Introduction

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nature对introduction的要求

nature对introduction的要求

nature对introduction的要求
Introduction 占全文比例10-15$\%$左右,字数控制在400-500字为宜。

在这一部分,你需要提出科学问题、研究假说,并向读者简要概述你的主题和研究的原因,设置研究背景并给读者留下良好的第一印象。

在写作过程中,你应该注意逻辑清晰,段落内容安排合理。

可以采用“起承转合”的四步心法框架结构和“漏斗式”的模式,逐步细化研究领域和背景介绍,给读者一个清晰的思路。

同时,你应该使用适当的参考文献来支撑你的观点,让读者感觉到你对研究的自信心。

请注意,不同的期刊和学科可能会对 Introduction部分有不同的要求,因此在写作之前,最好查阅相关的投稿指南或阅读往期的文章,以确保符合投稿要求。

英文文献-Introduction讲义

英文文献-Introduction讲义

Chapter 2. Introduction2.1Introduction to Introduction2.2Build a Model of Introduction2.3Establishing the Narrowed Research Topic2.4Establish the Need/Gap2.5State the Purpose of Your Research2.6State Value of Research2.7Outline the Research2.8Moves and Steps of Introduction2.9Tenses in Introduction2.10Exercises2. _______________________________________________________________Suppose you were writing an article titled “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you plan to write the Introduction part? Brainstorm with your teammates and write d own a list of the key information.three questions:1.How do writers normally start the Introduction?2.What type of information shoul d be in my Introduction, and in what order?1.__________ What is the context of this problem?2.__________ Why is this research important?3.__________ What is the gap in our knowledge this research will fill?4.__________ What steps will we take to try and fill this gap or improve the situation?5.__________ Is the study limited to a specific geographical area or to only certain aspects of the situation?6.__________ Is there any factor, condition or circumstance that prevents the researcher from achieving all his/herobjectives?7.__________ In considering his/her method, model, formulation or approach, d oes the researcher take certainconditions, states, requirements for granted?research problem.•Do I introduce the topic in the first sentence?••••your work explores an area/issue/question that has previously not been explored, or not been explored in detail, in not explored in the way that you are going to use. There are four ways to demonstrate that you are adding to the•••••--claiming centrality (why this field of study is important) AND/OR --moving from general to specific AND/OR--reviewing relevant items of previous research AND/OR--describing the background AND/OR--definition of key words•Move 2: _________________________--indicating a gap OR--raising a question OR--continuing a previously developed line of inquiry OR--counter-claiming (disagreeing with an existing/accepted approach) •Move 3: _________________________--outlining purpose/setting objectives AND/OR--announcing present research (methodology) AND/OR--announcing principal findings (results) AND/OR________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________∙Too much detail, and hence too long.∙Repetition of words, phrases or ideas.∙Unclear problem definition.∙Poor organization.Now review your list of Introduction for the article “A novel vacuum cleaning and floor mopping robot”. How d o you improve it into a better one?often used in the opening sentences. For example:1.Tungsten is a heavy metal with several unique physical and mechanical properties. (Effects of tungsten onenvironmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)2.When analyzing hydraulic networks, it is usually possible to identify three types of variables. (FuzzyApproach for Analysis of Pipe Networks, Roberto Revelli and Luca Ridolfi, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1.Earlier studies carried out on 0.5 Cr-0.5Mo-0.25V steel showed notch strengthening for shallow notches andtendency towards notch weakening for sharp notches. (Effect of Multiaxial State of Stress on Creep Rupture Behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo Steel, Sunil Goyal et al. / Procedia Engineering 55 ( 2013 ) 510 – 516)2.However, the vast majority of these studies have been confined to suspensions with millimeter- ormicron-sized particles. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.Keblinski, et. al. , International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 855-863)3.Nair (1982) notes in his study that another one of the reasons for lack of widespread use of more rigorousmathematical programming techniques is that is sometimes difficult (if not impossible) to isolate a problem for optimization using this technique. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science) Note that comparable options exist in the clauses.1.The effects of tungsten on environmental systems have not been investigated extensively and publisheddata are fragmentary. (Effects of tungsten on environmental systems, Nikolay Strigul, et. al.)(environment engineering)2.Radaj [9] developed a n approach based on Neuber’s micro-structural support hypothesis by suggesting anadditional fictitious radius r f at the notch, which allows the local stress to be analyzed directly withoutrequiring a stress concentration factor or fatigue notch factor [8]. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)3.Rigorous mathematical programming optimization techniques are well established and numerous authorshave attempted to apply these techniques to practical structural engineering design problems with varying degrees of success. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K.Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference)(computer science)4.It has long been recognized that suspensions of solid particles in liqids have great potential as improvedheat-management fluids. (Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids), P.accidently.1.This paper presents a model-based input-output synchronizing technique for reducing sense axismeasurement drift resulted from the mechanical structure imperfections. (Input-Output Synchronization for Bias Drift Reduction of MEMS Gyroscopes, Afshin Izadian, et. al., 2008 American Control Conference) (electronic and automatic control)2.In accomplishing these two tasks, this paper hopes to point out how two modeling approaches initiallyappearing very similar are in fact qualitatively different.(Wong, C. (2014) A Novel Operational Partition between Neural Network Classifiers on Vulnerability to Data Mining Bias. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications, 7, 264-272.) (software engineering)You may ask whether you should use is, was,has been, or will be when you describe the present research. Indeed, both is and was is used in the Introduction. Very rarely can has been or will be appear.1.In this study, a fatigue assessment for various welded joints of Invar alloy in an LNG carrier was performedusing the notch stress approach. (Fatigue strength assessment of Invar alloy weld joints using the notch stress approach, D.J. Oh, J.M. Lee, M.H. Kim, Engineering Failure Analysis 42 (2014) 87–99)(material mechanics)2.Next, common structural engineering design and analysis software packages in the design office arediscussed, along with optimization techniques “built in” to the software. (A Practicing Engineer's View at Benchmark Problems in Structural Optimization, K. Mueller, et. al., 20th Analysis & Computation Specialty Conference) (computer science)3.To clarify the differences and similarities in each discipline, this study will examine the major academicvariations within the data mining field in relation to keywords, articles, books, courses offered, textbooks taught, and soft-ware used.( Data Mining Technology across Academic Disciplines, Lesley Farmer, et. al., Intelligent Information Management, 2011, 3, 43-48)(software engineering)4.In the present investigation, effect of notch on creep behaviour of 2.25Cr-1 Mo steel has been studied. Thedifferent notch acuities have been introduced to study the multiaxial state of stress. The creep rupture of the material under multiaxial state of stress has been explained based on the stress distribution around the notch estimated using FE analysis. (material science)Note that using the Past Simple tense when you present the results in the Introduction means that the findings are linked only to the present research, while using the Present Simple tense means that you believe your finding are convincing enough to be considered as accepted facts.1.After three semesters of use of this architecture we found that we could archive a single integratedarchitecture that would serve both courses. (VLabNet: The Integrated Design of Hands-on Learning in Information Security and Networking, Valerie J. H. Powell, et. al., Information Security CurriculumDevelopment Conference’2007)(computer science)2.With our multi-scale feature sharing network, we achieve the state-of-the-art performance (97:3%) on LFWbenchmark. (Learning Deep Face Representation, Haoqiang Fan, et. al., ) (electronic and automatic control)(1) Establish the topic: _____________________________________(2) General research problem: _____________________________________(3) Brief overview of previous research _____________________________________(4) Establish the gap: _____________________________________(5) The purpose of the research: _____________________________________2.Identify the moves and steps by the model of the Introduction to test if it complies with them.3.What do you think the structure of Introduction is like? Why is Introduction shaped like this?。

introduction英语解释

introduction英语解释

introduction英语解释An introduction is a way to begin a conversation, a presentation, or a written piece. It's like the first handshake that sets the tone for the whole encounter. It gives a glimpse of what's coming next and makes people curious to hear more. In a speech, an introduction might catch your attention with a funny anecdote or a thought-provoking question. In writing, it might draw you in with a vivid description or an intriguing fact. It's that little hook that makes you want to stick around and find out more.When introducing something to a friend, it's like showing them a new toy and saying, "Hey, look at this!Isn't it cool?" You want to share the excitement and make them interested in what you're about to reveal. An introduction in a book or article might be more formal, but it still serves the same purpose to grab the reader's attention and make them want to dive deeper into the subject.Think of an introduction as the appetizer before the main course. It whets your appetite, gives you a taste of what's to come, and makes you eager for the rest. It's that brief moment that sets the stage and prepares you for the journey ahead.And let's not forget, introductions are not just about what's coming next. They're also about who's bringing it to you.。

introduction

introduction

Sample Demonstration 1
In recent years applied researchers have become increasingly interested in the interpersonal relationships with manager-subordinate dyads. The majority of studies have focused on actual similarity between managers’ appraisals of subordinates’ performance (Miles, 1964; Nieva, 1976; Rude, 1970; Senger, 1971), subordinates’ job satisfaction (Huber, 1970) and subordinates’ evaluations of their managers. (Weiss, 1977). A few studies have examined the extent to which subordinates congruently perceive their managers (referred to here as “subordinate’s perceptual congruence”). These studies suggest that subordinates who are more perceptually aware of their superiors’ work-related attitudes receive higher performance evaluations (Golmieh, 1974; Green, 1972; Lavovitz, 1972) and are more satisfied with their superiors (Howard, 1968). (1. Literature review 研究背景及前期成果)

Introduction

Introduction

于对方姓 名前。如 :H w d o o o o y ud ?Myn mei H ny a e r s
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INTRODUCTION结构框架

INTRODUCTION结构框架

INTRODUCTION结构框架:1、论文涉及到的选题和核心概念的文献回顾.(1)研究领域(2)前人工作(3)问题所在(4)本文贡献1.Begin the Introduction by providing a concise background account of the problem studied.研究背景介绍)2.State the objective of the investigation.Your research objective is the most important part of the introduction.(研究的必要性)3.Establish the significance of your work: Why was there a need to conduct the study?(研究的意义)4.Introduce the reader to the pertinent literature. Do not give a full history of the topic. Only quote previous work having direct bearing on the present problem.5.Clearly state your hypothesis, the variables investigated, and concisely summarize the methods used.6.Define any abbreviations or specialized terms.7.Provide a concise discussion of the results and findings of other studies so the reader understands the big picture.8.Describe some of the major findings presented in your manuscript and explain how they contribute to the larger field of research.9.State the principal conclusions derived from your results.10.Identify any questions left unanswered and any new questions generated by your study.abstract例句:精美句子总结:To the author’s knowledge*****,There is little information available in literature about ****We conducted this study to determine wether******。

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126

英文论文Introduction的写作技巧-2015-0126
第三层: Specifying the purpose of your research……………………… 可见,引言一般分为三到四个层次。每个层次都有各自的任务与目的。而在语言上也
有各自的特点,掌握这些特点会使写作过程化难为易。下面将对引言各层次的写作特点和 技巧分别加以介绍。 2 如何写引言的开头
英文论文 Introduction 的写作技巧 —as a "hook" to attract the readers
学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画(The purpose of the Introduction is to stimulate the reader’s interest and to provide pertinent background information necessary to understand the rest of the paper.Without an introduction it is sometimes very difficult for your audience to figure out what you are trying to say. There needs to be a thread of an idea that they will follow through your paper) 。 The introduction section shows the questions that should be answered for the readers once they finish reading the “Introduction”. 1 引言的内容与结构布局
引言的开头常用句型有: 句型 1:研究主题+谓语动词 be… .例 a.Fuel cell(燃料电池)is a technology for the clean and efficient conversion from chemical

Introduction 的写作要点

Introduction 的写作要点

4.3 Research Objectives
2) When you introduce your research activity
by the words of study/ research/ investigation/experiment, you emphases the result of your work, --- Past tense
e.g. Acid rain is a serious problem in many areas of Europe.
(2) Refer to other people’s research– past tense
e.g. Chen(1992)showed that the water boils at 100°C.
e.g. The purpose of the experiment reported here was to investigate the effects of …
e.g. In this research (study), we investigated the effects of X.
Expressions of Research Objectives • • • • • The aim of this paper is to give… The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to… The study was designed to evaluate… The primary focus of this paper is on… The aim of this investigation was to test …
The content of an Introduction
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《大学英语预备级1》课程开篇导学Introduction of College English (Foundation)一. 课程简介:General Introduction of this Course1课程名称:大学英语精读课Intensive Reading2授课教材:《大学英语》(综合教程预备级)(上海外语教育出版社, 2003)College English -Integrated Course (foundation)二. 课程任务:Content of Class2.1 阅读:ReadingUnit 1, Reading: A School with No RulesThis unit discusses different ideas aboutdiscipline in schools by looking at thecontext of the “free” school of Summerhillwhere the students make the rules. This unitrelates discipline to learning and motivationUnit 2, Reading: Fear of the Unknown, Not the knownThis unit has a mystery poem and a mysterystory.Unit 3, Reading: Reporting the NewsThis unit looks at the job of newspaperreporting and the role of the internationalnews agencies.Unit 4, Reading: Living in Virtual RealityThis unit looks at the world of virtualreality: special helmets and clothing andcomputers.Unit 5, Reading: The Richest Man in the WorldThis unit looks at the stories of how some ofthe richest people became rich.Unit 6, Reading: Practical JokesThis unit takes up the topic of practicaljokes and reports on some tricks which havebeen played by the media.Unit 7, Reading: Life is Just a DreamIn this unit there is an interview with adoctor who explains why we dream and whatdreams are.Unit 8, Reading: Project “ORBIS”—the Flying Eye HospitalThis unit describes a medical project whichis working to reduce the problems which affectpeople’s sight in some countries. Foundation Test 1,2This book also has two test papers so that students can measure their progress. Each test paper has two texts and a series of text activities for reading comprehension, knowledge of vocabulary and language structures, cloze activities, translation and writing activities.2.2 语法:grammarUnit 1: PrepositionsUnit 2: Singular and Plural NounsUnit 3: AgreementUnit 4: Connecting ideasUnit 5: PronounsUnit 6: InfinitivesUnit 7: Auxiliary VerbsUnit 8: Articles三. 学习的重点与难点本学期的教学内容为教材的8个单元,词汇和语法的学习为学习的重点。

每单元的(reading)精读课文是教学的重点,每单元的(reading by yourself)泛读课文是自学内容。

学习的重点是基本词汇、词组和相关的语法。

四. 学习方法;Several ways to improve English study are as follows:1.Read English Newspapers:21st Century, China DailyAdvertisements (Ads):1) Start ahead.2) Fresh up with seven-up.3) Everything goes better with Coca-cola.2. Watch English Television Programs and Listen to English Radio Programs:CCTV 9/4VOABBC3. Learn through the Internet:chatting online/ white lies / pen-friend4. Practice Tongue twisters:I eat what I can and I can what I can’t.Sally always suffers from seasickness when she is at sea.She sells some seashells on the shining seashore.5. Proverbs:Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.No fish without bones, no woman without a temper.五,其他应注意的问题:教材的使用要求:How to Use this Book:There are eight units in this book. Each Unit has two texts for reading: “Reading” and “Reading by yourself”. We focus on “Reading” in class. “Reading by yourself” is students’ homework.There are seven parts in each section of “Reading”, they are “Getting ready to read”, “Reading”, “Checking vocabulary”, “Thinking about your reading”, “Working with words”, “Working with language” and “Working on translation”.Getting ready to readThe purpose of this section is to get students to think about the topic and have discussions.ReadingThe reading is a short text on an interesting topic. In different units these texts are articles, reports, stories, explanations, poems or interviews. They will help learners to develop their language skills by focusing on different features of grammar and vocabulary. In this way they will extend students’ reading skills through a wide variety of activities.Checking VocabularyThere are several ways of using this section. Some readers may wish to work through this section before they read the text. This is a traditional habit: studying new words and then reading a text later. In this way, the students will not get used to looking at new words in their context before using a dictionary, and this means it will become more difficult for them to become independent in their reading. Therefore, we suggest another way of using this section.Students should try to read through the text to get a general idea, even if they do not know all the words. Then they may read through the text a second time. To do this, they shouldfind the word in the checking Vocabulary section. Then they can read the appropriate definition and notice the pronunciation and Chinese meaning.Thinking about your readingThis section has a wide variety of exercises such as multi-choice questions, true-false questions and open questions to help students to really understand the text.Working with wordsThis section takes some of the words and phrases from the checking vocabulary section and other important vocabulary from the text and helps students to understand it, use it and learn it.Working with LanguageThis section is based on the common errors which are often made by Chinese students. The focus is on propositions, uncountable and countable nouns and plural forms, subject-verb agreement, connecting ideas using conjunctions and so on.Working on translationIn this section there are five sentences to translate from English and five to translate from Chinese. These sentences are carefully based on the texts and they use the same kind of language that has been used in the activities in the previoussection.。

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