外文翻译：重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势
重型货车驱动桥开题报告
重型货车驱动桥开题报告重型货车驱动桥开题报告一、引言重型货车作为运输行业的重要组成部分，承载着大量的货物运输任务。
而驱动桥作为重型货车的核心组成部分，直接影响着车辆的性能和稳定性。
本文旨在对重型货车驱动桥进行研究，探讨其结构、工作原理以及存在的问题，并提出改进方案。
二、重型货车驱动桥的结构和工作原理1. 驱动桥的结构重型货车驱动桥通常由驱动轴、差速器、行星齿轮机构等组成。
驱动轴负责将发动机的动力传递到车轮上，差速器则用于平衡车轮间的差异转速，行星齿轮机构则起到传递和放大动力的作用。
2. 驱动桥的工作原理在行驶过程中，发动机的动力通过传动系统传递到驱动轴上，驱动轴再将动力传递到车轮上，从而推动车辆前进。
差速器的作用是在转弯时平衡车轮间的差异转速，避免因内外侧车轮转速不同而导致的转向困难。
三、重型货车驱动桥存在的问题1. 动力传递效率低下由于重型货车的工作环境恶劣，驱动桥在长时间运行过程中容易受到磨损和疲劳，导致动力传递效率下降，造成能源浪费。
2. 车辆稳定性差重型货车驱动桥的结构和工作原理决定了其对车辆稳定性的影响。
在转弯时，差速器的作用不够灵活，容易导致车辆侧滑或失控。
四、改进方案1. 采用新材料为了提高驱动桥的耐磨性和抗疲劳性，可以考虑采用新型材料，如高强度钢、铝合金等，以增强驱动桥的承载能力和使用寿命。
2. 优化差速器设计通过改进差速器的结构和工作原理，提高其灵活性和响应速度，以减少车辆在转弯时的侧滑和失控现象，提高车辆的稳定性。
3. 引入智能控制系统通过引入智能控制系统，对驱动桥的工作状态进行实时监测和调整，以确保驱动桥的正常运行和最佳工作状态。
五、结论重型货车驱动桥作为车辆的核心组成部分，对车辆的性能和稳定性起着至关重要的作用。
然而，目前的驱动桥存在动力传递效率低下和车辆稳定性差等问题。
通过采用新材料、优化差速器设计以及引入智能控制系统等改进方案，可以有效提高驱动桥的性能和稳定性，进一步提升重型货车的运输效率和安全性。
汽车驱动桥设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
AppendixChina in the first half of 2008 about 93 million trucks accumulative total sales of cars, vans 61 million vehicles, year-on-year growth of 20.2%, visible light car in commercial car production has a large proportion. And driving axle is very important in the vehicle driving axle is the important car auto bearing assembly, auto frame and integral by suspension of body vertical force, to lead the longitudinal forces, transverse force and torque, and impact load; Driving axle also delivers the transmission, the maximum torque reaction is under.Automobile driving axle structure and design parameters in addition to the reliability of the automobile and durability have important influence on the outside, also for the automobile driving performance such as power, economy, smooth, through sex, mobility Automobile driving axle design involves the mechanical parts and components is widely to these varieties, spare parts, components and assemblies manufacturing also almost want to design to all modern machinery manufacturing process, design a simple structure, reliable operation and low cost, can greatly reduce the drive axle of the total cost of the vehicle production, promote economic development, and car to drive through the car studying and designing practice, can better learning and mastery of the modern car design and mechanical design of the comprehensive knowledge and skills, and the overall thinking and operation skill check, drawing, is the very important link, so ontology of a structure design of fine vans axles has certain Automobile driving axle is one of the main parts car, its basic function is to enlarge the shaft or by the torque transmission spread, then torque distribution to drive wheels, and make about driving wheel has about vehicle movement required differential function; Axles in the end of powertrain system, choose proper Lord slowdown, ensure cars than with sufficient ground clearance is achieved, gear and other transmission job need to ensure smooth are the parameters, and even bear effect on the pavement drive axle and frame or carrying body vertical force, the lead between transverse and longitudinal force and torque force. Driving axle quality, performance will have a direct impact on the vehicle's safety, economy, comfort and reliability. After the car driving axle design can make the students' comprehensive by using their This thesis research aims to overall matching car by driving axle Lord finish design of gear reducer, differential component such as type of design and calculation, and complete checking and comprehensive design single main reducer, then the batch Through the design of the vehicle driving axle should also master the understanding, including each component interaction between the body and the electricalsystem, the influence and cooperate to drive axle of the process and therefore more familiar with vehicle mastery. That in the future the production and living effectly use.附录我国2008年上半年货车累计销售约93万辆，其中轻型货车61万辆，同比增长20.2%，可见轻型汽车在商用汽车生产中占有很大的比重。
中英文文献翻译-驱动桥介绍
附录A 英文文献Drive axleAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear,which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel driveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft of the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.The accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Limited-slip and locking differential operationFig 5 Limited-slip differentialDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories：(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not only used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.附录B 文献翻译驱动桥所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。
简析重卡驱动桥结构及发展趋势
Internal Combustion Engine &Parts1汽车驱动桥基本类型及结构汽车车桥中，前桥主要用来转向，一般也称之为前轴。
在车桥市场中，前桥占车桥销售额的33%左右，其中具有驱动功能的前桥占比非常小，仅在特殊工况下的军车、石油、矿用及野外作业等领域车辆中配用。
后桥主要为驱动桥，主要用来降速增扭和改变动力传输方向。
后桥可分为单级减速驱动桥与双级减速驱动桥，其中双级减速驱动桥又分为中央双级减速驱动桥和中央、轮边双级减速驱动桥。
1.1中央单级减速驱动桥中央单机减速驱动桥是驱动桥结构最简单的一种，在中央桥包处由一对准双曲线螺旋锥齿轮实现降速增扭，其结构简单、重量轻、易于装配，一般在主传动比小于6情况下采用单机减速桥。
对于一些承载较大的载重车，要求具有大的减速比，如果采用单级减速驱动桥，则必须加大从动齿轮直径，这样一来会影响驱动桥桥包离地间隙，降低整桥通过性。
所以此时有必要采用双机减速驱动桥。
1.2中央双级减速驱动桥目前国内车桥市场上，中央双级减速驱动桥主要有两种类型：一类是在单级减速器中预留空间，当要求增大牵引力与速比时，装入圆柱行星齿轮减速机构，将原中央单级减速改为中央双级减速，其桥壳、主减等均可互换；另一类是需要改制第一级锥齿轮，然后装入第二级圆柱直齿轮或斜齿轮，变成中央双级驱动桥。
中央双级减速驱动桥作为一种派生产品，使用受到一定限制，因此一般不作为一种基本桥型来发展，只用来作派生的特殊驱动桥。
1.3中央单级、轮边减速驱动桥轮边减速驱动桥由中央一级减速加轮边一级减速组成。
当前轮边减速驱动桥可分为圆锥行星齿轮式轮边减速桥与圆柱行星齿轮式轮边减速桥两类，其主要区别在于轮边行星齿轮结构不同。
这类桥由于存在一级轮边减速，降低了半轴传递的转矩，把增大的转矩直接加到轴头轮边减速器上，而且由于存在轮边减速，其中央桥包尺寸可以减小，保证了车辆的高通过性。
与单级桥相比，其结构复杂，重量大，价格贵，而且轮边减壳存在齿轮传动，长时间行驶会产生大量的热致使轮毂过热，因此作为公路车驱动桥，它不如单级减速桥，轮边减速驱动桥主要应用在工程车及矿用车等非公路车上。
汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展方向
万方数据重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展方向作者：高志刚作者单位：河北省张北县交通局,076450刊名：科学与财富英文刊名：SCIENCES & WEALTH年，卷(期)：2010，(8)被引用次数：0次1.期刊论文刘永辉.朱小波重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展方向-科技经济市场2006(8)全面阐述了重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势.2.期刊论文金荣植新型重型汽车驱动桥锥齿轮材料17Cr2Mn2TiH钢-汽车工艺与材料2008(9)对采用我国新研制的17Cr2Mn2TiH钢生产的重型汽车驱动桥圆锥齿轮进行了台架寿命试验,结果表明,该齿轮完全可以达到重型汽车驱动桥齿轮的相关技术要求.同时,采用17Cr2Mn2TiH钢替代含Ni较高的17CrNiM06H、20CrNi3H等钢,不仅大大降低了齿轮钢材成本,而且热处理工艺简单.因此可以大大降低其制造成本.这是目前我国重型汽车驱动桥齿轮行业摆脱制造成本过高的一种很好尝试.3.会议论文严欣贤.周跃良.白志成重型汽车主减速器疲劳寿命试验扭矩的确定研究2005本文通过对重型汽车驱动桥的疲劳寿命试验方法的研究,在指出传统等幅加载方法不足的的基础上,根据汽车齿轮的疲劳寿命与应力的关系曲线重新确定了重型车驱动桥疲劳寿命试验方法,其它类型的车辆的驱动桥疲劳台架试验可参考该方法确定驱动桥的疲劳试验载荷.4.期刊论文严伯昌重型汽车驱动桥总成的检修-工程机械与维修2007(11)重型汽车驱动桥总成主要由驱动桥壳体、主减速器总成(含差速器)、轮边减速器总成、制动钳以及全浮式左右半轴等部分组成.任何壳体类零件出现微小裂纹或壳体轻微变形均可导致零件间相对位置精度及齿轮间的啮合关系发生改变,从而降低驱动桥的作业效率和使用寿命,影响整机的使用性能和作业能力.因此应做好以下几个部件的检修.5.期刊论文金荣植重型汽车驱动桥齿轮材料与工艺对疲劳性能影响的探讨-汽车工艺与材料2009(11)对于重型汽车驱动桥齿轮一般需进行疲劳性能考核.试验方法是将被考核齿轮以总成形式安装在总成试验台上,使其在与实际工作条件接近一致的情况下运行.6.学位论文李欣重型货车驱动桥桥壳结构分析及其轻量化研究2006驱动桥桥壳是汽车上重要的承载件和传力件，作为具有广泛应用市场的非断开式驱动桥的桥壳不仅支承汽车重量，将载荷传递给车轮，而且还承受由驱动车轮传递过来的牵引力、制动力、侧向力、垂向力的反力以及反力矩，并经悬架传给车架或车身。
重型车桥的发展趋势
重型车桥的发展趋势如何？从记者采访到的情况看，结构方面，单级驱动桥的使用比例将越来越高；技术方面，轻量化、舒适性的要求将逐步提高。
结构趋势单级减速随着中国公路建设水平的不断提高，公路运输车辆正向大吨位、多轴化、大马力方向发展，使得重型车桥总成也向传动效率高的单级减速方向发展。
中国汽车工业协会专家谭秀卿这样描述未来重型车桥的发展趋势。
“未来单级桥的使用比例肯定会越来越高”。
采访中，几乎所有的业内专家都认同这种观点。
中国重汽的一位工程师告诉记者，单级驱动桥结构简单，机械传动效率高，易损件少，可靠性高。
由于单级桥传动链减少，摩擦阻力小，比双级桥省油，噪声也小。
过去，单级桥因为桥包尺寸大，离地间隙小，导致通过性较差，应用范围相对较小，但是现在公路状况已经得到了显著改善，重型汽车使用条件对通过性的要求降低。
这种情况下，单级桥的劣势得以忽略，而其优势不断突出，所以在公路运输中的应用范围肯定越来越广。
谭秀卿告诉记者，目前我们卡车中，双级减速桥的应用比例还在60%左右。
据了解，目前我国重卡大量使用的斯太尔驱动桥属于典型的双级减速桥，其二级减速的结构，主减速器总成相对较小，桥包尺寸减小，因此离地间隙加大，通过性好，承载能力也较大。
广泛用于公路运输，以及石油、工矿、林业、野外作业和部队等多种领域的车辆。
不过，有专家认为，双级减速桥的缺点也比较明显：传动效率相对较低，油耗高；长途运输容易导致汽车轮毂发热，散热效果差，为了防止过热发生爆胎，不得不增加喷淋装置；结构相对复杂，产品价格高等。
因此，在欧美重型汽车中采用该结构的车桥产品呈下降趋势，日本采用该结构的产品更少。
我国双级桥使用比例下降也是必然的，谭秀卿指出：“未来双级减速桥将主要在工程用车领域发挥作用”。
有专家预测，今后几年内，重型车桥将会形成以下产品格局：公路运输以10 吨及以上单级减速驱动桥、承载轴为主；工程、港口等用车以10 吨级以上双级减速驱动桥为主。
技术趋势轻量化、低噪声业内专家认为，总体而言，现在重型汽车向节能、环保、舒适等方面发展的趋势，要求重型车桥要轻量化、大扭矩、低噪声、宽速比、寿命长和低生产成本。
我国重型汽车车桥历史、现状及发展趋势
我国重型汽车车桥历史、现状及发展趋势?设计?计算?研究?我国重型汽车车桥历史,现状及发展趋势郑娟英(陕西汉德车桥有限公司)摘要:简要介绍我国重型汽车车桥的发展历史和现状,主要制造商及其产品,技术发展水平,对比国外先进车桥技术,分析和总结我国重型汽车车桥的发展趋势及发展对策.关键词:重型车桥轮边减速器单级减速驱动桥发展趋势Thehistory,statusquoanddevelopmentdirectionofourcountry'Sheavy-dutyaxleZhengJuanyingSHAANXIHANDEAXLECO.,LTDAbstract:Introducingthehistoryandstatusquoofourcountry'Sheavy—dutyaxle,mainmanufacturerandproduction,technologylevel,contrastingadvancedtechnologyofoverseasheavy—dutyaxle,analyzingandsumming—updevelopmentdirectionandcountermeasureofourcountry'Sheavy-dutyaxle.Keywords:heavy??dutyaxleplanetary??reductionsinglereductiondriveaxledevelopment direction重型汽车通常是指总重大于15吨的重型卡车,军用越野汽车以及长度大于10米的大客车等产品.根据以上重型汽车的划分标准及我国轴荷相关法律,法规的要求,通常所谓的重型车桥是指轴荷10吨以上,单桥牵引力大于25吨的车桥产品.无论从价格还是技术层面上,重型车桥是重型汽车比肩发动机和驾驶室的三大核心总成之一,承受着汽车的满载簧上荷重及地面经车轮,车架或承载式车身经悬架给与的铅锤力,纵向力,横向力及其力矩,以及冲击载荷;驱动桥还传递着传动系中的最大扭矩,桥壳还承受着反作用力矩.汽车车桥的结构形式和设计参数除对汽车的可靠性与耐久性有重要影响外,也对汽车的行驶性能如动力性,经济性,平顺性,通过性,机动性和操纵稳定性等有直接关系.因此,车桥对整车极其重要,重型车桥的技术水平直接影响着重型汽车的技术水平,可靠性. 2010年第2期1.我国重型商用车桥产品的发展历程及目前的情况我国重型车桥按照结构划分,主要有两种,一种是带轮边减速器的双级减速驱动桥,主要技术以上世纪80年代引进的STEYR技术为典型代表;另一种是单级减速驱动桥,主要技术以日产柴技术为代表的东风460和解放457.1.1.我国重型商用车桥产品的发展历程随着上世纪80年代,为解决我国汽车行业"缺重少轻"现象,当时中国重型汽车集团公司引进奥地利STEYR汽车公司的9l系列重型汽车,重型STEYR车桥产品也随之进入我国,目前该产品已经成为我国重型车桥市场的主流产品.上世纪90年代,解放和东风公司相继引进日产柴技术,成功开发了DF460和FAW457系列单级减速驱动桥,与引进的STEYR轮边减速驱动桥共同构成了我国重.19.?设计?计算?研究?型车桥的主体.1.2.我国重型车桥产品行业发展现状随着近年来我国重型汽车市场的快速增长,重型商用车桥的市场容量也在迅速扩张,2009年全年销量约为180万根,销售收入约为300亿元左右. 预计到2010年全年市场容量将达到200万根以上, 销售收入超过350亿元.由此可见,市场规模相当可观.其中,前桥业务占整个车桥行业销售额的30%左右,后驱动桥,双联后驱动桥占绝对主导地位,支撑桥份额不到10%.目前国内重型商用汽车市场中,单,双级减速驱动桥比例大致是4:6,其中单级桥主要集中在一汽解放,东风汽车;双级桥主要集中在中国重汽,陕汽重卡,北方奔驰和上汽红岩依维柯.1.3.我国主要重型汽车车桥生产企业产品介绍主要制造商集中在东风德纳车桥有限公司,一汽解放汽车有限公司车桥分公司,中国重汽济南桥箱有限公司,陕西汉德车桥有限公司,安徽安凯福田曙光车桥有限公司,一汽山东汽车改装厂及青特众力车桥有限公司等企业.表1国内单级桥产品型谱牵引质量公司,产品名称及技术来源轴荷主要用途(吨)东风公司一汽集团中国重汽汉德安凯北奔26吨80480德纳485自主495美驰HD469曼468现代载货车,牵引双联桥70460日产柴457日产柴457美驰车,自卸车23吨载货车,牵引50-60435435HD425曼435双联桥车,白卸车13吨44-50500500HD485曼485载货车,自卸车单后桥等HD450自主725.AO1客车表2国内双级桥产品型谱牵引质量公司,产品名称及技术来源主要用途驱动桥轴荷(吨)东风公司一汽集团中国重汽汉德车桥安凯车桥奔放奔驰300H斯太300H自主300H斯太300H斯太尔3OOH32吨双联桥7O一82吨300H奔驰开发尔尔斯太尔载货车,自300H曼卸车,牵引300H自主300H斯太300H斯太300H斯太盔300H26吨双联桥7O一82吨尔300H奔驰开发尔尔斯太尔300H曼载货车,牵23吨双联桥44—52吨233H曼引车等说明:以上表1,表2中的双联桥中的后桥可单独使用.1.4.行业竞争状况分析国内重型车桥市场主要集中在大的汽车集团旗下,行业集中度非常高,其中解放,东风,中国重汽,陕重汽,北方奔驰和上汽红岩依维柯重型车桥基本自产,占市场份额的90%以上..20.随着普利适优迪车桥有限公司,美国车桥国际控股有限公司(AAM)等在中国的纷纷落户,我国车桥行业内,外资公司由合资到独资的逐渐渗入也在加快进程,开始了产品,技术,人才,市场的全面竞争格局.汽车实用技术?设计?计算?研究?1.5.我国重型车桥产品存在的问题据专业人士称,在汽车底盘平台主要零部件中,依靠现有技术,车桥总成最有可能达到国际先进水平.但是,如今国内上百家商用车车桥企业中, 具有一定实力,水平及规模的只有十多家,产品水平与国外企业差距很大.总体来讲,国外先进的车桥能够保修100万公里甚至150万公里,而国内重型商用车桥的使用寿命仅为8O万公里左右,至于保修历程大多也就是10万公里或1年时间.主要问题是:加工设备技术落后,工艺水平普遍较低,过程控制能较弱,试制,试验,监测及分析技术落后等导致产品质量不稳定,出现"漏油,漏气"的现象较多,齿轮噪声高,早期失效普遍,制动器质量缺陷较多等.存在以上问题的主要原因是:由于对知识产权的保护力度不够,使得车桥行业内抄袭成风,导致国内的车桥企业对研发的投入普遍不足;封闭的集团内车桥市场使得企业缺乏技术积淀和研发人才储备.2.国外典型重型商用车用车桥产品介绍2.1.VOLVO公司VOLVO公司重型驱动桥有带轮边减速器的双级桥和单级桥,制动器有鼓式,盘式两种,车桥制动系统可安装ABS/ASR系统,目前全球最先进的EBS 电子制动控制系统,可以安装板簧或四气囊空气悬架.2.1.1.单级减速驱动桥单后桥一适用于4x2,6x2和8x2驱动方式轴荷型号减速方式牵引总质量(吨)(吨)RSS1344B单级l344RS1356SV单级l356双联桥一适合于6x4和8x4驱动方式型号减速方式轴荷(吨)牵引总质量(吨)RTS2370A单级23702.1.2.带轮边减速器的双级减速驱动桥单后桥一适用于4x2,6x2和8x2驱动方式2010年第2期牵引总质量型号减速方式轴荷(吨)(吨)带轮边减速RSH1370C1370器双联驱动桥一适用于6x4和8x4驱动方式牵引总质型号减速方式轴荷(吨)量(吨)带轮边减速RTH2180C2l80器带轮边减速RTH211OC2l10O器带轮边减速RTH2610C261O0器带轮边减速RTH32lOC3210O器带轮边减速RTH3212C32120器2.2.MAN公司拥有全系列前轴,单级减速驱动桥,双级减速驱动桥,低地板前轴,低地板驱动桥,前驱动桥和支撑轴产品.2.2.1.HY/HYD系列单级桥该系列单级桥产品主要用于公路用车,如牵引车,载货车及部分专用车,制动器可选择鼓式制动或盘式制动,悬架可选择安装板簧悬架,少片簧悬架和4气囊空气悬架,还可安装ABs/AsR系统,电子制动系统(EBS).型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质量HY1133单级桥单后桥l1.533HYD1152单级桥贯通桥11.544-52.21.?设计?计算?研究?HY1350单级桥单后桥1344HYD1370单级桥贯通桥l3702.2.2.HP/HPD系列双级驱动桥主要用于路况恶劣的工地,矿山等工况的车辆,如自卸车,军用越野汽车等.型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质里带轮边减HP1133单后桥11.533速器带轮边减HPD1153贯通桥11.544-52速器带轮边减HP1333单后桥11.533速器带轮边减HPD1353贯通桥l1.544—52速器带轮边减HP1352单后桥l344-52速器带轮边减HPD1382贯通桥1370-82速器带轮边减HP1652单后桥l644-52速器带轮边减HPD1682贯通桥1670-82速器2.2.3.VP/VPD系列前转向驱动桥该系列车桥和HP/HPD系列后驱动桥一起使用,主要应用于全驱动,全地形车辆越野汽车..22.型号减速方式用途轴荷牵引总质量vPo6单级桥单后桥6vPo9单级桥单后桥9VPD09单级桥贯通桥9现代商用车桥发展趋势探讨重型车桥总成的整体性能正在向轻量化,低噪音,高效率,大扭矩,宽速比,长寿命,低成本,更舒适,更安全,更加注重电子化和环保的方向发展,比如ABS/ASR系统,电子制动系统(EBS),轮胎气压监控报警系统(TPM)集中润滑,充放气系统悬架等都应用在车桥总成上.3.1.承受更大扭矩,满足搭载大马力发动机重型卡车必然从运输单位成本的角度考虑,发展大功率重吨位的大型汽车列车.在20世纪5O年代,载货车的最大功率约150千瓦(近200马力), 20世纪初提高到最大功率约440千瓦(近600马力),50年内提高了3倍.有专家预测,在未来的50年内,卡车的最大功率将达到735千瓦(1000马力),汽车总质量将达到100吨.因此,满足大扭矩,大功率发动机的车桥产品将是重型车桥未来的方展方向之一.3.2.齿轮及其他传动机件工作平稳,可靠,低噪音目前国内驱动桥传动系统的主要问题是噪音较高,疲劳寿命较短,主要原因是齿轮精度和强度不够.因此,提高齿轮及其它传动机件的加工精度,装配精度,增强齿轮支承刚度,增强桥壳及主减速器壳的刚度以避免其受载变形后破坏齿轮的正确啮合,都是降低驱动桥噪声的有效措施.而齿轮的高强度化制造技术关键在于高强度齿轮钢材的开发和齿轮强化技术的应用,齿轮的高精度制造技术包括合理选材,高精度淬火技术和从动齿轮压力淬火技术.3.3,零件标准化,部件通用化,产品系列化采用几种典型的零部件,以不同组合的设计方法和生产方式达到驱动桥产品系列化或变形的目的,或力求做到将某一基型的驱动桥以更换或增减汽车实用技术?设计?计算-研究?不多的零件,用到不同性能,不同吨位,不同用途的多驱动桥上.如此,将极大的方便供应商开发,产品采购,生产组织管理,售后服务等环节的工作, 降低产品的生产制造和运营成本.3.4.高燃油经济性和环保性车桥燃油经济性的提高,主要措施是提高驱动桥的传动效率,而驱动桥传动效率主要取决于其齿轮啮合及轴承运转时的摩擦损失和润滑油扰动,飞溅引起的功率损失.提高齿轮精度及支承刚度;正确选择润滑油可减小齿面的摩擦损失,改善啮合; 正确选择轴承的尺寸及型号,间隙或预紧度,改善润滑;选择合理的油面高度,控制润滑油的扰动,飞溅引起的功率损失,这些都是减小驱动桥的功率损失,提高传动效率的有效方法.由于石油资源的稀缺性,导致油价长期保持高价运行的状态,因此,提高燃油经济性,一方面降低了产品的使用成本,增强产品的市场竞争力,另一方面也有利于环境保护.3.5.电子化,智能化满足ABS/ASR系统,汽车采用电子稳定程序(ESP)等电子硬件的安装和使用.3.6.产品市场细分过去,单级桥因为主减速器尺寸大,离地间隙小,导致通过性较差,应用范围相对较小.现在,一方面随着我国公路运输条件的改善重型汽车使用条件对通过性的要求降低,使单级桥的劣势得以忽略;另一方面物流业对车辆可靠性,高速性能等要求的变化,公路用重型汽车驱动桥已加快向单级桥发展.单级减速驱动桥结构简单,传动链较短,易损件少,可靠性高,机械传动效率较高,燃油消耗率较低,成本较为低廉,符合市场对这一发展趋势需求.预计未来我国的重型车桥产品中75%的驱动桥产品将是单级减速驱动桥,而这一比例目前只有40%,将日益接近于目前美,欧等成熟市场.我国现有的斯太尔驱动桥属于典型的欧洲重型载货汽车产品的双级桥结构,其传动效率相对较低,油耗高,但这并不意味着传统双级桥市场的没落,在一些路况恶劣,如资源勘探,矿山开采,油田作业,军用越野车,修路,水电站建设等需要高通过性的地方,仍需要双级桥,且我国目前正在进行大规模的基础设施现代化建设,这一市场需求仍将在长时期内保持较高的需求量.2010年第2期预计未来2-3年内,重型汽车所需车桥总成将形成以下格局:公路运输以10吨及以上单级减速驱动桥,承载轴为主;工程,港口等用车以10吨及以上双级减速驱动桥为主.4.对于我公司重型车桥发展的几点意见4.1.明确公司的产品发展规划和发展战略制定,完善公司产品发展规划和发展战略,就是直面激烈的竞争,严峻的挑战,为取得优势地位, 保证自己的生存和发展确立企业总体的长远的目标,发展方向和重点,做到有的放矢,成为车桥行业技术引领者,掌握市场主动权.4.2.加大产品研发投入同国内其它车桥制造商一样,还没有形成自己的研发体系和能力,这将极大的制约发展后劲.加强人才队伍建设,一方面引进高级能人才,另一方面要保持人才队伍的稳定;加大对产品研发的投入,包括软件和硬件两方面,加快试制车间,实验室的建设步伐,采用先进的测试设施,建设国家认定试验室,为新产品设计和老产品改进提供依据,增强产品竞争力和行业影响力.例如VOLVO公司位于瑞典哥德堡的全新测试装置能够对整个32吨级双后桥施以横向,纵向的压力,以及车轮的扭矩(根据从消费者驾驶车辆的跟踪测试中获得的数据,研究人员设定不同的测试程序.该试验台能够模拟现实工作环境中卡车车桥所承受的巨大压力,运行相应的基本程序,其中包括长途运输,区域配送以及建筑工地作业.此外,针对不同运输环节中的特殊驾驶情况,测试环节也能够被相应改变.),模拟车桥产品得整个生命周期.该试验台架的应用,大大缩短了试验的时间,并且提供车桥优化设计的依据,确保卡车不会因为车桥的尺寸,结构问题而出现运转不良,超载或浪费燃料的情况.4.3.继续完善产品系列进一步开发485贯通桥,500单级减速桥产品,满足重型汽车搭载500马力及以上大功率发动机的需求,使公司产品形成系列化.利用公司现有产品技术资源,开发与汽车桥类似的工程机械车桥产品,如汽车起重机,矿用自卸.23—?设计?计算?研究?车,石油钻进运输平台车等车桥产品.4.4.大力发展先进军用车桥依托陕重汽在军用越野汽车市场的独特优势,开发满足未来战争需求的高机动性,高通过性,高承载能力以及较高通用性的车桥;满足安装各类型悬挂系统(油气悬挂,独立悬挂),大直径,宽断面,可调压胎和轮胎中央充放气系统,先进的电子技术,如安装ABS/ASA系统,EBS系统等的车桥产品.4.5.依托现有产品资源,开发新一代产品着眼于未来重型汽车发展趋势,新能源卡车技术的开发,开发新一代车桥产品技术平台,如满足重卡使用的电动车桥产品等,实现企业自主开发的能力,核心竞争力的形成.参考文献:[1]辛木.商用车桥行业现状及发展动向.重型汽车,2008,6 [2111J惟信.汽车车桥设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2004 汽车实用技术。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译579重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译579重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势The Basic Structure and Development Trend of Heavy-Duty Automotive Drive AxlesKeywords: heavy-duty automotive, drive axle, structure, development trend1. IntroductionThe drive axle plays a crucial role in heavy-duty automotive systems, as it is responsible for transmitting power from the engine to the wheels. Over the years, significant improvements have been made in the design, structure, and materials of drive axles to meet the increasing demands for vehicle performance, efficiency, and durability. This paper aims to analyze the basic structure of heavy-duty automotive drive axles and explore their development trend.2. Traditional Drive Axle Structure2.1 Axle Housing2.2 DifferentialThe differential distributes power evenly between the left and right wheels, enabling smooth turning and preventing wheel slippage. It consists of bevel gears and a pinion gear, ensuring power transmission at different speeds and loads.2.3 Gears2.4 Bearings3. Development Trend3.1 Lightweight MaterialsThe adoption of lightweight materials in the construction of drive axles is a significant trend. This helps in reducing the overall weight of the vehicle, improving fuel efficiency and load capacity, and enhancing vehicle performance.3.2 Electronic Control Systems3.3 Advanced Manufacturing Techniques4. Challenges and OpportunitiesThe development of heavy-duty automotive drive axles faces several challenges, such as meeting increasingly stringent emission regulations, improving energy efficiency, and addressing the demand for autonomous driving capabilities. However, these challenges also bring opportunities, such as the development of hybrid and electric drive axles, as well as the integration of connectivity and intelligent control systems.5. Conclusion。
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附录1重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构及发展趋势1．重型汽车驱动桥的基本结构驱动桥是重型汽车的重要标志之一，其基本结构有以下两种1．1中央单级减速驱动桥是驱动桥结构中最为简单的一种，是驱动桥的基本形式，在载重汽车中占主导地位。
一般在主传动比小于6的情况下，应尽量采用中央单级减速驱动桥。
目前的中央单级减速器趋于采用双曲线螺旋伞齿轮。
主动小齿轮采用骑马式支承，有差速锁装置供选用。
1．2中央双级驱动桥在国内目前的市场上，中央双级驱动桥主要有2种类型：一类如伊顿系列产品，事先就在单级减速器中预留好空间，当要求增大牵引力与速比时，可装人圆柱行星齿轮减速机构，将原中央单级改成中央双级驱动桥。
这种改制“三化”程度高，桥壳、主减速器等均可通用，盆齿轮直径不变；另一类如洛克威尔系列产品，当要增大牵引力与速比时，需要改制第一级伞齿轮后，再装入第二级圆柱直齿轮或斜齿轮，变成要求的中央双级驱动桥这时桥壳可通用，主减速器不通用，盆齿轮有2个规格。
2009年中国汽车的产销量突破1000万辆，以惊人的速度迈进千万辆级的汽车生产、消费大国行列。
除了整车制造以外，汽车零部件领域的快速发展也有目共睹。
《2011中国汽车驱动桥市场趋势观察研究预测报告》分析：零部件行业销售和盈利环比继续改善，2009年9~11月税前利润环比增长248%。
2009年9-11月份，汽车零部件行业销售收入达3,413亿元，同比上升499%，环比增长80%，销售收入自2季度反弹以来持续攀升，国内汽车销量增长推动零部件配套收入上升是行业增长的主要来源。
行业利润总额达289亿元，同比上升1303%，环比增长248%,在行业销售收入增长背景下，行业盈利也实现同比大幅上升。
)工程自卸车、运水车等(的双级主减速器。
后者更适宜于最大程度地满足用户不同需要。
而亚洲、非洲和南美国家则采用带轮边减速的双级主减速器的驱动桥，用于非道路和恶劣道路使用的车辆)行星齿轮传动(带轮边减速;《2011中国汽车驱动桥市场趋势观察研究预测报告》中数据表明：现在，世界上货车普遍采用两种驱动桥结构单级减速双曲线螺旋锥齿轮副本报告着重分析了2009-2010年中国汽车驱动桥行业和市场发展现状，行业发展趋势。
依据对大量最新资讯的详尽分析，结合权威的观点，并将近年来大量的连续监测数据运用数据模型分析，对2011-2015年中国汽车驱动桥市场的发展做出科学的预测。
《2011中国汽车驱动桥市场趋势观察研究预测报告》2010年6月版由郑林博士领衔撰写。
在撰写过程中得到香港中华商业信息研究院的智慧支持。
并得到国家统计局，中国汽车工业协会，中国汽车用品网，汽车零部件工业协会，中国海关，中国数字图书馆等多家信息机构的智慧支持。
在此表示感谢！附录2Heavy vehicle drive axle of the basic structure and development trend.1. The basic structure of heavy vehicles driving axleHeavy duty truck driving axle is one of the important marks, its basic structure has the following 3 kinds1.1 central single stage slowdown driven axleIs driving axle structure most simple one kind, is the basic forms, in driving axle load truck dominant. Generally in the main transmission ratio less than 6 cases, should try to use a central single stage slowdown driven axle. The current central single stage reducer tend to adopt hyperbola spiral bevel gears. Active pinion by riding type bearing, discriminating speed lock device for selection.1.2 central doublestage axlesIn domestic currently on the market, the central doublestage axles basically has two kinds: one profenofos Eaton series products, in advance in single stage reserved good space of speed reducer, when asked to increase traction and speed, can install people cylindrical planet gear institutions, will original central single stage into a central doublestage axles. This restructuring "three" degree high, bridge housing, main reducer, etc. Can be general, basins gear diameter unchanged, Another profenofos LuoKeWeiEr series product, when will increase traction and ratio, require restructuring first-level bevel gear, then loaded the second cylindrical spur gear or helical gears, become requirements of central doublestage axles then bridge housing, the main purpose of gear reducer not gm, basin has 2 specifications.2009 China automobile single-brand sales volume of 10 million cars, with amazing speed towards million units level car production, consumption power ranks. In addition to the vehicle manufacturing, automotive field outside the rapid development also evident. The 2011 China automobile driving axle market trend observation research forecast report analysis: spare parts industry sales and earningsannulus continues to improve, 2009 September to November 248% pre-tax profit growth period. 2009 9 - November, auto parts industry sales revenue of 3,413 billion yuan, rise compared to the 499%, annulus increased by 80 percent, and sales income from 2 quarterly rebound since continue to rise, domestic car sales growth parts matching income rise is the main source of industry growth. Industry profit total 289 billion yuan, up 1303%, rise in the industry 248% annulus growth increased sales background, industry profits also realization year-on-year increase dramatically.The 2011 China automobile driving axle market trend observation research forecast in the report on data indicate that: now, widely used in the world two axles van structure single stage deceleration hyperbola spiral bevel ) planetary gear transmission of ( belt wheel edges vice ;gear deceleration doublestage main reducer. The latter is more suitable for maximum satisfy user needs. Asia, Africa and South America countries will adopt belt wheel edges slowdown doublestage Lord gear reducer is driven axle, used for non-road and bad .) engineering dump truck, YunShuiChe etc (road vehicle in useThis report focuses on analyzing the 2009-2010 China automobile driving axle industry and market development present situation, the industry trend. Based on detailed analysis of the latest information, combined with the authoritative opinion, and nearly years large amounts of continuous monitoring data by using the data model analysis, to 2011-2015 China automobile driving axle market development to make scientific forecast.The 2011 China automobile driving axle market trend observation research forecast report June 2010 ZhengLin led by dr written version. In the writing process of getting Hong Kong Chinese commercial information institute wisdom support. And get the national bureau of statistics, China's automotive industry association, China auto supplies nets, auto parts industry association, China customs, China digital library of information institutions and companies wisdom support. In this thank!。