休闲学期末开卷考试答案

1.The significance of leisure as a research subject

2.List of “happiness boosters” advocated in the reading “The new science of happiness”

答案：（SectionI-Leisure+in+perspective 34页+文章）

Gratitude journal—a diary in which subjects write down things for which they are thankful.

Performing acts of altruism or kindness—visiting a nursing home, helping a friend's child with homework, mowing a neighbor's lawn, writing a letter to a grandparent.

Three blessings—taking time each day to write down a trio of things that went well and why.

Figuring out strengths and find new ways to deploy them: cerebral virtues vs. interpersonal virtues

3.Definition of leisure as time/activity/a state of mind

答案：

时间

●Leisure defined as time spent free of obligation and necessity

●Non-work/non obligated time

●Discretionary任意的自由决定的/non occupied /spare time

●Time when we are free to do what we choose

●Time during which feelings of compulsion 强迫should be minimal

●Time beyond what is required for subsistence 生存(work, school) and existence存在(things we must

do biologically to stay alive – e.g. eat, sleep, etc)

●It is not about time but about how the time is spent

●Higher chance to have leisure when we are comparatively 相对的free, but leisure can also occur in

un-free conditions

活动

●Leisure defined as a cluster of一串activities resulting in relaxation and rejuvenation恢复活力

(external world)

●“Leisure is an activity apart from the obligation of work, family and society to which the in dividual turns

at will任意, for either relaxation, diversion消遣, or broadening his/her experiences and spontaneous自发的social participation, the free exercises of his creative capacities.” -- Dumazedier (1967)

●No activity can be said to always serve as leisure for the participant

●Activities may be meaningful, pleasurable, or compelling to different individuals or only in certain

situations, cultures, lifestyles, life stages, tastes, etc.

心境想法

●Leisure defined as a state of mind leading to self-meditation 冥想and self-improvement (internal

world)

● A mood of contemplation沉思

●Religious celebration

●Perceived freedom and internal locus of control 控制点

●Leisure – the necessities of being willfully and meaningfully occupied

●Leisure –an internally located compulsion to shun 避免from pure pleasure seeking but

find/establish/invent meaning through choices from heart。

4.Conditions and common characteristics of the “flow” experience

答案：

1）52页Conditions of flow experience：

●Challenging activity that requires skills

● The merging of action and awareness

● Clear goals

● Immediate feedback

● Concentration on the task at hand

● Sense of control

● The loss of self-consciousness

● The transformation of time

2）53页Common Characteristics of “Flow” Experiences：

A sense that one’s skills are adequat e to cope with the challenges at hand, in a goal-directed, rule-bounded action system that provides clear clues as to how well one is performing (The balance between challenge and skills – boredom vs. anxiety ) Concentration is so intense that there is no attention left over to think about anything irrelevant, or to worry about problems (Capability of concentration and developed skills – the sense of satisfaction ) An activity that produces such experiences is so gratifying that people are willing to do it for its own sake, with little concern for what they will get out of it, even when it is difficult, or dangerous.

5.Aristotle and Plato’s major arguments about leisure

答案：PPT Section2第7页开始

Aristotle

For Aristotle, leisure meant being occupied in something performed for its own sake or as its own end - listening to music or poetry, interaction with friends, and, most importantly, contemplation.

Aristotle was a philosopher of happiness and a philosopher of leisure. Happiness can appear only in leisure. He repeats it many times- the ability to appropriately use leisure is the basis of the free man’s whole life.

What is the idealized leisure for Aristotle?

We should not play. We play to relax and to regenerate for work. In other words, play has a purpose.

Play does not produce happiness but a feeling of relief from tension and physical effort. For Aristotle “leisure is a different matter”. It has its intrinsic pleasure, intrinsic happiness and intrinsic felicity.

This kind of happiness can only be experienced by people who have leisure.

Aristotle’s notion of leisure