第三章 第三节(增词法 第3版)
英语翻译课第三单元 增减法

3. Cultural Amplification
…, this hopeful person soared into so pleasing a Cupid…. • 译文:这个很有希望的年轻人就扮成极其讨人喜欢的插着
双翅的爱神丘比特。 • …that the female Boundby, instead of being the Gorgon
• 增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法 上的需要,在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、 词组、分句或完整
• Syntactical Amplification
• Lexical Amplification
• Cultural/ric Amplification
1. Syntactical Amplification
第三单元 增减法
• Amplification means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is supposed to supply necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. It is for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”.
第三讲 增词法、重复法

(五)从修辞和连贯角度考虑增词。 This printer is indeed cheap and fine. Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of fashion. A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his conclusion. Nobody has raised his hand so we think everyone agrees with Mr. Zhang. He was week and old.
(六)增加必要的副词。 The bridge is long. The crowds meted away. As he at down and began talking, words poured 词的时态靠动词的形式变化或加助 动词来表达,汉语动词没有词形变化,表达 时态要靠增加特有的时态助词或一般表示 时间的词。 1.对某种时间概念作强调时,汉译时往往 需增加一些词语。 1)The old man had taught the boy to fish, and the boy loved him. 2)I had never thought I’d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
4. 重复英语中作先行词的名词 英语定语从句常用关系词引导,它一方面 代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词(名词 或代词),一方面在从句中担任一个成分。 汉语中没有关系词,往往需要重复这个作 先行词的名词。 They have staged demonstration and sit- ins and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow.
翻译的技巧增词法与重复法

Fahrenheit (F): Centigrade(C)=5/9*(F-
32) Fahrenheit=C * 9/5 +32
100℉=5/9*(100-32) ℃= 37.7℃
-
20℉ = ? ℃
3.Suddenly he stopped, …, and cut a wisp of alfalfa. (Para. 4)
要是我们及时知道那件事, 事故本来 是可以防止的。(虚拟语气)
After watching for years, he discovered important phenomena.
观察了数年之后他发现了许多重要现象。 (数)
三、重复译法
重复也属于增词。翻译和写作一样。 本应力 求简练,尽量省略一些可有可无的词;有时为 了明确、强调或生动, 却往往需要将一些关 键性的词加以重复。例如:
A river: a large stream of water that discharges into a larger body of water such as a sea, a lake, or another stream.
4. The pines on top of the mountain above us looked as if the fingers of their long boughs were fondling a white cloud. (Para.18)
3. He became an oil baron---all by himself.
他成为一个石油大王, --- 一个白手起家的 石油大王。 4. This has been our position---but not theirs.
英文翻译技巧之增词法与减词法

英文翻译技巧之增词法与减词法英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换,又可能要在词量上加以增减。
增词法与减词法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛,但无论增词还是减词,增减的是词,不是意。
一、增词法所谓增词法,就是在翻译时,为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律,为了使意思更加明确,从意义、修辞和句法上需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。
增词译法不是凭空想象,必须增之有道,补之有理。
必要的增词对一个句子起着画龙点睛的作用,准确、通顺和完整地表达原文的内容,避免语义模糊。
例1:Packing together with packaging is designed not only as a form of protection but also a form to facilitate handling, storage, to prevent pilferage and what's more to help promote the sales.译文:包装和包装方法不仅仅是为了保护商品,也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃,更重要的是,有助于促销。
解析:“protection”此处译作“保护商品”,加了“商品”两字,显然比译作“保护”更好。
1.增加原文中省略的部分英语中有省略现象,译为汉语时往往要根据句法需要补出英文中省略的成分,主要包括回答中的省略、动词的省略及比较句中的省略等;另外,为表示态度、逻辑关系等,也需要加词。
(1)增补回答句中省略的词语1例2:—He doesn’t know, does he?—Yes, he does.译文:——他不知道吧?——不,他知道。
例3:—Did you enjoy your time in Beijing?—Yes, I did.译文:——你在北京过得愉快吗?——是的,我过得很愉快。
(2)增补并列结构中省略的词语例4:On average, the economy performs less well in a president's second term than in his first.That pattern probably does not apply to Mr Obama. Since his first term was so difficult, the next, by rights, ought to be better.译文:一般来说,美国总统第二个任期内的经济不如第一任期。
增补法

(四)增补冠词 汉译英时往往需要增补必要的冠词 1.耳朵是用来听声音的器官,鼻子是用来嗅气 .耳朵是用来听声音的器官, 舌头用来尝滋味。 味,舌头用来尝滋味。 The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The tongue is used for tasting. 2.我们对问题要作全面的分析,才能解决得妥 .我们对问题要作全面的分析, 当。 We must make a comprehensive analysis of a problem before it can be properly solved.
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(二)增加概括性词语。汉语里有时不用表明事物范 增加概括性词语。 畴的概括性词语,译成英语时却往往需要增补进去。 畴的概括性词语,译成英语时却往往需要增补进去。 1.要提倡顾全大局。 要提倡顾全大局。 要提倡顾全大局 We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 2. 对凭借行业垄断和某些特殊条件获得个人额外收入 必须纠正。( 十五大报告》 。(《 的必须纠正。(《十五大报告》) We must correct the malpractice of individuals obtaining extra incomes by taking advantage of sectoral monopoly and some special privileges. ( 《中国日报》) 中国日报》
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3.男女老少都参加了战斗。 .男女老少都参加了战斗。 Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle. 4.他不来我不走。 .他不来我不走。 I shall not go until he comes. 5. 留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 . 留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 6.送君千里,终有一别。 .送君千里,终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
Unit 3 增词法和减词法

Men and women,old and young in the village,all like shopping in this small supermarket.
4.我妈妈来了,我得回去了。
My mother has arrived, so I have to leave now.
文中暗含的意思:
1.大家都知道xx战场是艰苦些。
Everyone knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard.
2.要提倡xx。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.添加注释性的词语:
汉语中有许多没有主语的句子,英语则一般需要主语;另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词,需要增补。
1.大作收到,十分高兴。
I have very glad to have received yourwriting.
2.没有调查就没有发言权。
He whomakes no investigation and study has no right to speak.
一、重复出现某词(排比句中)
1.俘虏望望沈明,又望望其他的人,没有说下去。Looking at Shen Ming, then at the others, the prisoner of war fell silent.
The prisoner of war looked at Shenming and then the others.He did not keep on talking.
增词译法——精选推荐

增词译法第三章词法翻译四、增词译法(Amplification)英汉两种语⾔,由于表达⽅式不尽相同,翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。
增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加⼀些词来更忠实通顺的表达原⽂的思想内容。
不是⽆中⽣有的随意增词,⽽是增加原⽂中虽⽆其词但有其意的词。
⼀、根据句法上的需要增词(⼀)增补原⽂答句中的省略部分1. Is this your book Yes, it is.这是你的书吗是我的。
(Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.)2. Do you love him Yes, of course I do.你爱他吗我当然爱他。
(Yes, of course I do. = Yes, of course I love him.)(⼆)增补原⽂句⼦中所省略的动词1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife.他记得这件事,他的妻⼦早就记起来了。
2. I believed it too. But I don’t now.过去我也是相信的。
可是现在,我不相信了。
3. We don’t retreat, we never have and never will.我们不后退,我们从来没有后退过,将来也决不后退。
4. I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上了我。
5. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使⼈充实,讨论使⼈机智,写作使⼈准确。
6. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.⼀只鹰和⼀只狐狸长期友好的住在⼀起,鹰住在⼀棵⾼⾼的树顶上,狐狸住在树下⼀个洞⾥。
《写作学教程(第三版)》第三章写作文本

老舍:《四世同堂》
天空中两颗最辉煌的星星要出门,就请她的眼来代替他们闪耀,候着他 们回来。真的,如果她的一双眼睛悬在天空,星星就会代替她的眼睛, 那会怎样?那她脸上的明媚一定盖过星星的亮,如同白日的光压倒了灯光, 在天上她的眼一定照耀满天的光明,鸟儿乱叫,以为白昼已经降临。
文本的内部结构又称布局谋篇,指文章内容的安排。即在 主题的统率下,沿着思路的轨迹,按照一定的顺序把各部 分材料安排好,构成一篇层次清楚、详略分明、首尾连贯、 中心突出的文章。
一、文本结构的要求
文章要做到“三有”:言之有理、言之有物、言 之有序。
言之有理解决的是“为什么写”的问题,也就是 确立什么样的主题,为什么目的而写;
即纵式结构。这是叙述时最常用的结构形 式。
(2)按照空间的变换安排层次,即横式 结构。
(3)以时间为“经”,以空间为“纬”, 采用时空交错的办法来安排层次。
(4)以认识和感情的发展变化为顺序来 安排层次。
2.议论性结构 议论文划分层次的方法,常见的有以下几种:
(1)“三段”式 (2)“花瓣”式 (3)“连环”式 (4)“蛛网”式
我们的倾向性不必明确说明,而是用细节、用语言自然而 然地流露出来的,让读者在文字里看出你的倾向性。
第二节 文本的内在结构
文本是话语活动的产物,话语是指人与人之间在特定语 境中通过文本而进行的交流活动,话语活动的效果和文本 系统内部的结构布局有着非常密切的关系,不同的结构创 造不同的语境,产生不同的效果。
第三章 写作文本
第一节 文本的语言建构
一、 文本语言的中介作用
语言的中介作用首先体现在是它把写作活动中的诸多要素 黏合在一起,构成一个相互作用的整体。
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2. They won victories in the past years.
在过去的两年里,我们取得了一次又一次的 胜利。
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3. The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.
她们有的长着漂亮的眼睛,有的生着俏丽 的鼻子,有的有着妩媚的嘴巴、婀娜的身 段;但是,这样样都美的,虽然不能说一 个没有,却也是寥寥无几。
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6.I
fell madly in love with her, and
she with me.
conference a ready man; writing an exact man.
读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作
使人准确。
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4.
Such is war: to the victor, the
spoils; to the defeated, the costs.
一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注 意——它体积小,价格低,无人驾驶。
(P68(五))
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3.增补表示复数的词(P62)
1.There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子,都是他从来没有见过的。
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翻译下列的句子
1. “How shall I do it?”---- “ Just as you wish.” 2. They would not have done such a thing without government approval. 3.Now and then his boots shone. 4.She is sitting in a BMW. 5.From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain conditons.
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2.
Note that the words “ foxy”, “mean” and “ generous” require explanation. “慷慨的”这三个词需要解释一下。
请注意:“狡猾的”、“吝啬的”和
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A thousand years will pass and the guilt of Germany will not be erased. ---- Hansal of Poland
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3.
Divorce is increasing in this
country with growing urbanization.
随着城镇化进程的推进,这个国家的
离婚率逐步攀升。
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1. necessity 2. jealousy 3. transformation 4. irregularities 5. fault-finding 6. readability 7. madness 8. segregation 9. observation 10.arrogance P74(四)
3.读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。(王佐 良)
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(一)结构性增补
Structural addition is mainly due to the structural or grammatical differences between English and Chinese. What is omitted or unnecessary in English may be indispensable in Chinese, or vice versa; hence the principle of addition in translating.
如果不懂得制图或看不懂图纸,就不能造 船、盖房子或制造机床。
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2.
He was a quiet and thoughtful man.
他举止文雅,待人体贴。
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1. This is the best solution to your problem. 这是你那个问题最好的解决方案。
2. At the same time, inequality has become worse. 同时,不平等现象变得更严重了。
千年易逝, 德国的罪孽难消。 ——驻波兰总督汉斯•弗朗克
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二、语义和修辞性增补
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1.不及物动词增补宾语(P60)
1. He never drinks before driving. 他开车前从不喝酒。 2. Before liberation, his mother lived on washing. 解放前,他妈妈靠洗衣为生。
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7.增加表达时态的词(P63)
(过去)完成时:曾、已经、过、了; 进行时:在、正在、着
将来时:将、就、会、要、便
P68(七)
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8.增补语气助词(P64)
1. Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.
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5. 增补范畴词(P61)
由动词或形容词加后缀-tion, -ness等派 生出来的名词, 如:
backwardness:落后面貌/落后状态 preparation:准备工作
sadness: 悲观主义
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不要认真嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。
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2. As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning.
我呢,从一开始就不赞成。
(P69(九))
我狂热地爱上了她,她也狂热地爱上
了我。
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2. 补充译文结构或搭配所需要的词语
1.You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make or read a design.
农民“啪”地一声折断了一根树枝,把它放 进火里。
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3.
Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon. 一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。
P69(八)
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3. 增补潜在词
1. I began the book yesterday.
昨天我开始读(写)这本书。
2.The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies. 美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问 题会议。
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2.在形容词前增加名词(P61)
1.
this typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.
这部打字机真是价廉物美。
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2. A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless —is attracting increasing attention.
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3. The United States, China, England, France and Japan are now cooperation.
美、中、英、法、日五国正在合作。
(P72(五))
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第三节 增词法 Addition
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英汉两种语言,由于表达方式不同,翻
译时不仅可以将词类转译,又可以在词 量上进行增减。
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按照英语的表达方式,有些词是有其意而 无其形的,这种情况在译成汉语时就要增 补一些词语,使之符合汉语的表达方式, 从而更加通顺地表达原文的思想内容。
连大地都震动了,仿佛万马奔腾,千夫
怒吼。
(P69(八))
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4.增补修饰性和解释性词语
1. Blood and Sand (电影名) 《碧血黄沙》/《血与沙》
2. The farmer snapped a stick and put it into the fire.