other kids were less-- were not really smart,不要期待他们在智商上会得到大幅提升they weren't expected to show a huge jump or spurt in their IQ,这个当然是瞎掰的这些孩子是随机抽样的and this was of course trickery. The children were chosen at random但那些被说成非常聪明的孩子but the children who were described as showing--预期在智商上会得到提升的孩子他们的智商真的提高了as expected to show a jump in IQ, in fact, did show a jump in their IQ scores这不是魔法一般来说如果有人告诉我你是个天才and this isn't magic. It's basically--if I am told that you're a genius你将在这堂课里才华横溢and your genius is about to be in full-flower throughout this class这个班本来人就不多我会更多地关注你and it's a small class as these classes were, i'll focus more on you,更加地注意你如果有人告诉我"这学生不行"I'll give you more of my attention. If I'm told "Not so much for you,"你就会被我无视you'll suffer relative to him.皮格马利翁效应说明我们期望的影响有多大And so the Pygmalion effect shows how our expectations can really matter.这引出了最后关于期望的问题以及我们如何去评价一个人This brings us to the final-- the issue of expectations and how we judge people这不仅在个体中存在is a story that could be told about individuals还在群体中存在but it's also a story that could be told about groups.我想以社会心理学中群体讨论And this is where I want to end this section on social psychology 作为本次课的结尾by talking about groups.很多社会心理学家都关注着一个问题 A lot of social psychology is concerned with the question of我们是如何看待人类群体的how we think about human groups我们已经在道德那节课上谈论过and we've already discussed this in the lecture on morality when we talked about人类动力促使我们去思考术语"我们"和"他们"的区别the human dynamic pushing us to think in terms of "Us" Versus "Them"罗伯斯山洞实验中说明过这一点as shown in the Robber's Cave study塔杰菲尔的最小群体实验同样体现这一点and also shown in the minimal group research by Tajfel从动机和情感上的立场来看showing that from a motivational, emotional standpoint我们不难区别"我的团体"和"你的团体"it's not difficult for us to think in terms of "My group" Versus "Your group."这种思维方式确实有影响到And this way of thinking has real consequences我们的感情生活情感生活for our emotional life, our affective life,影响到我们在分配资源上的抉择但是这里我想讨论and how we choose to distribute resources. What I want to talk about here though我们对人类群体看法的不同方面is a different aspect of how we think about human groups.我要讲下刻板印象I want to talk a little bit about stereotypes.现代英语里"刻板印象"通常是个贬义词Now, "Stereotypes" In English often just is a bad word.有刻板印象说明你有些问题To have a stereotype is to be-- is to have something wrong with you. 你会觉得有刻板印象不是件好事You might say it's not good to have stereotypes.心理学家倾向于把这词使用在更广泛意义上Psychologists tend to use the term in a broader sense.我们倾向于将这个词用在关于典型性的We tend to use the term to refer to information we have about categories分类和直觉上and intuitions we have about the typicality,我们经常认为的特定类别的特征our frequency of certain features of categories.我们发现收集类别的信息And it turns out that collecting information about categories对我们的生存至关重要我们每时每刻都接触新鲜事物is essential to our survival. We see novelthings all the time and如果我们不能学习和推测if we were not capable of learning and making guesses,对这些新事物做出可靠的猜测我们就不能生存下去educated guesses, about these novel things we would not be able to survive.当你在这里看到这个物体你把它归类为一张椅子So, when you see this object over here you categorize it as a chair然后你认识到你应该可以坐上去and you recognize that you could probably sit on it.这苹果大概可以吃的那条狗可能会吠有尾巴会咬我This apple is probably edible, this dog probably barks and has a tail and eat me咬我且不会说英文的eats me and doesn't speak English.这些都是我们对椅子苹果和狗的刻板印象These are all stereotypes about chairs and about apples and about dogs.这在逻辑上并不一定是正确的也许是条吃素的狗It doesn't mean they're logically true. This could be a vegetarian dog,有毒的苹果会爆炸的椅子但它们通常是正确的a poison apple, an explosive chair, but they're typically true.如果你突然失去归纳的能力And if you were suddenly stripped of your ability to make generalizations,你会不知所措你不知道吃什么不知道怎么与人交往you'd be at a loss. You wouldn't know what to eat, how to interact.所以记录信息和归纳能力So, some sort of ability to record information and make generalizations在我们生活中必不可少is absolutely essential to making it through life.有趣的是我们也会对人类进行归类What's interesting though is we also categorize types of people.我们有各种刻板印象男人女人So, we have stereotypes in our heads about men and women,儿童青少年成人白人黑人亚洲人等等about children, adolescents or adults, whites, blacks, Asians and so on.但刻板印象不都是坏事情下面有两个原因Now, this is not essentially a bad thing for a couple of reasons.第一有些刻板印象是积极的First, some of these stereotypes are positive.你可能对某些群体有积极的刻板印象You might have positive stereotypes about certain groups. 你可能会认为某些群体比较有创造力或是聪明You might believe some groups are unusually creative or intelligent.你可能对自己的群体有特别积极的刻板印象You might have a particularly positive stereotype about your own group即使你的群体是耶鲁学生或是来自法国的人even if your own group is Yale students or your own group is people from France或是某某大学的人or your own group is people from such and so college.你会有积极的刻板印象更重要的是You might have positive stereotypes. More importantly,我们对群体的刻板印象的方式we collect stereotypes about groups of people和我们对物品归类的刻板印象through much the same way we collect stereotypes about categories如椅子苹果和狗的方式是相同的刻板印象大多是准确的like chairs and apples and dogs. Andso they're pretty often accurate.有些实验中问到人们谁更有可能成为一名律师When there are studies which ask people who is more likely to be a lawyer,犹太人还是西班牙人呢谁可能更高点someone who's Jewish or someone who is Hispanic, who is likely to be taller,日本人还是瑞典人呢人们可以回答这些问题somebody from Japan or somebody from Sweden, people can answer these things.他们的刻板印象影响着他们的回答They have their stereotypes that guide their answers,而这些回答都不是任意或随机的and the answers are not arbitrary or random.他们的回答通常都是正确的刻板印象通常可以让我们Their answers are often correct and often possessing stereotypes lets us更合理更正确地概括归纳这个世界make reasonable and correct generalizations about the world.这对刻板印象来说是个好消息不过也有坏消息That's the sort of good news about stereotypes but there's also bad news.其中一个问题就是它们并非总是准确的One problem is that they're not always accurate这里有两个因素导致它们容易犯错and there's a couple of factors that could lead them away from accuracy.其中一个就是我们之前谈论的第一印象One is what we talked about before regarding first impressions,就是一种证实偏差which is a confirmation bias.如果你认为同性恋者都是女人气的男同志都是女人气的If you believe that homosexuals are effeminate, that gay men are effeminate,这就会影响到你以后对同性恋者的看法then this is going to shape how you see future gay men. 如果你看到一个娘娘腔的男同性恋者你可能会说If you see an effeminate gay man, you'll probably say,"证明我理论的又一实例" 如果你看到一个不怎么娘娘腔的"Ah, more evidence for my theory." if you see a man who is not effeminate,你可能会无视他或者觉得这家伙同性恋得不够彻底you might ignore it or say maybe he's not really gay after all.如果你认为黑人都是犯罪分子If you believe black men are criminals,当你看到一个黑人罪犯时你会把他列为支持证据then when you see a black man who is a criminal you'll chalk it down as support但你很少注意白人罪犯but you'll pay less attention to evidence that white men are criminals还有某些不是罪犯的黑人and some black men are not criminals.你不会用科学客观地去审视得到的数据You won't look at this as a scientist objectively scanning data.相反地你会带偏见看问题Rather, you'll be biased in certain ways.你会偏向于注重那些能够证明你理论的案例上You'll be biased to put extra weight on the cases that support your theory而忽略那些相反的案例此外我们的数据并不总是可靠的and diminish cases that refute it. Furthermore, our data is not always reliable.所以这就是刻板印象的一个例子So-- oh, and this is actually an example of this at work.在古典音乐界里有刻板印象It turns out in the world of classical music there's a stereotype of那就是女性不如男性精通音乐她们演奏水平不如男性women being simply less proficient than men: they play smaller than men,她们不够有力量技术更弱they don't have the same force and they have smaller techniques,她们容易喜怒无常等等they're more temperamental and so on.如果你问一个评审人评审人就会说If you asked somebody who was a judge, the judge would say,"看事实就是这样我根本就没对她们有成见""Look. This is just the way things are. I'm not being biased at all."匿名试听的测试就是The test of this then is to have blind auditions让人们在屏幕背后试听演奏where people do their auditions behind a screen这样你就不知道演奏者是男还是女so you can't tell whether they're man or a woman,是白人还是黑人甚至是亚洲人或其他什么的or for that matter, white or black or Asian or whatever.结果显示这样女性更多被雇佣说明It turns out when you do that women get hired far more suggesting第一刻板印象是不正确的that the stereotype is a, incorrect第二对人们的雇佣有消极和不公平的影响and B, has a real negative and unfair effect on people getting hired.刻板印象的第二个问题就是我刚刚讲过的\NA second problem is –what I was talking about immediately before this –我们接受到的一些信息具有误导性is some of our data are misleading我们从媒体上获得大量关于这世界的信息so we get a lot of the information about the world from the media.媒体包括电视电影The media would include television and movies也包括戏剧书籍和故事but would also include plays and books and stories.某种程度媒体描述了And to the extent these portray一个对世界不切实际或不公平或带偏见的看法an unrealistic or unfair or biased perception of the world我们构建的刻板印象忠于我们所获得的信息we could construct stereotypes that are faithful to the data we're getting但这信息没有代表性but the data is not representative.比如人们And so people, for instance,反感意大利裔美国人在电视上露面object to the fact that when there's Italian Americans on TV 认为他们通常是黑道家族的成员they're often members of the Sopranos, a mobster family.纵观历史犹太人一直很苦恼Throughout history Jews have been upset《威尼斯商人》里对夏洛克的描述里他不是个好人at the portrayal of Shylock in "Merchant of Venice," not a very nice guy.相应的那些想培养积极观点的人And often in response people who want to foster more positive views会尝试会把其他群体的代表加入进来will often try to-- will often put in representatives from other groups以独特的方式来达到目的in unusual ways to make that point.这里有谁看过电视剧《银河战星》的Anybody here ever see the television show Battlestar Galactica?好的他是谁《银河战星》的主角Okay. Who's that? He's the star of "Battlestar Galactica."你们不知道是因为你们太年轻了在原版的《银河战星》You don't know because you're too young. In the original "Battlestar"--我讨厌你们在原版的《银河战星》中他是个主角and I hate you. In the original "Battlestar Galactica," This was the star.这个主角叫星巴克This was the main character known as "Starbuck,"在最新版里改变成一个女人了who got transformed into a woman in the more recent one,一个关于描述如何有趣的改变的例子 a sort of example of how portrayals are shifting in interesting ways.当然刻板印象上还有道德问题There's also, of course, moral problems over stereotypes.基于刻板印象去评价椅子苹果和狗是可以的So, it's fine to judge chairs and apples and dogs based on the stereotypes.甚至评价狗的品种也是可以的It's even fine to judge breeds of dogs.如果我告诉你我要买条灵缇犬而不要比特犬If I told you that I decided to buy a greyhound instead of a pit bull因为我想要条性情温顺的狗because I wanted a dog of a gentle temperament,没人会尖叫着说我是个狗种族歧视者nobody would scream that I'm a dog racist involving--说实话这就是一个刻板印象and--but honestly, it's a stereotype.人们认为灵缇犬比比特犬温顺得多Greyhounds are supposed to be more passive and gentle than pit bulls.我认为这是一个正确的刻板印象但它仍然还是刻板印象I think it's a true stereotype but it's a stereotype nonetheless.针对狗品种的刻板印象是没有问题的But we have no problems when it comes to things like breeds of dogs一旦我们用于评价人们时就是有严重问题了with stereotypes. We have serious problems judging people this way.例如这是个道德原则我们中的一些人坚持认为So, for instance, it's a moral principle that some of us would hold to that即使刻板印象是正确的even if stereotypes are correct但把它们应用在日常的生活上仍是不道德的it is still immoral to apply them in day to day life. 这里有个术语叫心理画像The term for this would be "Profiling."现在情况变复杂了因为在某些情况下Now, it gets complicated because there are some cases我们确实允许刻板印象发挥作用where we do allow stereotypes to play a role.当你们考取了驾照或者已经拿到驾照的同学When you all go and get driver's licenses or when you did get driver's licenses你们比起我来要付更高的汽车保险费you have to pay higher auto insurance premiums than I do.我认为这很公平因为像你们这种年轻人I think this is perfectly fair because young people like you抽大麻或是喝酒后开车会发生更多的事故get into a lot more accidents with your reefer and your alcohol现在你们有人就会说这是刻板印象and so it is--now, some of you are saying "That's a stereotype."它的确是刻板印象但这是有统计学意义的And it is a stereotype but it's a statistically robust one。
耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录
耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录Paul Bloom教授：欢迎来到《心理学导论》课堂。
我是Paul Bloom博士，这堂课的讲师。
本课程将对人类心理学进行全面的介绍，课程涉及内容广泛，包括大脑、儿童、语言、性、记忆、疯狂、作呕、种族歧视和爱，以及其他方面。
我们要讨论一些内容，例如，为什么会有男女差别？动物能否学会语言？是什么让我们作呕？为什么我们当中有些人暴饮暴食，如何纠正？为什么有人会发疯？为什么一些人会变得抑郁而其他人不会？《心理学导论》是讲什么的？与其他课程不同的是，一些人是带着特殊目的来学习这门课的。
或许你觉得你疯了，希望能减轻这种症状；或许你想了解怎样提高学习成绩，怎样改善性生活，怎样实现理想，或是怎样结交朋友以及影响他人【笑】。
这些原因都不无道理，除了改善性生活，这门课确实能帮到你不少。
学习科学心理学能增加你对与我们日常生活所发生的问题息息相关的现实世界的了解。
当遇到这些问题时，我会强调这些问题，并希望你们思考我接下来要讲的这些实验室里的研究工作对你的日常生活会产生多大影响，包括你如何学习，如何与人交往，你如何说服别人接受另一种观点，怎样的治疗对你最有效。
我认为你从这门课程学到的东西要远比你想象的有趣得多。
首先我们要介绍一个最重要的话题：我们。
人类的大脑是怎样工作的？我们怎样思考？是什么使我们成为现在这样的人？我们将从几方面来讲授这些内容。
心理学通常分为五个板块：1、神经科学，通过观察、了解大脑的反应来研究心理学。
2、发展心理学，这是我重点研究的领域，研究人们如何成长、发育和学习。
3、认知心理学，对这个术语一些同学可能不太熟悉，它通过计算机来进行研究，观察并分析人的行为，例如，理解语言、认知物体和做游戏之类。
4、社会心理学，研究人在群体中的行为、交往方式。
5、临床心理学，听到心理学一词时，或许人们第一个想到的就是临床心理学，这部分是研究心理健康和心理疾病的。
Lecture+18(耶鲁大学-心理学导论讲稿)
Lecture 18
Yale University
I am extremely pleased to introduce the fourth and final guest lecture of the semester. Professor Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Susan is a professor in the Department of Psychology and the Director of Graduate Studies. She is well known for her work in clinical psychology and especially her research in depression, the nature and causes of people with depression, with special focus on sex differences in depression. She basically does everything someone can do. She is a noted scientist, winning many awards and publishing massive amounts of work in scientific journals. She is an award-winning teacher and has authored what, in my mind, is the very best textbook in her area. And she's a noted popular writer who has written popular and accessible books bringing the message and ideas and theories of clinical psychology to the broader public. The only other thing I'll mention before we welcome her is that she's going to teach next year her course in clinical psychology, which has a superb reputation as an extremely interesting course. If you are interested in what you hear today and you want to learn more about it, that's the course you should take. So, let's please welcome Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. [applause] Professor Susan Nolen-Hoeksema: Thank you Paul. Can everybody hear me okay? Okay. So, what I want to do today is to give you a very brief overview of how modern clinical psychology looks at mental disorders, some of the ways we think about what constitutes a mental disorder, some of the characteristics that kind of cut across mental disorders, and then I'm going to use the case of mood disorders, that is depression and what is now called bipolar disorder, what you may know more popularly as manic-depression, as sort of examples of how we think about a particular set of disorders and some of the ways we go about researching the theories -- different theories for the disorders and some of the prominent treatments for disorders these days. Okay? So, I'm going to do both a fair amount of lecturing, and then I've got lots of video clips to show you as well. So, I'm going to be roaming around and changing venues here fairly often. So, the first and most fundamental question in clinical psychology is, "What is abnormality?" Where do we draw the line between normal, healthy, typical behavior and what we might want to call abnormal, atypical, deviant, unhealthy, maladaptive mental problems? We tend to have an intuitive sense of what we mean by abnormality, and we'd like to believe--a lot of people who come into my course say, "Well, of course, you know, you guys have figured it out. You know where to draw the line. You have criteria. You have blood tests, right? --that tell me whether I have depression or schizophrenia or one of the things I've read about." Well, the reality is that we don't. First of all, there is no biological test for any of the known mental disorders right now. And instead what we have is a set of behavioral criteria for how to diagnose different mental disorders. And what I mean by behavioral criteria is a set of symptoms that the person reports to you about how they feel, how they think, and a set of observations about their behavior and how typical or atypical it is. And you take the sort of set of symptoms the person shows or reports, and you match them up against the existing criteria for different mental disorders. And then it comes down to a fairly subjective judgment call about whether the person meets the criteria or not. Unfortunately, these judgment calls, because they are so subjective, can be influenced by a lot of factors. And we won't have a chance to go into these too much today, but just to highlight a few of them. The first is social norms. Whether you get labeled as having a mental disorder or a problem depends very heavily on what your social or cultural norms are. So, a woman wearing a veil in a Muslim community or culture
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕18
我要非常高兴的向你们介绍I am extremely pleased to introduce本学期第四位也是最后一位客座教授the fourth and final guest lecture of the semester苏珊·诺伦·霍克苏玛教授Professor Susan Nolen-Hoeksema.苏珊是心理系的教授Susan is a professor in the Department of Psychology也是研究生院的院长and the Director of Graduate Studies.她在临床心理学界非常有名She is well known for her work in clinical psychology特别是她所做的关于抑郁症的研究and especially her research in depression,抑郁症患者的本质以及致病原因the nature and causes of people with depression,她特别关注忧郁症的性别差异with special focus on sex differences in depression.她所做的几乎涵盖了人能做的所有事She basically does everything someone can do.她是一个著名的科学家获过许多奖项She is a noted scientist, winning many awards在科学期刊上发表了许多论文and publishing massive amounts of work in scientific journals.她是获奖教师并且在我印象里She is an award-winning teacher and has authored what,在她的领域里是最好的教科书是她写的in my mind, is the very best textbook in her area.她同时也是著名的作家And she's a noted popular writer who has written popular她的著作把临床心理学的知识和理论and accessible books bringing the message and ideas化为通俗易懂令人喜闻乐见的书籍and theories of clinical psychology to the broader public.在我们欢迎她之前我还有最后一件事要说The only other thing I'll mention before we welcome her is that下个学期她将讲授临床心理学she's going to teach next year her course in clinical psychology, 这是一门有极高声望又非常有意思的课which has a superb reputation as an extremely interesting course.如果你对今天所讲的内容感兴趣If you are interested in what you hear today并且想了解更多那么你应该选那门课and you want to learn more about it, that's the course you should take.现在让我们欢迎苏珊·诺伦·霍克苏玛So, let's please welcome Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. 保罗谢谢你大家听得见我说话么Thank you Paul can everybody hear me okay? Okay.今天我要给大家简略的讲述So, what I want to do today is to give you a very brief overview of 现代临床心理学是怎么看待心理疾病how modern clinical psychology looks at mental disorders,关于心理疾病成因的研究some of the ways we think about what constitutes a mental disorder, 心理疾病中出现的一些特征some of the characteristics that kind of cut across mental disorders, 然后我会举几个情感障碍的例子and then I'm going to use the case of mood disorders,就是抑郁症我们现在叫双相障碍that is depression and what is now called bipolar disorder,对你们来说更熟悉叫法是躁郁症what you may know more popularly as manic-depression,通过这些例子来说明我们是怎么研究特定心理疾病的as sort of examples of how we think about a particular set of disorders以及我们的一些研究方法和理论and some of the ways we go about不同的心理疾病有不同的理论researching the theories -- different theories for the disorders当今一些著名的治疗心理疾病的方法and some of the prominent treatments for disorders these days. Okay?我会都讲一些So, I'm going to do both a fair amount of lecturing,也会给你们看很多短片and then I've got lots of video clips to show you as well.所以我将会一直走动变换讲课的位置So, I'm going to be roaming around and changing venueshere fairly often.临床心理学中最早也是最基础的问题是So, the first and most fundamental question in clinical psychology is,"什么是异常" 我们怎么界定正常"What is abnormality?" Where do we draw the line between normal,健康典型行为healthy, typical behavior怎么界定不正常非典型异常and what we might want to call abnormal, atypical, deviant,不健康和适应不良的精神问题unhealthy, maladaptive mental problems?我们似乎对不正常有一种直觉We tend to have an intuitive sense of what we mean by abnormality,我们倾向于认为很多人到我的课上说and we'd like to believe--a lot of people who come into my course say,"你们当然知道是你们解决这个问题的"Well, of course, you know, you guys have figured it out. 你们知道界限在哪里你们有评判标准You know where to draw the line you have criteria.你们还可以验血对吧这可以判断我是否有抑郁症You have blood tests, right? that tell me whether I have depression精神分裂症或者其他我读到过的疾病"or schizophrenia or one of the things I've read about".但事实上我们不能Well, the reality is that we don't.首先没有任何生物性测试First of all, there is no biological test for any of可以化验出已知的这些精神疾病the known mental disorders right now.我们有的是一些行为的判断标准And instead what we have is a set of behavioral criteria for来诊断不同的精神疾病how to diagnose different mental disorders.我说的行为判断标准是指And what I mean by behavioral criteria is求诊者陈述的一系列的症状a set of symptoms that the person reports to you about他们的感觉和想法以及我们how they feel, how they think, and a set of observations对他们的行为是否典型或者异常的观察about their behavior and how typical or atypical it is.然后再把And you take the sort of set of这一系列求诊者陈述的或展示的特征与现有的symptoms the person shows or reports, and you match them up against不同精神疾病的判断标准做比对the existing criteria for different mental disorders.这就会是一个比较主观的诊断And then it comes down to a fairly subjective judgment call用来判断求诊人是否满足这些判断标准about whether the person meets the criteria or not.不幸的是这些诊断因为太主观Unfortunately, these judgment calls, because they are so subjective,会受到很多因素所影响can be influenced by a lot of factors.我们今天没有机会讲太多这个内容And we won't have a chance to go into these too much today,只会着重讲一部分第一个是社会准则but just to highlight a few of them the first is social norms.你是否被标上精神疾病或问题的标签Whether you get labeled as having a mental disorder or a problem很大程度上是由你所在的社会或文化准则决定的depends very heavily on what your social or cultural norms are.穆斯林文化里的女人会戴面纱So, a woman wearing a veil in a Muslim community or culturewould be seen这是很典型的甚至是被规定的行为as typical, even prescribed, behavior.但在非穆斯林文化中如果女人戴面纱Whereas a woman wearing a veil in a non-Muslim culture,特别是当今especially until fairly recently, was often looked upon as会被认为是很不正常的行为判断正常或不正常的very atypical or abnormal behavior. The second kind of thing第二个因素that influences whether something is called normal or abnormal are是目标人物的某些特征certain characteristics of the target person.我这里着重强调的是性别In particular, I've highlighted here, gender.一个特定的行为不正常的程度Whether you're a man or you're a woman really确实会受到你是男性还是女性的影响influences how unusual a certain behavior is.哭是一个很好的例子So, crying is a good example.我们的文化里男性哭是比较不正常的事情A man crying in our culture is seen as fairly unusual, 而女性哭泣就显得不那么奇怪了whereas a woman crying is seen as much less unusual.另一方面女性殴打他人是很奇怪的行为On the other hand, a woman beating up someone is taken as quite不过对男性来说就不那么奇怪unusual behavior where it's less unusual for a man.所以我们有性别刻板印象对于什么是可接受的行为有性别差异So, we have gender stereotypes, gender roles for what is acceptable behavior,我们对一件事是正常或不正常的判断and our judgments as to whether something is normal or abnormal是受性别角色影响的影响是否会被标上不正常的标签的get influenced by those gender roles. And the third thing that can influence第三个因素是情境whether something is labeled abnormal or not is the context.我要举一个"偏执狂"的例子And here I'm giving you the example of "paranoia".如果你很多疑又过分警惕在巴格达寻找可能的威胁If you're paranoid and hyper-vigilant, looking for threat in downtown Baghdad,现在看起来是可以接受的行为that's considered very adaptive behavior these days because因为那可以帮助你免于受到伤害或杀害it could prevent you from getting hurt or killed.但如果你住在中康涅狄格州安静的小农场Whereas, if you're in a quiet little farm in Central Connecticut,却还是非常多疑总觉得有人being extremely paranoid and believing there's someone躲在墙角要枪杀你who's going to shoot you around the corner is not considered这就不会被认为是正常的行为了as normal or as acceptable or adaptive behavior.所以某些特别行为出现的情境So, the context in which you exhibit a particular behavior also会很大程度上影响我们的归类是正常还是不正常can heavily influence whether it gets labeled by others as normal or abnormal.在临床心理学领域我们有很多不同的方法In the field of clinical psychology we have a number of different ways,很多探索方法来判断kind of heuristics that we use to label things什么是不正常不健康或有问题的as abnormal or unhealthy or troubling.其中有三个特征就是我们常常说得3DAnd three of these characteristics are what we often call the three Ds:痛苦机能失调异常让自己或他人非常痛苦的行为distress, dysfunction, and deviance. So, behaviors that cause the individual常常会被贴上不正常或不健康的标签or others significant distress often get labeled as abnormal or unhealthy.抑郁是一个最好的例子我们以后会谈到Depression is a prime example, as we'll see when we talk about它的特征一种非常糟糕的状态the characteristics of it. It's a miserable state of being;不开心难过你可能会觉得非常糟糕想要自杀you're unhappy, you're sad, you may even feel so badly you want to kill yourself.这种非常高水平的痛苦And that very, very high level of distress是它被归为精神疾病的一部分原因is part of the reason why it's labeled as a mental disorder.其他的精神疾病不会引起个体痛苦Other mental disorders don't cause the individual distress,但可能会引起他人的痛苦but they may cause other people distress.举一个例子"反社会人格障碍"So, one example of this is something called "antisocial personality disorder,"就是指一个人无视他人的权利where the individual has no regard for the rights of other people, 毫不犹豫的偷窃或者伤害其他人has no hesitation to steal or--steal from or hurt other people,对别人的感受没有同理心或同情心has no empathy or sympathy for other people's feelings由此可能给别人带来很多的痛苦折磨and so can inflict a lot of harm on other people但自己却对所作所为完全无痛苦and has absolutely no distress over this whatsoever.这类行为导致了他人的痛苦But this behavior causes other people distress,这是归为and that's one of the reasons why that's不正常行为或是精神疾病的原因之一labeled an abnormal behavior or a mental health problem. 第二个一般标准是"机能失调"The second general criterion is "dysfunction".如果一系列的行为让人不能完成日常生活If a set of behaviors prevents the person from functioning in daily life,这就有可能被归为不正常then it might be labeled as abnormal或者会被归为有心理问题or might end up being labeled as a mental health problem.抑郁症又是一个好例子Again, depression is a good example.抑郁的人常常会变得完全不能正常生活People who are depressed often become completely non-functional.他们无法起床去上课不能工作They can't get up and go to class; they can't go to work;也没有办法和朋友交流they can't interact with their friends;完全与世隔绝没有社交they withdraw and become totally isolated socially.他们可能会丢了工作因不及格而退学So, they might lose their job; they might flunk out of school.功能的完全衰退是我们把抑郁症列为And this complete decline in functioning is one of the major reasons that最衰弱的精神疾病之一的主要原因we consider depression one of the most debilitating disorders.最后是"异常" 行为和感觉非常的不寻常And then finally, "deviance," the behaviors or feelings are highly unusual.这可能是这三点里争议最大的一项This is probably the most controversial of the three.因为它很大程度上受社会准则的影响Because it weighs, it is so heavily influenced by thesocial norms.在一种文化里的异常在另一种文化里就不是What's deviant in one culture is not deviant in another culture.但假如某些行为在某种文化里完全无法But if a set of behaviors is completely被接受极不寻常它们更有可能unacceptable to a culture, highly unusual, they're more likely to end up被归为不正常那么我们怎么整合这三点呢getting labeled as abnormal. Okay. So, how do we pull this all together?现今美国临床心理学和精神病学领域Well, these days the manual for making diagnoses in clinical psychology用来诊断的手册叫作and psychiatry in the United States is called《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or the DSM,现在是第四版这本书我认为五十年代就有了and it's in its fourth revision. It's been around since the, I believe the '50s,五六十年代最早的版本是很主观的and the early editions in the '50s and '60s were highly subjective建立在弗洛伊德理论的基础上and based on Freudian theory.但在1980年之后经过努力But since 1980 there's been real effort to make the criteria修正后的标准更加的客观much more objective, to make the set of behaviors使诊断所必须的行为特征和观察数据or observations that are required to diagnose someone变成可观察变成可以从他人身上看到的be things that are observable, that you can see in other people ,可以有依据地报告信息临床医生之间that they can report on reliably, and that one clinician的诊断就可以达成一致and another clinician will agree upon.DSM给出了一系列症状其中包括诊断所必须的症状So, the DSM gives lists of symptoms with the required symptoms for a diagnosis,还包括了诊断所需的症状数量the number of symptoms that have to be present,另外痛苦机能失调和异常这些概念and the notions of deviation, dysfunction也被糅合进判断标准and distress are built into these criteria.在我们讲到具体情感障碍的时候And I'm going to give you a couple of examples of these criteria我会给你们举几个例子来解释判断标准when we talk about the specific types of mood disorder. 我将要用情感障碍来举例说明So as I said, I'm going to use mood disorders as kind of a case example here我们是怎么诊断和理解精神疾病的of how we go about diagnosing and understanding psychopathology,我还想顺便提一句but I also just want to impart some information because情感障碍是最常见的精神疾病之一mood disorders are one of the most common problems that people face.四分之一的女性As many as one in four women will have在生命中都会经历严重的抑郁阶段an episode of serious depression at some time in her life,百分之十三的男性会在生命中经历严重的抑郁and about 13% of men will have an episode of serious depression in their lives.所以这是人们遇到的极其常见的心理问题So, these are extremely common kinds of problems特别是在你们这个年纪that people experience, particularly at your age.大学时代是发病的高峰期The college years are one of the peak times of onset,尤其是抑郁症首次发病的高峰first onset, of depression in particular.同时也是双相障碍或躁郁症的发病高峰期集中在青少年晚期And also, for bipolar disorder, or manic-depression, the late adolescent,二十岁出头early 20s are the peak onset times for these disorders as well.情感障碍被分成单相抑郁症So, the mood disorders divide into what's called unipolar depression disorders,就是只有抑郁症的症状以及双相障碍which is depression only and then bipolar disorders就是病人在抑郁和狂躁间反复where the person cycles between depression and mania.这里是DSM对重性抑郁症的判断标准And here are the DSM criteria for major depression,抑郁症中最严重的形式之一我前面提到过DSM中包括了one of the most severe forms of depression. And as I said, the DSM sets up these相对可以观察到的判断标准症状符合的数量relatively observable criteria and how many you have to have为了进行诊断这些症状必须是目前的and what absolutely has to be present in order to get the diagnosis.DSM中重性抑郁症的第一个标准是So, the first criterion in the DSM for major depression个体在日常生活中出现悲伤is that the individual has to either show sadness兴趣减弱或快乐减少or a diminished interest or pleasure in their usual activities,也就是快感缺失的症状要满足第一条标准which is referred to as anhedonia. So, you have to have one你得有上述症状中的某一种or the other of these to sort of pass the first criterion.你可能觉得很悲伤忧郁So, you might say that you feel sad and blue或者感到抑郁and just--or actually say you feel depressed.有些人这种感受很强烈Some people feel those feelings very strongly.有些人并不是那么悲伤或忧郁Other people don't really feel so sad or blue,但他们会说没什么东西能引起他们的兴趣了but what they'll say is that nothing interests them anymore.就好像感情从他们生活中被抽走了It's like the emotion has been sucked out of their life altogether.他们在活动中感觉不到他们以前感受到的快乐They don't have any fun doing the activities they used to do before.他们不想和朋友出去玩They don't want to hang with their friends.也不在意吃的东西They just--they don't care about eating.没什么感到正确感到很好Just nothing feels right, feels good, anymore.除了悲伤和快感缺失之外And then the individual has to have four of the--每个个体至少要有四种下述特征at least four of the following symptoms in addition to sadness or anhedonia.第一他们出现显著的体重或食欲变化First, they can show significant weight or appetite change. 可能是胃口完全消失So, you may completely lose your interest in eating体重锐减或者有的人暴饮暴食and lose a lot of weight, or some people go on eating binges.我有一个非常好的朋友抑郁了一年I had a very good friend who was depressed for about a year, 她的体重增加了五十磅and she gained fifty pounds because she would just eat.她暴饮暴食特别是晚上She would binge eat, especially at night.还有睡眠障碍失眠就是睡不着觉There are sleep disturbances--insomnia, which is having trouble sleeping,或者嗜睡症就是睡不醒or hypersomnia, which is sleeping all the time.有一种特别的失眠症是抑郁症中很有可能出现的There's a particular form of insomnia that's especially likely in depression你晚上可以入睡但是每天早晨三点或四点where you can go to sleep at night, but then you wake up at about three就醒来了然后你就再也睡不着了or four in the morning every night and you can't go back to sleep at all.剩下来的夜晚就一直醒着You're just up for the rest of the night.另外有些人每天都想睡觉But other people want to sleep all day long,我想给你们看一个一分钟短片and in the clip I'm going to show you in just a minute那里面有一位女士谈到自己每天睡the woman talks about sleeping twenty,二十到二十二小时起床吃一点东西twenty-two hours a day, getting up, eating a little bit,然后再回去睡但她依然觉得精疲力尽and then going back to bed because she was exhausted still.第三个评判标准是精神运动性阻滞或焦虑The third criterion is psychomotor retardation or agitation.运动性阻滞更常见一些这就是指The retardation is much more common, and what this means is that sort of一个人的行动整体变慢了everything about the person's movement is slowed down.他们走路变慢反应有时也变慢了They'll walk more slowly. Their reaction times will be slowed down.因为他们行动变得迟缓And because they're so much more slow moving,抑郁症病人更容易发生意外depressed people are often more prone to accidents.在他们开车或者过马路时They just can't react as quickly as they need to一辆车突然朝他们开来when they're driving or when they're crossing the road他们做不到反应迅速这样就很容易发生意外and a car is coming at them suddenly. So, they get into more accidents.他们说话的速度也会变慢他们讲话非常慢And their speech may be slowed down. They may talk very, very slowly感觉好像他们要花极大的力量and it's as though it just takes a tremendous amount of说出一句很普通的话energy to get even a common sentence out.还有一小部分人变得焦躁而不是变慢 A much more, much smaller number of people get agitated instead of slow down.他们精力过旺感到坐立难安They may be hyper and just feel like they can't sit still不过焦躁比运动性迟缓更罕见些and such, but the agitation is much more rare than the retardation.人们会觉得很累疲劳好像他们没有一点儿能量People feel really tired, fatigued and like they have absolutely no energy.他们起不了床也不能动They can't get up and can't get moving.就像我说的他们可能一直想睡觉As I said, they may want to just sleep all of the time.第五条是感觉自己无用过分的自责Number five is feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.可能觉得每件事都是他们的过错They may feel as though everything is their fault,这种自责感和无价值感甚至变成一种病态and the guilt feelings or sense of worthlessness can even get psychotic.与现实失去联系They can lose touch with reality.当一个人的抑郁与现实失去联系When a person loses touch with reality when they're depressed, 一般有一个典型的抑郁主题it typically has really depressing themes.他们可能觉得自己是撒旦然后他们觉得必须自杀They may believe that they are Satan and that they have to commit suicide因为自己给世界带来了罪恶because they're inflicting evil on the world.他们会觉得偶然的事件是他们的过错They may believe as though random events are their fault, 比方说他们觉得自己造成了刚发生的水灾you know, that a flood that just happened somehow they caused.无价值感自责的感觉So, the feelings of worthlessness and guilt完全脱离了现实是病态的can get completely out of touch with reality, psychotic.通常他们只是不现实他们的自我评价很低More commonly, they're just unrealistic. They're negative self-esteem,很看不起自己感觉自己很笨很没有用不好看又糟糕just being down on yourself, feeling stupid and worthless and ugly and bad.第六点是注意力下降或无判断力Number six is diminished ability to concentrate or indecisiveness.当你抑郁的时候集中注意力是很难的When you are depressed it's really hard to pay attention. 一遍一遍的读文章却依然不知所云You'll read a passage over and over again and you just can't process it at all.你在课上不能集中注意力所以去上课也没有什么用You can't concentrate on a lecture so going to class is just useless.你得给自己的论文想一个主题You have to make a decision about what a paper topic is,但这却像是世界上最艰巨的任务and it just seems like the most monumental thing on earth.你不知道怎么做决定也不知怎么思考You just can't decide anything, you can't think anything; 你的脑中一片混沌不知所措your thoughts are completely clouded and overwhelmed.接着就是自杀的想法或行动And then suicidal ideation or behavior;这是指你开始考虑自杀考虑死亡it means you think about committing suicide, you think about dying.其中一小部分人确实付诸实践了And a subset of people actually take action to他们自残或者自杀try to hurt themselves or kill themselves.不过自杀的念头Now, it should be said that suicidal thoughts和想法不仅仅在抑郁症中会出现and behavior don't only happen in depression.事实上自杀在每一种精神疾病中都会出现They actually happen in all types of psychopathology,不过在抑郁症中比较普遍but they're particularly common in depression.综上你至少要有So, you have to have at least one--four of其中四种症状加上悲伤或快感缺失those symptoms plus sadness or anhedonia,这些症状并不是你某一天非常不开心and these symptoms--it can't just be a bad day that you're having.如果要做诊断这些症状必须是These symptoms have to be present persistently持续出现至少两周以上for at least two weeks to get the diagnosis.事实是绝大多数的重性抑郁症的周期Now, truth be told, most episodes of major depression的持续时间都超过两周actually last a lot longer than two weeks.实际上周期的平均时长In fact, the average length of an episode,如果不接受治疗的话至少是六个月if it's not treated, is at least six months.也就是说人们长时间的处于糟糕的状态So, people stay this miserable for a very long period of time,不过DSM中的最低标准是两周but the minimum criterion in the DSM is at least two weeks.所以我现在要展示给你们的是So, what I want to do is to just show you一个有过很多个抑郁周期的女士的短片a short clip of a woman who has had a lot of episodes of depression.幸运的是她现在没有在抑郁中Fortunately, at the moment she's not in an episode.但她可以很清晰的描述But she can speak very articulately about抑郁周期中的感觉what it's like to be in the midst of an episode以及她有过的一些显著的症状and some of the significant symptoms that she had.我想简评一下她提到的一些事情Okay There are couple of things she talks about that I just want to comment on.日常的悲伤心情以及One is this differentiation between everyday sad mood我们都体验过的抑郁同她体验过的令人衰弱的巨大的抑郁and the kind of depressions we all experience and the kind of debilitating,两者之间的区别overwhelming depression that she experiences.沮丧确实有连续性的And it is true that there is this continuum from从考试没考好getting bummed out because you didn't do well on a test或者你和男朋友女朋友分手之类or because you broke up with a boyfriend or girlfriend或沮丧的完全不能正常生活or something like this and being completely not functional,生活单调就像那位女士每次抑郁时一样vegetative, the way that this woman becomes whenever she gets depressed.如果我们能知道And it would be nice if we were really sure那些日常的抑郁和真正的精神疾病where the cutoff was between those normal everyday depressions之间的界限就好了and what's really a disorder.但现实是我们没有这种界限But the reality is we don't really have real clear demarcation lines. 有很多人的抑郁症是比塔拉There are a lot of people who have more moderate forms of depression提到的症状更温和的但也足够被确诊than Tara here talks about but who still would qualify for a diagnosis他们也在饱受疾病折磨我不想让你们有错觉and are still suffering and impaireds. So, I don't want you to get the sense觉得如果你们没有像塔拉一样that if you don't have the kind of horrible version具有极其严重的抑郁症状on the extreme end of the continuum of depression that Tara has,那你们就没事了那是不对的then there's nothing wrong with you, because that's not the case.那些行动确实变缓或者因为非常不开心而导致People who are really slowed down, whom their functioning is interfered with--无法正常作息或是可以通过帮助they're just really unhappy with life--恢复正常的人也需要引起注意have problems that can be helped and do need attention.这可能是一种更温和的抑郁症形式And it is the case that much more moderate forms of depression但不经治疗可能转变成为更严重的形式can morph into more serious forms if they're left untreated.这就是连续性So, there is this continuum.有关她的短片我想说的另外一点是The other things I wanted to comment on that she talks about一开始的时候她强迫自己early on in this piece is the fact that she hauls herself up坚持尽管她感到非常抑郁and goes through her day, even when she's feeling really, really depressed.这也是很多抑郁的人有的特征And there is this characteristic of a lot of depressed people我称作"带伤前进"that I call the "walking wounded".他们强迫自己变得正常They just haul themselves through the day trying to act normal,努力让他人看不出他们有任何问题trying not to let anybody know that there's anything wrong with them,尝试继续他们的学业和工作trying to keep up with their schoolwork or their employment.但是他们情况很糟糕But they're miserable and they're not functioning at the level不能达到的正常水平这是很普遍的that they're capable of and such. And that's something that's very, very common,一部分是因为and it's in part because people don't feel人们不觉得他们需要接受治疗as though they should have to get treatment或者他们觉得接受治疗或为抑郁症寻找帮助都是很羞耻的or they're ashamed of getting treatment or seeking help for depression.所以他们就这么撑着有时候长达数年And so, they just keep going on and going on, sometimes for years,处在这种糟糕的状态下有时他们in a very sorry state before--sometimes they just--会在他们必须接受帮助的时候在那一刻崩溃they end up actually falling apart to the point where they have to get help.我之前提到过的另一个情感障碍是双相障碍The other category of mood disorders that I mentioned is bipolar disorders.就像我说得双相障碍包括了抑郁症的症状和周期And as I said, bipolar disorder involves symptoms or periods of depression但也有一段与抑郁截然相反的周期but then also distinct periods of the opposite of depression, 就是我们说的"狂躁症" 那么病人在which we call "mania". So, the person cycles back and forth意志消沉的抑郁症和狂躁症的两个状态中反复between debilitating depressions and manic episodes.我来描述一下狂躁期的特征So, let me describe manic episodes to you now.第一个特征不是感觉消沉So, the first criterion is that instead of feeling down,忧郁或者抑郁相反的病人感受到blue or depressed the person has an abnormally不正常的长期兴奋开朗或易怒的情绪and persistently elevated expansive or irritable mood这并不是某一天你赢了一个奖项that isn't just, again, a good day because you won a prize得了A的那种感觉而是不寻常的亢奋or got an "A," but rather, it's this unusually positive,。
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕01
欢迎大家来到心理学导论的课堂I'd like to welcome people to Introduction to Psychology.我是保罗·布罗姆博士My name is Dr. Paul Bloom.是本门课程的教授I'm professor of this course.如果还有同学没领取教室前面的教学大纲If you haven't pick up the syllabus in front of the class请举手示意我Please raise your hand.我们有教学大纲吧Are we... Are we have syllabus?请举手示意我Please raise your hand研究生助教会发给你and the teaching fellow will bring it to you如果你还没领到教学大纲的话If you don't have the syllabus.大家也可以在这个网站上下载教学大纲The syllabus is also available on this website这个网站将会成为你学习本门课程This website will become important to you to的得力助手assist you to take this class.网站上资源里有教学大纲It will include the syllabus我会不定期更新which will occasionally be revised会非常及时well and advance所有的课程资料也会放在网上Also all of the class material will be on the site包括我所展示的幻灯片including copies of slides I'm presenting包括我现在放的这个课件including this slides right now.还有关于练习考试Practice and exam和每一次阅读作业的细节要求and every ditail on the reading assignments所以大家要经常登录这个网站So you have to use this website regularly以获取最新的课程信息to keep in touch with the course今天的课会很简短Today will be a short class只是帮助大家理清本课程的研究方向What I just wanna do today is orient you介绍一下课程tell you what this course is about我知道课程都在预选阶段I know this is a shopping period所以我希望让大家and I'll give you a good sence对课程有一个整体感知what you be in for, if you took this course.首先我会向大家展示I wanna go over本门课程的安排与考核the style of the classes,以及会涉及书目等等the evaluation the readings and so on.接下来我会给出一些And then I'll give you some examples我们会涉及话题的具体实例of some of the specific topics that would be covering.但在我开始之前But before I get started,我要告诉大家这个课程的一点特别之处I have to point out something a little bit unusual about this class我们会被录像We're being filmed.本课程是"耶鲁大学公开视频课程计划"This course is one of the seven courses chosen to begin 的七个实验课程之一the Yale University Open Educational Resourse Vidio Lecture Project那么这也就意味着And what's this means is,在本年度结束时that when the year's over所有的视频录像都会在网上these vidioes well be on the internet,免费对所有人开放free for anybody who wants to see them.希望它能够通过网络传播到各个国家And ideally will be access by people across many different countries为无法通过正常渠道接受大学教育的人们some of them wouldn't normally have access提供便利to the university education我视此为耶鲁之荣I see this is a good and honorable更是对资源的充分利用use of Yale resources.当然这也是耶鲁建立and of course, this is a part of"世界学术霸权"的大计Yale's plan for world domination.因此来自媒体创新中心的So, because of this, Yale University Production Team耶鲁大学节目制作组from the Center of Media Initiatives将会在教室后面全程录制本课程is gonna be taping all the class in there up there.这一计划的目标在于The idea is that让全世界看到真实的耶鲁课堂this should be the as honor truth as possiable让观看录像的人们获得与在座各位and the classroom experence should have centrally be the same同样的知识as they're not there.因此他们需要录制的是课程So there attention to tape the lecture也就是我和后面的幻灯片to tape me and sometimes the slides,而不会拍摄同学们but not tape your faces or voices.所以没有让各位签署授权协议So we're not having you sign the release forms两点需要说明第一Two things, one thing is就我而言我会尽量注意自己的言辞personally, I have to remind myself not to use profanity因为可能会有孩子观看'Cause children maybe watching.所以我会很注意So, I'll try not to do that另一件事情就是Result to another complex thing如果你们坐在第一排If you're in the front roll,或者前几排or second roll or third roll那么你们的头部It's possible that some part of your head,背部甚至脸部your back or even your face都可能被镜头扑捉到might end up on the film.如果你在证人保护计划之内If you're on a witness protection program或者是个逃犯级人物or you're sort of fugitive就尽量不要坐在前排了you probably don't want to sit on the front roll.各位要是现在想换到后排就放心换If people wanna kind of slide back,没关系的that's fine,我不介意as I'm talking好我们可以开始了Okay, we're ready.欢迎大家选择心理学导论这门课程I'd like to welcome people to this course, Introduction to Psychology.我是保罗·布罗姆博士My name is Dr. Paul Bloom.负责教授本门课程I'm professor of this course.本课程旨在让大家And what this is going to be在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind.因此我们讨论的主题会非常之广泛So, we are going to cover a very, very wide range of topics 其中囊括了大脑儿童语言性including brains, children, language, sex,记忆狂躁厌恶memory, madness, disgust,歧视以及爱恋等等racism and love, and many others.我们将会探讨的问题诸如We're going to talk about things like the proper explanation如何合理解释两性差异for differences between men and women;动物究竟能否学习语言the question of whether animals can learn language;我们作呕究竟因何而起the puzzle of what grosses us out;为何我们有些人会进食过量the problem of why some of us eat too much而我们又该如何阻止and what we could do to stop;为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂the question of why people go crazy in groups;我们同样关注research into你能否相信自己的儿时记忆whether you could trust your childhood memories;以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中research into why some of us get depressed and others don't.这门课一周两节The style of this is there'll be two lectures a week,也会有指定的阅读材料as well as course readings.要想在这门课中取得好成绩Now, to do well in the course,必须要认真听讲用心阅读指定书目you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings.两者内容会有些重叠There will be some overlap.有时In some cases,讲课的内容与阅读内容紧密相连the lectures will be quite linked to the readings.但部分的阅读内容But there will be some parts of the readings并不会在课上进行讨论that will not find their way into the lectures,也会有一些课堂内容and some lectures--some entire lectures完全与阅读材料无关that will not connect at all to the readings.因此想要学好这门课程So, to pursue this course properly你就必须两者兼顾you have to do both.这也就意味着What this means is that如果你落下了一节课你就要看笔记if you miss a class you need to get notes,你可以向朋友或者身边的同学借来看and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you.我会把幻灯片放到网上The slides are going to be made available online.你不用抄我的课件So, one of the things you don't have to do is you don't have to write this down.你可以用自己的方式做笔记You take notes any way you choose,但如果你不想记笔记but if you don't get anything on there也大可直接下载课件it'll be available online.我会把它做成黑白板式上传I'm going to post it in a format which will be black and white方便同学打印and easy to print out所以完全不用担心笔记问题so you don't have to worry about this.但我要强调But again,看课件绝对不可能替代上课attending to the slides is not a substitute for attending class.我们的教材是There's a textbook,彼得·格雷的《心理学》第五版Peter Gray's Psychology, 5th edition,我们的阅读书目是and there's also a collection of short readings,格雷·马库斯主编的《诺顿读本》The Norton Reader edited by Gary Marcus.这是一本非常经典的教材It's an excellent textbook;当然读本也同样精彩it's an excellent collection,要求大家两本书都有and you should get them both.你能够在约克街的迷宫书店买到They're available at Labyrinth bookstore on York Street或者网购or you get them online.告诉大家一个小秘密上一期课我用了I should note that last time I taught the course我指定的教材是马库斯的读本I used the Marcus Reader,上学期马文·春教授指定的是and when Professor Marvin Chun taught his course last semester 彼得·格雷的第五版教材he used Peter Gray's 5th edition textbook.所以会有很多旧书So, there may be a lot of used copies floating around.大家大可以光明正大地拿来用You should feel free to try to get one of those.下面我们来说分数The evaluation goes like this.期中和期末我们各有一次考试There is a Midterm and there is a Final.期末考试不会拖到考试周The Final will not be held in the exam period,因为长假的魅力实在太大because I like to take long vacations.所以我把考试安排在了最后一次课上It will be held the last day of class.题型分为单项选择简答The exams will be multiple choice and short answer,还有填空之类的fill in the blank, that sort of thing.考试前我会把历年真题放在网上Prior to the exams I will post previous exams online,以便大家熟悉考试模式so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on.还会同时上传复习大纲There will also be review sessions.本课程将于开学后三周开课Starting at the beginning of the third week of class也就是自下下周开始每周一上课that is not next week but the week after on each Monday我会提出一系列问题I'm going to put up a brief question or set of questions,要同学们思考并回答which you have to answer大家的答案要在周五前交给研究生助教and your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow.周五会将各位研究生助教安排给你们大家And you'll be given a teaching fellow, assigned one, by Friday.这个作业不会很难This is not meant to be difficult.几分钟就能完成It's not meant to be more than five, ten minutes of work,这个作业的目的but the point of the question,要十几到二十分钟完成吧--15, 20 minutes of work,这个作业的目的在于激励大家but the point of the question is to motivate people跟上课程的进度并去阅读材料to keep up with the material and do the readings.这些作业会被评为"及格"或"不及格"These questions will be marked pass, fail.我希望大家在所有的问题上都能及格I expect most everybody could pass all of the questions但这只是想让大家不要掉队督促一下but it's just to keep you on track and keep you going.我们还要写一篇简短的书评There is a book review, a short book review,在临近期末的时候完成to be written towards near the end of the class.我在之后的课上会给大家讲详细的要求I'll give details about that later on in the semester.我还要求你们以被试的身份去参加实验And there's also an experimental participation requirement,下个星期我会给你们and next week I'll hand out一份关于要求的介绍a piece of paper describing the requirement.这项要求的重点在于让你们去亲身体会The point of the requirement is to give you all experience看看心理学到底在研究些什么actually seeing what psychological research is about同时也能够为我们的研究as well as to give us提供数百名的被试hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on.有时会有同学问到The issue sometimes comes up as to如何才能学好这门课程how to do well in the course.下面我来告诉你们该怎样做Here's how to do well.不要缺课Attend all the classes.一定要阅读指定的材料Keep up with the readings.最好是在上课前就已经阅读过指定材料Ideally, keep up with the readings before you come to class.我强烈建议大家建立一些学习小组And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups,正式的或非正式的都可以either formally or informally.这样在考试之前Have people you could talk to你就能和大家一起讨论when the--prior to the exams or—她拍了下她旁边的人she's patting somebody next to her.希望你能认识他I hope you know him.事实上我会安排大家相互认识And in fact, what I'm going to do,这节课不会了因为这是节试听课not this class because it's shopping period.我不知道下节课会有谁来有什么情况I don't know who's coming next class, or what不过我会在课程开始的时候but I'll set up a few minutes prior,先安排几分钟at the beginning of the class,让你们向前后左右的同学for people just to introduce进行一番自我介绍themselves to the person next to them这样你们就能在这个班里so they have some sort of resource认识一些新同学了in the class.这是一门大班课程Now, this is a large class,如果你并不打算和周围人相互介绍的话and if you don't do anything about it,也就不会有什么人能够认识你了it can be very anonymous.也许你们有些人会选择这种做法And some of you may choose to pursue it that way当然这样做是完全可以的and that's totally fine.但我还是建议你们But what I would suggest you do与我们大家建立些联系is establish some contact with us,不论是和我还是和研究生助教either with me or with any of the teaching fellows,我会在下周向你们介绍研究生助教们and I'll introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week.你们可以在课前或课后与我们交谈You could talk to us at the beginning or at the end of class.如果没有什么特殊情况Unless there are special circumstances,我一般都会至少提前十分钟到教室I always try to come at least ten minutes early,我也愿意在课后和大家一起讨论问题and I am willing to stay late to talk to people.你们可以在我的办公时间来找我You could come by during my office hours,教学大纲上有写我的办公时间which are on the syllabus,你们也可以通过电子邮件跟我预约and you could send me e-mail and set up an appointment.我非常愿意同学生们一起讨论些好的想法I'm very willing to talk to students about intellectual ideas,讨论下学习困难之类的话题about course problems and so on.如果你们在校园里碰见了我And if you see me at some point just on campus,你们可以向我进行自我介绍you could introduce yourself碰见我教的学生我会很开心的and I'd like to meet people from this class.那么我再强调一遍So, again, I want to stress你们可以选择在这门课上默默无闻you have the option of staying anonymous in this class,但是你们也可以选择站出来but you also have the option of seeking out跟我们多多接触and making some sort of contact with us.好了Okay.刚才讲了些课程的规定That's the formal stuff of the course.那这门课讲了些什么呢What's this course about?与其他很多课程不同Unlike a lot of other courses,一些学生是带着非同寻常的动机some people come to Intro Psychology来上心理学导论这门课的with some unusual motivations.也许是你觉得自己疯了Maybe you're crazy所以希望能够不那么疯and hope to become less crazy .也许你想学会如何更好地学习Maybe you want to learn how to study better,想提升你的性生活质量improve your sex life,想为自己释梦interpret your dreams,想多交点交朋友and win friends想学会如何影响他人and influence people.作为选择这门课程的理由Those are not necessarily bad reasons这些倒也并不算太差to take this course,当然除了性这个方面and with the exception of the sex part,这门课实际上还是能够帮助你们this course might actually help you out解决一些问题的with some of these things.科学的心理学研究The study of scientific psychology能让你们更多地了解has a lot of insights of real world与我们日常面对的真实问题有关的relevance to real problems真实的世界that we face in our everyday lives.当这些问题出现的时候And I'm going to try-- and when these issues come up—我会强调这些问题I'm going to try to stress them并让你们试着思考and make you try to think about the extent想想我将讲到的实验室研究to which the laboratory research I'll be talking about对你们日常生活的影响can affect your everyday life:你们是如何学习的how you study,是如何与他人交流的how you interact with people,是如何说服他人去认同别人观点的how you might try to persuade somebody of something else,哪种心理治疗最适合你what sort of therapy works best for you.但实际上我觉得这门课的总体目标But the general goals of this course要比上面的这些更有意思are actually I think even more interesting than that.我所要做的What I want to do is就是向大家介绍在人文领域里to provide a state of the art introduction对最重要主题to the most important topic也就是对我们人类的研究现状that there is: us.人类大脑如何运作How the human mind works,我们如何思考how we think,又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子what makes us what we are.我们将从多个方面来理解这些问题And we'll be approaching this from a range of directions.所以传统上So, traditionally,心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域psychology is often broken up into the following--into five sub-areas:神经科学Neuroscience,通过观察大脑反应来研究心理which is the study of the mind by looking at the brain;发展心理学这是我的主要研究方向developmental, which is the area which I focus mostly on,研究人类是如何成长发育以及学习的which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn;认知心理学cognitive,也许是五个子领域里which is the one term of the five对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域that might be unfamiliar to some of you,它用计算机方法来研究心理but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind,通常将心理比作计算机often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer并探究人类如何行动如言语理解and looking at how people do things like understand language,物体辨认游戏等等recognize objects, play games, and so on.还有社会心理学There is social,主要研究人类的群体行为which is the study of how people act in groups,如何与他人交流how people act with other people.最后就是临床心理学And there is clinical,这也许是当人们提到心理学时which is maybe the aspect of psychology最先想到的方面that people think of immediately when they hear psychology,它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病which is the study of mental health and mental illness.我们会涉及以上所有的领域And we'll be covering all of those areas.我们还会涉及一些相关的领域We'll also be covering a set of related areas.我坚信仅仅局限于心理学学科的学习I am convinced that you cannot study the mind是不可能让你有能力去研究人类心理的solely by looking at the discipline of psychology.心理学学科充满了心理如何发展的问题The discipline of psychology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved.经济学和游戏理论如今已经成为了Economics and game theory are now essential tools理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法for understanding human thought and human behavior—这些问题涉及哲学计算机科学those issues connecting to philosophy, computer science,人类学文学神学anthropology, literature, theology,以及许多其他的科学领域and many, many other domains.因此这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛So, this course will be wide ranging in that sense.到现在为止我一直都在进行一些概述At this point I've been speaking in generalities我想通过给出五个so I want to close this introductory class我们将会涉及到的一些主题的例子by giving five examples of the sorts of topics来结束这节导论课we'll be covering.我以我们下周一要讨论的主题And I'll start with the topic that we'll be covering作为开始next week on Monday大脑The brain.这是一个大脑This is a brain.实际上这是个特殊人物的大脑In fact, it's a specific person's brain,有意思的是大脑上有个白色的小标记and what's interesting about the brain is that little white mark there.这是个女人的大脑It's her brain.是特丽·夏沃的大脑It's Terri Schiavo's brain.你们能更好地从她的照片上认出她You recognize her more from pictures like that.想象一下这样的情况And what a case like this,某人正陷于昏迷之中where somebody is in a coma,由于脑部损伤而失去了意识is without consciousness as a result of damage to the brain,这是心理活动的生理属性毫无修饰的图解is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life.我们所拥有的一切的生理基础The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear,如自由意志意识道德和情绪like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions,我们的课程将会以此作为开始and that's what we'll begin the course with,讨论生理的东西如何能产生心理活动talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.我们会讨论很多与孩子有关的问题We'll talk a lot about children.这实际上是个特殊的小孩This is actually a specific child.是我儿子扎卡里It's my son, Zachary,我的小儿子my younger son,扮成蜘蛛侠的样子dressed up as Spider-Man,不过这是在万圣节but it is Halloween.不对不是万圣节No, it's not Halloween.这个还是有故事可说的Well, there's more to say about that.我主要研究儿童的发展I study child development for a living我对很多问题都感兴趣and I'm interested in several questions.其中一个便是发展的问题So, one question is just the question of development.这个教室里的所有人都能讲英语Everybody in this room can speak也能听得懂英语and understand English.大家对于这个世界是如何运作的Everybody in this room has some understanding身体是如何运作的of how the world works,多少都有一些了解how physical things behave.大家对于他人对于人类如何行动Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people,都多少有些了解and how people behave.发展心理学家们所关心的问题And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists 就是我们如何获得这些知识的is how do we come to have this knowledge,特别是and in particular,这其中有多少是固有的how much of it is hard-wired,内在的天生的built-in, innate.又有多少是文化的产物And how much of it is the product of culture,语言的产物或是教育的产物of language, of schooling?发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方法And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods试图将这些因素分开to try to pull these apart试图找出人性的基本成分and try to figure out what are the basic components究竟是什么of human nature.还有一个连续性的问题There's also the question of continuity.这时的扎卡里To what extent is Zachary, at that age,会在多大程度上一直保持不变going to be that way forever?你的人生又有多少是由命运决定的呢To what extent is your fate sealed?又在多大的程度上可能To what extent could--如果在你五岁的时候我见过你if I were to meet you when you were five years old那我可以描述出现在的你吗I could describe the way you are now?诗人威廉·华兹华斯写道The poet William Wordsworth wrote,"三岁定终身""The child is father to the man,"意思是你可以从孩子儿时的身影中and what this means is that you can see within every child 看出他或她成人后的样子the adult he or she will become.我们会去探索并质疑此话的正确性We will look and ask the question whether this is true.你的人格真会是这样的吗Is it true for your personality?你的兴趣也是这样吗Is it true for your interests?你的智力是这样的吗Is it true for your intelligence?与发展有关的另一个问题是Another question having to do with development什么让我们成为了如今的样子is what makes us the way we are?我们在很多方面都有所不同We're different in a lot of ways.大家的口味不尽相同The people in this room differ according to their taste in food.他们的智商也不同They differ according to their IQs;他们自信还是害羞whether they're aggressive or shy;他们是否喜欢男人女人whether they're attracted to males, females,都喜欢还是都不喜欢both or neither;他们是否擅长于音乐whether they are good at music;他们是政治上的自由派还是保守派whether they are politically liberal or conservative.为什么我们会不同Why are we different?对我们为什么不同的解释又是什么What's the explanation for why we're different?再一次And again,这可以从基因和环境的角度this could be translated in terms of加以理解a question of genes and environment.在多大程度上我们被我们的基因所决定To what extent are things the result of the genes wepossess?在多大程度上我们的个性To what extent are our individual natures the result of被如何抚养所决定how we were raised?在多大的程度上这些区别And to what extent are they best explained可以从相互作用的角度得到最佳的解释in terms of an interaction?一个常见的理论例如One common theory, for instance,是我们的父母塑造了我们的人格is that we are shaped by our parents.这一点被一位英国诗人菲利普·拉金This was best summarized most famously很好地总结了他写道by the British poet Philip Larkin who wrote,他们害了你They mess you up,你爸和你妈your mum and dad.他们不是故意的但事实却如此They may not mean to but they do.他们将他们身上的毛病传给了你They fill you with the faults they had还有灌输了许多其他的毛病and add some extra just for you.他说得对吗Is he right?这是很有争议的It's very controversial.你有一系列的You-- It's been a series of--关于父母在多大程度上起作用a huge controversy in the popular culture在流行文化里是有很大争议的to the extent of which parents matter我们将会在这门课里用很多的时间and this is an issue which will preoccupy us来讲这个问题for much of the course.另一个问题A different question:是什么使一个人如此迷人What makes somebody attractive?这可以在很多层面上问及And this can be asked at all sorts of levels但一个简单的层面就是什么才是好看but a simple level is what makes for a pretty face?这些就是So, these are,根据投票according to ratings,非常迷人的面孔very attractive faces.它们不是真人的面孔They are not the faces of real people.屏幕上面的这些是电脑生成的What's on the screen are computer generated faces一个高加索男性和一个高加索女性的面孔of a Caucasian male and a Caucasian female他们在现实世界中并不存在who don't exist in the real world.但是通过使用电脑合成But through using this sort of computer generation,然后问人们他们觉得这个长相如何and then asking people what they think of this face,那个长相如何what they think of that face,科学家多少了解到scientists have come to some sense怎样才算是迷人的面孔as to what really makes a face attractive,无论是在一种文化下还是跨文化的both within cultures and across cultures.这是当我们谈到社会行为时And that's something which we're going to devote some time to 要花一些时间去讲的东西when we talk about social behavior,特别是当我们谈到性的时候and in particular, when we talk about sex.迷人或是美丽并非仅仅指性Not all attractiveness, not all beauty of course, is linked to sex.比如说熊猫So, pandas for instance,像这只熊猫就是公认的可爱like this panda, are notoriously cute,关于这我并没有什么可说的and I don't have anything to say about it really.这只是一张可爱的图片It's just a cute picture .道德在我们生活中是极为核心的Morality is extremely central to our lives,我们要在大部分课中探讨的and a deep question, which we will struggle with一个深入的问题throughout most of the course,就是善与恶的问题is the question of good and evil,恶与善evil and good.这三张图展示了不同种类的恶These three pictures exemplify different sorts of evil.你可以将此称作机构性邪恶What you could call institutional evil产生于某人残忍地对待他人by somebody behaving cruelly toward somebody else,或许不是出于恶意perhaps not due to malice而是由于她所处的境况而导致but because of the situation that she's in.这是一张奥萨马·本·拉登的照片It has picture of Osama bin Laden,他是个被政治原因所驱使的杀人狂a mass murderer driven by political cause?然后是底下的这个人And then there's this guy on the bottom.有人知道他是谁吗Anybody know who he is?泰德·邦迪谁看出来了Ted Bundy. Who got that?给这位同学一个特写Film that man .不用了No.没错就是泰德·邦迪Ted Bundy, exactly,这就像是在我们去了解and that's like, before we get into诸如邪恶事物的专业知识之前the technical stuff like crazy-evil,我们会先想到and we're going to have to come to terms为什么人们会那样with why some people are like that.同样的情况又再次出现了And again, the same situation comes up.人性究竟是善还是恶Is it part of your nature to be good or bad或者说是否应当更多地归因于所处的环境or is it largely due to the situation that you fall in?有许多非常引人注目的实验And there's a lot of some quite spectacular experiments试图把这两者分开that try to tease that apart.如果我们要谈论恶If we're going to talk about evil,那么我们也应该谈谈善we should also talk about good.这是些众所周知的好人的照片These are pictures of two notoriously good men,奥斯卡·辛德勒和保罗·卢斯赛伯吉纳Oskar Schindler and Paul Rusesabagina,两人在不同的历史时期each who at different times in history冒着生命危险挽救了很多人的生命saved the lives of many, many people at great risk to themselves.大屠杀中的辛德勒Schindler in the Holocaust,以及另外一个人and then the other guy,我不知道他的名字怎么发音in and I can't pronounce his name卢斯赛伯吉纳在卢旺达Rusesabagina, in Rwanda.关于这两个人都有很好的电影And they both had real good movies made about them.但这些例子所表明的就是But what's interesting with these cases is你不可能提前预知you couldn't have predicted ahead of time他们会成为英雄that they would be heroes.。
2019年耶鲁大学心理学导论-范文模板 (17页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==耶鲁大学心理学导论篇一：耶鲁大学心理学导论笔记整理精华版耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论讲师：Paul Bloom目录1.Introduction导论2. Foundations: This is Your Brain 这是你的大脑3. Foundations: Freud 弗洛伊德4. Foundations: Skinner 斯金纳5. What Is It Like to Be a Baby: The Development of Thought 思维发展历程6. How Do We Communicate?: Language in the Brain, Mouth and the Hands 我们如何交流7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language (cont.); Vision and Memor当前意识8. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Vision and Memory (cont.) 意识的呈现9. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Love (Guest Lecture by Professor Peter Salovey) 进化和情感10. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Evolution and Rationality 进化情感理性11. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part I 进化情感理性①12. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part II进化情感理性②13. Why Are People Different?: Differences 人们为什么会有差异14. What Motivates Us: Sex 什么激发我们性15. A Person in the World of People: Morality 一个人在这个世界上道德16. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part I 一个人在这个世界上①17. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part II 一个人在这个世界上②18. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part I 精神病①19. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part II 精神病②20. The Good Life: Happiness 最好的生活—高兴第一节课 Introduction一、简介，目的，书目1. 目的本课程旨在让大家在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识, 科学了解与日常生活相关的真实世界2. 主题:非常广泛，其中囊括了大脑；儿童；语言；性；记忆；狂躁；厌恶；歧视以及爱恋等等..探讨的问题诸如，如何合理解释两性差异，动物究竟能否学习语言；我们作呕究竟因何而起，为何我们有些人会进食过量，而我们又该如何阻止，为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂；我们同样关注，你能否相信自己的儿时记忆，以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中；最主要的主题，也就是对我们人类的研究现状，人类大脑如何运作，我们如何思考，又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子3. 书目教材：彼得?格雷的《心理学》第五版阅读书目：格雷?马库斯《诺顿读本》二、心理学分支传统上心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域:1. 神经科学:通过观察大脑反应来研究心理；2. 发展心理学:研究人类是如何成长，发育以及学习的；3. 认知心理学:也许是五个子领域里对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域，它用计算机方法来研究心里，通常将心理比作计算机并探究人类如何行动；如语言理解，物体辨认，游戏等等；4. 社会心理学:主要研究人类的群体行为，如何与他人交流；5. 临床心理学:它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病；心理学学科充满了心理如何发展的问题，经济学和游戏理论如今已经成为了理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法，这些问题涉及哲学、计算机科学、人类学、文学、神学以及许多其他的科学领域；因此这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛三、主题1. 大家对于他人、对于人类如何行动，都多少有些了解，发展心理学家们所关心的问题就是我们如何获得这些知识的，特别是这其中有多少是固有的、内在的、天生的、又有多少是文化的产物、语言的产物、或是教育的产物；发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方运决定的呢，又在多大的程度上可能如果在你五岁的时候我见过你，那我可以描述出现在的你吗；3. 诗人威廉.华兹华斯写道‘三岁定终身’意思是你可以从孩子儿时的身影中看出他或她成人后的样子；我们会去探索并质疑此话的正确性，你的人格真会是这样的吗，你的兴趣也是这样吗，你的智力是这样的吗，与发展有关的另一个问题是什么让我们成为了如今的样子，我们在很多方面都有所不同，大家的口味不尽相同，他们的智商也不同，他们自信还是害羞，他们是否喜欢男人、女人，都喜欢还是都不喜欢；他们是否擅长于音乐，他们是政治上的自由派还是保守派；为什么我们会不同，对我们为什么不同的解释又是什么；再一次，这可以从基因和环境的角度加以理解，在多大程度上我们被我们的基因所决定，在多大程度上我们的个性被如何抚养所决定，在多大的程度上这些区别可以从相互作用的角度得到最佳的解释；4. 我们的父母塑造了我们的人格，这一点被一位英国诗人菲利普.拉金，很好地总结了，他写道‘他们害了你’你爸和你妈；他们不是故意的，但事实却如此，他们将他们身上的毛病传给了你，还有灌输了许多其他的毛病；这是很有争议的；关于父母在多大程度上起作用，在流行文化里是有很大争议的；另一个问题，是什么使一个人如此迷人，这可以在很多层面上问及，但一个简单的层面就是什么才是好看；道德在我们生活中是极为核心的，在大部分课中探讨的一个深入的问题，就是善与恶的问题。
(完整word版)耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕10
在这门课刚开始的时候We began the course我们讨论过一个现代心理学的基本观点by talking about one of the foundational ideas of modern psychology。
弗兰西斯·克里克称之为This is what Francis Crick described as”惊人的假说””The Astonishing Hypothesis,”我们的心理活动 the idea that our mental life，我们的意识我们的道德观念our consciousness， our morality，我们做出决定和判断的能力our capacity to make decisions and judgments皆由一个物质的生理大脑所产生is the product of a material physical brain。
今天我想讲的What I want to talk about today and introduce it,将会是and it's going to be a theme贯穿我们接下来课程的一个主题that we’re going to continue throughout the rest of the course,也是第二个同样惊人的观点is a second idea which I think is equally shocking，甚至可能更惊人perhaps more shocking.这个观点和我们的心理活动的来源有关And this has to do with where mental life comes from，重点不在于它的物质性not necessary its material nature，而在于它的起源but rather its origin.这又一"惊人的假说”And the notion, this other "astonishing hypothesis，”被哲学家丹尼尔·丹尼特称之为is what the philosopher Daniel Dennett has described达尔文的危险思想as Darwin's dangerous idea.这个观点解释了现代生物学中And this is the modern biological account生物现象的起源of the origin of biological phenomena包括心理现象including psychological phenomena。
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周一我简单的介绍了一下On Monday we--I presented an introduction进化心理学to evolutionary psychology,从进化论的角度to look at psychology来看心理学from an evolutionary perspective,并且想用一些例子来证明and trying to make a case and give some examples它是如何阐明并展示of how it can help illuminate and illustrate心理的一些功能究竟是怎样运作的certain aspects of how the mind works.从进化论的角度来看心理有个好处是One of the advantages of an evolutionary perspective on the mind它促使我们用科学的眼光来看待is that it forces us to look scientifically一些我们平常觉得理所当然的东西at what we would otherwise take for granted.我们天生的很多方面There are a lot of aspects of how we are以及我们做的很多事情and what we are and what we do对我们来说十分的自然that seem so natural to us.它们是天生的并且做起来很容易They come so instinctively and easily.有时候用科学的方法来看待它们It's difficult, and sort of unnatural,是很困难同时很不自然的to step back and explore them scientifically.但是如果我们想当科学家But if we're going to be scientists并且用科学的手段来研究心理的话and look at the mind from a scientific perspective我们就必须和我们的一些本能保持点距离we have to get a sort of distance from ourselves然后问一些and ask questions that其他人通常不会问的问题other people would not normally think to ask.这方面最明显的例子And the clearest case of this就是情感了arises with the emotions.我想在这里引用一下And as a starting point there's a lovely quote心理学家同时又是哲学家的from the psychologist and philosopher William James威廉姆·詹姆斯的话来开始that I want to begin with.他写道So, he writes:只有心理学家才会思考这样的问题To the psychologist alone can such questions occur as:为什么我们在开心的时候微笑而不是皱眉Why do we smile when pleased and not scowl?为什么我们无法Why are we unable to talk像和朋友聊天一样向一群人发言to a crowd as we talk to a single friend?为什么某位少女能让我们的智商直线下降Why does a particular maiden turn our wits upside down?普通的愚夫们The common man--在坐的都不是愚夫None of you are the common man普通的愚夫会说The common man can only say,我们当然会微笑"Of course we smile.我们面对一群人的时候心当然就砰砰作响Of course our heart palpitates at the sight of the crowd.我们当然热爱少女啦Of course we love the maiden.所以也许其他动物也会一样的And so probably does each animal feel about the particular things 在一些特殊的目标前会做些特别的事情it tends to do in the presence of certain objects.对雄狮来说母狮才是爱的对象To the lion it is the lioness which is made to be loved;对熊来说是母熊to the bear the she-bear.对于那爱孵蛋的母鸡来说To the broody hen,这世上如果还有the notion would probably seem monstrous对一窝宝贵的不能太用力坐上去鸡蛋that there should be a creature in the world不感兴趣的生物存在to whom a nestful of eggs was not utterly fascinating对她来说无疑是一件and precious and never to be too-much-sat-upon object很可怕的事情which it is to her.这段话需要注意几点Now, there's a few things to note about this passage.首先它极为性别歧视First, it's incredibly sexist.这不仅仅体现在他的用词上It assumes not just merely in reflexive use of phrases.它假设It assumes that--威廉姆·詹姆斯假设他在和男性那些William James assumes he's talking to males,有时从公熊角度看问题的男性讲这段话male humans who sometimes take the perspective of male bears.所以它假设接收对象是男性And so, it assumes a male audience.通常不会You wouldn't normally--其实不会有人再这么写了You wouldn't actually ever write this way.第二点是他写的很漂亮A second point is it's beautifully written你也不同时and you're not-- also,这种写法(在学术界)也不再被允许了not allowed to write that way anymore either.他写的十分诗情画意It's poetic and lyrical如果威廉姆·詹姆斯以这个水准写下去and if William James characteristically writes that way.我觉得他会写的I think he writes so much better than his brother,比他兄弟晦涩小说家亨利·詹姆斯好多了Henry James, an obscure novelist.最后Finally though,他阐明的这个观点是个极棒的观点the point that he makes is a terrific one,就是说是的which is yes,这些东西好像对我们来说都很自然all of these things seem natural to us但是他们之所以自然的理由but the reason why they seem natural is not because可不是什么必然的逻辑的真理they are in some sense necessary or logical truths.而是他们随着我们的生理特质Rather, they emerge from contingent aspects一起出现的of our biological nature.所以我们需要退一步And so we need to step back.我们需要退一步然后问这样的问题We actually--We need to step back and ask questions like-- 这些是我们要问的问题and these are questions we're going to ask--为什么粪便那么难闻啊Why does poop smell bad?尝试避免直接说Avoid the temptation to say,粪便很难闻是因为它很臭啊"Well, poop smells bad because it's so stinky."粪便发臭The stinkiness of poop并不是什么不可改变的客观事实is not an irreducible fact about the universe.粪便发臭Rather, the stinkiness of poop是人类的一种心理is a fact about human psychology.对于屎壳郎来说粪便闻着其实挺好To a dung beetle poop smells just fine.巧克力为什么那么好吃Why does chocolate taste good?巧克力的好吃Well, chocolate--The good tastiness of chocolate不是这个世界的必然事实isn't some necessary fact about the world.这是我们脑中的真相It's a fact about our minds在其他生物的观念里可不是这样that doesn't hold true for many other creatures.所以我们需要退一步并问And so, we have to step back and ask为什么对我们来说巧克力那么好吃呢why to us do we find chocolate appealing?为什么我们爱自己的孩子Why do we love our children?不要说他们很可爱Don't say they're lovable.他们当中的许多一点都不可爱Many of them are not并且威廉姆·詹姆斯也指出了and, as William James points out,大多数动物许多动物是爱他们孩子的every animal, most animals, many animals love their children.它们认为它们的孩子很宝贝很美好They think their children are precious and wonderful.为什么呢Why?别人打我们的时候我们为什么生气Why do we get angry when people hit us?假设有人走到你跟前Suppose somebody walked up to you扇了你一嘴巴and slapped you in the face.你会害怕你会生气You'd be afraid. You'd be angry.你会昏昏欲睡么Would you get sleepy,觉得想家了feel nostalgic,突然之间想喝某种冷汤了suddenly desire some cold soup?不这些备选情感很傻No. Those are stupid alternatives.别人扇我们的时候Of course if somebody slapped us我们当然会觉得生气或者害怕了you would--we would get angry or afraid.为什么Why?为什么别人帮了我们之后我们感觉很好Why do we feel good when someone does us a favor?我们为什么不生气呢Why don't we feel angry?我们为什么不害怕呢Why don't we feel fearful?这门课中我们要做的就是What we're going to do throughout this course退后一步然后问这些问题is step back and ask these questions.我们会问一些We're going to ask questions其他人通常不会想到去问的问题nobody would have otherwise thought to ask,普通愚夫不会提到的问题where the common man wouldn't address,这是所有科学学科中的标准and this is, of course, standard in all sciences.洞察真相的第一步就要问一些这样的问题The first step to insight is to ask questions like为什么所有东西都是往下掉而不是往上呢why do things fall down and not up?我可以想象第一个大声问出这个问题的人And I imagine the first person who articulated the question aloud恐怕会遇到这样的回答probably met with the response saying,多蠢的一个问题啊"What a stupid question.东西当然都往下掉啦Of course things fall down."是的所有东西的确都是往下掉的Well, yes, of course things fall down,但是为什么呢but why?我们的身体为什么是热的Why is our flesh warm?水为什么变冷之后就变成固体了Why does water turn solid when it gets cold?这些都是宇宙中的自然现象These are natural facts about the universe,但是它们的自然应该被解释一下but the naturalness needs to be explained而不是仅仅假设(它们是真相)and not merely assumed.这堂课以及在这门课的进行中In this class we're going to explore,我们将探索那些throughout the course,看似自然的东西并尝试分析其中的道理what seems natural to us and try to make sense of it.为了达到这个目的我们需要And to that end we have to ask questions问一些你平常不会问的问题that you wouldn't normally ask.我们某种程度上We've already done this to some extent已经在谈到视觉感应记忆with domains such as visual perception,语言和理性的时候问过一些了memory, language and rationality,但是现在我们会把焦点But now we're going to move to the case移到某种程度上来说更难问的话题上where it's maybe even somewhat more difficult to do this.现在我们要开始讨论情感了Now, we're going to start dealing with the emotions.我们讲到情感的时候我们会讨论We're going to talk about the emotions,它们为什么存在它们的目的why they exist, what they're there for,它们如何运作的and how they work.我想从关于情感的错误的理论讲起I want to start off with the wrong theory of the emotions.关于情感的一个错误的理论And the wrong theory of the emotions漂亮的在经典的is beautifully illustrated电影及电视剧星际迷航中展现出来了in the television and movie series Star Trek.在这个虚幻的科幻世界中In this alternative fantasy world,有几个这样的人物there are characters,星际迷航原系列的斯波克先生Mr. Spock in the original Star Trek,以及其衍生剧中的德塔Data in one of the spin-offs,他们被形容为非常有能力和才华的who are described as competent, capable,并且在许多方面in fact in many ways,超级有能力有才华的人super competent and super capable people.但是他们被描绘成没有情感的人But they're described as not having emotions.斯波克之所以没有情感Spock is described as not having emotions是因为他是半个沃尔坎人because he's half Vulcan,这个星球上的人都没情感from a planet where they lack emotions.德塔是一个缺少情感芯片的机器人Data is an android who is said to lack an emotion chip.缺少情感This lack of emotions on在这个电视节目上似乎没有伤到他们this--on a TV series does not hurt them much.他们完全可以正常工作They're able to fully function.并且事实上And in fact,电视中这个有情感的特点反而是有害的in a TV series emotions are often seen as a detriment.没有他们你会做的更好You do better off without them.有许多人And there are many people凭感觉的认为in sort of common sense who might think唉如果我能够只用我的理性"Gee, if only I could just use my rationality,合理并理性的思考think reasonably and rationally而不是让情感引导我的行为的话and not let my emotions guide my behavior我会(比现在)好不少啊I'd be much better off."事实上我们发现这种It turns out that this is a notion关于情感的想法是错的不能再错了of how to think about the emotions that is deeply wrong.并且一点都讲不通And in fact, makes no sense at all.史蒂芬·平克在他的书Using the example of Star Trek, Steven Pinker,《大脑是如何运作的》中in his book How the Mind Works,漂亮的用星际迷航的例子展示了问题所在nicely illustrates the problem here.他写道He writes,斯波克肯定是有某种动机和目标的"Spock must have been driven by some motives or goals.某种东西引导着他去探索那未知的新世界Something must have led him to explore strange new worlds,去寻找新的文明以及to seek out new civilizations and to boldly go勇敢的去向之前没有人到过的地方where no man had gone before."推测起来大概是强烈的求知欲Presumably, it was intellectual curiosity促使他去远航并且解决难题that set him to drive and solve problems.他和战友的友情It was solidarity with his allies使他成为一名合格并且勇敢的指挥官that led him to be such a competent and brave officer.如果他被敌人或者What would he have done入侵的克林贡人进攻了他会怎么做if attacked by a predator or an invading Klingon?他会做个手倒立么Did he do a handstand,解决一个四色图定理的难题吗solve the four-color map theorem?所以可以推测出他的大脑有部分能Presumably, a part of his brain quickly mobilized使他的快速反应机制动员起来his faculties to scope out how to flee并且使他在将来and how to take steps避免处于同样的危险幻境中to avoid a vulnerable predicament in the future.这说明他会恐惧That is, he had fear.斯波克在船上从来不赤裸裸的走来走去Spock did not walk around naked around the ship.说明他应该会害羞Presumably, he felt modesty.他会起床He got out of bed.说明他有某种企图心和动力Presumably, he had some ambitions and drive.他与人交流He engaged in conversations.说明他应该有某种社交的兴趣Presumably, he had some sociable interests.没有情感驱动我们Without emotions to drive us我们什么事都不会做的we would do nothing at all.并且你可以科学的展示这一点And you could illustrate this scientifically.像斯波克和德塔这样的现实中是不存在的Creatures like Spock and Data don't exist in the real world但是现实中有一些少见并且不幸的例子but there are unusual and unfortunate cases有些人where people lose,在某种程度上失去了他们的情感to some extent or another, their emotions.当你观察这些人And you could look at these people并且看看他们身上发生了什么and see what happens to them.最经典最著名的例子The classic case, the most famous case,是一个叫菲尼亚斯·盖奇的人is that of a man called Phineas Gage.菲尼亚斯·盖奇是心理学导论的经典例子Phineas Gage is the classic Intro Psych example一个极度可怜的倒霉蛋an extremely poor guy, poor schmuck.1848年他是一个建筑工地的工头In 1848--He was a construction foreman.1848年他在一个In 1848 he was working at a site有很多爆炸物和铁钎的地方工作with explosives and iron rods.然后在一次爆炸中And due to an explosion,一块铁钎像这样穿过了他的脑袋an iron rod passed through his head like so.想象那块铁钎这么向上的射Imagine that rod shooting upwards.它从他的眼下进入然后从他头顶射出It went under his eye and popped out the top of his head.落在大概100尺(33米)以外的地方It landed about one hundred feet away上面沾满了血和脑浆covered with blood and brains.铁钎本身约重13磅(6公斤)The rod itself weighed thirteen pounds.很神奇的盖奇并没有死Amazingly, Gage was not killed.甚至他都没有太长时间的失去意识In fact, he was knocked unconscious only for a short period 然后他起身and then he got up然后他的朋友都围上来问你还好吗and his friends surrounded him and asked, "Are you okay?"然后他们带他去医院And they--And then they took him to the hospital.在去医院的路上On the way to the hospital,他们还在一个小卖铺停了下来they stopped by a tavern他要了一品脱的苹果酒喝and he had a little pint of cider to drink,并且坐下来和人聊了聊天sat down and talked to people.然后他得了很严重的感染必须手术And then he had an infection, had to have surgery.但是当一切都稳定下来之后他没有盲But when it was all said and done he wasn't blind,他没有变聋没有失去语言能力he wasn't deaf, didn't lose language,没有失语症没有瘫痪没有变弱智didn't become aphasic, no paralysis, no retardation.从某种程度上来说他失去东西的更糟糕In some sense, what happened was much worse.他失去了他的性格He lost his character.这是一段当时形容Here's a description at the time盖奇究竟是怎样的一段话of what Gage was like.这段来自达马西奥著的《笛卡尔的错误》And this is from Damasio's excellent book Descartes' Error:他曾经是一个很负责人的顾家男人He used to be a really responsible guy, a family man,非常靠得住非常值得信赖very reliable, very trustworthy.但那个意外之后他变得反复无常无礼But after the accident he was fitful, irreverent,喜欢不时的用最恶心的脏话骂人indulging at times in the grossest profanity,很少尊敬他的同事manifesting but little deference for his fellows,对别人的劝阻显的很不耐烦impatient of restraint or advice,(他就像)一个拥有他能力和外表的孩子a child in his intellectual capacities and manifestations.他像一个有着低级趣味的强壮男人He had the animal pleasures of a strong man.他的粗口是那么的低俗His foul language is so debased以至于妇女被建议不要在他在场时待太久that women are advised not to stay long in his presence.他不能保持一份工作And he couldn't hold a job.他失去了他的家庭不能保持工作He lost his family, couldn't hold a job.他最后待在一个马戏团里He ended up in the circus.他在一个国内到处飘荡的马戏团里He was in the circus going around the country拿着他的钢钎跟别人讲故事with his big iron rod telling everybody the story人们都围着他拍掌叫好as they surrounded him and clapped.还有其他像菲尼亚斯·盖奇这样的例子There are other cases like Phineas Gage,这些案例中病人都是cases where people have大脑的某个部分受到了创伤had damage to that same part of the brain,额叶皮质的部分(损坏了)parts of the frontal cortex.然后他们就失去了And what they've lost is他们的一些基础的情感部分they basically lost a good part of their emotions.这就意味着And what this means is他们对一些东西不再关心了they don't really care that much about things.他们不能分清主次They can't prioritize.达马西奥讲了他接待的一个Damasio tells a case of one of his patients假名为埃利奥特的病人的例子who was under the pseudonym here of Elliot.埃利奥特的额叶皮质部分长了个肿瘤And Elliot had a tumor in his frontal lobe.在移除这个肿瘤的时候And the tumor had to be removed埃利奥特的额叶皮质也被带走了一部分and with it came a lot of Elliot's frontal lobe.然后再次的因为这次(手术)And again, as a result of this,尽管埃利奥特没瞎没聋没弱智Elliot was not struck blind or deaf or retarded,而且他并没有变成像菲尼亚斯·盖奇那样and he didn't become the sort of profane character 令人讨厌的个性that Phineas Gage became,但是他失去了分清主次的能力but he lost the ability to prioritize.他无法设定目标He lost the ability to set goals.达马西奥在这里这么形容他Damasio describes him here:他工作中处理项目的时候At his job at an activity他可以充分的阅读并理解he would read and fully understand手上资料的重要性the significance of the material他在办公室工作-he works in an office但是问题是他会突然之间莫名其妙的but the problem was he was likely, all of a sudden,转向其他的工作to turn from the task他开始做其他的事情了he had initiated to doing something else并且会做上一整天and spending an entire day doing that.他可以花一下午的时间He might spend an entire afternoon慎重的考虑用那种分类方式deliberating on which principle of categorization来分类他的文件he should apply to files.是用日期还是文件的大小Should it be the date or the size of the document,文件的相关性还是其他的方法pertinence to the case or another?他无法确定目标He couldn't set his goals.他不能他最后无法保持一份工作He couldn't--He ended up not being able to keep a job,无法与人打交道not being able to deal with people.这些人并没有完全的丧失他们的情感And these are not men who have lost their emotions.还没有哪个例子中There is no case around某人完完全全的丧失了他的情感部分where you could have your emotions entirely blotted out.但是他们都失去了部分重要的情感能力But they lost a large part of their emotional capacity所以他们的理性也不再起作用了and as a result, their rationality failed.情感让你设定目标并分清主次Emotions set goals and establish priorities.如果没有他们的话你什么都不会去做And without them you wouldn't do anything,你也不能做任何事情you couldn't do anything.你渴望来课堂学习Your desire to come to class to study,去和朋友玩读一本书建立个家庭to go out with friends, to read a book, to raise a family,变成去做任何事to be--to do anything然而这些事情的主次是靠情感来区别的are priorities set by your emotions.没有情感我们就无法生活Life would be impossible without those emotions.这里是一些我们要探讨的主题And so, there's certain themes we're going to explore here.第一个是The first is this,情感有让我们设定目标that emotions are basically mechanisms分清主次的基本功能that set goals and priorities在这一节课和下一节课中and we're going to talk a lot about--我们会讲很多的普遍性in this class and the next class about universals.我们还要讲到文化We're also going to talk about culture.我们发现不同的文化It turns out that cultures, different cultures,比如美国和日本之间including differences between America and Japan北美和南美之间and the American South and the American North,(这些地区)的情感触发事件有所不同have somewhat different emotional triggers并且情感的幅度也不一样and emotional baselines to respond to.但是同时就像达尔文所著称的But at the same time, as Darwin well knew,情感在人所有的人类emotions have universal roots甚至到许多动物之间是有普遍性的that are shared across all humans and across many animals.所以这节课和下节课的大致内容So, the agenda for this class and the next class是这样的is going to go like this.首先我会讲一点面部表情First, I want to talk a little bit about facial expressions,这是我们交流情感的一个很重要的手段which are ways in which we communicate our emotions.不是唯一手段但是是很重要的not the only way, but an important way.然后特别的注意一下微笑这个表情and look, in particular, at the case of smiling因为它很有趣because it's kind of interesting.然后我们看一个研究恐惧Then I want to look at one case study这个非社交性情感的个案研究of a nonsocial emotion, that of fear.然后我想探讨一下我们对亲属的情感I want to then deal with feelings towards our kin,对那些血缘上和我们有关的人(的情感)people we're genetically related to,然后这个话题将在下一节课继续and then--and this will take us to the next class,并带出我们对非亲属的情感这个话题feelings towards non kin.那么首先脸So first, faces.在介绍脸部的时候And as an introduction to faces我想放一段关于保罗·艾克曼的短片I have a brief film clip from Paul Ekman,{\an8}{\fn方正黑体简体\fs18\b1\bord1\shad1\3c&H2F2F2F&}保罗·艾克曼是美剧"别对我撒谎(Lie to Me)"中卡尔·莱特曼的原型他同时是这部剧的科学顾问他是这个世界上who is one of the world's great scholars面部表情研究领域的专家之一in the study of facial expressions.在艾克曼的研究中他向我们展现了In Ekman's work, he presents us with instructions如何做不同的表情并且识别他们的技巧on how to make different faces and identify faces.艾克曼其实在他的科学研究生涯之外Ekman actually has a sort of more practical career还有一个更现实的职业along with his scientific career.他培训警察和秘密特工们He trains police and secret service members如何找出说实话和撒谎时的信号to try to figure out cues to honesty and dishonesty.几年前纽约客有一篇很有意思的There's a very interesting New Yorker profile on him马尔科姆·格莱德威尔写的艾克曼小传by Malcolm Gladwell a few years ago,有兴趣的可以去看看something you might be interested in.我们先做一个他讲到的表情吧But let's do one of his faces.请降低你的眉毛并且将它们纠结在一起Please lower your brows and draw them together.现在没跟我眼神接触的人也要这么做That means even those who aren't making eye contact with me now.上下眼皮都紧绷起来Tense your lower and upper eyelids.不要把你的隐形眼镜挤出来了Don't pop out contact lenses稍微紧绷一下就好but just tense them.瞪眼Stare.你的眼睛甚至可以突出一些Your eyes can bulge somewhat.好了现在最后一步很重要Okay. Now, the last part is important.嘴巴抿起来Press your lips together嘴角是直的或者下垂with the corners straight or down.那位很好你深得精髓That's good. You got it.仅仅因为你不跟我有眼神接触Okay. Just because you are not making eye contact并不代表我看不见你好了with me doesn't mean I can't see you. Okay.那么你的表情看起来应该是这样的Well, what you're looking like presumably is this这是什么表情And what face is that?并且它表示什么样的情感What emotion does that correspond to?愤怒Anger.现在有很多各种各样的There's all sorts of databases关于各种表情的信息库of different faces from around.这位我不知道他是谁This guy--I don't know who he is但是貌似他经常在里面出现but he seems to be on a lot of these things但是关键的是but the thing is你不用仅仅依据他(的表情来判断)you don't need to rely on him.你都不用仅仅依据西方人的表情You don't need to rely on Western faces.如果你现在就上线的话到目前为止Even if you go on line there's, by now,已经有许多表情的信息库a lot of databases from faces包括各种性别及国家from all sorts of genders and national origins.这一张来自日本女人的面部表情This is from a Japanese women facial expressions.不同地区的不同的人们的表情And there are some subtle and very interesting differences的确有一些隐晦并且有趣的区别across countries and across people,但是它们之间也有更深入的普遍性but there's also deep universals.你不用付出太大努力You don't have to work very hard to figure out就能知道这些表情什么意思what these different facial expressions mean.我想再给一个表情的例子I want to give one more face example因为我想更深入的讨论一下because I want to focus on this a little bit.这个表情(做起来)容易一些This one's a little bit easier.请你的嘴角向后拉向上翘Raise the corners of your lips back and up, please.升高你的脸颊Raise your cheeks.如果你能的话升高你的下眼睑Raise your lower eyelids if you can.他们在笑你们也在笑They're smiling. You're smiling.你可以停了不用笑了You can stop smiling.耶鲁其实在微笑的研究上贡献颇多Yale is actually really big on smiling.我们有两位世界顶级的微笑专家We have two of the world's experts on smiling.这位是安格斯·特朗布尔This is Angus Trumble,英国艺术画廊的馆长the curator at the British Art Gallery他写了一本很棒的书who wrote this wonderful book,《微笑简史》A Brief History of the Smile研究了艺术作品中的微笑looking at the smile in art.这位是我的同事玛丽安娜·拉弗朗斯And this is my colleague, Marianne LaFrance,在这张照片里并没有笑who is actually not smiling in that picture但是她研究各种微笑成年人的微笑but she studies smiling and smiling in adults,孩子的微笑各个文化中的微笑smiling in children, smiling across cultures,微笑的不同社会功能and the different social uses of smiling.关于微笑And there are some interesting discoveries以及微笑与情感people have made about smiles我们发现了很多有趣的现象and about smiles and the emotions.哦首先微笑是有普遍性的One--Oh. Well, one is that smiles are universal.举例来说我们都知道小孩子会微笑We know, for instance, that young children smile.这是我儿子扎卡里在他小时候This is my son, Zachary, when he was younger,不是他旁边那个看起来怪怪的孩子not that weird-looking kid next to him.感谢上帝Thank God.甚至盲人儿童And even blind children,那些天生就盲的儿童也会微笑children blind from birth, will smile.他们笑的很得体They'll smile appropriately,这说明很重要的一点making an important point微笑不是that smiling is not learned看着别人的表情学来的by looking at other people's faces.微笑也不是人类独有的(表情)Smiling is also not uniquely human.非人类的灵长类动物也会微笑Nonhuman primates smile as well.微笑是社会信号Smiles are social signals.你也许认为人们高兴的时候就会微笑You might imagine that people smile when they're happy.这并不是实际情况This is actually not the case.并不仅仅这么简单It's not as simple as that.。