新GRE写作官方题库与范文第2版阅读文件 ..

合集下载

GRE PP2文档版免安装

新GRE prep 题目Section21 dramatic literature often_____ the history of a culture in that it takes as its subject matter the important events that have shaped and guided the culture.A confoundsB repudiatesC recapitulatesD anticipatesE polarizes2 since she believe him to be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the possibility that his statement had beenA irrelevantB facetiousC mistakenD criticalE insincere3 given how (i)_______ the shortcomings of the standard economic model are in its portrayal of human behavior, the failure of many economists to respond to them is astonishing. They continue to fill the journals with yet more proofs of yet more(ii)_______ theorem. Others, by contrast, accept the criticisms as a challenge, seeking to expand the basic model to embrace a wider range of things people do.4. There has been much hand-wringing about how unprepared American students are for college. Graff reverses this perspective, suggesting that colleges are unprepared for students. In his analysis, the university culture is largely (i) _______ entering students because academic culture fails to make connections to the kinds of arguments and cultural references that students grasp. Understandably, many students view academic life as (ii)________ ritual.5. The narratives that vanquished peoples have created of their defeat have, according to Schivelbusch, fallen into several identifiable types. In one of these, the vanquished manage to (i) ________the victor’s triumph as the result of some spurious advantage, the victors being truly inferior where it counts. Often the winners (ii) _______ this interpretation, worrying about the culture or moral costs of their triumph and so giving some credence to the loser’s story.6. The question of (i)________ in photography has lately become nontrivial, prices for vintage prints(those make by a photographer soon after he or she made the negative) so drastically (ii) _________in the 1990s that one of these photographs might fetch a hundred times as much as a nonvintage print of the same image. It was perhaps only a matter of time before someone took advantage of the (iii)_______ to peddle newly created “vintage”prints for profit.7.( 逻辑题)Even after numerous products made with artificial sweeteners became available, sugar consumption per capita continued to rise. Now manufacturers are introducing fat-free versions of various foods that they claim have the taste and texture of the traditional high-fat versions. Even if the manufacturers’s claim is true, given that the availability of sugar-free foods did not reduce sugar consumption, it is unlikely that the availability of these fat-free foods will reduce fat consumption. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?A several kinds of fat substitute are available to manufacturers, each of which gives a noticeably different taste and texture to products that contain it.B the products made with artificial sweeteners did not taste like products made with sugar.C the foods brought out in sugar-free versions did not generally have reduced levels of fat, but many of the fat-free versions about to be introduced are low in sugar.D people who regularly consume products containing artificial sweeteners are more likely than others to consume fat-free foods.E not all foods containing fat can be produced in fat-free versions.(8-11题基于以下文章阅读)Recent studies of sediment in the North Atlantic’deep waters reveal possible cyclical patterns in the history of Earth’s climate. The rock fragments in these sediments are too large to have been transported there by ocean currents, they must have reached their present locations by traveling in large icebergs that floated long distance from their point of origin before melting. Geologist Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sediment grains were stained with iron oxide, evidence that they originated in locales where glaciers had overrun outcrops of red sand stone. Bond’s detailed analysis of deep-water sediment cores showed changes in the mix of sediment sources over time: the proportion of these red-stained grains fluctuated back and forth from lows of 5 percent to highs of about 17 percent, and these fluctuations occurred in a nearly regular 1,500-year cycle.Bond hypothesized that the alternation cycles might be evidence of changes in ocean-water circulation and therefore in Earth’s climate. He knew that the sources of the red-stained grains were generally closer to the North Pole than were the places yielding a high proportion of“clean” grains. At certain times, apparently, more icebergs from the Arctic Ocean in the far north were traveling south well into the North Atlantic before melting and shedding their sediment.Ocean waters are constantly moving. And water temperature is both a cause and an effect of this movement. As water cools, it becomes denser and sinks to the ocean’s bottom. During some periods, the bottom layer of the world’s oceans comes from cold, dense water sinking in the far North Atlantic. This causes the warm surface waters of the Gulf Stream to be pulled northward. Bond realized that during such periods, the influx of these warm surface waters into northern regions could cause a large proportion of the icebergs that bear red grains to melt before traveling very far into the North Atlantic. But sometimes the ocean’s dynamic changes, and waters from the Gulf stream do not travel northward in this way. During these periods, surface waters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting icebergs bearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the North Atlantic before melting and depositing their sediment.The onset of the so-called Little Ice Age(1300-1860), which followed the Medieval Warm Period of the eighth through tenth centuries, may represent the most recent time that the ocean’s dynamic changed in this way. If ongoing climate-history studies support Bond’s hypothesis of 1,500-year cycles, scientists may establish a ma jor natural rhythm in Earth’s temperatures that could then be extrapolated into the future. Because the midpoint of the Medieval Warm Period was about AD.850, an extension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm interval in the twenty-fourth century.8 according to the passage, which of the following is true of the rock fragments contained in the sediments studied by Bond?A the majority of them are composed of red sandstone.B they must have reached their present location over 1,500 years ago.C they were carried by icebergs to their present location.D Most of them were carried to their present location during a warm period in Earth’s climatic history.E They are unlikely to have been carried to their present location during the Little Ice Age.9 In the final paragraph of the passage, the author is concerned primarily withA answering a question about Earth’s climatic historyB pointing out a potential flaw in Bond’s hypothesisC suggesting a new focus for the study of ocean sedimentsD tracing the general history of Earth’s climateE discussing possible implications of Bond’s hypothesis.10 According to the passage, Bond hypothesized that which of the following circumstances would allow red-stained sediment grains to reach more southerly latitudes?A Warm waters being pulled northward from the Gulf StreamB Climatic conditions causing icebergs to melt relatively quicklyC Icebergs containing a higher proportion of iron oxide than usualD The formation of more icebergs than usual in the far northE the presence of cold surface waters in the North Atlantic11 It can be inferred from the passage that in sediment cores from the North Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that corres pond to the Little Ice AgeA differ very little in composition from the portions that correspond to the Medieval Warm Period.B fluctuate significantly in composition between the portions corresponding to the 1300s and the portions corresponding to the 1700sC would be likely to contain a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5 percent.D show a much higher proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted from the far north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further south.E were formed in part as a result of Gulf Stream waters having been pulled northward.12 Early critics of Emily Dickinson’s poetry mistook for simplemindedness the surface of artlessness that in fact she constructed with suchA astonishmentB craftC cunningD innocenceE naiveteF vexation13 The macromolecule RNA is common to all living beings, and DNA, which is found in all organisms except some bacteria, is almostA comprehensiveB fundamentalC inclusiveD universalE significantF ubiquitous14 While in many ways their personalities could not have been more different—she was ebullient where he was glum, relaxed where he was awkward, garrulous where he was --they were surprisingly well suited.A solicitousB munificentC irresoluteD laconicE fastidiousF taciturn15 Even in this business, where________is part of everyday life, a talent of lying is not something usually found on one’s resume.A aspirationB mendacityC prevaricationD insensitivityE basenessF avarice（16题基于以下文章阅读）Historians frequently employ probate inventories- lists of possessions compiles after a person’s death—to estimate standard of living. Because these inventories were taken by amateur assessors according to unwritten rules, they are sometimes unreliable. One way to check their accuracy is to compare them to archaeological records. A study of records from the state of Delaware in the eighteenth century found that while very few inventories listed earthenware, every excavation contained earthenware. Earthenware may have gone unlisted simply because it was inexpensive. But if it was so commonplace, why was it listed more often for wealthy households？Perhaps the more earthenware people had, the more likely appraisers were to note it. A few bowls could easily be absorbed into another category, but a roomful of earthenware could not.16 Select the sentence that provides support for an answer to a question in the passage.（17-19题基于以下文章阅读）In the 1980s, neuroscientists studying the brain processes underlying our sense of conscious wil l compared subjects’ judgments regarding their subjective will to move(W) and actual movement(M) with objective electroencephalographic activity called readiness potential, or RP. As expected, W preceded M: subjects consciously perceived the intention to move as preceding a conscious experience of actually moving. This might seem to suggest an appropriate correspondence between the sequence of subjective experiences and the sequence of the underlying events in the brain. But researchers actually found a surprising temporal relation between subjective experience and objectively measured neural events: in direct contradiction of the classical conception of free will, neural preparation to move(RP) preceded conscious awareness of the intention to move(W) by hundreds of milliseconds.17 based on information contained in the passage, which of the following chains of events would most closely conform to the classical conception of free will?A W followed by RP followed by MB RP followed by W followed by MC M followed by W followed by RPD RP followed by M followed by WE RP followed by W and M simultaneously18 in the context in which it appears, ‘temporal’ most nearly meansA secularB mundaneC numericalD physiologicalE chronological19 the author of the passage mentions the classical conception of free will primarily in order toA argue that earlier theories regarding certain brain processes were based on false assumptionsB suggest a possible flaw in the reasoning of neuroscientists conducting the study discussed in the passageC provide a possible explanation for the unexpected results obtained by neuroscientistsD cast doubt on neuroscientists’ conclusions regarding the temporal sequence of brain processesE indicate the reason that the results of the n euroscientists’ study were surprising.20．（逻辑题）Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygen than does drier soil. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently under the low-oxygen conditions present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do not supply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follows that melon plants have a lower-than-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When the photosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar stored in the fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripe melons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less sweet than other ripe melons.In the argument given, the two highlighted portions play which of the following roles?A the first states the conclusion of the argument as a whole, the second provides support for that conclusion.B the first provide support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole, the second provides evidence that support an objection to that conclusion.C the first provide support for an intermediate conclusion that support a further conclusion stated in the argument, the second states that intermediate conclusion.D the first serves as an intermediate conclusion that support a further conclusion stated in the argument, the second states the position that the argument as a whole opposes.E the first states the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second supports the conclusion of the argument .参考答案：1C 2 E 3 CD 4 BD 5 AF 6 ADG 7 B 8 C 9 E 10 E 11 C 12 BC 13 DF 14 DF 15 BC 16 最后一句 17 B 18 E 19 E 20 CSection41 Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historian s of the 1960’s portrayed him as______thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.(A) an adventurous(B) a doctrinaire(C) an eclectic(D) a judicious(E) a cynical2 stories are a haunted genre, hardly(i)________kind of story, the ghost story is almost the paradigm of the form, and(ii)________ was undoubtedly one effect that Poe had in mind when he wrote about how stories work.3 the playwright’s approach is(i)________ in that her works(ii)______ the theatrical devices normally used to create drama on the stage4 I’ve long anticipated this retrospective of the artist’s work, hoping it would make (i)______ judgments about him possible, but greater familiarity with his paintings highlights their inherent (ii)______ and actually makes one’s assessment(iii)_______ .5 Higher energy prices would have many (i)_______ effects on society as a whole. Besides encouraging consumers to be more (ii)_________ in their use of gasoline, they would encourage the development of renewable alternative energy sources that are not (iii)_____ at current prices.6 But they pay little attention to the opposite and more treacherous failing: false certainty, refusing to confess their mistakes and implicitly claiming(i) ________ ,thereby embarrassing the nation and undermining the Constitution, which established various mechanisms of self-correction on the premise that even the wisest men are sometimes wrong and need, precisely when they find it most (ii)_______ , the benefit of (iii)________ process.（7-9题基于以下文章阅读）Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist, originator of the 1920sHarlem“stride”style, and an important blues and jazz composer. In addition, however, Johnson was an innovator in classical music, composing symphonic music that incorporated American, and especially African American, traditions.Such a blend of musical elements was not entirely new: by 1924 both Milhaud and Gershwin had composed classical works that incorporated elements of jazz. Johnson, a serious musician more experienced than most classical composers with jazz, blues, spirituals, and popular music, was particularly suited to expand Mihaud’s Gershwin’s experiments . In 1927 he completed his first large-scale work, the blues-and jazz-inspired Yamekraw, which included borrowings from spirituals and Johnson’s own popular songs. Yamekraw, premiered successfully in Carnegie Hall, was a ma jor achievement for Johnson, becoming his most frequently performed extended work. It demonstrated vividly the possibility of assimilating contemporary popular music into the symphonic tradition.7 which if the following best describes the organization of the passage?A a historical overview is presented, and a particular phenomenon is noted and analyzed.B a popular belief is challenged, and a rival interpretation is presented and supported.C a common viewpoint is presented and modified, and the modification is supported.D an observation is made and rejected, and evidence for that rejection is presented.E a common claim is investigated, and an alternative outlook is analyzed and criticized.8 consider each of the choices separately and select all that applyThe author suggests which of the following about most classical composers of the early 1920s?A they were strongly influenced by the musical experiments of Milhaud and GershwinB they had little working familiarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songs.C they made few attempts to introduce innovations into the classical symphonic tradition.9 the passage states that Johnson composed all of the following EXCEPT :A jazz worksB popular songsC symphonic musicD spiritualsE blues pieces（10-11题基于以下文章阅读）The nearly circular orbits of planets in our solar system led scientists to expect that planets around other stars would also reside in circular orbits. However, most known extrasolar planets reside in highly elongated, not circular, orbits. Why? The best clue comes from comets in our solar system. Comets formed in circular orbits but were gravitationally flung into their present-day elliptical orbits when they ventured too close to planets. Astronomers suspect that pairs of planets also engage in this slingshot activity, leaving them in disturbed, elliptical orbits. If two planets form in close orbits, one will be scattered inward(toward its star), the other outward. They will likely then travel close enough to neighboring planets to disturb their orbits also.10 consider each of the choices and select all that applyAccording to the passage, which of the following factors help account for the elliptical shape of the orbits of extrasolar planet？A the planet’s formation in close proximity to other planetsB the gravitational influence of planets whose original orbits have been disturbedC the gravitational influence of comets11 consider each of the choices separately and select all that applyThe passage suggests that two planets formed in close orbits that engaged in ‘slingshot activity’ would be likely toA deflect away from each otherB change the shape of each other’s orbitC affect the orbits of any neighboring planets12 Once White stepped down from a political platform, where his daring,______ speeches provoked baying applause from audiences, he was courteous and considerate even to politicians he had just slandered in the speech.A floridB defamatoryC calumniousD inveiglingE timorousF diffident13 clearly the government faced a dilemma: it could hardly_____trials, especially in the absence of irrefutable evidence, but it also would not welcome, in the midst of war, the scandal that would arise if trials were avoided.A be keen onB be inclined toC arrangeD dispense withE turn its back onF credit14 the hodgepodge nature of local and federal law enforcement and the changing but often still inadequate regulations governing the credit industry make identity theft a particularly ________crime.A unobjectionableB viableC dubiousD innocuousE uncontrollableF intractable15 Economic competition among nations may lead to new forms of economic protectionism that hearken back to the mercantilism of an earlier age: there are signs today that such protectionism is indeed_______ .A evanescentB resurgentC recrudescentD transitoryE controversialF inimical( 16-17题基于以下文章阅读)According to the conventional view, serfdom in nineteenth-century Russia inhibited economic growth. In this view Russian peasants’status as serfs kept them poor through burdensome taxes in cash, in labor, and in kin d; through restrictions on mobility, and through various forms of coercion. Melton, however, argues that serfdom was perfectly compatible with economic growth, because many Russian serfs were able to get around landlord’rules and regulations. If serfs could pay for passports, they were usually granted permission to leave the estate. If they could pay the fine, they could establish a separate household; and if they had the resources, they could hire laborers to cultivate the communal lands, while they themselves engaged in trade or worked as migrant laborers in cities.16 consider each of the choices separately and select all that applyIt can be inferred from the passage that the “rules and regulations” affecting serfdom in Russia involvedA responsibility f or the work needed to accomplish certain defined tasksB restrictions on freedom of movementC limitations on the ability to set up an independent household.17 consider each of the choices separately and select all that applyThe highlighted sentence has which of the following functions in the passage?A it provides support for an argument presented in the preceding sentenceB it provides e vidence that helps undermine a view introduced in the first sentenceC it raises a question that the succeeding sentence will resolve.18（逻辑题）The dusky salamander lives only in slow-moving streams where organic debris settles and accumulates. In almost all places in New York State where dusky salamanders used to live, suburban development has cleared uplands and put down asphalt. As a result, rainwater now runs directly into streams, causing increased flow that slows the accumulation of organicsediments. Therefore, it is probably the increased flow caused by suburban development that is responsible for the duskysal amander’s virtual disappearance from New York State.Which if the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?A Since 1980 the suburban population of New York State has grown ten times faster than urban population.B Dusky salamanders have disappeared in the past ten years from some suburban areas of New York State that were originally developed more than a century ago and that have not experienced significant development for decades.C The two-line salamander, a species that lives in both slow and swift moving waters, continues to thrive in streams in New York State from which dusky salamanders have disappeared.D Suburban development in New York State contributes significantly to pollution of local streams with lawn fertilizers that are poisonous to most small aquatic animals.E Much of the suburban development in New York State has been occurring in areas that never provided prime habitat for dusky salamanders.（19-20题基于以下文章阅读）While the influence of British magazines in shaping public opinion predates the nineteenth century, it was during the 1800s that mass distribution became possible and an explosion in periodical readership occurred, vastly increasing magazine’sopinion-shaping powers. The role of magazines as arbiters of nineteenth-century taste is seen in their depictions of the London theater. The magazines accorded some legitimacy to East End working-class theaters that mirrored the format of the fashionable West End theaters serving middle-and upper-class audiences. However, the magazines also depicted music halls—which competed for patronage with all theaters—as places where crass entertainment corrupted spectators’s taste and morals. Finally, they suggested that popular demand for substandard fare created a market unfriendly to higher expressions of dramatic art.19 the author of the passage attributes the influence of British periodicals in shaping public opinion in the nineteenth century in part toA a growing public interest in reading opinion piecesB an increase in the relative number of readers from the middle and upper classesC changes in the way in which magazines were distributedD magazines’s increased coverage of theater and popular entertainmentE changes in magazine format that attracted a wider readership20 the author of the passage mentions “East End working-class theaters” primarily in order toA illustrate a point ab out the ability of magazines to sway public opinionB contrast the kinds of entertainment presented in East End and West End theatersC make a point ab out how spectators’s tastes influenced the offerings at different kind of theatersD explain how magazine chose which kinds of entertainment to cover.E identify factors that helped make certain theaters fashionable参考答案1 B 2AE 3 BD 4 BEG 5 CFI 6 ADH 7 C 8 C 9 D 10 AB 11 ABC 12 BC 13 A B 14 EF15 BC 16 ABC 17 AB 18 C 19 C 20 A。

GRE之OG2阅读真题整理

GRE之OG2阅读真题整理GRE阅读真题之OG2OG-2Passage 11Nineteenth-century architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc contended that Paris’s Notre-Dame cathedral, built primarily in the late twelfth century, was supported from the very beginning by a system of flying buttresses —a series of exterior arches (flyers) and their supports (buttresses) —which permitted the construction of taller vaulted buildings with slimmer walls and interior supports than had been possible previously. Other commentators insist, however, that Notre-Dame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, when they were added to update the building aesthetically and correct its structural flaws. Although post-twelfth-century modifications and renovations complicate efforts to resolve this controversy —all pre-fifteenth-century flyers have been replaced, and the buttresses have been rebuilt and/or resurfaced —it is nevertheless possible to tell that both the nave and the choir, the church’s two major parts, have always had flying buttresses. It isclear, now that nineteenth-century paint and plaster have been removed, that the nave’s lower buttresses date from the twelfth century. Moreover, the choir’s lower flyers have chevron (zigzag) decoration. Chevron decoration, which was characteristic of the second half of the twelfth century and was out of favor by the fourteenth century, is entirely absent from modifications to the building that can be dated with confidence to the thirteenth century.1. The passage is primarily concerned withA. tracing the development of a controversyB. discussing obstacles to resolving a controversyC. arguing in support of one side in a controversyD. analyzing the assumptions underlying the claims made in a controversyE. explaining why evidence relevant to a controversy has been overlooked2. The claim of the “other commentators” (line 6) suggests that they believe which of the following about Notre-Dame?A. It was the inspiration for many vaulted cathedrals built in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.B. Its design flaws were not apparent until flying buttresseswere added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.C. Its flying buttresses are embellished with decoration characteristic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.D. It had been modified in some respects before flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.E. It was originally constructed in an architectural style that was considered outmoded by the thirteenth or fourteenth century.3. Th e author’s argument concerning Notre-Dame’s flying buttresses depends on which of the following assumptions about the choir’s lower flyers?A. They accurately reproduce the decoration on the choir’s original lower flyers.B. They have a type of decoration used exclusively for exterior surfaces.C. They were the models for the choir’s original upper flyers.D. They were the models for the nave’s original lower flyers.E. They were constructed after the nave’s flyers were constructed.GRE阅读真题之OG2OG-2Passage 15According to the conventional view, serfdom in nineteenth-century Russia inhibited economic growth. In this view Russian peasants’ status as serfs kept them poor through burdensome taxes in cash, in labor, and in kind; through restrictions on mobility; and through various forms of coercion. Melton, however, argues that serfdom was perfectly compatible with economic growth, because many Russian serfs were able to get around landlords’ rules and regulations. If serfs could pay for passports, they were usually granted permission to leave the estate. If they could pay the fine, they could establish a separate household; and if they had the resources, they could hire laborers to cultivate the communal lands, while they themselves engaged in trade or worked as migrant laborers in cities.1. It can be inferred from the passage that the “rules and regulations” (lines 9-10) affecting serfdom in Russia involvedA. responsibility for the work needed to accomplish certain defined tasksB. restrictions on freedom of movementC. limitations on the ability to set up an independent household2. The sentence “If serfs 。

大学英语作文-新版GREArgument写作新题库汇总

新版GREArgument写作新题库汇总为大家准备了新版GRE写作新题库，有详细的翻译和讲解,下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

新版GREArgument写作新题库题目：The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highlydiversified company."Ten years ago our company had two new office buildings constructed asregional headquarters for two regions. The buildings were erected by differentconstruction companies—Alpha and Zeta. Although the two buildings had identicalfloor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build.However, that building's expenses for maintenance last year were only half thoseof Alpha's. In addition, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has beenlower than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction. Giventhese data, plus the fact that Zeta has a stable workforce with little employeeturnover, we recommend using Zeta rather than Alpha for our new buildingproject, even though Alpha's bid promises lower construction costs."Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to beanswered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on whichit is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to thesequestions would help to evaluate the recommendation.中文翻译：10年以前我们公司在两个不同地区拥有两座地方办公建筑。

新版GREArgument写作新题库汇总5篇

新版GREArgument写作新题库汇总5篇新版GREArgument写作新题库题目：The following is part of a memorandum from the president of Humana University."Last year the number of students who enrolled in online degree programs offered by nearby Omni University increased by 50 percent. During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because online instruction takes place via the Internet. In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana University has failed to grow and the cost of maintaining buildings has increased. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits at Humana University, we should initiate and actively promote online degree programs like those at Omni."Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.中文翻译：去年报名参加Omni大学远程教学系统的学生人数上升了50%。

GRE 写作2

Issue writing组织结构之一Opening paragraph首段的写法概述1. 不要道歉: Don’t apologize2. 不要大惊小怪: Don’t bomb3.正确的开头段:谈什么? What about？立场是? My position？1.开门见山式: 陈述原题观点+个人立场如: 课本20页第92题Many people consider it appropriate that more emphasis should be put on the development of students’ capacity for reasoning and logical thinking while others hold that more benefits would be gained from an education that also taught students to explore their own emotions.+个人立场如: 课本11页第46题:It is universally acknowledged that modern technologies in all walks of life have brought us easier and more convenient life. However, to use them too often might result in the loss of creativity belonging to human beings.2. 背景描述式: 相关背景介绍＋个人立场2.1. 可引用可杜撰相关背景信息(但必须合乎情理, 与主题相关)如:课本50页第238题Each year, millions of volumes of poetry, novels, mythology are being sold to numerous literature lovers. After all, human beings are by no means the jackdaw in Aesop’s fable who could afford to indulge complacently but vainly in singing and dancing without knowing where his next meal would come from.Based on an official report, …According to a recent survey conducted by…As a recent poll indicates, …如: 课本5页第18题：A recent survey indicates that young people in their teens spend the vast majority of their spare time watching TV rather than talking with other family members. This phenomenon might bring quite a few negative effects, among which the unfavorable influence on the reading habit could be one of the most remarkable.间接否定的应用:What I have done and left undone hardly mattered. Success is unimportant and failure amounts to nothing. Life is insignificant and death of little consequence.我所过的没做过的事情都不重要。

新GRE的OG（第二版）P30--写作Argument的6分官方范文[优质文档]

In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the river’s water and the river’s smell. In response, the state has recently announced p lans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is, therefore, sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this year’s budget to riverside recreational facili ti es.Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author’s argume nt does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident’s love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it cannot be used to effectivel y back the author’s argum ent.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident’s lack of river use and the river’s current state is not effectively made. Though there have b een complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river’s water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean-up will result in increased river usage. If the river’s water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water whichemit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be affected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river’s quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city’s property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational faci lities. However, this author’s argument is not likely significantly persuading the city government to allocate increased funding.。

GRE ISSUE 2

因果类题目因果类（10）•4；26；45；56；58；62；64；74；108；110Reason & Claim类（19）•5；8；22；40；44；49；70；79；87；88；89；105；113；120；131；134；139；142新GRE题库64题•"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."ISSUE写作开头段—罗列要点式•题目分析+表明立场题目分析：对题目主要概念进行解析，指出题干中明显的和隐含的论断•题目分析•事实上，这种说法包括一系列三个互相关联的主张：(1) 机器是人类智力的工具；（2）人类的智力总是优于机器；以及（3）正因为机器是人类智力的工具，人类的智力总是优于机器的。

•包括，由…组成•Consist of Be composed of Be made up of•Comprise Include•This statement actually consists of a series of three related claims:(1)machines are tools of human minds;(2) human minds will always besuperior to machines; and (3) it is because machines are human tools that human minds will always be superior to machines•表明立场•我仅能勉强认同第一个主张，而我是否认同另外两个主张部分取决于人们怎样对“优势”进行定义，部分取决于人们承认未知情况将优于自身的意愿程度。

•勉强认同：concede，avow, grant•认同：acknowledge，admit•While I concede the first claim, whether I agree with the other two claims （主语从句）depends partly on how one defines “superiority”, and partly on how willing one is to humble oneself to the unknown future scenarios. •题目•All nations should help support the development of global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world’s most persistent social problems.•所有国家应该伸出援助之手，来推动建立一所世界大学，从而使学生置身于解决世界上最积重难返的社会问题的进程。

新版GREArgument写作新题库精选5篇

新版GREArgument写作新题库精选5篇你们知道新版GREArgument写作新题库吗?一起来学习一下吧，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。

新版GREArgument写作新题库题目：The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures mens clothing.Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our alpaca overcoat. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has increased in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase.Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.中文翻译：五年前，当我们在猎取牢靠的高质量羊毛毛料的渠道方面存在困难的时候，我们停止了高档羊毛外衣的生产。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

第一章Issue写作概述第一章 Issue写作概述GRE写作（Analytical Writing）分为Issue和Argument两个组成部分。

Issue作文部分的题库（Pool of Issue Topics，请详见附录1）共有149个话题（issue topics），每个话题由题干（issue statement）和答题说明（task instruction）两部分组成。

考试时会从题库中随机抽取一道题目进行测试。

真正考试时题干的措辞可能会与题库中的有所差别，也可能配有不同的答题说明。

因此，大家必须仔细阅读试题，根据实际情况和具体要求作答。

通常来说，一篇论述比较完整的Issue 作文大概在500字左右。

Issue 作文是GRE 写作的一个难点，该部分不是单纯地考查考生的英语语言能力，而是综合考查考生的批判性分析能力、逻辑思维能力以及运用各种技巧清晰表达自己观点的能力。

也就是说，Issue 作文要求大家通过分析理解题目，运用逻辑思维组织头脑中的材料，然后用论据来论证自己的观点。

在GRE考试的改革中，Issue部分进行了比较大的调整。

除了取消“二选一”的出题模式、减少了答题时间（由过去的45分钟缩减至30分钟）之外，还增加了答题说明（task instructions）。

有限的选择、有限的时间和有限的写作方向使得Issue部分的难度较过去有所增大。

Issue题目是什么样子呢？我们来看一个例子（附录1新版Issue题库第2题）：To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities.Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these consid-erations shape your position.在30分钟的时间里，考生要按照以上题目要求展开条理清晰并且结构完整的论述并不是一件容易的事情。

不过Issue部分的改革对我们来讲也并不都是坏消息。

Issue题目的数量由244道缩减到149道。

题目涉及的领域虽然较为广泛（例如：教育、科研、艺术、政治、环境等等），但经过仔细研究大家就会发现：Issue题目有章可循，易于归纳总结。

有些题目的题干是完全相同的，只不过答题说明不同；有些题目相似或属于同一主题和领域，观点和论据可以相互借鉴。

掌握了这样的规律，我们就可以轻松地将Issue题目根据题材加以分类，将相似或同类的题目放在一起准备。

这样既可以节省备考时间，又可以充分发挥大脑的联想和想象能力，在同一领域的题目之间相互借鉴。

运用这样的方法，我们可以发现，这149道题目完全可以浓缩为50多个题组。

相信这样的数字一定能够大大增加大家的信心。

另外，“束缚”思维的task instructions其实也可以为我们所用。

大家可以猜想一下，ETS在Issue中加入这些task instructions的用意是什么呢？这是为了防止我们天马行空地写下去，从而引导我们写出考官想看到的东西。

那么，换个角度来想，如果细致地研究一下task instructions，就可以知道在Issue写作中考官想看到什么和我们应该怎样进行这部分的写作。

ETS对考试的所有调整都是有其道理的，我们要抓住这些信息来揣度出题人的意图。

我们先来分析一下答题说明的类型，看看有什么收获。

写作官方题库与范文Issue部分的答题说明共有如下6类：1. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the state-ment and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.2. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the most compelling reasons and/or examples that could be used to challenge your position.3. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and the reason on which that claim is based.改写：Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the claim and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, be sure to address the reason on which that claim is based.4. Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recom-mendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, describe specific circumstances in which adopting the recommendation would or would not be advantageous and explain how these examples shape your position.5. Write a response in which you discuss which view more closely aligns with your own position and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should address both of the views presented.6. Write a response in which you discuss your views on the policy and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider the possible consequences of implementing the policy and explain how these consequences shape your position.大家会注意到笔者对第三种答题说明进行了改写。

这样就可以清楚地看出这6种答题说明几乎都是由两部分组成，而且都呈现相似的模式。

我们可以将答题说明抽象为同一种格式，即：write a response & explain the position + specific emphasis（回应 & 立场 + 侧重点），或者缩略为：position + specific emphasis（立场 + 侧重点）。

在这个格式中，其前半段是考生很容易忽略的，因为它比较固定，看似多余。

许多考生可能干脆“无视”答题说明的前半段，直接研究后面的具体要求，希望根据具体要求来答题。

其实，这么做恰恰是忽略了Issue作文中最为重要的一点——“立场（position）问题”。

“position（view or opinion held by sb. 看法，观点）”一词在答题说明中反复出现，无疑是对这个概念的强调。

这里所谓的“立场（position）”其实就是作文中所谓的“立意”或者“中心思想”，是考生分析题目后形成的个人观点，整个文章都将围绕这个观点展开。

从这里我们可以推测出，考官看重的是考生自己的想法和观点。

也许考生不能强求自己有多么独到的见解，毕竟阅历和知识储备是有限的。

但是就像笔者前面强调的那样，大家一定不要偷懒把别人的想法照搬过来。

花点心思去确立自己的观点，不但可以确保写作过程顺畅进行、文章内容充实，也更有可能写出立意新颖、引人入胜的好文章。

另外需要强调一点，即使没有什么奇思妙想，考生也一定要有明确的观点。

这种强调似乎又有多余之第一章Issue写作概述嫌，不过大家可以用这个标准去检查一下自己的习作，笔者相信并不是所有人都达到了这个标准。

关于怎样树立自己的观点，我们在第二章中还会继续讨论。

再来看看这个格式的后半段，后半段主要是对论述的过程提出的要求。

其中的很多词语是有启发性的，诸如：might or might not、would or would not、both、consequences和challenge。