罗莹莹 chapter11 Theories of second language acquisition

• The 'monitor' acts in a planning, editing and correcting function when three specific conditions are met: that is, • 1)the second language learner has sufficient time at his/her disposal, • 2)he/she focuses on form or thinks about correctness, and • 3) he/she knows the rule.
理论（theory）：是以理论和证据为基础的、用于解 释某一事实或现象的普遍原理的陈述。理论比假说往 往更得到更有力的证明。 模式(model):在语言学里指的是确定语言的某些方面 或特征以便说明其结构或功能的系统方法。
假说(hypothesis)：指在研究中用量化的方法和统计 手段分析数据并就有关现象之间的已知关系或预计关 系作出推测。
Stephen Krashen (1941- )
In 1970s, American linguistic Krashen propounded the Monitor Model(监察模式), posits a distinction between “acquisition” and “learning.”
3. The natural order hypothesis
• Definition: the hypothesis that children acquiring their 2nd language acquire linguistic forms, rules, and items in a similar order. • The Natural Order hypothesis suggested that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a 'natural order' which is predictable. For a given language, some grammatical structures tend to be acquired early while others late.
depends on aptitude
stable oቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱder of acquisition
simple to complex order of learning
2.The monitor hypothesis
• The Monitor hypothesis explains the relationship between acquisition and learning and defines the influence of the latter on the former. The monitoring function is the practical result of the learned grammar. According to Krashen, the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, while the learning system performs the role of the 'monitor' or the 'editor'.
4. The input hypothesis
• Definition: The idea that exposure to comprehensible input which contains structures that are slightly in advance of a learner’s current level of competence is the necessary and sufficient cause of SLA
Acquisition implicit, subconscious informal situations uses grammatical 'feel'
Learning explicit, conscious formal situations uses grammatical rules
depends on attitude
Hypotheses
an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved (Cambridge dictionary ) an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true (Longman dictionary) an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument (Wikipedia)
In describing the Monitor Model, Krashen claimed that adult second language learners have 2 means for internalizing the target language. The 1st is “acquisition,” a subconscious and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language. The 2nd means is conscious “learning” process in which learners attend to form, figure out rules, and are generally aware of their own process. The “Monitor” is an aspect of this second process.
2.The monitor hypothesis
• People generally try to speak fluently and appropriately, and try to make themselves understood. The interjections and selfcorrections that speakers make while talking show that monitoring is taking place, and are usually for the purposes of making meaning clearer.

1.The acquisition-learning hypothesis
the Monitor theory
• Acquisition(习得) vs. Learning(学得) • the acquisition-learning distinction is the most fundamental of all the hypothesis in Krashen‟s theory and the most widely known among linguistics and language practioners. • According to kranshen, there are 2 independent systems of second language performance “the acquisition system” and “the learned system”.
Krashen's theory of SLA consists of 5 main hypotheses:
the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis (学习-习得假说) the Monitor hypothesis （监察假说） the Natural Order hypothesis （自然顺序假说） the Input hypothesis （语言输入假说） the Affective Filter hypothesis （情感过滤假说）
1.The acquisition-learning hypothesis • What is acquisition system? • The “acquisition system” or “acquisition” is the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. It requires meaningful interaction in the target language— natural communicative in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act.
University of Southern California;
an expert in the field of linguistics;
specializing in theories of language acquisition and development;
his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition; has published over 100 books and articles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada.