英汉翻译讲义
英汉翻译第一讲讲义
第一讲绪论内容提要：时代呼唤翻译，翻译促进时代的发展。
信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。
翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。
中国的翻译事业任重而道远。
介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。
翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。
一、为什么要学翻译翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能，是语言交流的一种手段，是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。
在今天这个信息化时代，随着社会的发展和进步，随着各国人民交流的日益频繁，翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具，是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。
二、翻译的定义、过程和性质翻译是一种交际方式，可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。
广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。
比如，一个手势变成一种语言，把汉语的文言文转变成白话文（语内翻译），把语言转化为计算机符号，甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端，都是一种翻译。
狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言，即语际翻译（interlingual translation）。
这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的，即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。
异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。
例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。
异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。
但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。
异化和同化具有相对性，随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。
归化（domestication）是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，使其迎合本土的典律，出版潮流和政治需求（Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style)，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略（Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44）〔2〕。
英汉翻译讲座（复旦大学讲义
英汉翻译讲座（复旦大学讲义I、上次课外练习参考译文：我们正面临着一个新时代。
随你怎么称呼它：服务经济也好，信息时代也好，知识社会也好，一句话，都说明了我们工作方式的根本变化。
事实上我们已经开始进入这个时代。
西方社会依靠制造产品谋生的人数比例急剧下降了。
今天，在美洲、欧洲和日本，大多数人（这些国家中有许多国家已高达三分之二以上）从事服务业，而且人数还在增加。
跟从前相比，妇女从业的人数增加了，兼职工作增加了，个体经营者增加了。
但是，经济变革幅度的衡量不能只凭数字，因为经济变革同时也引发了对工作本质的全新思维。
有关工作和职业生涯、获得成功所必须的技能、乃至个人与雇主的关系，种种传统的观念正在受到挑战。
我们只要回顾从前，就可以对未来有所了解。
没有那一位展望未来20年的人能够预料到硅片这样一项发明，因其在个人电脑、数字通讯和工业机器人中的应用，会给我们的世界带来的种种变化。
明天在生物技术、人工智能或者有些迄今为止甚至难以想象的技术方面所取得的成就，可能会引起类似的急剧变化。
但有一点是肯定的：信息和知识将变得更加重要，而拥有信息和知识的人们，无论他们从事制造业或者服务业，将会具有优势并创造财富，计算机技术将与读写能力一样成为一种基本要求。
运用信息解决问题的能力，而不是日常工作的完成，将尤其受到重视。
展望未来10年，信息服务将支配一切，将成为你的工作方式。
II、英汉翻译原理第三讲：怎样理解原文？（续）四、要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：【例45】 While many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.×虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人的关系中表达感情。
《英汉翻译基础》课件
英汉词汇的翻译技巧
总结词
掌握英汉词汇的翻译技巧是准确翻译的关键。
详细描述
在进行英汉翻译时，掌握一些常用的翻译技巧非常重要。例如，直译、意译、音译等。直译是指在保 持原文内容不变的前提下，尽量保留原文的表达形式和风格；意译则更注重传达原文的含义和精神， 不拘泥于原文的形式；音译则是根据汉语的发音来翻译外来词。
数字含义
英汉文化中数字的含义也存在差异，如英语中 “13”被认为是不吉利的数字，而在汉语中则没有 这种含义。
颜色寓意
英汉文化中颜色的寓意也存在差异，如英语 中“红色”通常代表危险或愤怒，而在汉语 中则代表喜庆和吉祥。
PART 05
英汉翻译实践
REPORTING
常见文体的翻译技巧
新闻文体
注重信息的准确性和时效性，语言简练 ，强调语言的经济性和客观性。
《英汉翻译基础》 ppt课件
REPORTING
• 英汉翻译概述 • 英汉词汇对比 • 英汉句法对比 • 英汉文化对比 • 英汉翻译实践
目录
PART 01
英汉翻译概述
REPORTING
定义与特点
定义
英汉翻译是将英语转化为汉语的过程 ，是跨文化交际的重要手段。
特点
英汉翻译涉及语言和文化差异的处理 ，需要准确传达原文意义，同时保持 原文的风格和语境。
在翻译过程中，应根据语境和表 达习惯选择直译或意译，以保留 原文的文化特色和意义。
增译与减译
为了使译文更加符合目标语言的 表达习惯，可以适当增译或减译 一些词语或句子。
英汉互译讲义
Unit 1Introduction: Translation and Translation TechniquesLearning Objectivesto know the important role of translationto know the nature and scope of translationto know the development of translation theoriesto know the principles of translationto grasp two concepts: literal translation & free translationto know some basic translation techniquesI. Importance/Definition/Scope of TranslationImportant Role of TranslationThe Nature of TranslationWhat is Translation?a science/ an art/ a craft/ a skill ?fanyi--subject/ profession/ works/ activities/ translator中国，蛮，夷，戎，狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。
达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄，北方曰译。
--《礼记·王制》“今通西言而云译者，盖汉世多事北方，而译官兼善西语，故摩腾始至，译《四十二章》，因称译也”。
--《翻译名义集》卷一译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
--《义疏》翻译就是把已说出的或写出的话的意思用另一种语言表达出来的活动。
《中国大百科全书·语言文字》Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language. ” (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)Translating consists in reproducing the closest natural equivalent of the source language message into the target language, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. --Eugene A. Nida翻译不仅涉及语言问题,也涉及文化问题。
英汉翻译全套课件260P
The End to the First Lecture in E-C Translation Thank You!
20、《英汉辞格比较与唐诗英译散论》， 卢炳群 著，青岛出版社，2003.11
21、《译介学》谢天振著 上海外语教育 出版社
22、《翻译理论与翻译教学法》[加拿大] 让。德利尔著，国际文化出版公司）
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23、上海外语教育出版社的《国外翻译 研究丛书》20种
24、北京外语教学与研究出版社的《国 外翻译研究丛书》20种
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6. The importance of learning translation
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功
于翻译 者（据L·G·凯里 1979）。季羡林教授也说，
翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合
国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就
没有中国共产党和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国
between the two Japanese divisions. （集合部）
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4) With high political consciousness
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
The peasants and workers were hand in glove with one another in the struggle against the landlords and capitalists who worked hand in glove with each other.
6、《中国翻译简史》，马祖毅著，中国 对外翻译出版公司，1998.6
《英译汉》讲义
英语辅修、双学位专业2009级《英译汉》课程讲义2009-7-6I. Translation and Translation StudiesII. Factors Involved in TranslationIII. Translation CriteriaIV. T ranslation ProcessV. Translation Practice5.1 Sentence Translation1. He wanted to run, but that would be the worst thing he could do.2. Linda is a good singer and a good dancer, a great actress and a great joker.3. The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.4. Somehow our path took us toward the park.5. How’s the world treating you?6. Great was the excitement as procession after procession poured its eager masses into the town.7. He was convinced on the basis of what had by then appeared that there would be a long and adifficult struggle.8. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.5.2 Text TranslationYou might think that borrowing a match upon the street is a simple thing. But any man who has ever tired it will assure you that it is not, and will be prepared to swear on oath to the truth of my experience of the other evening.I was standing on the corner of the street with a cigar that I wanted to light. I had no match. I waited tilla decent, ordinary man came along. Then I said:“Excuse me, sir, but could you oblige me with the loan of a match?”“A match?” he said, “Why, certainly.” Then he unbuttoned his overcoat and put his hand in the pocket of his waistcoat. “I know I have one,” he went on, “and, I’d almost swear it’s in the bottom pocket—or, hold on, though, I guess it may be in the top—just wait till I put these parc els down on the sidewalk.”“Oh, don’t trouble,” I said, “its really of no consequence.”“Oh, it’s no trouble. I’ll have it in a minute: I know there must be one in here somewhere,”—he was digging his fingers into his pockets as he spoke—“but you see this isn’t the waistcoat I generally…”I saw that the man was getting excited about it.” Well, never mind,” I protested. “I f that isn’t the waistcoat that you generally—why, it doesn’t matter.”(to be continued)2009-7-6参考译文句子翻译：1. 他真想拔腿就跑，但对他来说，最糟糕的事莫过于此。
英汉翻译讲义
E-C Translation Course NotesDefinitionTranslation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(Eugene A. Nida)Significance of TranslationPlays the key role in inter-cultural communication1. Bringing about mutual understanding and friendliness among nations.2. Enriching our own experiences and knowledge of the world.The most important media in international trade and business. ------No translation, no globalization.The Criteria of TranslationTytler (p.5)严复：faithfulness, intelligibility, and elegance(信达雅)林语堂：忠实，通顺，美钱钟书：化境傅雷：神似The procedures of translationAccurate comprehensionAdequate representationCareful proofreadingRequirements on the translatorsGood command of the languagesWide scope of knowledgeSensitive to cultural differencesHard working and willing to sacrifice personal gains and interestsStrong sense of responsibilityLiteral Vs. free translationsThe former focuses on a word-for-word translation of the source text into the target text; while the latter involves language adjustment in the process of translation.No matter what method you may use, your translation should be correct, comprehensible to the target reader and close to the original style. Only when you keep the meaning and spirit of the original sentence structure a nd/or its figure of speech can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely mechanical translation.Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply random translation.The designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it represents; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you think of.Formal vs. Functional EquivalenceFormal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the match between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both form and content; while functional equivalence （功能对等）stresses the closest parallel of the target text to the source text in communicative function.If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, formal equivalence should be strived for;whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made structurally for the establishment of functional equivalence.Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)English is a language of hypotaxis(形合). It heavily depends on grammar for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the suffix (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the tenses(时态), the voices(语态), the moods(语气), constructions(结构), and such functional words like articles, conjunctions, pronouns or prepositions. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of parataxis (意合),has the parts linked up with each other semantically or through the context. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be omitted out of grammatical or rhetorical considerations.Syntactic marking （语法标义）vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is specified by the grammatical construction of the sentence.Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the semotactic environment for that word. In other words, the context, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the specification of the meaning of an English word.Form and ContentIf we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that language and linguistic forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the conceptual intent of the message, together with the connotative values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.The form, on the other hand, is the external shape the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as poetry, is largely secondary,variable.It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitab ly results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.Semantic adjustment made in transfer—Specific meaning Vs. generic meaning Some of the most common shifts in meaning found in the transfer process are modifications which involve specific （个别意义）and generic （一般意义）meanings. Such shifts may go in either direction, from generic to specific , or from specific to generic.Semantic adjustment —Analytic process Vs. synthetic process分析过程综合过程In the transfer process, sometimes the semantic contents of a word or a group of words need to be redistributed through either an analytical or synthetic process. The former involves expanding the semantic content of a word over a number of words; and the latter group s the semantic contents of several words into one or two words.Structural adjustmentThere are numerous features of the sentence structure, which must be adjusted in the process of transfer from one language to another. Such features, among others, concern word and phrase order, gender, class and number concord, active and passive constructions and ellipsis，etc.Discourse adjustmentAn English discourse generally starts with a topic sentence followed by the explanatory statements or supportive examples and ends up with a conclusion. The sentences in the discourse are often logically connected with each other by such cohesive markers（连接手段）as “first of all”, “furthermore”, “in addition”, “however”, “therefore”, “to sum up”, etc. The sentences in a Chinese discourse, though not always bound up together through formally distinct devices, actually all center on the theme of the text.Translation skillsChanging the positions of some phrasesChanging words or phrases into sentencesChanging the part of speechMain clause firstChanging the positions of the major componentsAdding words when necessaryKey word repetitionBreaking a long sentence into several short sentencesLeaving out unnecessary wordsUse of four-character phrasesPositive and negative ways of expressing an ideaDealing with idiomsThe former focuses on a －translation of the －text into the －text; while the latter involves language －in the process of translation.No matter what method you may use, your translation should be －, c－to the target reader and close to the original －. Only when you keep the－and－of the original sentence－a nd/or its－can your translation be regarded as proper literal translation, otherwise it is merely m－translation.Similarly, only when change the original sentence structure and/or the figure of speech but make no addition or deletion of the original meaning and spirit, can your translation be regarded as proper translation; otherwise it is simply r－translation. Designative Vs. associative meaningsThe designative meaning of a word (指称义) refers to the object, people, plant, animal, place, etc. that it－; while the associative meaning of a word (内涵义) is the idea, quality, state, circumstance, etc. that it makes you－.Formal vs. Functional EquivalenceFormal equivalence (形式对等) focuses on the －between the source text and the target text as close as possible in both －and －; while functional equivalence （功能对等）stresses the c- p- of the target text to the source text in －function.If the communicative function of the source text can be translated into the target text without having to change the form of the former, －should be strived for; whereas if the strict reservation of the structure of the source text constitutes an obstacle to the transmission of the communicative function, adjustment then needs to be made s-for the establishment of functional equivalence.Hypotaxis(形合) vs. parataxis (意合)English is a language of —. It heavily depends on ——for constructing different linguistic parts into a sentence or an article. the Grammatical meanings in the language of English are reflected in such aspects as the s- (后缀) of a word (e.g.“-s, -ing or -ed”), the t-(时态), the v-(语态), the m-(语气), c-(结构), and such functional words like a-, c-, p- or p-. On the contrary, Chinese, being a language of---, has the parts linked up with each other s- or through the c-. Therefore, when English is being translated into Chinese, some of the words mentioned above need to be o-out of g- or r- considerations.Syntactic marking （语法标义）vs. semotactic marking（语义标义）Syntactic marking refers to those situations when the meaning of a word in a sentence is -ed by the-cal construction of the sentence.Semotactic marking refers to the determination of the meaning of an English word by some other words in the sentence, which form the - environment for that word. In other words, the-, built up by the words prior to or following the word, can often provide clues as to what the word means.Syntactic marking interplays with semotactic marking in the -of the meaning of an English word.Form and ContentIf we assume that language is a device for communicating messages, then it follows that - and -c forms are means to an end rather than an end in themselves. The content is the ---------of the message, together with the - values the source text wishes to communicate; it is what the message is about.The form, on the other hand, is the --------------the message takes to effect its passage from the source’s mind to the receptor’s mind.In transferring the message from one language to another, it is the content which must be preserved at any cost; the form, except in special cases, such as ------, is largely secondary, since within each language the rules for content to form are highly c-, a-, and v-.It is a bit like packing clothing into two different pieces of luggage: the clothes remain the same, but the shapes of the suitcases may vary greatly, and hence the ways in which the clothes are packed must be different.We preserve the form when we can, but more often the form has to be transformed precisely in order to preserve the content. An excessive effort to preserve the form inevitably results in a serious loss or distortion of the message.。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章PPT课件
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翻译技巧
选词技巧
确定词义
在翻译过程中，需要确定每个 英文单词的准确含义，特别是
那些具有多重含义的单词。
选择合适的词汇
根据上下文和语境选择最合适 的词汇进行翻译，确保译文准 确传达原文的意思。
注意词义的褒贬色彩
在翻译时需要注意英文单词的 褒贬色彩，确保译文的情感色 彩与原文一致。
考虑文化因素
在选词时需要考虑文化因素， 选择符合目标语言文化的词汇 ，避免产生文化冲突或误解。
翻译的过程
理解阶段
在翻译过程中，首先需要对原文 进行深入理解，包括语义、语境、
文化背景等方面的理解。
表达阶段
在理解原文的基础上，译者需要运 用目标语言的表达方式将原文的意 义、情感和风格传达出来。
校对阶段
完成初步翻译后，译者需要进行校 对工作，检查译文中的错别字、语 法错误、表达不流畅等问题，并进 行修正。
英汉翻译讲义-第五章
目 录
• 第五章导言 • 翻译理论 • 翻译技巧 • 实践与案例分析 • 总结与思考
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第五章导言
章节概述
01
介绍英汉翻译的基本原 则和技巧，包括直译、 意译、音译等。
02
探讨英汉两种语言在词 汇、语法、句法等方面 的差异。
03
分析英汉翻译中的常见 问题，如词义选择、句 子结构调整等。
下章预告
• 第六章：翻译中的修辞手法与风格处理
感谢您的观看
THANKS
根据不同的分类标准，翻译可以分为 多种类型，如文学翻译、科技翻译、 商务翻译等。
翻译的标准
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忠实于原文
译文应忠实于原文，准确 传达原文的意义、情感和 风格，不得随意改动或曲 解。
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《英汉双语翻译理论与实践》参考书目（迷你版）：[1]陈宏薇、李亚丹. 新编汉英翻译教程(第二版）上外教, 2010年[2]邓炎昌、刘润清. 语言与文化. 外语教学与研究出版社, 1989.[3]古今明. 英汉翻译基础. 上海外语教育出版社，1997年版[4]华先发、邵毅. 新编大学英译汉教程. 上外教出版社，2004年版[5]柯平. 英汉与汉英翻译教程. 北京大学出版社,1993.[6]李长栓. 非文学翻译理论与实践. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.[7]李运兴. 英汉语篇翻译(第二版). 清华大学出版社, 2003.[8]连淑能. 英汉对比研究. 高等教育出版社, 1993.[9]吕瑞昌等编著. 汉英翻译教程. 陕西人民出版社，1983.[10]邵志洪. 汉英对比翻译导论. 华东理工大学出版社, 2005.[11]孙致礼. 新编英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 2003.[12]叶子南. 高级英汉翻译理论与实践. 清华大学出版社，2001.[13]余光中. 余光中谈翻译. 中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002.[14]张培基. 英汉翻译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 1983.英汉翻译讲义Instructor: Mr. Peng第一章翻译的性质、标准及过程1.1 “翻译”古今称呼之由来。
“翻也者，如翻锦绮，背面俱花，但其花有左右不同耳。
”——释赞宁《译经篇.论》“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。
”——唐朝贾公彦《义疏》古代：象寄之才、象胥、舌人。
疑汉以来，多事北方，故“译”名烂熟矣。
…… 南北朝始用“翻译”。
—陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P3-4 翻译是跨语言（cross-linguistic)、跨文化(cross-cultural)、跨社会(cross-social) 的交际活动。
——陈宏薇《汉英翻译基础》上海外教社.1998年. P10.西方：Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，是指在接受语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。
(Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)1.2. 翻译活动涉及的因素：作者(author)、原文(source text)、原文读者(source-text readers)、译者(translator)、译文(target text /translated version)、译文读者(target-text readers)1.3. 最早译论：中国PK 西方公元前46年古罗马哲人西赛罗《论演说术》：“不要逐字翻译”。
早于西赛罗四五百年的孔子曰：“名从主人，物从中国”。
——陈福康《中国译学理论史稿》P4-51.4.翻译的可能性和局限性。
（可译性是绝对的，不可译性是相对的）可能性: 文化共性strike while iron is ho t burn one‟s boat局限性: 文化个性我姓张，弓长张。
我只知道马走日，象走田。
客上天然居，居然天上客。
红烧狮子头批评：“土耳其挂毯的反面”，“水煮过之杨梅（形存味失）”，“隔被闻花香。
”鼓励：人类心灵的信使1.5.中国历史上四次翻译高潮（建国前）佛经翻译——科技翻译——政文翻译——马列翻译佛经翻译（两汉——唐宋）三国支谦“因徇本旨，不加文饰”《法句经序》中国第一篇有关翻译原则的论文；东晋道安五失本、三不易。
“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句，余尽实录” 直译的鼻祖;六朝鸠摩罗什“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也”；“依实出华”；“天然西域之语趣” 意译的鼻祖;唐代玄奘“求真喻俗”、“五不翻”、音译的鼻祖；第一个把汉文著作（老子）介绍国外的中国人。
科技翻译（明末清初）徐光启、利玛窦合译了6卷欧几里德的《几何原本》等李之藻翻译了10卷亚里士多德的《辩证法概论》政文翻译（鸦片战争——五四运动）严复翻译了赫胥黎的《天演论》、亚当．斯密的《原富》、孟德斯鸠的《法意》等林纾翻译了180多部文学著作、1200万字马列翻译（五四运动——建国）《共产党宣言》、《死灵魂》、《毁灭》、《莎士比亚剧本》鲁迅、梁实秋、瞿秋白、郭沫若、林语堂、成仿吾、朱生豪等白话文代替文言文第五次翻译高潮？思考题1：中国历史上四次翻译高潮与中国文化之关系？思考题2：谈谈你对严复的“信、达、雅”三字翻译标准的看法。
译事三难信达雅。
求其信已大难矣，顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也, 则达尚焉。
……易曰修辞立诚；子曰辞达而已，又曰言之无文，行之不远；三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模，故信达而外，求其尔雅，此不仅期以行远已耳。
实则精理微言，用汉以前字法句法，则为达易；用近世利俗文字，则求达难；往往抑义就词，毫厘千里；审择于斯二者之间，夫固有所不得已也，岂钓奇哉。
……新理踵出，名目纷繁，索之中文，渺不可得；即有牵合，终嫌参差；译者遇此，独有自具衡量，即义定名。
…….一名之立，旬月踟躇（严复：《天演论.译例言》）Translation has to do three difficult things: to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. It is difficult enough to be faithful to the original, and yet if a translation is not expressive, it is tantamount to having no translation. Hence expressiveness should be required too……The Book of Changes says that the first requisite of rhetoric is truthfulness. Confucius says that expressiveness is all that matters in language. He adds that if one‟s language lacks grace, it won‟t go far. These three qualities, then, are the criterion of good writing and, I believe, of good translation too. Hence besides faithfulness and expressiveness, I also aim at elegance. I strive for elegance not just to make my translations travel far, but to express the original writer‟s ideas better, for I find that subtle thoughts are better expressed in the vocabulary and syntax of pre-Han prose than those of the vulgar writings of today. Using the latter often leads to distortion of meaning, which, however slight, results in vast misunderstanding. Weighing the pros and cons, I opted for the form er, as a matter of necessity, not trying to be different…..New ideas come one after another, with a multiplicity of new names. No equivalents can be found for them in Chinese. Straining for resemblances, one gets only contrarieties. The translator is obliged to use his own discretion, doing his best to find a term suited to the sense…A single term often took weeks and months of deliberation… （王佐良译）思考题3: 严复为什么要把一部科学理论著作译得如此戏剧化和古雅？《天演论》原文一开头:It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country-side visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is ca lled “the state of nature.”…严复是这样翻译的（原文1893年出版，四年后严译）：赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野。