英语词汇学7-3.ppt

go: ride, run, walk, fly, sail; walk: trudge, saunter, totter, stride, stroll hobble, limp, tiptoe,
waddle, pussy-foot, stagger, hop and amble.
e.g go -- ride, run, walk, fly, sail; walk—trudge, saunter, totter, stride, stroll hobble, limp,
e.g. "cabbage is a type of large round vegetable”.
Thus, the word of English language are arranged in a hierarchical system of superordinates and subordinates.
On the other hand, the hyponyms (or specific words) of the same super-ordinate (or general) terms can be usefully employed to make one's speech or writing more vivid and precise.
7.3 Hyponymy – the kind-of relation
hyponymy: the relationship that obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is "included" in the later (i.e. is a “hyponym of" of the latter)
Meat, vegetable and fruபைடு நூலகம்t are co-hyponyms, because they are all hyponyms of food.
Hyponyms = a subordinate terms, lower terms.
The subordinate term can be defined , as in a dictionary definition, with reference to the superordinate term;
These specific words not only add much force and clarity but also evoke vivid pictures in the reader's mind.
7.4 Meronymy – the part- of relation
Meronymy: describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. The semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole . It is the relationship which obtains between parts (meronyms) and wholes (holonyms), such as finger and hand or door and handle .
Superordinate is the more general term and may have many hyponyms which include the meaning of a more general word.
e.g. fruit (super-ordinate)---orange, apple, pear, plum (hyponyms)
tiptoe, waddle, pussy-foot, stagger, hop, amble. Usually, general terms suffice for our purpose. For instance: We went there last year.
But general terms used too often can result on vagueness and triteness. They are too vague to convey any precise meaning.
e.g.
With a wild rattle and clatter, and an inhuman abandonment of consideration not easily understood in these days, the carriage dashed through streets and swept round corners, with woman screaming before it, and men clutching each other and clutching children out of its way. At last, swooping at a street corner by a fountain... (Dickens, Charles: A Tale of Two Cities).
This sense relation may be also shown by the diagram:
Food
meat
vegetable
fruit
beef pork mutton celery spinach cabbage apple orange peach
a gneral term = linguistically a superordinate or an upper term; i.e., it includes all the other terms listed underneath it.
e.g. nouns -- thing, person, animal, plant, fact, condition, place; adjectives -- good, bad, awful, great, lovely, nice, vast; verbs -- do, get, come, go, make, fix,