高级英语1 lesson 11
高级英语第一册unit11
But What's a Dictionary For?The storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster's Third New International Dictionary is a curious phenomenon. Never has a scholarly work of this stature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt. An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a "disappointment," a "shock," a " calamity ," "a scandal and a disaster. " The New York Times, in a special editorial, felt that the work would " accelerate the deterioration " of the language and sternly accused the editors of betraying a public trust. The Journal of the American Bar Association saw the publication as " deplorable ," "a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility," "a serious blow to the cause of good English." Life called it "a non-word deluge " monstrous ", " abominable ," and "a cause for dismay." They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled his Gettysburg Address" on it – a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.What underlies all this sound and fury? Is the claim of the G. R C. Merriam Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, that the preparation of the work cost $3.5 million, that it required the efforts of three hundred scholar s over a period of twenty – seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language -- is all this a fraud, a hoax ?So monstrous a discrepancy in evaluation requires us to examine basic principles. Just what's a dictionary for? What does it propose to do? What does the common reader go to a dictionary to find? What has the purchaser of a dictionary a right to expect for his money?Before we look at basic principles, it is necessary to interpose two brief statements. The first of these is that a dictionary is concerned with words. Some dictionaries give various kinds of other useful information. Some have tables of weights and measures on the flyleaves . Some list historical events and some, home remedies . And there’s nothing wrong w ith their so doing. But the great increase in our vocabulary in the past three decades compels all dictionaries to make more efficient use of their space. And if something must be eliminated , it is sensible to throw out these extraneous things and stick to words.The second brief statement is that there has been even more progress in the making of dictionaries in the past thirty years than there has been in the making of automobiles The difference, for example, between the much-touted Second International (1934) and the much-clouted Third International (1961) is not like the difference between yearly models but like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile. Between the appearance of these two editions a whole new science related to the making of dictionaries, the science of descriptive linguistics, has come into being.Modern linguistics gets its charter from Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933). Bloomfield's for thirteen years professor of Germanic philology at the University of Chicago and for nine years professor of linguistics at Yale, was one of those inseminating scholars who can’ t be relegated to any department and don't dream of accepting established categories and procedures just because they're established. He was as much an anthropologist as a linguist, and his concepts of language were shaped not by Strunk's Elements of Style but by his knowledge of Cree Indian dialects.The broad general findings of the new science are:1. All languages are systems of human conventions , not systems of natural laws. The first -- and essential – step in the study of any language is observing and setting down precisely what happens when native speakers speak it.2. Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It cannot be described in terms of logic or of some theoretical, ideal language. It cannot be described in terms of any other language, or evenin terms of its own past.3. All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a "rule" in any language can only be a statement of contemporary practice. Change is constant -- and normal4. "Correctness" can rest only upon usage, for the simple reason that there is nothing else for it to rest on. And all usage is relative.From these propositions it follows that a dictionary is good only insofar as it is a comprehensive and accurate description of current usage. And to be comprehensive it must include some indication of social and regional associations.New dictionaries are needed because English changed more in the past two generations than at any other time in its history. It has had to adapt to extraordinary cultural and technological changes, two world wars, unparalleled changes in transportation and communication, and unprecedented movements of populations.More subtly , but pervasively, it has changed under the influence of mass education and the growth of democracy. As written English is used by increasing millions and f-or more reasons than ever before, the language has become more utilitarian and more informal. Every publication in America today includes pages that would appear, to the purist of forty years ago, unbuttoned gibberish . Not that they are; they simply show that you can't hold the language of one generation up as a model for the next.It's not that you mustn't. You can't. For example, in the issue in which Life stated editorially that it would folly the Second International, there were over forty words constructions, and meanings which are in the Third International but not in the Second. The issue of the New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority to which it would adhere and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would reject used one hundred and fifty-three separate words, phrases, and constructions which are listed in the Third International but not g the Second and nineteen others which are condemned in the Second. Many of them are used many times, more than three hundred such uses in all. The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's, " says, in the first sentence, "don't throw it away," and in the second, "hang on to it." But the old Webster's labels don't "colloquial" and doesn't include "hang on to," in this sense, at all.In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes, even the very editorials which scorn it. And this is no coincidence , because the Third International isn't setting up any new standards at all; it is simply describing what Life, the Washing-ton Post, and the New York Times are doing. Much of the dictionary's material comes from these very publications, the Times, in particular, furnishing more of its illustrative quotations than any other newspaper.And the papers have no choice. No journal or periodical could sell a single issue today if it restricted itself to the American language of twenty-eight years ago. It couldn't discuss halt the things we are inter ester in, and its style would seem stiff and cumbrous . If the editorials were serious, the public -- and the stockholders -- have reason to be grateful that the writers on these publications are more literate than the editors.And so back to our questions: what's a dictionary for, and how, in 1962, can it best do what it ought to do? The demands are simple. The common reader turns to a dictionary for information about the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, and proper use of words. He wants to know what is current and respectable. But he wants – and has a right to – the truth, the full truth. And the full truth about any language, and especially about American English today, is that there are many areas in which certainty is impossible and simplification is misleading.Even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute. Theater is correct, but so is theatre. And so are traveled and travelled, plow and plough, catalog and catalogue, and scores of other variants The reader may want a single certainty. He may have taken an unyielding position in an argument, he may have wagered in support of his conviction and may demand that the dictionary "settle" the matter. But neither hisvanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's; it must record the facts. And the fact here is that there are many words in our language which may be spelled, with equal correctness, in either of two ways.So with pronunciation. A citizen listening to his radio might notice that James B. Conant, Bernard Baruch, and Dwight D. Eisenhower pronounce economics as ECKuhnomiks, while A. Whitney Griswold, Adlai Stevenson, and Herbert Hoover pronounce it EEKuhnomiks. He turns to the dictionary to see which of the two pronunciations is "right" and finds that they are both acceptable.Has he been betrayed‘? Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? Should it say that one must speak like the president of Harvard or like the president of Yale, like the thirty-first President of the United States or like the thirty-fourth? Surely it's none of its business to make a choice. Not because of the distinction of these particular speakers; lexicography, like God, is no respecter of persons. But because so wide-spread and conspicuous a use of two pronunciations among people of this elevation shows that there are two pronunciations. Their speaking establishes the fact which the dictionary must record.The average purchaser of a dictionary uses it most often, probably, to find out what a word "means." As a reader, he wants to know what an author intended to convey. As a speaker or writer, he wants to know what a word will convey to his auditor s. And this, too, is complex, subtle, and for ever changing.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). After a ringing appeal to those who "love truth and accuracy" and the usual bombinations about "abdication of authority" and " barbarism ," the editorial charges the Third International with " pretentious and obscure verbosity " and specifically instances its definition of "so simple an object as a door.” The definition reads:a movable piece of firm material or a structure supported usu. along one side and swinging on pivots or hinges , sliding along a groove , roiling up and down, revolving as one of four leaves, or folding like an accordion by means of which an opening may be closed or kept open for passage into or out of a building, room, or other covered enclosure or a car, airplane, elevator, or other vehicle. Then follows a series of special meanings, each particularity defined and, where necessary, illustrated by a quotation Since, aside from roaring and admonishing the "gentle men from Springfield" that "accuracy and brevity are virtues,” the Post's editorial tails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright, man-in-the street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.But if so, he has walked into one of lexicography's biggest booby traps: the belief that the obvious is easy to define. Whereas the opposite is true. Anyone can give a fair description of the strange, the new, or the unique. It's the commonplace, the habitual, that challenges definition, for its very commonness compels us to define it in uncommon terms. Dr. Johnson was ridiculed on just this score when his dictionary appeared in 1755. For two hundred years his definition of a network as "any thing reticulated or decussated , at equal distances, with interstices between the inter sections” has been good for a laugh. But in the merriment one thing is always overlooked: no one has yet come up with a better definition! Subsequent dictionaries defined it as a mesh and then defined a mesh as a network. That's simple, all right.Anyone who attempts sincerely to state what the were door means in the United States of America today can't take refuge in a log cabin. There has been an enormous proliferation of closing and demarking devices and structure in the past twenty years, and anyone who tries to thread his way through the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy and even have to employ words that a limited vocabulary may find obscure.Is the entrance to a tent a door, for instance? And What of the thing that seals the exit of an air plane‘? Is this a door? Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges, to screen entrances and exists? Are they doors? And what of that accordion-like things that set off various sections of many modern apartments? The fine print in the lease takes it for granted that they are doors and that spaces demarked by them are rooms -- and the rent is computed on the number of rooms.Was I gypped by the landlord when he called the folding contraption that shuts off my kitchen a door? I go to the Second Inter national, which the editor of the Post urges me to use in preference to the Third International. Here I find that a door isThe movable frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hinges or pivots or sliding, by which an entranceway into a house or apartment is closed and opened; also, a similar part of a piece of furniture, as in a cabinet or book case. This is only forty-six words, but though it includes the cellar it excludes the barn door and the accordion-like thingSo I go on to the Third International. I see at once that. the new definition is longer. But I'm looking for accuracy,and if I must sacrifice brevity. to get it, then I must. And sure enough, in the definition which raised the Post's blood pressure, I find the words "folding like an accordion.” The thing is a door, and my landlord is using the word in one of its currently accepted meanings.The new dictionary may have many faults. Nothing that tries to meet an ever-changing situation over a terrain as vast as contemporary English can hope to be free of them and much in it is open to honest and informed, disagreement. There can be linguistic objection to the eradication of proper names. The removal of guides to pronunciation from the toot of every page may not have been worth the valuable space it saved. The new method of defining words of many meanings has disadvantages as well as advantages. And of the half million or more definitions, hundreds, possibly thousands, may seem inadequate or imprecise. To some (of whom I am one) the omission of the label "colloquial" will seem meritorious ; to others it will seem a loss.But one thing is certain: anyone who solemnly announces in the year 1962 that he will be guided in matter s of English usage by a dictionary published in 1934 is talking ignorant and pretentious nonsense.。
高级英语第一册 11课后答案
高级英语第一册 11课后答案高级英语第一册 11课后答案IV.1)anemia 2)anesthesia 3)behavior 4)favorite5)check 6)center 7)meter 8)defense 9)dialog10)gram 11) program 12)modeled 13)practice14)maneuver 15)Moslem 16)fulfillV .1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the lowering of the quality 3)horrible, shocking/disgusting, very bad 4)quotations 5)difference, disagreement 6)forces 7)removed, taken away/irrelevant, not essential 8) given up, neglected9)listeners 10) wordiness 11)increase 12)removal Vl.1)to see sth. as 2)hoax 3)to charge 4)to set up5)to follow 6)quotation 7)to limit 8)to record9)current 10)distinction 11)to be the business of Ⅶ.1)Life regarded the dictionary being full of words that have not come to be accepted.2)The difference...is by no means insignificant, it is basic.3) Modern linguistics take Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933)as its authority.4)But if so, he has made unconsciously one of the biggest mistakes one is liable to make in dictionary making.5)Anyone who tries to sort out the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy.6)And, sure enough, in the definition which made the Post angry... Ⅷ.1)alliteration and sarcasm 2)assonance and antithesis 3)metonymy 4) metonymy 5) synecdoche 6) sarcasm7)synecdoche 8)But one thing is certain：anyone who…nonsense．Ⅹ．1)我们已达成了协议。
高中英语第一册上unit11 The sounds of the world Warming up
The sounds of the world
types
of
music
Music ---- Spiritual Food.
As you explore music, you will find much music which tells of interesting places and exciting things to do . You will find music which expresses feelings that are of your own. Music is an expression of the people. As you explore, you will find music of people at work, at play, and in worship. You will find music expresses love of country, love of nature, and love of home.
High Mountains and
Flowing Water
The music is about an ancient qin player, BO Ya. BO Ya’s "High Mountains" and "Flowing Water" was said to be composed by BO Ya.
Music can suggest activities and feelings which we all share. We can enjoy playing and singing music, dancing and listening to the music of the people and the artists of different times and places.
高一英语上册第11单元课件
One person has a strong feeling and expresses It with music, and others help build the song
Most pop songs are simple stories about Love that make people feel easy and forget about the real world
Traditional Chinese music vs Modern Chinese music
Comparison Traditional music Modern music What instruments are used? When is the music Played? Who writes the songs? What are the songs about?
1、How many kinds of music are there? 2、Can you guess who they are sung by? 3、Which styles of music do they belong to? 4、Whose songs do you prefer and why?
The kinds of music
1、Classical music symphony (交响曲) opera(歌剧) ballet(芭蕾舞) 2、popular music country music, jazz, rock hip-hop, rap, blues
Music is their career. They use music to become rich and famous
Music is their life. They play music to satisfy their inner desire
高级英语第一册讲义11
Lesson 11But What’s a Dictionary For?1. abuse: n. & v. abusive, adj.a. unkind, cruel or rude words,He burst into a storm of abuse.He constantly addressed her in terms of abuse.You are always abusing and offending people.b. wrong use, MISUSE, improper treatment, MALTREATBorrowing money is an abuse of friendship.abuse of power, drug abuse,to abuse one's power, authority, position, wealth, etc.2. popular press: newspapers, journals that are aimed at the needs or tastes of ordinary people and not the specialists in a particular subject3. phenomenon: pl, phenomena. a fact or event in nature or society4. scholarly: concerned with serious detailed study---opposite POPULAR. Scholarly matters, activities, etc involve or relate to scholars or their work.His name is known in scholarly circles throughout the world.5. staturea. Someone's stature is their height and general size.She was rather small in stature.b. The stature of a person or of their achievements is the importance and reputation that they have.a musician of international stature6. unbridled: not controlled or limited in any way, used to show disapproval; too violent and active unbridled tongue / anger7. fury: violent or very strong angerThere was fury in the Duchess' grey eyes.Hearing this, they jumped on (scold) him in a fury.He flew into a fury and said that the whole thing was disgusting.8. contempt: lack of respect.If you have contempt for someone or something, you do not like them and think that they are unimportant or of no value.They would look at us with unmistakable contempt.Her contempt for foreigners was obvious.hold sb. / sth in contempt9. calamity: an event that causes a great deal of damage, destruction, or personal sadness and distress; serious misfortune10. scandal:If sth is a scandal, a lot of people know about it and think that it is very shocking and immoral.The way that official wastes public money is a scandal.She brought scandal to her family by her outrageous behaviour.11. DISASTER, CATASTROPHE, CALAMITY, CATACL YSM mean an event or situation that is a terrible misfortune.Disaster is an unforeseen, ruinous, and often sudden misfortune that happens either through lack of foresight or through some hostile external agency; general word. 12. editorial: an article in a newspaper which gives the opinion of the editor or publisher on a topic or item of the news.13. deteriorate: cause to become worse, worsenHis sight began to deteriorate.She has suffered progressive deterioration of health.14. stern: very firm or hard towards others' behaviour.Someone who is stern is very serious and expects to be obeyed.a stern teacher / fatherHe walked to the boy and said to him very sternly, "Give that to me."15. betray:a. If you betray someone's trust, confidence, etc, or you betray your principles, you fail to act in the good and morally correct way that was expected of you.He betrayed his friends to the enemy.She betrayed her promise.Judas betrayed Jesus (to the authorities.b. If you betray a secret, a plan, etc, you tell people things that you have been asked to keep secret.16. bar: the railing in a courtroom that encloses the place about the judge，barrier in a lawcourt separating the judge, prisoner, lawyers, etc from the spectators，the prisoner at the bar 受审讯的犯人She will be judged at the bar of public opinion.17. deplorable: disgraceful, distressing, heartbreaking, lamentable, pitiable, wretched,18. flagrant / /: used to describe a bad or shocking action, situation, or attitude that is very obvious and not concealed in any way, conspicuous, notorious, shameless, outrageous notorious, open, scandalousa flagrant violation of human rights, a flagrant injustices / cheating19. non-word deluge:It's like a flood of unacceptable words.non: so bad as not to deserve the nameIt was really a bad book --- non-story with non-characters.non-words: words that are not yet acceptable, such as new slang or newly coined words.20. abominable: disgusting, heinous, villainousSomething abominable is very unpleasant, very bad, or very poor in quality, causing disgust and strong dislike used showing strong disapproval.They work six days a week in abominable conditions.Wages for primary school teachers in some area were abominable.21. dismay: feeling of fear and discouragement, disappointment, distressbe struck with dismay at the news22. They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled ... a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life.doubt (affirm. + that): to consider unlikelyI doubt that he will come.I doubt that he is honest.23. model...on: take as a model, or exampleShe modelled herself on her mother.24. If something throws light or shadow on a particular thing or area, it causes that thing or area to have light or a shadow on it.A spotlight threw a pool of violet light onto the stage.25. underlie: to be present as an explanation or real meaning ofWhen you say A underlies B, then A is the cause or basis of B.26. citation: the act of quotation, a short passage taken from something written or spoken by someone else27. fraud:sth that deceives people in a way that is illegal or immoral, a crime of gaining money or other benefits by trickery. It suggests the perversion of the truth for the sake of persuading sb. to surrender some valuable possession or a legal right, or an act or practice involving concealment of truth, violation of trust and confidence, or nonperformance of contracted act by which one gains an advantage over another to the injury of the latter.The judge found him guilty of fraud.The elder brother gained control of the property by fraud.28. hoax: a trick in which sb. tells the police, emergency services, or the public sth. that is not true,a bomb / dinosaur-egg somewherea forged work of art to be genuine29. discrepancy: difference. If there is a discrepancy between two things, they ought to be the same.You say you paid $5 and the bill says $3; how do you explain the discrepancy?30. interpose: to place, put in between; interrupt with a comment or question interpose a barrier between31. remedy: sth that is intended to cure you when you are ill or in pain, sth prescribed or used for the treatment of disease. It applies to a substance or treatment that is known or regarded as effective in bringing about recovery or restoration of health or the normal functioning of the body.32. compel: to make sb. do sth. by or as if by force.Compel differs from force in typically requiring a personal object. Compel commonly implies the exercise of authority, the exertion of great effort or driving force, or the impossibility for one reason or another of doing anything else.There is no possible method of compelling a child to feel sympathy or affection.But nobody emerged, and he was compelled to carry the bag himself.33. extraneous: not belonging to what is being dealt with, unrelated, alien, and foreign to avoid extraneous thingsto eliminate extraneous interference34. tout: to praise loudly or extravagantlyclout: to hit forcefully35. buggy: a light one-horse carriage made with two wheels in England and with four wheels in the US36. linguistics: the systematic study of language37. charter: written or printed statement of rights, permission to so sth., constitution the Charter of the United Nationsthe Atlantic Charterthe citizens’ rights laid down by charter38. philology:a. the study of literature and of disciplines relevant to literature or to language as used in literature.b. linguistics. esp, historical and comparative linguistics.39. inseminating: to sow seed in, to implantinseminate the minds of the young with revolutionary ideasinseminating scholar: a scholar who implants new ideas in the minds of others. semen: liquid containing sperm of male animals40. relegate: to assign to an appropriate place or situation on the basis of classification or appraisal; to dismiss to a lower position or condition. If you relegate sth. you cause it to have a less important position or status.He relegated his wife to the position of a mere housekeeper.be relegated to the garbage can of history.You can't relegate the pop song singer / movie star to the third rate.。
高级英语第一册课件11
III. Background information Two major shorter editions exist: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Other advances in lexicography are reflected in the frequently revised collegiate or desk dictionaries, such as the Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.
III. Background information Webster, Noah (Oct. 16, 1748 - May 28, 1843) American lexicographer and philologist, born in West Hartford, Conn. A Yale graduate.
III. Background information Dictionary: a published list, in alphabetical order, of the words of a language, explaining and defining them, or in the case of a bilingual dictionary, translating them into another language.
III. Background information In 1840, the second edition was a failure and he had to sell the copy right to Merriam Publishing Company which thereafter became the Merriam-Webster Incorporation. Webster's other contributions include efforts in the passage of a national copyright law, in the founding of the Amherst College etc.
高级英语第一册 第十一课重点单词
A buse咒骂accelerate加速accuse指出abominable讨厌的automobile机动车anthropologist 人类学家abdicate放弃accuracy精确性admonish警告B rief简短buggy小机动车bombinate嗡鸣barbarism芜杂brevity简短barrier栅栏barn谷仓C ontempt轻视calamity灾难citation引用compel强迫clout抨击convention惯例contemporary 当代的constant坚定的comprehensive广泛的condemned谴责colloquial口语的coincidence 巧合cumbrous笨重conviction信念conspicuous明显的cabin小屋compute计算contraption 新玩意cabinet柜cellar地窖D eterioration变质deplorable糟透的deluge洪水dismay惊慌discrepancy细节dialect方言democracy民主制distinction区别decussate交错E ditorial编辑的eliminate除去extraneous外来的extraordinary非凡的elevation高处enclosure 封入exclude排除F lagrant骇人听闻的fraud欺骗furnish装饰firm坚硬frame框架G ibberish令人费解的话grant同意gyp苦难H oax恶作剧hence因此habitual习惯的I rresponsibility不负责任inseminating使受精insofar程度indication指出illustrative阐释instance例子inadequate不充分的imprecise不严密的ignorant无知J et喷雾L exicographic词典编纂的label标签lease出租landlord地主M onstrous巨大的merriment欢乐mesh网丝meritorious可称赞的O bscure低微的omission省略Oak栎树P hilology语文学procedure程序precisely严密地proposition提议pervasively蔓延地purist语言纯正癖者pivot支点proliferation增生preference偏爱pretentious自负的R emedy补救relegate驱逐restrict限制的revolving旋转的roaring抗议reticulate网状的refuge 庇护removal移动S tature道德scandal丑事sternly严厉地static静态的subtly隐约地scorn轻蔑stiff拘泥的structure物质subsequent其后的seal糊住solemnly肃穆的T out赞扬theoretical理论的trap行李terrain地面U nbridled无约束的underlie成为…的基础unparalleled无比的unprecedented空前的utilitarian 有效的unyielding坚硬的V ariant不同的vanity自负verbosity唠叨vehicle车辆virtue美德W ager赌注。
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案
大学高级英语第一册第11课译文及课后答案篇一：高级英语第一册课后Lesson 1The Middle Eastern BazaarI．1)A bazaar is a market or street of shops and stands in Oriental countries．Such bazaars are likely to be found in Afghanistan，the Arabian Peninsula，Cyprus，Asiatic Turkey and Egypt．2)The bazaar includes many markets：cloth—market，copper— smiths’market．carpet—market，food—market，dye—market，pottery—market，carpenters’market，etc．They represent the backward feudal economy．3)A blind man could know which part 0f the bazaar he was in by his senses of smell and hearing．Different odours and sounds can give him some ideas about the various parts 0f the bazaar．4)Because the earthen floor，beaten hard by countless feet，deadens the sound of footsteps，and the vaulted mudbrick walls and roof have hardly and sounds to echo. The shop-keepers also speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers follow suit.5)The place where people make linseed oil seems the most picturesque in the bazaar. The backwardness of their extracting oil presents an unforgetable scene.II .1)little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another2)Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market.3)they drop some of items that they don t really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price.4)He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount.5)As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear.Ⅲ. See the translation of text.IV.1)n. +n..seaside, doorway, graveyard, warlord2)n. +v..daybreak, mooise, bullfight3)v. +n..cutback, cutthroat, rollway4)adj. +n..shortterm, softcoal, softliner, hardware5)adv. +v. .output , upgrade, downpour6)v. +adv..pullover, buildupV.1)thread (n.) she failed to put the thread through the eye of the needle.(v.) He threaded through the throng.2)round (v.) On the 1st of September the ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope. (adv.) He wheeled round and faced me angrily.3)narrow(v.) In the discussions we did not narrow the gap any further. (adj．)He failed by a very narrow margin．4)price(n．) The defence secretary said the U．S．was not looking for an agreement at any price．(v．)At the present consumption rates(of oil)the world may well be pricing itself out of its future．5) (v．)live About 40％of the population lives on the land and tries to live off it． (adj．)The nation heard the inaugural speech in a live broadcast．6)tower (n．)The tower was built in the 1 4th century．(v．)The general towered over his contemporaries．7)dwarf (v．)A third of the nation s capital goods are shipped from this area，which dwarfs West Germany s mighty Ruhr Valley in industrial output．(n．)Have you ever read the story of Snow White and the Dwarfs?Ⅵ．1)light and heat：glare，dark，shadowy，dancing flashes．the red of the live coals，glowing bright，dimming，etc．2)sound and movement：enter，pass，thread their way．penetrate，selecting，pricing，doing a little preliminary bargaining，din，tinkling，banging，clashing，creak，squeaking，rumbling，etc．3)smell and colour：profusion of rich colours，pungent and exotic smells，etc．Ⅶ．1)glare指刺眼的光；brightness指光源发出的强烈稳定的光，强调光的强度。
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Discussion
Para. 19-21 What's the Post's editorial's attitude to the definition of "door" offered by the Third International? Explain "takes the plain, downright, man-in-thestreet attitude". Para. 22-23 What's the biggest booby traps mentioned in the first sentence? Why was Dr. Johnson ridiculed?
China’s Army of graduates is struggling A Vermont Senator becomes a Twitter Senator
Discussion
Para 14 What is the full truth about American English today? How would you understand "certainty is impossible and simplification is misleading“? Para 15-18 What kind of facts should the dictionary record? What does the writer say about pronunciation?
“..it (life) is a tale Told by an idiot, full of Sound and fury Signifying nothing.” -Macbeth, Act V, Scene IV the novel Sound and Fury---William Faulkner
Paraphrase
Paraphrase
Between the much-touted Second International and the much-clouted Third International is not like the difference between yearly models but like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile. (para 5) If the editorials were serious, the publicand the stockholders-have reason to be grateful that the writers on these publications are more literate than the editors. (para 13)
What is the controversial issue raised by Bergen Evans? What is the position taken by Evans?
How is the argument presented?
Text Analysis
Part 1: para. 1 –3
Part 2: para. 4 –13 Part 3: para. 14 –25 Part 4: para. 26-28
Discussion
Para. 1 1.What happened when the WTNID appeared? 2.How did the well-known, wellreceived newspapers and magazines greet the WTNID? 3. In the last sentence, there’s a sarcasm, how do you understand the writer’s sarcastic meaning?
Noah Webster’s dictionaries
1) A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language: (1806) 2) An American Dictionary of the English Language: the first edition (1828)
4) The third edition (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary) was published in 1961. (It was based on descriptive linguistics)
Webster's Third New International
According to the writer, what is correctness based
on?
Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949)
Discussion
Para. 8- 9 what is the criteria for assessing a dictionary? Why are new dictionaries needed?
Sound and Fury
Discussion
Para. 2 What is the claim of the dictionary maker? Para. 3 Questions for argument
Discussion
Para. 4-5 Two brief statements about dictionaries What was the first statement? What was the second statement? What is the implied meaning in “not like the difference between the yearly models but like the difference between the horse and buggy and automobile”?
3) An American Dictionary of the English Language: the second edition (1840) (The first edition and second edition were based on prescriptive linguistics.)
Noah Webster and America’s First Dictionary
Noah Webster (1758---1843)
an American lexicographer, journalist, textbook author, spelling reformer, advocate of cultural independence of the United States translator of the Bible
Discussion
Para. 10-13 1. What has caused the changes in English language? 2. According to the writer, what does he think of the language used in today’s publications? 3. How did the writer refute the Life and The New York Times and The Washington Post? 4. What kind of language does the Third International describe? 5. Explain the implied meaning of the last sentence in paragraph 13.
Type of Writing
Argumentation
What do you write about? A clear position taken by the writer A convincing argument A reasonable tone
Text Analysis
But what’s a dictionary for?
Bergen Evans
U.S. lexicographer; educator; English professor; master of ceremonies Dictionary of Quotations
“Freedom of speech and freedom of action are meaningless without freedom to think.” “Wisdom is meaningless until our own experience has given it meaning.” “It's the way you ride the trail that counts.” (life)
The storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster’s Third International Dictionary is a curious phenomenon. (para 1) They doubted that ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱLincoln could have modeled his Gettysburg Address” on it-a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great deal on Life. (para 1)