汉译英实用技巧
汉译英实用技巧初探
提要：汉英结构和表达方式相去甚远，为了在译文中不露刀斧之痕，译者务必灵活运用转换、省译、扩译等主要实用技巧。
关键词：转换，扩译，省译
一、转换技巧(transforming)
由于汉英结构不同，表达方式迥异，“硬性翻译”不仅读起来别扭，而且会闹出笑话。这就译者在翻译时灵活使用转换的技巧，有时将汉语中的动词转换成英语的介词短语，有时将并列句译成主从句，等等。法无定法，随机而化。力求做到云过无声，水过无痕。读来自然流利，移植的有如原生的。
1．词类的转换
(1) 名词译成动词
美国反对的理由是，北朝鲜不是联合国会员。
The U.S. objected that North Korea was not a member of the UN.
你很有鉴别力。
You know what?s what.
(2) 动词译成名词
消防队员连续奋战了九个昼夜，才控制住了火势。
The firemen battled against the flames for nine days and nights before getting them under control.
邱吉尔来到华盛顿说服罗斯福把在欧洲开辟第二战场的日期拖延下去。
Churchill arrived in Washington to talk Roosevelt out of an early invasion of Europe.
富兰克林深信，我们必须学会了解我们所在的这半球的邻居并学会与他们和睦相处。Franklin had a deep conviction that we must learn to understand and to get on with our neighbors in this hemisphere.
(3) 动词译成形容词
先生曰：“狼负我，狼负我！”狼曰：“吾非固欲负汝。天生汝辈，固需吾辈食也。”
“ You are an ungrateful beast,” complained the man.
“Not at all,” retorted the wolf, “it is not that I?m ungrateful, but you men were created for us to devour.”
（颜惠庆译《马中锡·中山狼传》）
他急切地想得到消息。
He was news-hungry.
并不是所有的人都喜欢这个方案。
The program was not popular with all of the staff.
(4) 动词译成介词或介词短语
巴拿马人追求的最大目标是有机会从运河那里得到更多的收入。
The most the Panamanians are after is a chance to get more income from the Canal.
有这样一个对手，倒是我们的幸运。
We were fortunate in our opponent.
(5) 动词译成副词
每一次出游都是上次的继续，而不是重复。
Each time out was a continuation, not a repetition.
电视剧已经开始了。
The TV play is on.
(6) 形容词译成名词
我们对未来感到谨慎的乐观。
We feels cautious optimism about the future.
他注意到两国在柏林问题上的看法非常一致。
He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the Berlin problem.
(7) 名词译成形容词
该机票的有效期为一年。
The plane ticket would be good/ valid for one year.
(8) 名词译成副词
官方宣布，联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交换给中华人民共和国。
It was officially announced that the Government of the United Kingdom will restore Hong Kong to the People?s Republic of China wit h effect from 1 July 1997.
这家报社的社论说，两国目前还谈不上核合作。
The paper said editorially that nuclear cooperation between the two countries is out of the question for the present.
2. 主被动语态的转换
(1) 主动译成被动
最近揭发出相当严重的贪污、受贿和官僚主义问题。
Serious cases of embezzlement, bribery, and bureaucracy have been brought to light recently.
《中苏友好同盟互助条约》已经名存实亡。
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance had now been reduced to less than a shadow.
(2) 被动译成主动
聪明反被聪明误。
The clea r failed because of one?s cleverness.
3. 句型转换
(1) 简单句之间的转换
简单句之间可以转换，来表达相同或相近的意思。可改动的部分可能是主语，可能是谓语，可能是宾语，可能是定语，也可能是状语。
改造人的思想不是一件容易的事情。
Remoulding of one?s ideology is not an easy thing.
Ideological remoulding is not an easy thing.
农民从改革中得到了实惠。
The peasants received benefit from the reform.
The peasants benefited by the reform.
外国朋友对我们在空间技术方面取得的巨大成就感到很惊讶。
The foreigners marveled at our great achievements on space technology.
The foreigners marveled at greatness of our achievements on space technology.
(2) 单句与并列句之间的转换
带有因果关系的并列句可以的转换成简单句。
这套房子的窗户很大，可以接受充分的阳光。
The window of this flat is very large, hence it can admit an adequate amount of sunlight. （译成并列句）
The window of this flat is large enough to admit an adequate amount of sunlight. （译成简单从句）
(3) 复句与单句之间的转换
复句与单句之间的转换的特点是将复句的一部分变成短语，这部分可能是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，定语从句，或状语从句。
遗憾的是，你已经结过婚了。
It is a pity you have already got married. （复句）
It is a pity for you to have already got married. （单句）
问题是如何发展。
The question now is how we should develop. （复句）
The question now is how to develop. （单句：复句中的表语从句变成短语）
格里利坚持要那位家伙买《纽约论坛报》来读。
Hollis Greely insisted that the fellow buy New York Forum. （复句）
Hollis Greely insisted on that fellow buying New York Forum. （单句）
愿意留下的可以留下。
Those who want to remain may do so. （复句）
Those wanting to remain may do so. （单句）
万一陛下处死乔治·威瑟，那我就要沦为英国最蹩脚的诗了。
In case Your Majesty puts Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. （复句）
Your Majesty putting Wither to death , I will be reduced to the shoddiest poet in the UK. （单句）
4. 省译技巧(pruning)
（1）汉语中一些特指的词，如问题、现象、方法、手段等，译成英语时可以省去。
例如，张雪静改编并翻译的《西厢记》——
（张生）凭着胸中锦绣才华，一举成名，独占熬头，成为天子门生。
Thanks to his exceptional talents, Zhang won the highest honor.
千艺将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为将《三十六计》中的“美人计”译为Sex Trap,将“空城计”译为The Empty City, 将“走为上”译为Retreat，将“借刀杀人”译为Borrow Other?s Hand to Kill等，都是“省译技巧”的典范。
贾赦领着各族子侄在西街门外，贾母领着各族女眷在大门外迎接。半日静悄悄的。
For a long time they waited in silence, Jia She and the young men of the family by the entrance of the west street, the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate.
杨宪益和戴乃迭翻译的《红楼梦》中“元妃省亲”的片段，译者在the Lady Dowager and the women on front of the main gate中将谓语承前省去了。
面子问题
听到女儿在她的屋里呜呜地哭泣，妈妈悄悄地走了过来。“怎么了？孩子。”“他和我吹了！”女儿头也不抬的说。“你不是本来也不喜欢他吗？”“可他先说的分手！”
Face-saving
Hearing her daughter was whimpering in her room, mother came over silently." What goes? darling."" He and I have broken off!" Daughter said , even not raise her head. " Do you dislike him originally?" "But, he has said …break-up? to me first !"
在上面的小品文中，“问题”一词没有译出。
一群夫妇都是夫瘦妻胖，记者来采访造成这种现象的原因。
A reporter interviewed a group of couples from those who all wives are fat and all husbands are thin .
有人向保加利亚大诗人奥多尔·特拉亚诺夫求教：＂怎样才能写出一首好诗呢？＂他举例说：＂你看到过母鹫没有？它们每次生三个蛋，先丢掉一只，另两只出世后，又只给其一只喂食，精心抚养．学学他们的方法，就可写出好诗来了．＂
Someone asked Bulgarian poet Odor Trayanov:＂How can I compose a superb poem?＂He illustrated: ＂Have you saw the female vultures? They lay three eggs each time, discarding one first. Then they hatch the other two into babies,just feed only one of them in the end. Learn from them, you can write a good poem. ＂
（2）汉语中的一些对比词或叠字句，翻译部分即可，不必一一翻译。
乾隆驾临镇江，站在金山寺上眺望长江，见白帆点点，鸥鹭成群，不禁感慨道：“古往今来，不知江上走过多少风帆！”
Qianlong , an Emperor of Qing Dynasty , arrived to Zhenjiang city. Standing on the Jinshan Temple , the emperor gazed at the Yangtze River starred of gulls and egrets, so he could not help sighing with emotion:"
I wonder how many sails to and fro on the river all through ages!"
铁拐李是中国民间传说中的八仙之一，他蓬头垢面，袒腹跛足。
Tieguaili, one of the Eight Immortals in the Chinese folklore, was unkempt and lame and exposed belly.
因肺部感染发炎，佛朗哥要定期去医院打针。一天，他听到注射室里鬼哭狼嚎，动静不对劲，才知道是护士在实习，就在隔壁躲了一会儿。待风平浪静了，他才进去。这时，就听一老护
士长高声叫：“巴巴拉，快来补考。”
With a lung inflamed by an infection, Franco needed to go to hospital for injecting periodically. A day he spotted something suspicious in the injection room, setting up wild shrieks and howls . He then was apprised that nurses were in practice, so he eluded in the next door for a short while. He didn?t enter until all was serene . Just at this time, a head nurse shouted loudly:" Barbara, coming to make up exam quickly."
（3）汉语中如重复出现一个动词，在英语中可译成省略句，即保留第一个动词即可。
勃烈日涅夫滥建私人别墅，仅在莫斯科郊外就建了好几处。一天，他把老妈从乡下请来，也让她老人家感受一下权力带来的实惠。没想到，老人家上看、下看、左看、右看，一脸的焦虑。
Leonid Brezhnev constructed private villas by prodigality, thus there were quite a few villas only on the outskirts of Moscow. One day, he fetched his mother from the country in order to let her enjoy the real benefit from the power. Unexpectedly, the elderly lady looked the villa up and down ,then from left to right, with apprehensions on her face .
1923年，邱吉尔退出了自由党，丢了内阁大臣的乌纱，因阑尾炎切除手术，又错过下院的竞选。出院后，邱吉尔自嘲地说：“今年我丢了党票，丢了乌纱，丢了议员，也丢了阑尾。”In 1923 Churchill withdrew from the Liberty Party and was dismissed from cabinet minister and missed the election of the House of Commons due to appendectomy. After leaving hospital , Churchill consoled himself with soothing remarks :" This year I lost a Party card, a government post, Member of Parliament and appendix as well ."
闻听这次欧米伽是来定居的，接待他的人换成了牙齿不多、皱纹满脸的老太婆。欧米伽迫不及待地问：“以前接待我的美女哪去了？” 那弓腰驼背的老太婆说：“朋友，老实跟你说了吧，观光是一回事，移民可是另一回事呀！”
Hearing Omega would settle down this time, receptionist was changed to be an old woman who had a wrinkly face and few teeth left. Omega asked her waiting for no time: "Where are the beautiful women receivers before?" The hunchbacked old woman said:" Friend, to be quite honest about it, sightseeing is one thing, and immigrating is another!"
5．扩译技巧(amplification)
（1）汉语表达常常省略主语或宾语，译成英语时要补充上去，以免留下无头案。
这些太监会意都知道，说“来了，来了”，各按方向站住。
At this signal the other eunuchs said,” Her Highness is coming”. The all rushed to their posts.
杨宪益和戴乃迭“元妃省亲”的这段译文中，补充了Her Highness（殿下），以示元妃身份的尊贵。
相声大师侯宝林表演了一个京剧片段，台下掌声如潮。
Hou-Baolin ,a master of comic dialogue, had hardly performed a segment Peking Opera when the audience applauded to the echo .
南北马路东西走，出门遇见人咬狗。
拣起狗来砸砖头，却被砖头咬了手。
Along a south-north run road I zigzag, meeting with man biting a dog,
I pick up a dog to hit a brick,but my hand is bitten by the brick
据民间传说，有一场命案中，抓到三个犯罪嫌疑人。包拯没把他们关进大牢，而是关进一座破庙里，并让狱卒传话，必须坐着过夜，三更后神灵要在凶手背上写字。
According to the folk tale, three suspects had been brought to justice about a homicide case. Bao-Zheng did not put them into the prison, but locked them up inside a dilapidated temple instead, ordering the prison guard to tell them not to sit overnight because the spirits were to write on the murderer?s back after the midnight.
（本文未注明出处的段落多出自艾临《幽默新大陆》）
（2）为使译文自然流畅，需要添加衔接词。
“儿呀，快梳妆吧！天气热，早点上路凉爽些。”
“Yingtai, hurry up and get dressed! Today the weather is going to be hot; it will be much cooler if you can be on the road while it?s still morning.”
（赵清阁译白话本《梁山伯与祝英台》）
有人对研究俾斯麦的学者的专著不以为然：“你根本就没见过宰相，怎么有资格对俾斯麦的外交生涯评头品足？”
Someone objected to a monograph by a scholar who studied Bismarck :" Since you have not seen any prime minister at all, how can you be entitled to find fault with the diplomacy career of Bismarck?"
一个外国游客在布达佩斯的动物园里看到狼和羊在同一个笼子里，大为吃惊，问饲养人员：“你们是怎么驯养的？”
A foreign visitor was astonished to see a wolf and a sheep being reared in the same pen in a zoo in Budapest , so he asked an animal keeper: “How do you domesticate them?”
（3）汉语中暗含特殊寓意，相应的英语中应给予扩充和解释。
美国对台“三不政策”
Washington?s“three no?s”policy toward Taiwan——on support for Taiwan independe nce, no support for a two-China policy,and on support for Taiwan membership in i nternational organizations on the basis of statehood.
风水
Fengshui--the location of a house or tomb,supposed to have an influence on the f ortune of a family, geomantic omen.
英语汉译英翻译
Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
英语翻译答案
汉译英 1.广场舞是社区中老年居民以健身、社交等为目的在广场、公园等开敞的地方进行的健身操或舞蹈，通常以高分贝的音乐伴奏。广场舞在中国大陆无论南北皆十分普遍。对于广场舞的确切认识，社会学界及体育界目前均未达成共识。广场舞的高分贝音乐常常造成噪音滋扰，因此许多居民反对在小区中跳广场舞。 The square dancing is a bodybuilding exercise or dance performed in wide and open places such as squares and parks among the middle-aged and old residents in communities, with the purpose of bodybuilding, socializing and so on, generally accompanied with high-pitched music. The square dancing is very popular all over mainland China, whether in the north or in the south. Neither the sociological circle nor the sports circle has currently reached a consensus on the exact perception of the square dancing. The high-pitched music of the square dancing often causes noisy disruption, and therefore many residents are opposed to the square dancing in communities. 2.故宫，又称紫禁城，是明、清两代的皇宫，二十四位皇帝在此生活起居和处理政务。它是世界现存最大、最完整的木质结构的古建筑群(architectural complex)。宫殿墙壁的色调以红色和黄色为主,红色代表快乐、好运和财富，而黄色代表帝王的神圣和尊贵。近十几年来，故宫平均每年接待中外游客600-800万人次，随着旅游业的繁荣，游客人数有增无减，可见人们对故宫的兴趣长盛不衰。 The Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, was the palace in Ming and Qing Dynasties where 24 emperors lived and handled government affairs. It is the largest and most complete existing ancient wooden architectural complex in the world. The palace wall was painted mainly in red and yellow. Red represents happiness, luck and fortune while yellow symbolizes imperial holiness and dignity. In recent decades, the Imperial Palace is visited annually by six to eight million tourists at home and abroad. Moreover, with flourishing tourism industry, the number of tourists keeps increasing. It shows people’s everlasting and unfading interest in the Imperial Palace. 3.《新闻联播》是中国中央电视台（CCTV）每日播出的一个新闻节目。节目每次播出时长一般为30分钟。它被中国大陆大多数地方频道同时转播，这使得它成为世界上收看人数最多的节目之一。自从1978年1月1日首次播出以来，它就以客观、生动、丰富的纪实手段记录着中华大地每一天的变化。作为中国官方新闻资讯类节目，《新闻联播》以沉稳、庄重的风格著称。 Xinwen Lianbo is a news program broadcast by China Central Television (CCTV) every day. It generally takes 30 minutes every time to broadcast the program. It is relayed simultaneously by most local television channels in the mainland of China, which makes it one of the world’s most-watched programs. Since it was first broadcast on January 1st, 1978, it has been recording the changes of every day throughout China by documentary means that is objective, vivid and rich. As the Chinese official news information program, Xinwen Lianbo is well-known for its
英语(汉译英)
公交常用英语 一、常用词语： 1、公共汽车 Bus 巴斯 2、出租车 Taxi 太克sei 3、电车 Trolleybus 超类巴斯 4、您好 Hello / How do you do. 好度有度 5、劳驾或请问 Excuse me…… A科斯Q私密 6、抱歉或对不起 Sorry 扫瑞 7、对不起打扰了 I’m sorry to trouble you 阿姆扫瑞兔揣宝有 8、谢谢 Thank you / Thanks 9、没关系 Not at all / It doesn’t matter 闹特爱特奥/ A特大怎特迈特 10、可以 It’s OK. A次欧凯 11、月票 commutation / monthly ticket 抗缪忒什/ 忙特雷忒K特 12、票价 carfare 卡fai尔 13、起点站 The starting stop 泽思达挺思道普 14、终点站 terminal / The Last stop 特妹闹泽拉斯特思道普 15、市区路线 Urban route 饿本入特 16、郊区路线 Suburban route 瑟波本入特 17、请等一下 Wait a moment 维特饿某们特 18、再见 Goodbye / Bye 19、首班车 The first bus 泽发斯特巴斯 20、末班车 The last bus 泽拉斯特巴斯 21、驾驶员 Driver 拽玩儿 22、乘务员 Conductor 肯达科特儿 23、调度员 Dispatcher 得死派车儿 24、请上车 Get on please 盖特昂普类似 25、请下车 Get off please 盖特奥夫普雷斯 26、中国济南 Jinan , China 济南柴那 27、空调车 Air-conditioned bus 艾尔可得什恩德巴斯 28、K系列豪华车 K series bus /可sei儿瑞丝巴斯 K series comfortable express 可sei儿瑞斯抗木否特包A科丝普ruai 丝 29、欢迎您！ Welcome 维尔康目 30、先生，您好！ How do you do , sir? 好读有度色儿31、小姐，你好！ How do you do , miss?
汉译英翻译实践11
The Prettiest Mother In The World At that time,I was teaching in a rural middle school of Zhang Jiakou countryside.Every morning,I always saw a woman who came into our campus with a bicycle slantly walking through the corridor between offices and classrooms,and she sent bean curd to the refectory.She wore a military cotton-padded clothes which changed into yellow,and there was a cloth rope binding tangly around her waist.Underneath there were black cotton-padded trousers and a pair of galoshes which were not fit for the season.Her hair disheveled was like the habijabi.The woman became waner and sallower when the hair was stired into skeins by wind.Her feet limped severely with one foot deep shallow foot and the bicycle was pushed unstably.I was worried about her bean curd which would dropped for several times. One day,I read over the familiar essay handed in.A girl by the name of Wang Xiaoli wrote these: This weekend I went home and felt unwell.Father still lies on the kang and could not move.No matter how drugs he eats,it does n’t have any effect on his health.He has lain up for 3 years.My brother is young,and my mother carries all the life burden alonely.Every time I want to cry when she is busy with everything. At the beginning of this semester,I made a requ est that I didn’t want to go to school and helped mother do farm work.Father lain on the kang
英汉翻译评析(附参考译文)
英汉翻译讲解（1） I.英汉之间的差别： “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。”------吕叔湘 国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种： 1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。 例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 又如：The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。 2．葡萄/竹竿-----即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。 She was beautiful, with long dark hair and brilliant green eyes.她长得很美，一头乌黑亮丽的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。 She has smooth akin as pale and iridescent as the moon shining over a snow-covered landscape.她光滑的肌肤白里透红，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。 3．多枝共干----英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，共有一个主语或宾语，或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，这就好比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。 4．也有学者认为英语是一种弥漫着“男子气”的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性是以英语为母语的民族的思维支撑点，从而就形成了英语的“阳刚之美”。而汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，中国人的思维支撑点似乎更具有抽象，深邃和疏放的取向，由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从而形成汉语的“阴柔之美”。汉语的魅力在于她的流散和疏放，系于她超凡的暗示力和意境性。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定位，主语的超句承接功能很强。 如果说汉语是一种“人治”语言，那么，英语则是一种“理性”语言。汉语能化逻辑为内在，英语则必须将逻辑外化，化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承合的纽带。英语语法规范森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。 5．汉语是一种意境语言，一种艺术语言。寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。
汉译英答案3
汉英语篇翻译练习答案： 1．Retirement Attitudes toward retirement vary from person to person. Some people think that they will enjoy their time in retirement, but when it comes they may feel a little disappointed. Unwilling to resign themselves to the prospect of being put on the scrap heap, they try to seek alternative outlets for their energies and alternative sources of income that employment can provide. Others have already prepared themselves for the significant change in their lives. Tired out after all exhaus ting life revolving around work, they are anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved. As there is no more need to rush to catch a morning bus and no more anxiety about promotion, they now have enough time to fulfill an old dream, such as writing, painting, growing flowers and traveling around. On the whole, female workers tend to have a more favorable attitude towards retirement than male workers. Withdrawal from employment to complete domesticity is a far less threatening experience for a woman than for a man. 2. Good-bye, My Ill-fated Motherland! The moment I set foot on the deck of the ship, there began my temporary separation from Chinese oil and a feeling of parting sorrow welled up in my heart. At sailing time, I stood on deck watching the ship receding slowly from the bank until I was out of sight of the towering waterfront buildings and the foreign warships on the Huangpu River. Thereupon I turned round with hot tears in my eyes, murmuri ng, “Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland!” Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! I own what I am to the upbringing you have given me during the past 22 years. I have spent every day of my life in your warm bosom and under your loving care. Y ou have given me joy and sorrow as well as food and clothing. This is where my close relatives were born and brought up and where I have friends here and there. Y ou gave me a wide variety of happiness in my early childhood, but you have also been the source of my sorrow ever since I began to understand things. Here I have witnessed all sorts of human tragedy. Here I have come to know the times we live in. Here I have undergone untold sufferings. I have been struggling, fighting and, time and again, found myself on the brink of destruction and covered all over with cuts and bruises. I have laid to rest, with tears and sighs, some of my close relatives—relatives victimized by old feudal ethnics. Here, besides beautiful mountains and rivers and fertile farmland, we have ghastly prisons and execution grounds as well. Here bad people hold sway while good people suffer and justice is trodden down underfoot. Here people have to wage a savage struggle in order to win freedom. Here man eats man. O the numerous terrible scenes! O the numerous sad memories! O the grand Y ellow River! O the mysterious Y angtze River! Where on earth are your glories of the past? O my native land! O my people! How can I have the heart to leave you! Good-bye, my ill-fated motherland! Much as I hate you, I’ve got to love you as ever. （选自《英语世界》2004年第三期，张培基译）
汉译英翻译方法
汉译英三步骤： 1.理解原文 包括原文逐字逐句的理解、对原文整体思想、观点和态度的理解，也包括对原文句子之 间和各部分之间相互关系的理解。 2.英语表达 在正确理解原文的基础上进行的，不是一对一的死译，而是在理解原文的基础上用相应 的英语结构、词汇和表达习惯准确的表达原文的意思。 3.核对检查 认真阅读自己的译文，要用挑错的眼光来检查译文是否正确表达了原文的意思，是否有 漏译、错译，译文语法如时态、语态、单复数形式和拼写上是否有错误。 汉译英翻译技巧： 1.选择恰当的英语词汇 有些英语词汇不仅有字面意思，还有内含意思。 e.g.“国家”：country, nation, state, land 分别内涵：疆土、人民、政府、感情 有些英语词汇本身含有贬义或一些委婉的意思，运用时要特别注意。 e.g.“宣传”publicize, propaganda （带贬义） 汉译英选词原则： （1）选适合上下文的词汇 e.g.“观众”：audience,viewer, spectator 分别表示：听音乐会或看戏的观众、电视观众、看体育表演的观众 “条件”不同情况下应用不同的英语词表达： 工作条件：working condition 有利的条件：favorable situation 录取条件：admission requirement 付款条件：terms of payment 词汇选择首先要忠于原文的意思。 e.g.近年来由于就业问题日益严重，有些人建议让没有工作的未婚妇女来替换那些 家务繁重的女工。 “就业问题”：employment problem, unemployment problem（找不到工作就业已 成问题，即失业问题） “没有工作的妇女”: women without jobs, women hunting for jobs（没有工作又 需要找工作的妇女，不需找工作的并不包括在内） （2）要注意词的广义、狭义、具体的意思和抽象意思的不同 e.g. ①他讲的笑话逗得我们都笑了。 ②他讲的话使我们大家都笑了。 ①His joke made us laugh. ②What he said make us laugh. We all smile at what he said. （3）选词时不要望文生义，不要死译，要考虑与汉语对应的英语词汇真正的意思。 e.g.①他们的好奇心得到了满足。
旅游景点的汉译英翻译研究
最新全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 分析《女勇士》中的女性形象 2 模糊语在新闻报道中的语用研究 3 论《亚瑟王之死》中的骑士精神 4 简析商务沟通中的非语言沟通 5 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 6 论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》的悲剧成因 7 激发幼儿学习英语兴趣 8 多媒体网络教学和传统教学对大学生情感的影响 9 探讨中英文化差异——以宗教习语翻译为案例 10 浅谈高中英语教师课堂提问与课堂互动 11 撒旦和孙悟空的形象和文化内涵对比 12 《阿Q正传》中文化负载词的翻译 13 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》 14 解读《最蓝的眼睛》中的姐妹情谊 15 On the Dramatic Conflicts Contributing to Eliza Doolittle’s Pursuit of Self-identity in Pygmalion 16 中美两国家庭文化差异 17 音意兼译—外来词中译之首选法 18 仿拟在商业广告中的应用 19 原创+⑧+ 0 +⑤+⑨+⑨+ 0+⑦+④+⑨ 20 An Analysis of the Characters in the Call of the Wild from the Perspective of Social Darwinism 21 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 22 从关联理论的角度看英语广告中隐喻的翻译 23 战后美国对伊拉克娱乐文化的影响 24 论童话《小王子》的象征创作 25 从跨文化交际的角度看广告翻译 26 足球评论员的评论语气对球迷看球的影响 27 《了不起的盖茨比》中色彩的象征意义 28 从《喜福会》母女冲突看中美家庭教育差异 29 比较《西游记》与《哈利波特》中的英雄形象 30 《红字》中的圣经典故与象征意义 31 自然会话中会话结构的分析 32 网络语言风格的性别差异 33 中式英语的潜在价值 34 英语课堂中的非传统学习策略 35 From Dormancy to Revival—A Feminist Study on Kate Chopin’s Awakening 36 沃尔玛策略研究 37 浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现 38 伦敦英语在英语标准化过程中的作用 39 论跨文化交际中的体态语
英汉翻译评析
评：在最后一句“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”中，译者将“百媚”翻 译为“ full of grace ” ,在此处应取“ eleganee and beauty of movement expression ， a beautiful figure which she used in subtle movements unparalleled grace ”这一义，我认为此处强调的是“媚”这个字，这种美是无 人能比的，以至于六宫粉黛无颜色，所以在翻译之时，可以把这种媚翻译成魅 力，而且是“百媚”，此处“百”又不是真的“ hundred ”，而是一种“ end beauty, end of charm ”。 评：最后一句“六宫”翻译成six places 非常生硬，感觉没有体现中国古典文 化中六宫的含义。同时fairest face 也太过于字面化，没有什么美感。回眸直 接翻译为turning her head 也是过于直接，体现不出古典诗歌所要表达的美。 or of of 评：第二句杨家有女初长成中， womanhood just grow ，womanhood 略感多余，前面已经用 了 maiden ，意透露性别信息，无需再次强调女性身份，第三句中天生丽质难自弃，用 en dowed with n atural beauty, en dow 之嫌，一朝选在君王侧翻作 selected for the mon arch' 妃，回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色有承接关系，觉得， 已有天生具有的意思，再用 natural 强调原生有语义赘余 s side,太过直译，可以意译为入宫为 that 放入前半句更好， that she turns her head, with a sweet and grace smile 。 评：诗歌标题“长恨歌”并非表达一种真正的恨意和痛苦， 的遗憾和悔恨。“ regret ”正好有“悔恨，遗憾”之意，“ 而是指唐明皇和杨贵妃无法长相厮守 everlasting ”正好表达岀了长久的意 味。许渊冲的翻译避免了直接翻译的直白， 又恰到好处地将两人无法长相厮守的遗憾表达得淋漓 尽致，十分贴切。 《长恨歌》翻译评析 长恨歌 许渊冲译 The Everlast ing Regret 汉皇重色思倾国，御宇多年求不得。 The beauty-lovi ng mon arch Ion ged year after year To find a beautiful lady without peer. 杨家有女初长成，养在深闺人未识。 A maide n of the Yan gs* to woma nhood just grow n. In inner chambers bred, to the world was unknown. 天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧。 En dowed with n atural beauty too hard to hide, One day she stood selected for the mon arch ' s side. 回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。 Turning her head, she smiled so sweet and full of grace That she outsh one in six palaces the fairest face.
新视野大学英语读写教程2汉译英翻译题及答案
1. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) 2. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) 3. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) 4. 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 5. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) 6. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) Unit2 1. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) 2. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) 3. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) 4. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) 5. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) 6. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) Unit3 1. 你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) 2. 还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) 3. 由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) 4. 虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) 5. 我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) 6. 她长得并不特别高，但是她身材瘦，给人一种个子高的错觉。(give an illusion of) Unit4 1. 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？(Use "it" as the formal subject) 2. 不管黑猫白猫，能抓住老鼠就是好猫。(as long as) 3. 你必须明天上午十点之前把那笔钱还给我。(without fail) 4. 请允许我参加这个项目，我对这个项目非常感兴趣。(more than + adjective) 5. 人人都知道他比较特殊：他来去随意。(be free to do sth.) 6. 看她脸上不悦的神色，我觉得她似乎有什么话想跟我说。(feel as though) Unit5 1. 他说话很自信，给我留下了很深的印象。(Use "which" to refer back to an idea or situation) 2. 我父亲太爱忘事，总是在找钥匙。(Use "so... that..." to emphasize the degree of something) 3. 我十分感激你给我的帮助。(be grateful for) 4. 光线不足，加上地面潮湿，使得驾驶十分困难。(coupled with) 5. 由于缺乏资金，他们不得不取消了创业计划。(starve of) 6. 每当有了麻烦，他们总是依靠我们。(lean on) Unit6 1. 就像机器需要经常运转一样，身体也需要经常锻炼。(as... so...) 2. 在美国学习时，他学会了弹钢琴。(while + V-ing) 3. 令我们失望的是，他拒绝了我们的邀请。(turn down) 4. 真实情况是，不管是好是坏，随着新科技的进步，世界发生了变化。(for better or worse) 5. 我班里的大多数女生在被要求回答问题时都似乎感到不自在。(ill at ease) 6. 当地政府负责运动会的安全。(take charge of)Unit7
英汉翻译评析(答案)
Commentaries on the Version of “一个女人是这样衰老的” 一个女人是这样衰老的 SV：How a Woman Ages/A Woman’s Aging/A Woman Fades Thus/What causes a Woman to Grow Old/The Way in Which a woman is Aging/How a Woman Gets Old RV: The Way Woman Withers 点评：Rhetorical Device: distillation and aesthetic hightlights of language, either Chinese or English/The successful employment of alliteration(头韵) 1．二十岁的时候，我穿着一条背心式牛仔裙在校园里走来走去，一说话就脸红。三十岁的我穿着名牌套装，坐在办公桌前，满脸冷酷地对下属说：“这么愚蠢的问题你也敢问？也不先打个草稿。”SV: At the age of twenty, I walked about on the campus, wearing a vestlike jean skirt. My face would turn red whenever I speak. After I have turned thirty, I am seated in front of a bureau, in a suit of famous brand, reproaching a subordinate coldly “How dare you ask such a stupid question? Why didn’t you make a draft first?” RV: At the age of twenty, wearing a jeans jumper, I moved about on the campus, my face blushing the moment I had the inclination to make an
英汉翻译经典例子及答案
1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls （环礁）. 在那里，由于地心引力的剧烈干扰，一道道山脉，一座座火山升出水面。千百年来，微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡，形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多，那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人，于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方，河水漫出河床，宽达数英里。洪水切断了村与村之间的联系，迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起，困缩在一块块狭小的陆地上动弹不得。 6. The snow falls on every wood and field, and no crevice is forgotten; by the river and pond, on the hill and in the valley. 雪，在四处飘落着。雪花撒在树上，撒在田野里，撒在河边、湖畔、山上、谷底——没有一条岩缝墙隙里不飘满雪花。 7. When his door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.
汉译英部分(全)
汉译英部分 第一课 等截面Constant cross section，单位面积上的力Unit area on the force杆件的横截面面积A cross-sectional area of the member横截面的形心Centroid of the cross section单位长伸长量Elongation per unit length相邻横截面Adjacent cross-section除非另有说明Unless otherwise noted 力的集度。即是单位面积上的力，称为应力The force set degrees, that is the force per unit area, known as stress 应力常用希腊字母@来表示Stress commonly used Greek letters @ 单位长度的伸长量称为应变，常来以下公式确定Unit length of elongation is called strain, often to the following formula to determine 材料力学是应用力学的一个分支The materials mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics 材料力学讨论固体在承受各种荷载时的性能Of Material Mechanics Discussion solid performance under various loads 第二课 临界应力Critical stress欧拉公式Euler's formula比例极限Proportional limit强度极限Strength limit非弹性屈曲Inelastic buckling平均压应力Average compressive stress回转半径Radius of gyration许可应力Allowable stress 我们注意到临界应力的变化和柱子长细比的平方成反比We note that the critical stress changes and pillars slenderness ratio is inversely proportional to the square of 如果，柱子将由于弹性屈曲而失效，欧拉公式可以应用If, pillars elastic buckling failure.Euler's formula， 曲线ABC是根据公式2-1绘制的，被称为欧拉曲线Curve ABC is according to the formula 2-1 draw, is called the euler's curve 结构工程安全系数的典型值介于1.5和3这一范围内。The structural engineering typical value of the safety factor of between 1.5 and 3 within this range 第三课 温度差Temperature difference 补救措施Remedial measures 补安全度规范Complement safety norms， 雨水积聚Rainwater accumulation 概率密度函数Probability density function 概率曲线Probability curve 失效概率Probability of failure 分项安全系数Partial safety factors 结构必须具备抗破坏的安全度和实用时的实用性The structure must have anti undermine the security and practical usefulness 作用在结构上的荷载可分为三大类。Effect on the structure of the load can be divided into three categories. 像活荷载一样，某时刻的环境荷载无论大小还是分布都是不确定的 Like live load, a time of environmental load regardless of size or distribution is uncertain