US electoral system 美国选举制度
The Electoral System英国与美国选举制度 PPT课件
------Britain and the United States
Buckingham Palace
Electoral system: UK
• In England, elections have been used as a parliamentary process since the 13th century. The secret ballot was adopted in 1872 and full equal voting rights won for women in 1928. All registered members of the public aged 18 and over may vote in parliamentary elections. The British House of Commons is elected for a maximum of five years; the prime minister can call a general election at any time.
By-elections
• A writ for a by-election is issued by the clerk of the Crown on receipt of the Speaker‘s warrant . A by-election must be held not less than 11 or more than 21 days after the issue of the writ.
The calling of an election – the election writ
• The royal proclamation announcing the dissolution of Parliament and the summoning of a new Parliament is the authorization for the writs for a general election.
美利坚大选会的流程
美利坚大选会的流程美利坚大选的流程可真是个有趣又复杂的事儿呢！一、初选阶段。
这就像是一场大型选秀的海选。
各个政党内部先开始竞争，想参加总统竞选的人都要在这个阶段表现自己。
在这个时候啊，不同的州有不同的方式来选出他们支持的候选人。
有的州是通过党团会议，这就像是一场热闹的社区聚会。
选民们聚在一起，讨论来讨论去，最后选出他们觉得最适合代表本党去竞选总统的人。
还有些州呢，是直接进行初选投票，就像我们平时投票选班长那样，只不过规模大得太多太多啦。
在这个过程中，候选人得拼命地拉票，到处演讲，告诉选民自己的想法、政策主张之类的。
比如说，承诺要让经济更好啦，改善医疗啦，或者是加强国防之类的。
他们得把自己的魅力展现得淋漓尽致，就像孔雀开屏一样，吸引选民的注意。
二、全国代表大会。
当初选结束后，各政党就会举办全国代表大会。
这可是个超级盛大的派对一样的活动呢。
在这个大会上，政党正式确定自己的总统候选人。
这时候，整个会场都充满了激情。
大家欢呼、呐喊，像是在庆祝一场伟大的胜利。
而且，在这个大会上，还会确定副总统候选人。
这就像是给主角找个得力的助手。
副总统候选人的选择也很重要哦，要能给整个竞选团队加分才行。
大会上还有很多演讲，大家都在为自己的政党和候选人打气加油，那气氛，热得就像着火了一样。
三、竞选活动阶段。
这是整个大选过程中最热闹、最漫长的阶段啦。
两位（或者多位，不过一般是两大政党的两位候选人竞争比较激烈）候选人就开始全国巡回演讲，到处跑。
他们去大城市，也去小乡镇。
就像一个超级推销员一样，把自己的理念和政策计划推销给每一个能见到的选民。
这个时候啊，电视广告、社交媒体上也到处都是他们的身影。
他们会互相攻击，也会拼命宣传自己的好。
电视辩论也是这个阶段的重头戏。
候选人在辩论台上面对面，就像两只斗鸡一样，谁都不想输给对方。
他们得思维敏捷，回答问题要快又好，还要找机会攻击对手的弱点。
在这个过程中，选民们也在不断地观察、思考，决定到底要把自己的票投给谁。
美国选举制度英文
美国选举制度英文The United States of America has one of the most unique and complex electoral systems in the world. This system, which is based on democratic principles, provides a means for citizens to elect their representatives and leaders at various levels of government. The American electoral system consists of several key components that are crucial to understanding how elections are conducted in the country.First and foremost, the American electoral system is built upon the concept of federalism. This means that power is divided between the national government and the individual states. As a result, there is no singular national election, but rather a series of separate state-level elections that ultimately determine the outcome of national races.At the heart of the American electoral system is the Electoral College. Unlike many other democracies, the President of the United States is not directly elected by the people. Instead, the President is elected by a group of electors who are chosen by each state. Each state is allocated a certain number of electors based on their representation in Congress, with a total of 538 electors nationwide. The candidate who wins the majority of electoral votes (270 or more) becomes the President.The process of electing the President begins with the selection of these electors. Each state has its own rules for choosing electors, which can vary widely. In most states, electors are chosen through a party-based system, where political parties nominate individuals to serve as electors. However, some states allow voters to directlyelect electors. Once chosen, these electors are expected to cast their vote in accordance with the popular vote in their respective states.In addition to the Electoral College, the American electoral system also includes several other important aspects. One key feature is the two-party system, which has dominated American politics for much of its history. The two major parties, the Democrats and Republicans, play a significant role in the electoral process, fielding candidates for various offices and shaping the political discourse.Another crucial component of the American electoral system is campaign finance. Elections in the United States are largely funded by private donations, rather than government funding. This has led to concerns about the influence of wealthy donors and interest groups on the electoral process. In recent years, there have been ongoing debates about campaign finance reform and efforts to limit the influence of money in politics.The American electoral system also includes various safeguards to ensure the integrity of the process. This includes measures such as voter registration requirements, voter identification laws, and the use of electronic voting systems. Additionally, the Federal Election Commission oversees the enforcement of campaign finance laws and regulations.Despite its complexities and occasional controversies, the American electoral system is regarded as a cornerstone of democracy. It provides citizens with the opportunity to have their voices heard, elect their leaders, and shape the future of the nation.While there may be ongoing debates about aspects of the system, the United States remains committed to the principles of democracy and the importance of free and fair elections.。
美国总统大选的规则
美国总统大选的规则美国总统大选的规则每隔4年的11月4日是美国大选的日子，今年因为11月4日是星期天，大选将于11月6日举行。
美国目前有3亿多人口，大约有三分之一会参选，每个成年的美国公民都有投票权，他们是选民。
但是最后谁会胜出，并不完全取决于选民的投票（popular votes），而是取决于538张选举人票（electoral votes）。
这538个选举人，被称为“选举团”（electoral college）。
2012年，美国共有100位参议员，无论州的人口多少，每州2位，这是宪法规定，永远不变的；2012年美国50个州共有435位众议员，每州众议员的人数根据各州人口的多少确定，总人数也随着美国总人口的变化而变化；此外，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区还有3位选举人，所以总数是538。
因为华盛顿哥伦比亚特区是联邦政府的领地，所以他们既不算众议员，也不算参议员，平时在国会立法投票时他们没有投票权，只是在大选时才有选举权。
严格地说起来，当选民在大选中投票时，他们并没有真正将选票投给自己想选的总统候选人，而是决定自己州的议员将如何投票。
例如，你投票选举奥巴马，其实你是命令你的州的议员保证投民主党候选人的票。
如果一个州共有10张选举人票，40%的选民投民主党的票，60%的选民投共和党的票，那是不是该州的10位选举人中将有4位投民主党的票，其他6位投共和党的票呢？不是的。
如果这个州正好有4位民主党的议员，6位共和党的议员，一旦共和党得到的选民票胜出，则该州所有的10位议员都得投票选举共和党的候选人。
只有在立法的过程中，该州的议员（通常）才会分别投各自所代表的政党的票。
换言之，两党的候选人争夺一个州，任何一个党只要得到微弱的多数，哪怕只是一票之差，便能赢得该州所有的选举人票。
这种总统大选的规则是美国宪法第二条和1804年的第12修正案所规定的。
一直延续至今。
目前美国共有538张选举人票，美国宪法规定总统必须多数当选，换言之，无论奥巴马还是罗姆尼，都必须得到270张选举人票才能当选。
美国的选举
美国选举制度的特点
美国的政治体制是一个总统制的国家，在其早期的权 力构架中，并没有政党的因素，只是在后来政治角逐 中，政党不断在其中发挥越来越重要的作用。
其主要特点是： 1、总统候选人由政党推荐产生 2、美国是一个典型的两党制国家 3、美国的国会即众议院、参议院议员一般由政党推 荐参选，由全民投票直接选举产生，拥有立法权
课外话题：中美选举制度的差异
中国。国家是主导。人民代表大会是选举机构，人大代表 是选举权的行使人，代表广大人民的根本愿望。我们的选举制 度是由国情和国别决定的。中国是社会主义国家，是人民民主 专政。
西方，意识形态趋向于新自由主义，认为社会是主导。选 举权属于广大群众，优点很明显，就是全民的民主。但缺点就 是社会不稳定。每个党上台代表了自己利益集团的利益。很难 代表全民的利益。
美国的选举
The American electoral system
PK
探讨问题
美国的选举是怎样进行的？
共和党VS民主党
它的选举制度能真正体现民主吗？ 美国选举制度的特点美国的选举是怎样进行的？
一、各州选举（选州长）
1、众议院的选举 2、参议院的选举
二、总统选举（选总统）
1、预选 2、全国代表大会
3、其他选举
3、总统候选人
4、全国选民投票
美国实行总统制，总统选举每4年举行一次
选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选 人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选 举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼 等几个阶段。
它的选举制度能真正体现民主吗？
4、美国的总统尽管名义上是所在党的领袖，但当选后更多的是以“全民 总统”的面目出现，美国总统不由国会选举产生，他不对国会负责。 5、这一政治体制模式的优点是：美国总统的权力较大，总统受政党的约 束小，独立性较大，有利于较快地作出政治决断，提高执政效能。其弱 点是：美国三大权力体系的相互制约与牵制明显，造成一些体制消耗。
TheElectoralSystem英国与美国选举制
Nomination of candidates
• The House of Commons consists of 659 members, each representing a singlemember constituency. Each candidate must be nominated by a proposer, a seconder, and eight other electors. In practice, the overwhelming majority of candidates are nominated by political parties. Furthermore, the majority of the party candidates are nominated by the Conservative, Labour, and Liberal Democrat parties .
THE LISTING
• The calling of an election – the election writ • By-elections • Nomination of candidates • Election campaigns and expenses • Corrupt practices • The parliamentary franchise • The poll • Disputed elections • Effects of the first-past-the-post system • Electoral behaviour in Britain
• Elizabeth
Election campaigns and
expenses
TheElectoralSystem英国与美国选举制度精品文档
THE LISTING
• The calling of an election – the election writ • By-elections • Nomination of candidates • Election campaigns and expenses • Corrupt practices • The parliamentary franchise • The poll • Disputed elections • Effects of the first-past-the-post system • Electoral behaviour in Britain
The calling of an election – the election writ
• The royal proclamation announcing the dissolution of Parliament and the summoning of a new Parliament is the authorization for the writs for a general election.
On average, since 1900 elections have been held between every three and four years. On two occasions in the 20th century two elections have been held in one year: in 1910 and 1974.
The parliamentary franchise
• To qualify as an elector in a parliamentary election in a particular constituency a person must be resident in that constituency on the annual qualifying date (10 October), be a British citizen or a citizen of the Republic of Ireland, of at least 18 years of age (21 before 1969), and not be subject to any legal disqualification.
政 治选举词汇
政治选举词汇Caucus（核心会议）特指旨在决定政治上或组织上改变的会议。
在美国总统竞选政治中，本词指各党地方组织在总统提名期间召开的骨干党员会议。
“层次分明的”骨干党员会议体制指党的区一级骨干分子选举出席县一级会议的代表；县级会议则选举州级会议代表；州级会议选举出席该党全国总统提名大会的代表。
骨干党员会议体制旨在通过代表的遴选显示该党各州党员究竟倾向谁为总统候选人，其实效是使总统提名民主化，因为候选人的挑选基本上决定于区一级，即整个进程的最初阶段。
Conservative（保守派）指从温和的中右派到坚定右派之间不同色彩的各种政治观点。
就美国两大政党而言，共和党一般被认为偏于保守。
在美国，一般来说，“政治上”的保守派主张自由市场经济原则以及低税收；就政府权力分配来说，偏重州政府和地方政府分权，而反对联邦政府集权。
“文化上”的保守派则反对堕胎或无节制的大众媒体的宣传。
Debate（辩论）就一个问题的两个或两个以上矛盾面所进行的辩论。
美国政治中，近年来辩论与电视节目挂钩，即总统或副总统候选人在电视上亮相，阐述本人及该党的观点，回答媒体或观众提出的问题。
辩论可以通过广播，也可在社区群众大会上进行。
各级政府公职人员的选举均可进行辩论。
Divided government（分治的政府）一般指总统属于一个政党，而国会的参众两院至少有一院由反对党控制的政治局面。
此种情况也可能发生在州一级，即州长属于一个党，而另一党控制州议会。
在美国政府制度中，常出现两党分治。
其历史影响则是减少急剧改革，促使两党政治家在立法提案上进行妥协。
Federal Election Campaign Act(FECA)（联邦竞选法）这项1971年制定的法律规定了联邦选举的财务事项，曾于1974、1976及1979三度修订。
该法要求候选人及政治委员会公开资金来源及开支情况，同时规定联邦大选期间接受捐款及开支款项事宜。
该法并对用公共资金资助总统竞选作出了规定。
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except Democratic and Public) to be elected.
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2014-3-21
2014-3-21
What we can learn from American presidential election
Totally transparent源自election process;
personal attacks and defame are always been used in the campaign
Negative Impact of American presidential election
The existing election system make it difficult for other third party (
2008 election cost more than 1 billion USD
Negative Impact of American presidential election
In the fierce competition, a lot of immoral trick has been used;
选举人投票(electoral voting) 12月份第二个星期三后的第一个星期一
大选日选民投票(voting on Election Day) 11月份第一个星期一后的第一个星期二
Sep
总统候选人竞选 正式选举(general election)
Aug
党的全国代表大会
July
June
primary elction
Each state has its own electors
大规模的
Each party has its own electoral college(选举委员 会）
The electors from Each State make up the "Electoral College “ The m ajor political parties will officially hold its presidential nominating conventions . In this nominating conventions , The “Electoral College” Votes for the President. Normally ,the candidate for president receiving the majority (>50%) of the electoral votes is the elected president.
These media tools play an important role in running(宣传造势） .
This process costs lots.
总统大选电视辩论2012 第一场
turnout in 2008
Obama won the election
Maccine admited his failure
提名程序(nomination process)
nomination （1）1790-1824年的国会党团会议提名制 （2）1831-1968年的全国代表大会提名制 （3）1968年至今的预选提名制
Feb
Presidential Election System
Elections for President and Vice President of the United States
党间领导
行政领导
国内政策 的领导
对外政策 的领导
军事能力
象征性的 领导
（四） 总统选举程序
procedure
1月20日宣誓就职
next Jan Dec Nov
国会两院联席会议上计票(electoral votes counting) 、宣布大选结果declare election results
Fully competitive election process; Matured election system and culture
click me
08年美国选举人分布
100 435 Senators Congressmen
535 Representatives in Congress
538 electors
3 electors The District of Columbia
选举人和选举人团制
美国宪法第二条第一款规定：每州应依照该议会所定方式选派选举 人若干人，其数目同该州在国会应有的参议员和众议员总人数相等，但 参议员或众议员，或在合众国属下担任有责任或有薪金职务的人，不得 被选派为选举人。由各州选派的选举人组成选举人团。 由选举人团投票,如得票数超过选举人总数的一半，即当选为总统， 这就是选举人团制。
50 states 538
Senate 100
House of Representatives 435
Colombia DC 3
5.inauguration 总统就职 仪式
4.General Election 全国选举
Process of presidential election
Each state starts to conduct popular elections to choose their slate of electors: indirect election system.
Presidential Election System
Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket
that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.
Much coverage by the media
Troublesome registering process
Negative Impact of American presidential election
Very costly and money consuming campaign;
Content
Presidential Job Description
Presidential Election System
Process of presidential election Factors influencing turnout Negative impact of American presidential election What we can learn from American presidential election
Total electoral votes: 538 Candidate gets more than
270 win the election
“Winner-take-all”
Exceptions: Maine and Nebraska
Where would you focus your energy and campaign the hardest?
American Presidential Election
Prepared by: May
Basic introduction
Start with the Constitution(宪法) quadrennial The Election Day is the Tuesday between November 2nd and 8th(the last one: Nov. 4th 2008;the next one : Nov 6th, 2012） Candidates for President and Vice-President Run Together. (In most cases, the presidential candidate select a vice-presidential candidate himself.) The Constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race ,color,sex or age.
Indirect
Direct
The candidates of the major parties will go to many states to win the supporters by means of ： campaigning trips to different states addressing TV speeches showing on TV debates.
5. Inauguration: January in the next year
Factors influencing turnout
Satisfaction Quality of campaigns: lack of real issues; negative advertising Frequency and length of elections Frequent public polls
Terms:
No more than two terms or ten years
Presidential Job Description
Rewards of president
$200,000 a year Living in White House Camp David as a retreat Fleets of aircraft and cars A generous pension Money for an office and staff after retirement