同达插班生英语资料4
插班生考试英语复习资料
8th day 插班生基础班词条自测intangible benefitsintangible assetsirrelevant remarksThat evidence is irrelevant to the case.a tangle of branchesphysical appearancethe physical worlda rough calculationrough groundcrude oilcrude mannersa rude commentrude jokescoarse handsa tough childhooda tough decision to makea furious debatea cruel dictatorcruelty to animalsa savage tribefierce controversya fanatical supporter religious fanaticsrelentless pursuit of perfection a relentless enemya ruthless dictatorruthless enemyreckless driversrash promisesbold ideasbold letteringa bald tyrea bald statementthe bald truththe bald headin bare feetbarren landa barren argumenta sterile debatethe sterile couplea restless nightrestless audienceconsistent supportdiscrete categoriesa few discreet enquiries moderate views/policies moderate exercisea mild climatea mild punishmentan intermediate coursea modest dressa modest studentto mollify his angerto mitigate povertyto pacify the babyfalse modestyto humiliate his bossan eminent architecthis impending retirement thrifty shoppersa frugal lifea frugal lunchat the threshold of the bedroomon the threshold of a new lifeto commence her medical careerthe new term commences.at the outsetto launch an appealto launch an attack/invasionto usher in the new chapterto defraud the governmentfraudulent advertisingthe outbreak of wara significant breakthrough in negotiations the 7th commencementin a whisperthe whistle of the windShe wants to scream.a terrific shrieka shrill voicethe daily grind of governmentto grind coffeeto moan in painto groan with painto start to grumblerotating chairpersonto revolve around the sunto roll up your sleeveto enroll the children for piano lessons blood circulationto wrestle with the problemsThey taught me to wrestle.She wrenched her knee.to twist my arm behind my backto distort the factShe swerved sharply to avoid a cyclist. He wrecked the garden.the wreckage of his carin utter miserya miserable lifeconsiderable distressdistress flarea disastrous resultto share their common joys and grieves a great deal of political mischiefto grieve over his lossesblind worshipwear-and-teara weary travellerThey're getting awfully weary of this silly war. physical and mental fatiguethe elapse of timeAll hopes vanished.The advantages eclipse the disadvantages.at the warehousein the wardrobesurveillance cameras/equipmentto ward off the cold mountain windan arrest warranta watertight containera watertight alibi/excusewaterproof clothinga waterproof camerato withstand the test of timemore tolerant attitudesa tolerable degree of successtolerable painto refrain from smokingto refrain from tears compulsory educationa summit in Moscowto culminate in tragedyto highlight these factsthe auction houseto bid $18 billion for this company in a bid to restore their popularity by secret ballota ballet dancera more optimistic viewto optimize the use of resources an outstanding judgethe optimum temperatureto be pessimistic about the future covetous staresan elegant dressa handsome profita lucrative business cumbersome machineryan extravagant presenta graceful dancera gracious ladya gracious smileexquisite craftsmanshipan amicable relationshipa very kind and amiable old woman an innocent bystandera bomb blastto assail the opponentsthe assault on the presidentthe nominal leader of the partyto nominate candidatesthe disreputable place of entertainment family discordThe grass had withered.wax and wanechoral musicin the chorusthe chronological sequencein alphabetic orderto confess your sinsa verbal agreement/warningvocal musicthe intensity of the crisisthe population densitythe velocity of lightwith an astonishing velocitythe ratio of men to womena high rate of unemploymentat an average rate of 5 kilometers an houron a scale of zero to tenin the 17-20 age rangeto spend a disproportionate amount of our income on rent an appropriate measureto appropriate more funding for this purposeto embezzle propertythe embezzlement of fundsrapid growththe rapidity of the changesa new surge of interestmotor vehiclesat stationery shopsa stationary vehiclea fishing vessela heart arteryin the vicinity of the schoola deep affinity with naturea shrewd businessmanan amateur goalkeeperto specialize in criminal lawthe presidential vetoa well-ventilated roomutter nonsensethe utmost importanceto maximize opportunities/resources the maximal zooender wordsthe tender meatan interim governmentto pacify the furious crowdtrivial detaila feeble old mana feeble argumentto dazzle and enchant the observer's eye at dizzy speedthe fragility of the global recoverya compact camerathe compact officeThe committee is comprised of representatives.to compile a good dictionarya research instituteto institute a number of measuresan official institution of censorshipa meat substituteFemale workers constitute the majority of the labor force. the active constituent of drinksShe has the full support of her constituents.a new constitutionthe genetic constitution of cellsa military compoundorganic compoundsa composite picturethe components of a machineThe court adjourned for lunch.the exhaustive researchan explicable conductprerequisite knowledgeextravagant lifestyleimmoderate drinkingnatural instinctto redeem the mortgagean official decreeplain foodthe plain churchthe plaintiff in the suitpleading eyesa petition against experiments on animals an ardent supportera cordial atmospherean arduous journeythe insidious effectsa high social statusthe new statuteto pull down a statuehis physical statureto preach the word of Godto breach the code of conduct on privacy to prosecute drivers for speeding persecuted minoritiesto prune a bushshear their sheepthe prototype of the modern bicycle to be punctual for classthe importance of punctuality13※孔老师英语资料※。
V OUT
NOTESDefinitionsShort-form specification — The data in a short-form specification is extracted from a full data sheet with the same type number and title. For detailed information see the relevant data sheet or data handbook.Limiting values definition — Limiting values given are in accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). Stress above one or more of the limiting values may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and operation of the device at these or at any other conditions above those given in the Characteristics sections of the specification is not implied. Exposure to limiting values for extended periods may affect device reliability.Application information — Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. Philips Semiconductors make no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification.DisclaimersLife support — These products are not designed for use in life support appliances, devices or systems where malfunction of these products can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury. Philips Semiconductors customers using or selling these products for use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Philips Semiconductors for any damages resulting from such application.Right to make changes — Philips Semiconductors reserves the right to make changes, without notice, in the products, including circuits, standard cells, and/or software, described or contained herein in order to improve design and/or performance. Philips Semiconductors assumes no responsibility or liability for the use of any of these products, conveys no license or title under any patent, copyright, or mask work right to these products, and makes no representations or warranties that these products are free from patent, copyright, or mask work right infringement, unless otherwise specified.Philips Semiconductors811 East Arques AvenueP.O. Box 3409Sunnyvale, California 94088–3409 Telephone 800-234-7381© Copyright Philips Electronics North America Corporation 1998All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.Date of release: 05-98。
广东学导练秋七年级英语上册module4unit7schoolclubs课件新版牛津深圳版
A.other’s B.the other C.another
【7】amazing adj. inspiring awe or admiration or wonder 令人大为惊奇的
Where are those amazing photos taken from？那些神 奇的照片是在哪里拍的？ 【同根词】
于：another 表示不确定数目中的“另一个”，而the other 表示两个人或两个事物中的“另一个”。
Have another piece of cake．再吃一块饼吧。 Both my uncles are abroad，one in Paris and the other in New York．我的两个叔叔都在国外，一个在巴 黎，另一个在纽约。 【应用】 ( C)—Shall we meet at 9 o’clock tomorrow
They were very surprised. 他们感到很惊讶。 【同根词】
(1)surprising adj. 令人惊讶的 But that is not surprising, either. 但那也不令人惊讶。
(2)surprise v. 使人惊讶 n. 惊讶；惊喜 Her beauty surprised me. 我惊讶于她的美貌。 He gave his mother a big surprise. 他给了他妈妈一个 大惊喜。 【拓展】 (1)be surprised at... 对……感到惊讶 I was surprised at the news. 这个消息令我感到惊讶。 (2)to one’s surprise 使某人惊讶的是 To my surprise, she made it at last. 使我惊讶的是， 她最终成功了。
2012年上海插班生考试综述
插班生相关信息综述一、插班生招生政策（1）政策背景在目前的高考制度下，每年都有部分优秀的高中生因为高考发挥欠佳而无缘进入重点名牌大学，同时，上海各本科高校中有不少表现非常优秀或有特殊才能的学生希望转入重点大学学习，重点高校也愿意通过招收插班生为他们提供可能的途径。
随着高等教育事业的迅速发展，大学生在本科高校中的适当流动满足了学生的需求，同时也利于在学生中建立适当的竞争机制，激发学生的创新精神和创新能力。
（2）招生院校上海市教委本着培养创新人才、鼓励优等学生成才以及在大学本科新生中引入适当竞争机制的目的，自2000年起先后允许复旦大学、上海交通大学、同济大学、华东理工大学、华东师范大学、上海财经大学、华东理工大学、上海大学、东华大学、上海理工大学等重点高校招收插班生。
从2000年至今一直都在招生的院校有：复旦大学、华东师范大学、华东理工大学、上海大学。
自2005年开始每年都有5所以上的高校招生，从未间断过。
但是具体哪些高校的哪些专业招生每年略有一些变化，各院校的招生简章要到每年的4、5月份公布，6、7月间进行考试。
2011年，上海只有复旦大学、华东师范大学、华东理工大学、上海大学、上海理工大学、上海工程技术大学等6所高校招收插班生。
2012年复旦大学、上海交通大学、同济大学、华东师范大学、华东理工大学、东华大学、上海大学、上海理工大学、上海工程技术大学、上海海事大学、上海海洋大学和华东政法大学共12所高校在部分专业中进行普通高校招收插班生试点工作，共招生363名。
交大招收10人，其中法学3人，应用化学4人，医学检验3人。
复旦招收33人，中国语言文学3人，历史学3人，哲学3人，电子科学与技术3人，核技术4人，理论与应用力学2人，基础医学（五年制）5人，预防医学（五年制）5人，药学5人。
（3）报考条件凡上海市普通高校在读的全日制一年级本科毕业生，品德优良、身体健康、在完成第一学年学习并且成绩全部合格，都可以参加插班生考试（一年级成绩单上无不及格课程）。
七年级插班生考卷
七年级插班生英语考卷一、选择题（30分）36. Please _________ look at the blackboard.A. notB. don’t toC. don’tD. no37. There _________ any money on the floor.A. areB. isC. isn’tD. aren’t38. Let me help you _________ the box.A. to findsB. to seeC. lookD. find39. I can’t speak _________ English. What’s that _________ English?A. /, ofB. in, inC. /, inD. the, /40. Are Lily and Lucy in _________ class? No, they are in _________ classes.A. the same, the differentB. a same, a differentC. same, differentD. the same, different41. Jim likes _________ TV after school.A. watchB. watchesC. to watchD. to see42. The clothes are green. I want to _________.A. colour it redB. colour it to redC. colour them redD. colour them to red43. _________ young man in a black shirt is _________ good worker.A. The, theB. The, aC. An, aD. An, the44. It’s7 o’clock. It’s time for _________.A. get to schoolB. go to schoolC. schoolD. schools45. These books are Miss Li’s. Please give _________A. her temB. them to herC. it to herD. her it.46. Mr Smith is forty, but he _________ very old.A. lookB. looks likeC. looksD. look like47. This isn’t _________ skirt. _________ is on the clothes line.A. my, MyB. her, HisC. her……HerD. your……Yours48. _________ is your bike? The green one.A. WhereB. WhichC. WhatD. What colour49. Who’s the girl _________ green. Is she your sister?A. onB. inC. in theD. in a50. Tom is _________ brother.A. Lucy’s and LilyB. Lucy’s and Lily’sC. Lucy’s and LilyD. Lucy and Lily’s答案一，36-40：CCDCD 41-45:CCBCB 46-50:CDBBD。
同达插班生英语资料4
同达插班⽣英语资料4插班⽣英语冲刺阶段天天练（4）⼀词汇选择1.You should keep calm during your_______test.Do not be nervous.A.oralB.platformC.rudeD.shield2.Our guide gave us a detailed_______of this painting but we still do not understand.A.authorityB.interpretationC.instructionD.institution3.Our_______is London.But the plane took us to Paris.A.departureB.donkeyC.destinationD.discount4.Generally speaking,there is always a generation_______in every country.A.gapB.breakC.globeD.equality5.Careful planning and hard work will_______our final success.A.encloseB.ensureC.dischargeD.deny6.He_______to his roommate for being so rude yesterday.A.worriedB.doubtedC.apologizedD.dissolved8.The Chinese food in the United States is usually_______for American people.A.exchangedB.alteredC.modifiedD.cooked9.There are_______approaches to English teaching.But not all of them are equally efficient for our Chinese students.A.doubleB.joint/doc/6feef19553d380eb6294dd88d0d233d4b04e3f5d.html inateD.diverse10.He has a bad impression of his_______in the office.A.colleaguesB.bulletsC.barbersD.audience11.His eyes_______with rage but he did not dare to say anything.A.flashedB.wickedC.votedD.protested12.The list is arranged according to the_______professions of the audience.A.respectiveB.responsibleC.resourceD.resolution13.This is our_______.So you can do what you need to do here.A.substanceB.scheduleC.noticeD.noun14.That rich man has been dead for a long time but his________is still not known to the public.15.I could have_______such a situation but I didn’t.A.forecastB.overcomeC.shedD.urged16.I prefer a_______typewriter to an automatic one.A.mechanicB.manualC.merchantD.mental17.If you want to stop for a moment,just press the‘_______’button on your tape recorder.A.toiletB.thumbC.violinD.pause20.I have_______three terrible English examinations this week.A.observedB.operatedC.undergoneD.suffered21.This is a purely_______problem,not a political one.A.additionalB.advantageC.announceD.academic22.The_______TOEFL score for entering this program is600.A.lessB.sandyC.stainD.minimum23.The best example of a paradox is the proverb‘More_______,less speed’.C.possessionD.purse24.This company provides a very good_______service for its products.A.maintenanceB.meritC.philosophyD.pigeon25.There is more_______in meat than in vegetables.A.damB.proteinC.cashD.bloody26.Do not_______in the exam.This will do you no good.A.coinB.disasterC.cheatD.resort27.Because of the boring_______,we need to take a vacation every year.A.routineB.surgeryC.rifleD.sake28.We need to_______the purpose of the experiment again.A.clarifyB.cheekC.claimD.clap29.I_______great success for my study in this university.A.disgustB.proceedC.pioneerD.anticipate30.From the_______from this examination,we know it is too easy for the students.C.outlineD.overlook31.He drove very fast to_______that red car.A.scatterB.overtakeC.siteD.sponsor32.Slides are sometimes called________film.A.whistleB.vigorousC.robotD.transparent33.Professor Smith_______the most important part in his paper.A.omittedB.disputedC.designedD.chased34.This knife is made of steel_______and it can be used for a long time.A.mixedB.alloyC.championD.grasp35.The theory of_______was developed by Darwin and is now understood by nearly everybody in the world.A.determinationB.distributionC.disciplineD.evolution36.Mr.Green has recently been_______to director of the president’s office.A.pushedB.purchasedC.promotedD.promised37.We don’t think that his_______ability has been well developed.B.potentialC.underneathD.vital38.Our_______talks promise a good future for our cooperation.A.interiorB.insuranceC.initialD.invisible39.The_______can help people to see very small objects.A.metropolitanB.microphoneC.microscopeD.microwave40.Physically we feel comfortable.But_______,we suffer a lot.A.psychologicallyB.moderatelyC.naturallyD.precisely41.Mary has a_______view of our future.But nobody believes what she said.A.portableB.primaryC.possessionD.positive42.Nobody knows his_______for helping us.A.motiveB.motionC.moodD.moral43.Both sides agree to establish a_______zone between the south and north.A.midst/doc/6feef19553d380eb6294dd88d0d233d4b04e3f5d.html dC.mentionD.neutral44.This is a_______moment for our research.We should be careful.B.beltC.conscienceD.copper45.This textbook is for the_______students,not for the beginners.A.observationB.transportationC.advancedD.transfer46.When I read the newspaper,I always read the_______first.A.headlinesB.headquartersC.heavenD.horizon47.They_______our house at$10,000.A.countB.vanishC.weaveD.assess48.When he studied at college,Jack was supported by a_______.A.treatmentB.assistanceC.scholarshipD.protein49.Even as_______,he made several wonderful inventions.A.a stockB.a representativeC.an undergraduateD.a gulf50.An emergency_______is very important in case of fire.A.exitB.depositC.dischargeD.elaborate⼆词汇填空1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1.She was running()outside her house,shouting for help.2.The disease is more commonly()Mad Cow Disease.3.He is having()trouble with his car,isn’t he?4.The little girl had to hold onto the railings to().5.I prefer to live near my work()spend a lot of time traveling every day.6.I used to()him as someone who would always help me,but I was wrong.1.需要相当多的练习才能在速度和耐⼒两⽅⾯均技术娴熟。
Finnet Group
Project P911-PFIP MulticastDeliverable 1State-of-the-Art Technologies, Products, and ServicesVolume 1 of 3: Main ReportSuggested readers:•People in the Shareholders responsible for planning and deployment of services in IP networks.•Also this Deliverable functions as a ´white paper`, describing a European view from the Project, concerning the relevance of ongoing work and prioritisation of missing issues in the area of IP MulticastFor Full PublicationMay 2000EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS in Project P911-PF are:•Deutsche Telekom AG•Finnet Group•France Télécom•Iceland Telecom Ltd.•Telecom Italia S.p.A.•Hellenic Telecommunications Organisation SA (OTE)This document contains material which is the copyright of certain EURESCOM PARTICIPANTS, and may not be reproduced or copied without permission.All PARTICIPANTS have agreed to full publication of this documentThe commercial use of any information contained in this document may require a license from the proprietor of that information.Neither the PARTICIPANTS nor EURESCOM warrant that the information contained in the report is capable of use, or that use of the information is free from risk, and accept no liability for loss or damage suffered by any person using this information.This document has been approved by EURESCOM Board of Governors for distribution to all EURESCOM Shareholders.© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportPrefaceIP Multicast technologies have been around for a few years, but have still to see theircommercial breakthrough. The well-known MBone provides access for many peopleto IETF meetings and other events, but the operation of the MBone needs expertise, aresource that is scarce.In search of Multicast technologies, which are deployable for a Network Operator in acommercial scale and to non-technical customers, the Project P911 has looked at thestate-of-the-art. Not only concerning Multicast mechanisms in the network, but alsosupport in applications and deployed and planned services based on Multicast.•This first Deliverable of the Project presents the survey. It should be regarded as state-of-the-art report in an environment, which is changing rapidly.•The second Deliverable reports on tests, which were performed on a set of Multicast protocols (implemented on popular routers). Since this world is alsochanging, the results should be used as indications of maturity of the differentprotocols, rather than an absolute rating of them.The scope of the Project was intentionally broad, in order to achieve a solid base forfurther work. And indeed a continuation Project is planned, and will start early in theyear 2000.Participants from 6 Shareholders contributed to the work. Project Leader was PeterFeil, Deutsche Telekom, T-Nova/Berkom.© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page iii (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1Executive SummaryThis first Deliverable of the Project P911 presents a state-of-the-arts report oftechnologies, products, and services in the area of IP Multicast.It gives an overview of the work done around the world by relevant research groups,service providers, and vendors. Serving as an ´IP Multicast White Paper` thisDeliverable covers not only the available protocols, services, and applications, butalso identifies missing issues from a European perspective.Starting with a more general description of Multicast services and some examples ofalready existing commercial implementations, the most important applications in thearea of IP Multicast are presented. This includes not only the well-known MBonetools but also some commercial products.The next chapters are more technologically oriented: First, the general mechanismsand the architecture of IP Multicast are presented followed by an overview of themost important protocols in this area (routing, transport, addressing). Technical issuesare then covered with topics like IP Multicast and QoS, Reliable Multicast, andSecurity. Finally deployment issues are addressed which need some furtherelaboration if IP Multicast is to be deployed on a broader scale.The main volume of this Deliverable comprises the most important facts whereasadditional and more detailed information can be found in the two Annexe.Based on this survey the project participants performed trials with protocols,applications, and services. The results and experiences achieved in these experimentsas well as recommendations for new services with IP Multicast are described inDeliverable 2.page iv (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportList of AuthorsPeter Feil (Project Leader and Editor)DTMarkku.Mäki AFOlaf Bonness DTF. Hartanto DTNicolai Leymann DTChristian Siebel DTMichael Smirnov DTDorota Witaszek DTV. Yau DTAndré Zehl DTTanja Zseby DTNoël Cantenot FTEmmanuel Gouleau FTChristian Jacquenet FTNicole le Minous FTC. Proust FTSaemundur E. Thorsteinsson ICHafþór Óskarsson ICF. Bracali ITLoris.Marchetti ITGeorge Diakonikolaou (Editor)OGConstantinos Boukouvalas (Editor)OG© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page v (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1Table of ContentsPreface (iii)Executive Summary (iv)List of Authors (v)Table of Contents (vi)Abbreviations (ix)1Introduction (1)2Services (3)2.1Introduction (3)2.2Multicast Services (3)2.2.1Real-Time Services with Multimedia Content (4)2.2.2Real-Time services with Data-only Content (4)2.2.3Non-Real-Time Services with Multimedia Content (4)2.2.4Non-Real-Time Services with Data-only Content (5)2.3Commercial Services (5)2.3.1Overview of Multicast Services (5)2.3.2Examples of Services based on IP Multicast (6)2.3.3Some Multicast Services offered today by ISPs (7)3Applications (9)3.1Requirements from IP Multicast Applications (9)3.1.1Routing (9)3.1.2Multimedia Transport Protocols (9)3.1.3Reliability (10)3.2Experimental IP Multicast Applications (11)3.2.1VIC – The Video Conferencing Tool (11)3.2.2VAT – The Visual Audio Tool (12)3.2.3SDR – The Session Directory (12)3.2.4WB – The Shared WhiteBoard Application (12)3.2.5MPOLL (12)3.2.6RAT – The Robust Audio Tool (13)3.2.7RTPTOOLS (13)3.2.8CMT (Berkeley Continuous Media Toolkit) (13)3.2.9MASH (14)3.2.10MInT (14)3.2.11Freephone (14)3.2.12Rendezvous (15)3.2.13MultiMon (15)3.2.14NTE – The Network Text Editor (16)3.3Products and Commercial Applications (16)3.3.1IP/TV from Cisco (16)3.3.2Microsoft NetShow Services (17)3.3.3RealAudio / RealVideo (18)3.4Summary Table of Applications (20)page vi (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main Report 4Architecture and General Mechanisms of IP Multicast (21)4.1General Mechanisms for IP Multicast (21)4.1.1Multicast Group Membership (21)4.1.2Host Group (21)4.1.3Multicast Group Address (21)4.1.4Multicast Group Membership Management (22)4.1.5Delivery Techniques (22)4.1.6Techniques for Reliable Multicast (23)4.1.7Scoped Multicast (24)4.1.8Multicast Address Allocation (24)4.2Routing and Transport Protocols (25)4.2.1Multicast Routing Protocols (25)4.2.2Multicast Transport Protocols (26)4.2.3General Transport Mechanisms (27)4.2.4Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols (29)4.2.5Interactivity versus Reliability (29)4.2.6Multicast Transport Classification (30)4.3Standardisation (31)4.3.1The IETF and IP Multicast (31)4.3.2The IRTF and IP Multicast (32)4.4Existing Implementations of Routing Protocols (33)5Technical Issues (34)5.1IP Multicast over specific Link Layer Technologies (34)5.1.1IP Multicast over ATM: The Multicast Integration Server(MIS) (34)5.2IP Multicast and QoS (34)5.2.1IntServ (35)5.2.2DiffServ (35)5.2.3QoS-based Routing (36)5.2.4Open Issues (36)5.3Reliable Multicast (37)5.3.1General Purpose Protocols (39)5.3.2Support For Multipoint Interactive Applications (39)5.3.4Support for Data Dissemination Services (40)5.4Security (40)5.4.1Requirements (40)5.4.2Design Goals (41)5.4.3Architecture for Secure Multicast (42)6Deployment Issues (45)6.1Monitoring, Management, and Accounting (45)6.1.1Monitoring and Management (45)6.1.2Future Work (46)6.1.3Accounting (46)6.1.4Issues (47)6.2Scalability, Stability, and Policy Issues (47)6.2.1Scalability (47)6.2.2Stability (48)6.2.3Policy (48)6.2.4The MIX Experience (48)6.3Address Management and Allocation (49)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page vii (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 16.3.1TTL-Based Scoping (49)6.3.2Administratively Scoped IP Multicast (50)6.3.3The MALLOC layered Architecture (50)6.3.4Open Issues (Potential Drawbacks) (51)7Conclusions and Outlook (52)8References (53)page viii (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFDeliverable 1Volume 1: Main ReportAbbreviationsAAP Address Allocation ProtocolACK AcknowledgementAF Finnet GroupALF Application Layer FramingAPI Application Programming InterfaceATM Asynchronous Transfer ModeAV Audio / VideoBGMP Border Gateway Multicast ProtocolBGP Border Gateway Protocol (Routing Protocol)CBT Core Based Tree (Routing Protocol)CBQ Class Based QueuingCSCW Computer Supported Co-operative WorkDiffServ Differentiated ServicesDSCP Differential Service Code PointDT Deutsche TelekomDVB Digital Video BroadcastDVMRP Distance Vector Multicast ProtocolEARTH EAsy IP Multicast Routing THrough ATM clouds (protocol)FDDI Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFEC Forward Explicit ControlFT France TélécomHPY Helsinki Telephone Corp.IC Iceland TelecomICMP Internet Control Messaging ProtocolIDMR Inter Domain Multicast Routing (IETF Working Group)IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIGMP Internet Group Management ProtocolIntServ Integrated ServicesIOS Interface Operating System (Software on Cisco Systems)IP Internet ProtocolIRTF Internet Research Task ForceISDN Integrated Services Digital Network© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PF page ix (xii)Volume 1: Main Report Deliverable 1ISP Internet Service ProviderIT Telecom ItaliaITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunications JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group (Video Coding)kbps Kilobit per secondLAN Local Area NetworkLBL Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLIS Logical IP SubnetMAAS Multicast Address Allocation ServerMAC Media Access ControlMADCAP Multicast Address Allocation ProtocolMALLOC Multicast Address Allocation (Working Group of the IETF) MARS Multicast Address Resolution ServerMASC Multicast Address Set ClaimMBGP Multicast Border Gateway Protocol (Multicast RoutingProtocol)MBone Multicast Backbone on the InternetMBONED MBone Deployment Working Group of the IETFMFTP Multicast File Transfer ProtocolMIB Management Information BaseMIKE Multicast Internet Key ExchangeMIS Multicast Integration ServerMIX Multicast Exchange PointMLD Multicast Listener DiscoveryMLIS Multicast Logical IP SubnetMOSPF Multicast Open Shortest Path First (Routing Protocol)MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group (Compression Architecture forDigital Videos)MRM Multicast Routing MonitorMSA Multicast Security AssociationMSDP Multicast Source Discovery ProtocolMTP Multicast Transport ProtocolNACK Negative AcknowledgementNRT Non-Real-TimeNSAP Network Service Access PointNTE Network Text Editorpage x (xii)© 2000 EURESCOM Participants in Project P911-PFOCBT Ordered Core Based Tree (Routing Protocol)OG Hellenic Telecom Organisation SA (OTE)OSPF Open Shortest Path First (Multicast Routing Protocol)PGM Pragmatic Multicast ProtocolPHB Per Hop BehaviourPIM Protocol Independent Multicast (Routing Protocol)PIM-DM PIM Dense Mode (Routing Protocol)PIM-SM PIM Sparse Mode (Routing Protocol)PVC Permanent Virtual ConnectionQoS Quality of ServiceQoSMIC Quality of Service sensitive Multicast Internet Protocol Service RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User ServerRAT Robust Audio ToolRBP Reliable Broadcast ProtocolRFC Request For CommentsRMF Reliable Multicast FrameworksRMFP Reliable Multicast Framing ProtocolRMGR Reliable Multicast Research Group (IRTF Research Group) RMP Reliable Multicast ProtocolRMT Reliable Multicast Transport (IETF Working Group)RP Rendezvous PointRPB Reverse Path BroadcastingRPM Reverse Path MulticastingRSVP Resource ReSerVation ProtocolRT Real-TimeRTCP Real-Time Control ProtocolRTFM Real Time Flow MeasurementRTP Real-Time Transport ProtocolRTSP Real-Time Streaming ProtocolRTT Round Trip TimeSAM Source Authentication ModuleSAP Session Announcement ProtocolSDP Session Description ProtocolSDR Session Directory ToolSIP Session Initiation ProtocolSLA Service Level AgreementSMUG Secure Multicast Research Group (IRTF Research Group) SNMP Simple Network Management ProtocolSSM Source Specific MulticastTCP Transmission Control ProtocolTOS Type of ServiceTRPB Truncated Reverse Path BroadcastingTTL Time To LiveUCL University College LondonUDP User Datagram ProtocolUNI User Network InterfaceURGC Uniform Reliable Group Communication ProtocolVAT Visual Audio ToolVIC Video Conferencing ToolWB Whiteboard Tool (MBone Tool)WWW World Wide WebXTP Express Transport Protocol1IntroductionIP Multicast is an emerging set of technologies and standards that allow many-to-many transmissions such as conferencing, or one-to-many transmissions such as livebroadcasts of audio and video over the Internet. Although Multicast applications areprimarily used in the research community today, this situation is likely to change soonas the demand for Internet multimedia applications increases and Multicasttechnologies improve.Multicasting is a technical term which means that one piece of data (a packet) can besent to multiple sites at the same time. The usual way of moving information aroundthe Internet is by using unicast protocols, which send packets to one site at a time.On a Multicast network, one single packet of information can be sent from onecomputer for distribution to several other computers, instead of having to send thatpacket once for every destination. Because 5, 10 or 100 machines can receive thesame packet, bandwidth is conserved. Also, when Multicasting is used to send apacket, there is no need to know the address of everyone who wants to receive theMulticast stream: The data is simply ´broadcast` in an intelligent way to anyone whois interested in receiving it.Multicast enabled networks offer a wide range of services and new applications to theend user. Many of the Multicast enabled applications are multimedia applications,although there exists a variety of applications that use IP Multicast technology fornon-multimedia purposes. Real-time applications include live broadcasts of TV orradio shows, financial data information delivery, whiteboard collaboration and videoconferencing, non-real time applications including file transfer, data or filereplication, video-on-demand and many more.Multicast transmission offers many advantages compared to the traditional unicasttransmission. Available network bandwidth is utilised more efficiently since multiplestreams of data are replaced by a single Multicast transmission. It offers optimisedperformance since less copies of data require forwarding and processing within thenetwork nodes.Before an IP network and its users can benefit from these advanced features, IPMulticast routing capabilities must be enabled in the network nodes. Depending onthe network usage policies and the users’ demands issues concerning routing,reliability, network addressing and multimedia transport protocols are of primaryimportance nowadays for network operators in this context.IP Multicast relies on the existence of an underlying Multicast delivery system toforward data from a sender to all the interested receivers. Such delivery systems couldbe satellite networks, frame relay networks, ATM networks, ISDN connections andfinally the world-wide Internet.Multicasting does not offer advantages only to the end user. Most Multicastapplications are UDP-based, which can result to undesirable side-effects (packagescan be dropped) compared to similar unicast TCP-based applications. However, nocongestion control can result in overall network degradation. Also duplicate packetscan occasionally be generated as Multicast network topologies change.Today, companies exist that offer commercial services based on Multicast technology.In 3 to 5 years the deployment of IPv6 will bring native Multicast to the net user.More reliable routing software with new protocols that make good use of theinfrastructure is expected. With native Multicast routing issues will be resolved easier and bandwidth will be conserved.Multicasting is a relatively new technology allowing customers to benefit from real-time applications that otherwise would require extremely large amounts of bandwidth. This evolution makes it possible for a large category of companies to ´emit` their products to groups of people at an extremely low cost, compared to unicast. Multicast by reducing network traffic and saving bandwidth allows users to exploit the maximum possible utilisation of the Internet. Multicast offers to all kind of people that are concerned with the Internet (end users, network operators, ISPs and other related companies) an economical and technically viable solution to the problem of transmitting large amounts of information to selected groups of people.To enable IP Multicast on the global Internet or in intranets, the first way that has been gone was to interconnect multiple Multicast enabled network islands with the help of IP Multicast ´tunnels`. Since tunnels are neither scalable, nor do they offer the advantages of Multicast inherently, the next step is currently to replace the tunnel infrastructure with a ´real` Multicast routing infrastructure. The current state-of-the-art of IP Multicast technology offers various ways for routing and addressing, and the big challenge is currently to establish a reliable global infrastructure that allows for similar scalability and reliability in its deployment as the unicast Internet infrastructure does today.While the network protocol IP itself offers inherent mechanisms for IP Multicast, higher layer protocols do not support this. Although ´unreliable` protocols, like UDP or RTP, can be used on top of IP Multicast, TCP implementations and higher layer ´reliable` transport protocols well-known in unicast environments don’t support Multicast. Thus, specially tailored Multicast transport protocols have been developed, and the result is that there will be no general purpose Multicast transport protocol for all cases, but either highly configurable protocols or highly specialised protocols for specific reliable transmission purposes in an IP Multicast environment.2Services2.1IntroductionOver the the last 20 years, Internet traffic has been growing exponentially. This trafficgrowth was basically growth of the point-to-point traffic or ´unicast` traffic, whereeither a file is downloaded from a site, a web page is visited or an email is exchangedbetween two points. One of the biggest opportunities the Internet protocol offers, hasnot even slightly started for large-scale usage. This is the usage of the Internet forbroadcast-media like TV, Business TV, Interactive TV shows, radio, and so on, aswell as distribution of software, movies, CD-titles through subscribed ´push channels`to Internet users. Usage of the Internet for this type of applications will initiateanother wave of traffic on the net.The underlying ´IP Multicast` technology for simple one-to-many-transmission hasbeen available since the early 1990s and in the past two years considerable effort hasbeen put into the development of global routing protocols that allow for scalablerouting of this traffic over the Internet. Although an ´IP broadcast` mechanism isavailable in the Internet protocol, this mechanism is not intended for use with´Broadcast Media`, since this IP broadcast sends it traffic to every machine on thelocal sub-net. But since it is a waste of available bandwidth to send the traffic to everymachine, if needed or not, the Multicast mechanism was designed to allow for´subscription` of certain Multicast channels or ´Multicast groups`.Although IP Multicast is not widely used on the Internet today, it is generallyexpected that as soon as the experimental nature of the current Multicastimplementations moves to a more stable production network, new applications andservices will flourish on the network.Today few commercial services are based on Multicast technologies. It is generallyexpected that the deployment of IPv6 will bring native Multicast for the net user inthe coming years. More reliable routing software with new protocols that make gooduse of the infrastructure is expected. Native Multicast routing will allow for a betterscalability and even with traditional ´Broadcast media` on the Internet bandwidth willbe conserved. Multicast offers Internet end users, network operators, ISPs and Internetrelated industries an economical and technically viable solution to the problem oftransmitting large amounts of information to selected groups of people.2.2Multicast ServicesIP Multicast services can be divided into four groups:Real-Time (RT) services:1.RT with multimedia content: This kind of data includes video/audio. In real-timeservices, the presentation happens parallel to the downloading procedure andrequires hard limits on delay and jitter. Multimedia is not sensitive totransmission errors. Includes interactive and non-interactive services.2.RT with data-only content: Time-dependent data that is often sensitive totransmission errors and thus requires reliable Multicast. Includes both interactiveand non-interactive services.Non-Real-Time (NRT) services:3.NRT with multimedia content: Audio/video that is not presented in parallel to thedownloading procedure. Local playback of multimedia.4.NRT with data-only content: Distribution of data, often within a corporation;needs reliable Multicast.2.2.1Real-Time Services with Multimedia ContentThis group of services can be split into interactive and non-interactive services:•Interactive: Conferencing services (many-to-many) are highly interactive, having tight limits on delay and jitter. Typical are Audio/Video conferencingservices, which have been very successful with a number of commercialapplications already existing today. Such a conference scenario would normallyhave tens of members, some receiving and transmitting but some only receiving.•Non-Interactive: Typical is a broadcasting service similar to TV- or radio distribution (one sender and multiple receivers – one-to-many). It has to providea very high scalability, with possibly millions of recipients. The content madeavailable can include the broadcasting of live events, but also pre-recordedmaterial provided by Audio/Video servers.2.2.2Real-Time services with Data-only ContentThese kind of services can be interactive (many-to-many) such as and white-boarding-conferences and distributed games, or they can be non-interactive (one-to-many) suchas a typical data/news feed:•Whiteboard-conferencing: Similar to multimedia conferences but instead of video transmission, conference members share a whiteboard that supports text andimages. This is also known as ´Computer Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW)`Most likely not more than 20 participants will join such a session which needs tohave low latency and support reliable Multicast.•Distributed games: Networked multi-player games with unicast transmission exist but games using Multicast are in the development phase. The number ofplayers would typically be 10-30. Must have low latency and support reliableMulticast•Data/news feeds: This service broadcasts text information such as stock information and news headlines. Must of them support reliable Multicast and highscalability (possibly millions of users). Latency could be variable, users could paymore for less latency.2.2.3Non-Real-Time Services with Multimedia ContentThere may be the demand to re-transmit multimedia events. This is either because ofbandwidth limitations or simply because the consumers want to view the events later,at their leisure. Teleteaching sessions with pre-recorded material are also included inthis service scenario.By making use of non-real-time audio/video servers the multimedia data can bedownloaded at off-hours and presented later. This approach can be used if users donot want to view the material at download time or if the bandwidth available is nothigh enough for an on-line presentation.Similarly kiosks for dissemination of information can be part of such a servicescenario. A kiosk is typically a computer with a touch-screen placed in a secureenclosure at a public place. It enables consumers to have instant electronic access to information.2.2.4Non-Real-Time Services with Data-only ContentNearly all applications in this group of services require absolute reliability. Typicalapplication scenarios are:•Software Distribution or Database Replication: A large corporation may have hundreds of branches and Multicasting data decreases the time spent for thedistribution of software updates or for the replication of corporate databases.•´Push` Applications and ´Webcasting`: Push services are equivalent to subscription services and deliver the information automatically to theirsubscribers. Members of a certain group could for example get new informationof any kind as soon as it appears. Email is a typical push service. Push servicesshould be very scalable, up to millions of users.•Mirroring and/or caching of Web sites: This kind of service is used to bring the Web content closer to the user by using mirror servers. Multicast could be used todo the mirroring of Web sites in an efficient way.2.3Commercial Services2.3.1Overview of Multicast ServicesA new service that will take advantage of Multicast technology must be analysedthrough the following axis:•Benefit for the end user•Time advantage: ´my content is available more quickly`•Content advantage: ´my content in a continuous and constant quality mode`•Benefit for the content provider•Cost saving: links and servers are less expensive•The quality of service is better for the customer•Customers stay longer on a site (loyalty)•The information sent is the same for everyone at the same time (community for example)End users and providers will need to have a benefit in order for the technology to beimplemented.For the residential users Multicast services can be seen in the followings areas:•Services that will only replace the use of already existing broadcast solutions: This is the usual case where radio networks are broadcast over the network.•The association between personalization of content and push technology. For example data broadcasting can be foreseen in the field of。
【优选】四年级上册英语同步拓展：M4综合复习及检测讲义牛津上海版（一起）
【优选】四年级上册英语同步拓展：M4综合复习及检测讲义⽜津上海版（⼀起）学员姓名：学科教师：年级：辅导科⽬：英语授课⽇期时间主题M4重点词汇句型语法复习学习⽬标 1.复习M4重点词汇；2.复习祈使句的否定形式，Wh-疑问句；3.在阅读中积累词汇短语及句型并提升阅读速度。
教学内容1、上次课后巩固作业复习；2、互动探索观看《疯狂动物城》这部电影，然后数数电影当中⼀共出现多少种动物，然后查查字典找出动物们的英语都怎么说？然后选择其中⼀种动物进⾏简单的描述，并填写到下⾯的表框⾥。
教学建议：由于此部分是复习课，建议⽼师采取优先选择的⽅式让学⽣各⾃负责⼀个知识点进⾏讲解，其他学⽣进⾏提问。
⽼师在过程中进⾏补充和总结。
【知识梳理1】Unit 1:1. 单词⼤闯关_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________农场n.______ 垃圾箱n.______ ⾕物n._______ 奶⽜n._____ ⼲草n.______ ⾁n.________ ⽯头n._______喂v.________ 采摘v._______ 摆动v._______2．词组和短语⼤闯关摘花__________ 养鸡场_____________ 扔垃圾______________骑马____________ ⼀些⼲草______________ 不要再草坪上⾛！_______________3．语法点⼤闯关1) 祈使句的否定句：Don’t...2) 不定量代词：some的⽤法3）Wh-questions：What do/does…like eating?【巩固练习】Read, choose and complete(读⼀读，选词填空完成句⼦)Close rubbish sorry Don’tfeed walk pick OK1.Miss Fang: Don’t _______ on the grass, Danny!Danny: I’m _________, Miss Fang.Miss Fang: That’s all right.2.Miss Fang: _________ the gate, Peter.Peter: __________, Miss Fang.3.Miss Fang: ________ litter. Put the______ in the______ bin.Alice: I’m ___________, Miss Fang.4.Miss Fang: ____________ __________ the flowers.Kitty: OK, Miss Fang.5.Miss Fang: Don't _____ the birds.Jill: I’m sorry, Miss Fang.Keys: walk sorry; Close OK; Don't rubbish rubbish sorry; Don’t pick; feed【知识梳理2】Unit 2:1. 单词⼤闯关公园n.______ 喷泉n._______ ⽔塘n.________ 相机n.________睡觉v.______ 观看v.________ 在……旁边prep._______________ 2．词组和短语⼤闯关在鸟舍⾥______________ 在池塘⾥________________ 在公园散步____________ 拍⼀张照⽚_______________ 中国地图______________ 你准备好了吗？____________3．语法点⼤闯关1) Wh-question: What’s ... in....? There is/ are...2) 祈使句：Don’t... ; Let’s ...; Look at...3) 介词⽤法：in, on ,under【巩固练习】Plant house cap camera aviary pond1.--- Do you have a ______, Alice?---Yes. Let’s take a photo here.2.--- This is a photo of Jill. Look! She is in the _________. She can see many birds. They are lovely.3.It is a hot summer day, Mr Zhang is at the beach. He has a______________.4.There are some fishes, frogs and ducks in the __________. Tom likes those beautiful fish very much.5.--- Where is Peter?--- He is in the______ ________. There are many beautiful flowers and plant in it.Keys: camera; aviary; cap; pond; plant house【知识梳理3】Unit 3:1.单词⼤闯关天⽓n.__________ 有阳光的adj.________ 多云的adj._________ 潮湿的adj.__________ 2．词组⼤闯关最好的祝愿____________ 打电话_____________ 收到⼀份电⼦邮件_______________3．语法点⼤闯关1）表⽰天⽓情况的形容词⽤法：windy, rainy, ...2）⽉份的⽤法3）表⽰天⽓的句型：It’s ...4）询问天⽓的句型及其回答【巩固练习】Think , draw and talk (想⼀想，画⼀画，说⼀说)Which season do you like?How’s the weather?I like spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter.In spring/ summer/ autumn/ winter, it’s ………(此部分建议时间为25分钟，包括15分钟学⽣练习的时间，以及10分钟学⽣⾃⾏沟通答案以及⽼师讲解的时间。
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插班生英语冲刺阶段天天练（4）一词汇选择1.You should keep calm during your_______test.Do not be nervous.A.oralB.platformC.rudeD.shield2.Our guide gave us a detailed_______of this painting but we still do not understand.A.authorityB.interpretationC.instructionD.institution3.Our_______is London.But the plane took us to Paris.A.departureB.donkeyC.destinationD.discount4.Generally speaking,there is always a generation_______in every country.A.gapB.breakC.globeD.equality5.Careful planning and hard work will_______our final success.A.encloseB.ensureC.dischargeD.deny6.He_______to his roommate for being so rude yesterday.A.worriedB.doubtedC.apologizedD.dissolved7.When you take a picture,you should_______carefully to get a sharp picture.A.focusB.objectC.preserveD.fix8.The Chinese food in the United States is usually_______for American people.A.exchangedB.alteredC.modifiedD.cooked9.There are_______approaches to English teaching.But not all of them are equally efficient for our Chinese students.A.doubleB.jointinateD.diverse10.He has a bad impression of his_______in the office.A.colleaguesB.bulletsC.barbersD.audience11.His eyes_______with rage but he did not dare to say anything.A.flashedB.wickedC.votedD.protested12.The list is arranged according to the_______professions of the audience.A.respectiveB.responsibleC.resourceD.resolution13.This is our_______.So you can do what you need to do here.A.substanceB.scheduleC.noticeD.noun14.That rich man has been dead for a long time but his________is still not known to the public.A.sausageB.shelfC.portionD.will15.I could have_______such a situation but I didn’t.A.forecastB.overcomeC.shedD.urged16.I prefer a_______typewriter to an automatic one.A.mechanicB.manualC.merchantD.mental17.If you want to stop for a moment,just press the‘_______’button on your tape recorder.A.toiletB.thumbC.violinD.pause20.I have_______three terrible English examinations this week.A.observedB.operatedC.undergoneD.suffered21.This is a purely_______problem,not a political one.A.additionalB.advantageC.announceD.academic22.The_______TOEFL score for entering this program is600.A.lessB.sandyC.stainD.minimum23.The best example of a paradox is the proverb‘More_______,less speed’.A.hasteB.rangeC.possessionD.purse24.This company provides a very good_______service for its products.A.maintenanceB.meritC.philosophyD.pigeon25.There is more_______in meat than in vegetables.A.damB.proteinC.cashD.bloody26.Do not_______in the exam.This will do you no good.A.coinB.disasterC.cheatD.resort27.Because of the boring_______,we need to take a vacation every year.A.routineB.surgeryC.rifleD.sake28.We need to_______the purpose of the experiment again.A.clarifyB.cheekC.claimD.clap29.I_______great success for my study in this university.A.disgustB.proceedC.pioneerD.anticipate30.From the_______from this examination,we know it is too easy for the students.A.feedbackB.frostC.outlineD.overlook31.He drove very fast to_______that red car.A.scatterB.overtakeC.siteD.sponsor32.Slides are sometimes called________film.A.whistleB.vigorousC.robotD.transparent33.Professor Smith_______the most important part in his paper.A.omittedB.disputedC.designedD.chased34.This knife is made of steel_______and it can be used for a long time.A.mixedB.alloyC.championD.grasp35.The theory of_______was developed by Darwin and is now understood by nearly everybody in the world.A.determinationB.distributionC.disciplineD.evolution36.Mr.Green has recently been_______to director of the president’s office.A.pushedB.purchasedC.promotedD.promised37.We don’t think that his_______ability has been well developed.A.possibleB.potentialC.underneathD.vital38.Our_______talks promise a good future for our cooperation.A.interiorB.insuranceC.initialD.invisible39.The_______can help people to see very small objects.A.metropolitanB.microphoneC.microscopeD.microwave40.Physically we feel comfortable.But_______,we suffer a lot.A.psychologicallyB.moderatelyC.naturallyD.precisely41.Mary has a_______view of our future.But nobody believes what she said.A.portableB.primaryC.possessionD.positive42.Nobody knows his_______for helping us.A.motiveB.motionC.moodD.moral43.Both sides agree to establish a_______zone between the south and north.A.midstdC.mentionD.neutral44.This is a_______moment for our research.We should be careful.A.criticalB.beltC.conscienceD.copper45.This textbook is for the_______students,not for the beginners.A.observationB.transportationC.advancedD.transfer46.When I read the newspaper,I always read the_______first.A.headlinesB.headquartersC.heavenD.horizon47.They_______our house at$10,000.A.countB.vanishC.weaveD.assess48.When he studied at college,Jack was supported by a_______.A.treatmentB.assistanceC.scholarshipD.protein49.Even as_______,he made several wonderful inventions.A.a stockB.a representativeC.an undergraduateD.a gulf50.An emergency_______is very important in case of fire.A.exitB.depositC.dischargeD.elaborate二词汇填空1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1.She was running()outside her house,shouting for help.2.The disease is more commonly()Mad Cow Disease.3.He is having()trouble with his car,isn’t he?4.The little girl had to hold onto the railings to().5.I prefer to live near my work()spend a lot of time traveling every day.6.I used to()him as someone who would always help me,but I was wrong.四句子汉译英1.需要相当多的练习才能在速度和耐力两方面均技术娴熟。