英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

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英语词汇学张维友编第一讲.ppt

1.2 Sound and Meaning
• Before we detect the relationship between sound and meaning of the word, let’s look at the two famous sayings:
• (1) What’s in a name? that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet.
• The conventionalists, like Shakespeare,
hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary(任意的).
• The naturalists have argued that the origin of language lies in onomatopoeia（拟声，bang, crash, clash,可讲解它们的词类转义）, that people began talking by creating iconic(图象) signs to imitate the sounds heard around them in nature. They maintain that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning.
• As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of meaning. Grammarians, however, insist that a word be a free form that can function in a sentence.

张维友_英语词汇学汉译本

第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。

词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注。

发音和意义之间的关系，声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。

另外，我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则，并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。

1.1 一个词是什么？词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。

争议较大。

尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。

学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。

当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。

在这个角度，一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。

当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。

根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位。

语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。

等等。

总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点：（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

”词语可以是简单词或者合成词，然而全部必须服从这些标准。

Man和fine是简单词，但是他们都有读音，意义和句法意义。

每个都能单独出现在句子中。

自然他们都是词。

也有像是misfortune和management 这样的复合词，他们都是多音节词，可以用来作主语，宾语和预示性词语。

尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune，前者不能作为词单独使用。

相似的，management可以被分成manage和ment，但是后者不能自由使用。

Blackmail能被分为black和mail，而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用，然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。

Black是颜色，针对white，mail指示“被邮局运送的东西”，然而当它们放在一起，组合形式意味着“强迫，利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。

高级综合英语教程1 (张维友)课后答案

Unit 1I. Background to Text 1The Natural Trust: A UK charity (i.e. a non-profit organization) founded in 1895 with the full name of Places of Historical Interest and Natural Beauty. The Trust owns historic buildings, gardens and land, which it opens to the public.Text I is taken from the Trust’s own magazine, issued to its members. The writers are 17-18-year-old students.Environment:The combination of external conditions that surround and influencea living organism, including light, temperature, availability of food and water,climatic conditions, geographical area, pollution by chemicals, radiation, noise, etc., the presence of other organisms possibly competing for the same resources, and the physical and chemical nature of the immediate surroundings, e.g. soil, sea water. The environment of human beings also includes social, cultural, economic and political factors, and the room, building, town, region, or country in which a person lives.II. Detailed study of the text1. As young people we have a vested interest in…(L.1)vested interest: (often derog.) a share or right already held in something that is of advantage to the holder; used to show a good reason for someone to act in a particular way2. …all the complexities of the issues involved…(L.3)1) complexity: used both countably and uncountably to show (an example of)the state of being complex, e.g. the complexities of tax law; a diplomaticproblem of great complexity2) issue: an important subject to be discussed, argued about or determined…the issues are very complex, involving many different factors…3. ...it is vital to conserve the countryside…conserve: preserve; keep from being wasted, damaged, or destroyed 4. Although we often take the beautiful rural scenery of North Devon forgrant ed, we want to maintain the kind of diversity of landscapes…(L.6)1) take sth. /sb. for granted: accept a fact or situation without questioning itsrightness or thinking much about2) maintain:continue to have, do etc. as before; keep something in goodcondition by making repairs or taking good care of it3) diversity: variety; the condition of being different5. …at the invitation of the National Trust. (L.9)…invited by the National Trust6. The patchwork quilt of fields…(L.9)The fields of different s izes and colours looking like a patchwork quilt…7. …probably at the expense of some of the least productive farmland. (L.14)…by sacrificing some of the poorest or barren farmlandat the expense of: with the loss of; by harming or reducing8. If this means paying farmers to do things other than produce food, then so beit. (L.14)If this means that we pay the farmers so that they will use their farmland to do other things instead of growing food crops, let it be that way.so be it: let it be that way; all right9. …they look out of place beside their broadleaf neighbours. (L.19)…on appearance they do not match the broadleaf woods beside them.our of place: not in the proper or usual place; (fig.) inappropriate10. …most of us would like to see more people have a right of access toappreciate what is there. (L.22)…most of us would like to see more people have the right and be able to go and enjoy the natural scenery there.have access to: be able to reach or use11. But we do not want a gigantic rural theme park…But we do not want huge/tremendous country park which specializes in certain activities…12. However, in selected and well-segregated areas more active involvement inthe countryside should be encouraged…(L.26)However, it is good/desirable to have active activities in certain selected and isolated areas…13. …we, after all, an interactive, hands-on generation. (L.27)…we are after all a generation which is trained to be active in doing thins about or interact with our environment.hands-on: involving or offering active participation rather than theory; direct, practical14 More footpaths and bridleways with interpretive information would alsohelp. (L.30)It would be helpful to build more footpaths and paths for riders with relevant information about them.bridleway: paths for riders and walkers only but not for vehicles15. …but makes the countryside experience too cosmetic… (L.34)…make the countryside experience too artificial(implying not seeing things in their natural state…cosmetic:intended to improve only appearances; superficially improving or beneficial16. Perhaps we are a little cynical…(L.38)cynical: critical17. …aims of bodies like the National Trust sometimes had built-in conflictbetween… (L.39)…the purposes of the organizati ons sometimes were contradictory in themselves…built-in conflict: intrinsic disagreement; innate conflict18. …in a state that is not damaged beyond repair. (L.46)…in a state that is not damaged in such a way that there is no way to restore it.beyond repair: not being able to be repaired19. …while some saw a few turbines, even in “our back yard” in North Devon,as a small price to pay for clean electricity. (L.52)…some think that building a few water turbines inland is not costly, but we can get electricity without polluting the air or damaging environment.20. The amount of agrochemicals used in the countryside disturbs us. (L.55)We are upset and worried about the quantity of chemicals used for crops in the countryside.21. The suggestion of nitrogen quotas seems a good way of reducing onepotential source of pollution… (L.56)It seems a good way to set limited quotas for nitrogen content so as to reduce the possible source of pollution…1) quota: quotas (pl) the number or quantity officially determined or fixed2) potential: (adj.) capacity of coming into being or action, latent; (n.) thecapacity for use or development, possibility22. …but the likelihood of the government agreeing to it seems slim in view ofthe power of the manufacturers. (L.58)…but it seems that the government is not very likely to agree to do so as the agrochemical producers are very powerful.1) slim: (of hope, probability, etc.) very small; slight2) in view of: having regard to; considering23. …but making dipping voluntary is not an adequate solution… (L.61)…it is not enough just to make dipping sheep in chemicals compulsory…; even when a policy is made saying that dipping sheep in chemicals is not required, this may not solve the problem completely…dipping: washing sheep by immersing them in a vermin-killing liquid24. This is a debate that will not go away in the future! (L.65)The argument (there are better methods than controlling predators by hunting) will continue in the future.25. …we got the sense that all the various organizations involved are not pullingin the same direction… (L.68)…we felt that the organizations or groups which are involved differ in their action or are acting against each other…get the sense: have a feeling; feel27. …generate more in come from and for the countryside… (L.72)…make use of the countryside to create or produce more moneyand use the money for it…generate: produce; bring into existenceIII. Answers for Text 1Skills DevelopmentPre-reading1. 3)2. and3. have no hard and fast answer. It depends on students’ personal experience orknowledge of the countryside.Reading1. Anything suitable is acceptable, such as “Suggestions for Conservation of theCountryside”.2. 3)3. 1) Money should be invested.Diversity of landscape should be maintained.There should be more broadleaf woodland and moorland.Coniferous woodland should be reduced.2) Completely natural countryside.Activity areas3) No4) Not adequate actionSafer alternatives must be found.5) Sometimes the Trust faces a conflict between its objectives and its need tomake money.The activities of the Trust are not properly coordinated with the activities ofother similar organizations4. 1) F 2) T3) T 4) T5) F 6) T7) F 8) T9) T 10) F11) T 12) F5. ●main diversity of landscape●increase broadleaf woodland and moorland●reduce coniferous woodland●provide activities and information in selected areas●let farm cottages belonging to the Trust to local young people●install wind farms●introduce nitrogen quotas●research alternatives to sheep dipping●find better method than hunting for controlling predators●establish a Department of Rural AffairsPost-reading1. ●we all agree that ***●we want to ***●we were encouraged to see *●most of us would like to see **●should ***●most of us felt **●we also consider **●some thought *●some saw …as*●seems a good way *●is not an adequate solution ***●must be researched ***●we are convinced that ***●we got the sense that *●it’s time for***Note: * = slightly tentative** = moderately strong*** = strong2. 1) I expect; I suppose; Perhaps; In some ways; It’s possiblethat;2) It’s obvious that; Without doubt; Indeed; Certainly; After all; Of cour se3) I think; Personally; In my view; speaking for myself; tomy mind; As far asI’m concerned3. No definite answer4. No definite answer5. 1) a. opinionb. facta. factb. opiniona. opinionb. fact2) Open3) OpenLanguage Development1. 1) preserve/conserve 8) drastically2) maintain 9) potential3) consumption 10) available4) appreciate 11) generate5) appreciate 12) generated6) cynical 13) tackle7) cosmetic2. 1) a vested interest 6) interferes with2) took for granted 7) none the less3) at the risk of 8) In view of4) out of place 9) got the sense5) have access to 10) So be it3. 2), 3) nounscountryside (n. + n.) farmland (n. + n.)landscape (n. + n.) horse-riding (n. + v-ing)hedgerows (n. + n.) footpaths (n. + n.)farmhouse (n. + n.) bridleways (n. + n.)moorland (n. + n.) windfarms (n. + n.)woodland (n. + n.) skyline (n. + n.)parkland (n. + n.)adjectivespatchwork (n. + n.) nuclear power (adj. + n.)broadleaf (adj. + n.) sheep-dip (n. + v.)well-segregated (adv. + v-ed) widespread (adv. + v-ed)hands-on (n. + prep.) built-in (v-ed + prep.)adverboverall (prep. + pronoun.)4) well-segregated (adv. + p.p.)high-pitched well-educatedfar-fetched hard-wonnewly-builthorse-riding (n. + v-ing)sheep-shearing man-eatingtime-consuming problem-solvingday-dreamingnuclear-power (adj. + n.)cellular phone electric blanketmobile home deadlinered tapebuilt-in (p.p. + adv.)worn-out made-uphanded-down burnt-downgrown-upsheep-dip (n. + v.)frostbite toothachetoothpick sunriseheartbeat4. 1) The state of the countryside affects us directly.2) The small rectangular fields of differ ent sizes and colours…should not bechanged.3) If this means to pay farmers so that they will not produce food but do otherthings, that is all right.4) …we are, after all, a generation which has been trained to become directlyinvolved with our environment (i.e. doing things rather than listening orreading about things passively)5) …putting wooden railings along the river at Watersmeet may be good forsafety, but that turns the countryside into an artificial place.6) …we felt that all the various orga nizations involved in the countryside werenot coordinated, and may be acting against each other.7) …earn more income from the countryside and use it for the improvement ofthe countryside, more efficiently than this is being done at present.5. 我们意识到乡村正在从农作物生产向消费转化。

张维友词汇学chapter6

Sources of Synonyms
• • • • 1) Borrowing 2) Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Q:what's the difference between complementaris and converses?
• man-woman & husband-wife
Q: What are the characteristics of antonyms?
1) In a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms. • Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine.
B.连锁型 concatenation
• (1) meaning „ linking together‟, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .

英语词汇译文(下) 张维友

Perambulator 巡视者Telly电视Casualness偶然的Omit省略Oral口头的4.6acronymy 只取首字母的缩写词只取首字母的缩写词是构成新词的过程，通过连接社会和政治组织或者特别名词短语和技术术语的首字母。

通过这种方式建成的词叫做缩略词，依赖词语的发音。

Initialisms4.6.1 缩略词缩略词是字母挨个发音的词。

象是A.D。

（anno domini）b.c.和c.o.d（delivery）货到付款，字母被句点分开，但是大多数没有句点在字母之间。

1.字母代表所有词。

美国之音英国广播公司转交明信片不明飞行物2.字母代表复合词或者只是一个词的几部分的成分。

电视身份证肺结核总部Tuberculosis 肺结核Headquarter 总部RangAppoint指定V oluntary义务的Emergency紧急情况Treaty条约Immune免疫的Syndrome 综合征Symbolic象征性的Instruction指示Racial种族的Equality平等Lightwave光波Amplification扩张Stimulate刺激Emission排放物Radiation辐射Decimalization十进制Justify证明Remain残余物Contemporary同代的人Constituent成分Period句点4.6.2Acronyms首字母缩写词首字母缩写词是从首字母构成，但是发音是正常词，例如“雷达”（无线电探测和响铃）“义务女工”“艾滋病”（免疫匮乏综合征）“basic”（初学者多功能象征性指示码）“种族平等进程”“通过刺激辐射物排放导致的光波扩张”（激光）“英语教学”一些首字母缩写词是由第一词的首字母加上第二个整词构成，例如“核弹”“防御提示”“公务员”“十进制的日子”“胜利日”两种首字母缩写词在第二次世界大战以来已经变得非常流行并且因此极具活力。

这在etcrowley的缩写词字典中搜集的那样词的数量来证明。

张维友英语词汇学教程

2.6 Modes of Vocabulary Development
• Creation • Semantic change • Borrowing
homework
• Question 11, 12,13 on text book • Question 14,15 on notebook
Thank you !
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Coin 创造 Source 来源 Changing 变化 Life-style 生活方式 Breed 繁殖 Astrobiology 太空生物学 Shuttle 穿梭机 Earthrise 地出 Orbit 轨道 Retrovirus 逆转录酶病毒 Surgery 外科手术 Fallout 放射尘 Irradiation 放射 Atomic 原子的 Megavitamin 大量维生素 Soy milk 豆奶 Granny glasses 金框眼镜
• 2） Middle English （1150-1500） English, Latin,French Until 1066, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. 特点： fewer inflections, leveled ending

英语词汇学课后答案张维友编

【Chapter 1】7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle die wall skirt husband confrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-relatedwater-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerfulnews-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v] b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. fam iliar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)humint (hum an + int elligence) advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) psywarrior (psy chological warrior) hoverport (hover craft + port) chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) cinemactress (cinem a + actress) Clippingcopter (heli copter) dorm (dorm itory)lab (lab oratory) prefab (pref abricated house)gas (gas oline) prof (prof essor)scope (tele scope) champ (champ ion)sarge (serge ant) mike (mic rophone)ad (ad vertisement) tec (de tec tive)Acronymy2. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDS d. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-man Backformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom6. apes—b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—fwolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have allthe positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science,knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious/fussy2 critical fault-finding/picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning/sly5 unstable fickle/capricious6 developing underdeveloped/ backward7 encourage/ promote instigate8 group clique/gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+MALE -MALE +ADULTPolysemy4.a piece of timbertabledining table council tablefood served at the table; meal supplied by the week or monthcouncilors;committee;directors of acompany boardHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “haveenough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair ofhomonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8.right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight —dark cold —warm high —low/deep Hyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solid meat: pork, beef, mutton go: run, fly, walk 4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospital plumber: house, building lawyer: office, law courts mechanic: garage photographer: studio foreman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago , which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1. In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates. Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed . The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms , none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse . Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.BEDROOM mattress dressing gownclothes pyjamas carpetrug mirror comb hairbrush pillows sheetsblanketsleepersdressing tablewardrob bed4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an objectbeyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks…Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early.He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in t ime,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie— so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hearthemselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in themiddle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence,because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。

英语词汇学chapter1

The Old English (449-1100)
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The vocabulary of Old English was chiefly AngloSaxon with a small mixture of Old Norse words as a result of the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests of England in the ninth century, such as, cake, call, egg, knife, take, give, etc. The English continued to adopt words from Latin during the Old English period due to the Angles and Saxons’ various contacts with the Romans, such as, candle, kettle, mountain, school, cup, etc.
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Middle English (1100-1500)
The Norman Conquest: William, the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded and conquered England and the AngloSaxons in 1066 AD.
Influences
Celts (the earliest inhabitants) 450 790 1066 The conquest and settlement of the Angles, Saxons, and the Jutes the Scandinavian or the Danish conquests The Norman Conquest

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《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television[Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e 强piano, h轻soprano, c女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G) coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch) shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr) kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex) cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr) loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix 【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious c ampus-based/market-based Conversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)humint (hum an + int elligence)advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics)psywarrior (psy chological warrior)hoverport (hover craft + port)chunnel (ch annel + t unnel)hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity)cinemactress (cinem a + actress)Clippingcopter (heli copter) dorm (dorm itory)lab (lab oratory) prefab (pref abricated house) gas (gas oline) prof (prof essor)scope (tele scope) champ (champ ion)sarge (serge ant) mike (mic rophone)ad (ad vertisement) tec (de tec tive)Acronymy2. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—fwolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might have all th e negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)11.14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “haveenough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to thelady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make wholesausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If theymade sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same.I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, onemay feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannonball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8.right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk 4.professionworkplace surgeon:clinic, hospitalplumber:house, building lawyer: office, law courts mechanic:garagephotographer: studio foreman:worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replacedrespectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago , which are subordinates,conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. Thedifference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it hits thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty of course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an objectbeyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Toomany cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very largein every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden”placard in his office.Nobody can hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。