国际市场营销学练习题第7章
国际市场营销学练习题和答案
国际市场营销学练习题和答案《国际市场营销学》练习题一、单项选择题这次发的练习题是将上次发的做了调整的，以这次的为准1.20世纪80年代以后，国际市场营销的发展进入（ D ）A.进口营销阶段B.出口营销阶段C.跨国国际营销阶段D.全球营销阶段2.国际市场营销学是源于( D )A.经济学B.国际贸易C.商业企业管理学D.基础市场营销学3.跨国国际营销是国际营销的发展阶段之一，一般认为该阶段始于( D )A.20世纪初B.20世纪50年代C.20世纪60年代D.20世纪70年代4.世界市场有多种分类方法，把国际市场分为欧洲共同体、独联体、东盟自由贸易区、南美洲共同市场等，这种分类方式是( C )A.按地理位置分类B.按经济发展水平分类C.按国际经济联盟分类D.按出口商品类别及商品分类5.在下列各种国际营销活动过程中可能遇到的不属于政治风险的是( A )A.汇率变动B.进口限制C.外汇管制D.政府没收6.下列关于集中性营销策略的叙述中，说法错误．．的是( C )A.在一个或几个较小的市场上占有较大的份额B.目标集中在少数几个子市场C.在较大的市场上占有一个较小的市场份额D.适用于资源有限的企业7.企业只推出单一产品，运用单一的市场营销组合，力求在一定程度上适合尽可能多的顾客的需求，这种战略是( A )A.无差异市场营销战略B.密集市场营销战略C.差异市场营销战略D.集中市场营销战略8.下列属于产品附加利益层的是( D )A.产品的功能和效用B.产品的品牌和商标C.产品的包装和色彩D.送货、安装、上门服务9.某企业集团从生产保健品转向房地产开发，其产品市场的进入模式是( D )A.产品开发型模式B.市场开发型模式C.市场渗透型模式D.多种经营型模式10.以向企业管理人员提供有关销售、成本、存货、现金流量、应收账款等企业经营现状信息为主要工作任务的系统是市场营销信息系统中的( D )A.市场营销情报系统B.市场决策支持系统C.市场营销分析系统D.内部报告系统11.在国际营销活动中，遇见的最严重的政治风险是（ C ）A.外汇管制B.劳工政策C.没收D.进口限制12.国际市场宏观细分的首要步骤是（ A ）A.确定细分标准B.初步划分子市场C.分析初分子市场D.选择易进入的子市场13.差异性营销策略的优点是（ B ）A.实现规模经济，降低生产和营销成本B.增加企业竞争能力，扩大销售额C.集中力量向某一特定子市场提供最好服务D.适用于资源比较有限的企业14.适合选择短渠道销售决策的产品是( B )A.服务要求不高的产品B.销售数量大、购买次数少的产品C.企业销售力量较弱的产品D.重量轻、体积小的产品15.产品处于成长期和成熟期阶段所采用的广告策略主要是( C )A.告知性广告B.说服性广告C.提醒性广告D.让利性广告16.目标市场是指企业所选定的( B )A.销售地区B.消费者群体C.销售渠道D.销售产品17.在商品价格构成要素中，最基本、最主要的因素是( A )A.成本B.需求C.供给D.购买力18.在分析国际市场政治环境时，衡量政治不稳定性的指标除了文化分裂外，还有（ D ）A.没收B.征用C.宗教冲突D.政权的更迭率19.如实反映企业经营状况的调查研究属于（B ）A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究20.由调查人通过亲自观看或用仪器进行记录的一种调查方法是（ B ）A.询问法B.观察法C.实验法D.问卷法21.某产品在市场上普及并逐渐达到饱和，销售量趋于稳定，这说明该产品处于产品生命周期中的（ C ）A.投入期B.成长期C.成熟期22.企业各产品线中产品项目的数目的平均数称为产品组合的（ C ）A.广度B.长度C.深度D.密度23.促销活动的首要任务是（ D ）A.推销产品B.留住顾客C.树立形象D.传递信息24.以自己的名义在本国市场上购买商品，再卖给国外买主的贸易商，统称为（C ）A.出口代理商B.出口佣金商C.出口商D.企业自设出口机构25.从企业微观经济分析，市场的构成要素有消费者、欲望和（ D ）A.商品B.货币C.收入D.购买力26.国际市场营销主要着眼于（C ）A.国家利益B.地区利益C.企业利益D.消费者利益27能够反映一个国家或地区经济状况和金融政策的综合指标是（ C ）A.自然资源C.通货膨胀率D.外国投资状况28.对企业市场营销活动中因自变量的变化引起因变量变化的关系进行的研究是（ C ）A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究29.国际市场宏观细分标准中，最常用的细分标准是（ A ）A.地理标准B.文化标准C.经济标准D.政治和法律标准30.随行就市定价法属于（ C ）A.成本导向定价法B.需求导向定价法C.竞争导向定价法D.心理导向定价法31、以“新产品—现有需求—国际市场”为基本思路的国际产品市场进入模式是( C )A.多种经营型模式B.市场渗透型模式C.新产品开发型模式D.市场开发型模式32.产品的功能和效用属于整体产品概念中的（ B ）A.产品附加利益层B.产品核心层C.产品有形特征层D.产品无形特征层33.国际市场的“产品—市场矩阵”中，基于“现有产品—新需求—国际市场”的营销模式是（ C ）A.市场渗透模式B.产品开发模式C.市场开发模式D.多种经营模式34．顾客需求的差异性理论是（C）A．商品差异性的基础B．市场差异性的基础C．市场细分的基础D．消费品细分的基础35．产品生命周期中，基本特征为销量低且增长缓慢时，说明产品处于（A）A．投入期B．成长期C．成熟期D．衰退期36．针对消费者的消费心理，可采用的定价策略是（ C ）A．盈亏平衡定价法B．边际成本定价法C．尾数定价法D．平均成本定价法37．不拥有．．．产品所有权，在规定条件下向国外市场销售商品的中间商是（ A ）A．出口代理商B．出口经销商C．出口采购商D．出口经纪人38.国际市场营销与国际贸易都有的工作是（ B ）A.促销B.组织进出口业务C.国际上商品交换D.产品开发39.如果需要把本公司具有优势的知识和技能进行国际转移，其主要媒介是（B ）A.出口打入模式B.合同打入模式C.投资打入模式D.间接出口40.产品的维护属于（ D ）A.产品的核心层B.产品的有形特征层C.产品的延伸层D.产品附加利益层41.美国通用汽车在中国大陆有“别克”、“雪佛兰”等不同的品牌号，这种决策是（ C ）A.统一品牌决策B.分类品牌决策C.多品牌决策D.主、副品牌决策42.在商品流通过程中，对商品没有．．所有权的是（C ）A.中间商B.经销商C.代理商D.消费者43.所谓渠道管理的中心任务就是要（ B ）A.降低成本B.解决矛盾C.提高效率D.促进协调44.在制定国际市场促销策略时，最基本的决策是（ B ）A.决定促销在国际营销中的强度B.识别/估测目标受众C.提出购买建议D.决定最优促销组合45.下列促销手段中，属于营业推广的是（ C ）A.广告B.人员推销C.有奖销售D.公共关系46.下列关于影响国际市场销售渠道决策因素的说法中，正确的是（ B ）A.产品单价越低，越应选择短渠道B.新产品问市之初应选择短渠道C.体积大的重型产品应选择长渠道D.技术性强的产品应选择长渠道47.当商品的需求弹性系数E D值>l时，表明该商品是( A )A.富有弹性B.缺乏弹性C.无弹性D.不能确定弹性48.企业的订货、销售量、生产量、价格、存货等信息属于（ C ）A.市场情报系统B.市场运筹学系统C.内部记录系统D.国际市场研究系统49.将公司的产品在目标国家之外制造，然后运往目标国家市场销售，这种进入国际市场的式称为（ D ）A.契约进入模式B.投资进入模式C.产品进入模式D.出口进入模式50.产品的品质和价格属于（ B ）A.产品核心层B.产品有形特征层C.产品无形特征层D.产品附加利益层51.适宜采用“生产者→零售商→消费者”销售渠道的产品是（ B ）A.农产品类B.汽车类C.日用品类D.能源类52.短渠道策略适宜于（A ）A.销售量很大、购买次数少的市场B.销售量很大、购买次数多的市场C.销售量很少、购买次数少的市场D.销售量很少、购买次数多的市场53.对于顾客挑选性强、注重品牌商标的产品，其销售渠道宽度应选择的策略是（ D ）A.广泛销售策略B.密集销售策略C.选择性销售策略D.独家销售策略54.通货膨胀对于国际营销决策影响最大的是（ B ）A.产品决策B.定价决策C.分销决策D.促销决策55.如实了解企业产品销售增长率状况的市场研究属于（ B ）A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.预测性研究56.某汽车制造厂有载重车、牵引车、小轿车等产品线，则其产品组合的宽度为（ C ）A.1B.2C.3D.457.在世界市场中处于中等竞争地位的企业常采用的跨国公司市场竞争战略是（ C ）A.市场领导者战略B.市场挑战者战略C.市场追随者战略D.市场后起者战略58．如果某个国家规定商标所有权以最先注册者优先取得，则这个国家采用的法律是( D )A．国际法系B．国际商标法系C．习惯法系D．成文法系59．为了明确某一问题的性质、情况和原因等而进行的专项研究属于( A )A．探索性研究B．描述性研究C．因果性研究D．预测性研究60．某产品的销量迅速增长，企业开始盈利，竞争者纷纷加入，这说明该产品处于产品生命周期中的( B )A．投入期B．成长期C．成熟期D．衰退期61．企业生产或经营的产品线数目称为产品组合的( A )A．宽度B．长度C．深度 D．密度62．适宜市场追随者采用的定价策略是( D )A．薄利多销策略B．按质论价策略C．最优价格策略D．随行就市策略63．较少采用人员推销方式进行促销的产品是( A )A．低价消费品B．高价消费品C．低价工业品D．高价工业品64．国际市场营销渠道是指商品从一个国家的生产企业流向( B ) A．国外供应商的流程B．国外最终消费者或用户的流程C．国外代理商或经纪人的流程D．国外生产企业的流程65.下列定价法中不属于．．．心理导向定价策略的是( B )A.声望定价法B.整数定价法C.优质优价法D.尾数定价法66.下列活动中不属于．．．营业推广活动的是( C )A.有奖销售B.赠券C.公共关系D.分期付款67.国内出口中间商类型很多，其中不拥有．．．产品所有权的出口中间商是( A )A.出口代理商B.国际贸易公司C.出口直运批发商D.国外设在本国的常驻收购商68.能够体现及时调整信息、实现信息双向交流等特点的促销手段是（ A ）A.人员推销B.广告C.营业推广D.公共关系69.对于在国外开展营业推广活动的公司来说，应重点考查法律限制、中间商的能力和（ A ）A.竞争者的作法B.企业自身能力C.产品的特点D.消费者的购买行为70.价格低廉、产品差异很小、购买量小而频率高的日常消费品的出口常采用（ B ）A.集中销售策略B.广泛销售策略C.选择性销售策略D.独家销售策略71.产品处于导入期和成长初期时，应采取的广告策略是（ B ）A.说服性广告策略B.告知性广告策略C.提醒性广告策略D.诱导性广告策略二、多项选择题1.进入国际市场模式有( ABC)A.出口打入模式B.合同打入模式C.投资打入模式D.技术打入模式E.管理打入模式2.出口代理商的主要类型有( ABC)A.出口经营商B.厂商出口代理人C.国际经纪人D.出口佣金商E.企业自设出口机构3.企业在分析要进入的国家和地区时，首先要分析其市场规模和容量，具体而言，要分析的因素主要有（ A ）A.人口B.收入C.商业服务能力D.城市化水平E.经济发展水平4.契约进入模式的内容包括（.ABDE）A.特许B.许可证贸易C.技术转让D.合同生产协议E.“交钥匙”合同5.一般外销企业在销售渠道宽度上可供选择的策略有（ACE）A.广泛销售策略B.一般性销售策略C.选择性销售策略D.非选择性销售策略E.独家销售策略6.在国际市场的产品——市场矩阵中，市场开发型模式的决定因素有（ADE）A.现有产品B.现有市场（现有需求）C.新产品D.新市场（新需求）E.国际市场7.国际市场的定价目标主要有利润目标、市场目标和竞争目标，其中市场目标主要包括（.ABCDE ）A.质量优异目标B.增加销售量目标C.市场占有率目标D.市场渗透目标E.稳定价格目标8.促销信息传播的方式主要有（ABCE ）A.人员推销B.广告C.公共关系D.宣传E.营业推广9.国际市场营销与国际贸易的区别在于( ABCDE )A.市场主体B.理论基础C.生产经营特征D.利益机制E.商品交换范围10.下列属于国际市场文化环境的是( ACD)A.语言B.教育C.价值观和态度D.宗教E.国际关系11.信息传播的方式主要有( ABDE )A.人员推销B.广告C.产品包装D.营业推广E.公共关系12.国际市场研究的类型主要有( ABC )A.探索性研究B.描述性研究C.因果性研究D.调查性研究E.预测性研究13.对国际市场进行细分需要遵循的原则是( ABCD )A.差异性B.可进入性C.可衡量性D.可收益性E.可保护性14.跨国企业制定较高或较低转移价格的作用主要有( .ABCDE )A.减少税负B.规避风险C争夺与控制市场D.转移资金E.调节子公司的利润水平15对国际市场分销渠道成员控制与管理的手段主要有( ABCDE )A.人员培训B.激励C.提供优惠的信贷条件D.评估E.中止16．国际市场信息系统包括（ABD）A．内部记录系统B．营销情报系统C．反馈评价系统D．营销调研系统E．营销决策支持系统17.进入国际市场的投资打入模式主要有（AB ）A.独资经营B.合资经营C.合同制造D.劳务合作E.合同生产协议18.选用长渠道销售的产品特点主要有（ACD ）A.单价低B.技术性强C.重量轻D.不易毁损E.服务要求高三、简答题1.简述宗教对国际营销活动产生重要影响的原因。
《国际市场营销学》第七章习题参考答案
《国际市场营销学》第七章习题参考答案1. 解释下列概念：国际市场营销信息系统：国际市场营销信息系统是由人、设备和程序所构成的持续与相互作用的系统，其任务在于搜集、区分、分析、评估与分配（传递）那些合适、及时与准确的国际市场信息，以供国际营销决策者用来改善市场营销计划、执行与控制的工作。
国际市场营销调研系统：国际市场营销系统的子系统，这个系统对某些特殊问题进行研究。
通过特定的渠道和方式开展消费者动机和购买行为调查、产品偏好测验、销售测验、市场占有率分析、市场发展趋势分析、广告效果研究、市场潜力测量、竞争产品分析、新产品试销研究等。
国际营销情报系统：国际市场营销信息系统的子系统，该系统是整个信息系统的核心，其信息主要包括国际市场营销环境、国际市场产品、价格、分销、促销和竞争信息等。
国际市场营销分析系统：国际市场营销系统的子系统，它主要根据研究内容建立各种数据库和市场营销分析模型，通过这些方法和模型来说明、分析、预测及解决市场营销问题。
企业内部报告与管理系统：国际市场营销信息系统的子系统，这个系统是最基本的信息系统，它反映企业内部的经济状况，主要信息内容包括国际市场客户订货、发货、销售量、市场占有率、库存水平、承包、现金流量、固定资产、流动资产、应收贷款、应付贷款、利润水平和税收等。
2. 试说明国际市场营销信息的主要内容。
答：国际市场环境信息；国际市场产品信息；国际市场价格信息；国际市场销售渠道信息；国际市场促销信息；国际市场竞争信息；3. 国际市场信息的主要来源有哪些？如何进行国际市场营销信息的开发和利用？答：国际市场直接信息的来源：企业派技术人员、信息人员或推销人员等，到一定的国际市场进行实地考察、搜集市场信息；委托本国驻外经济贸易机构进行调查，获取信息；委托本国出国人员（特别是经济、技术访问团）对有关国际市场进行专门调查或附带调查；企业在世界各地的销售网点，不断从市场上反馈得到的信息资料；委托市场所在国的代理商、零售商、进口商、批发商或其他的中间商，帮助搜集有关的市场信息；网络信息。
国际市场营销第7章 国际市场营销调研 习题
第7章国际市场营销学习题一、选择题1. 国际市场营销调研的最后一个环节是（）。
A. 二手资料搜集B. 问卷设计C．数据分析D. 撰写调研报告2. （）就是对所要解决的问题作如实的反映和具体的回答，国际市场营销调研多数属于此类。
A．探测性调研B．描述性调研C．因果关系调研D．预测性调研3. 在企业所在国以外的国家进行的调研项目属于（）。
A. 多国调研B. 交叉文化调研C. 跨国调研D. 国外调研4. （）是营销决策者使用的最基本的信息系统。
A．营销情报系统B．营销调研系统C．营销决策支持系统D．内部报告系统5. 二手资料调研的主要优点是（）。
A．准确性高B．节省时间C．及时准确D. 资料新鲜6. 对国际市场营销企业来说，第四大资源是（）。
A．人B．财C．物D．信息7. 国际营销企业实行在目的市场营销调研的主要优点在于（）。
A．可及时准确地得到所需信息B．目标更加明确C．降低调研成本D．节省时间8. 二手资料经过多次转载容易出错，必须注意其（）。
A．充分性B．相关性C．准确性D．滞后性9. 以下哪种途径获得的信息属于二手资料？（）A．通过访谈B．通过调查问卷C．通过市场试验D．通过报纸、刊物10. 某企业为评价其广告效果对消费者的态度和行为进行的调研是（）。
A. 产品调研B. 促销调研C. 价格调研D. 分销渠道调研11. 某国际企业为提高其老年市场的占有率，计划进行一次营销调研，最不合适的访问法是（）。
A．人员访问B．电话访问C．邮寄访问D．网上访问12. 在设计问卷时，问题的顺序原则上是（）。
A．先易后难B．先难后易C．难易交替D．无所谓13. 某国际企业开展了一次市场调研，以能更好地利用持续变化的市场中出现的机会，这属于营销调研的（）A．描述功能B．预测功能C．诊断功能D．控制功能14. 某国际企业开展了一次市场调研，以能更好地利用持续变化的市场中出现的机会，这属于营销调研的（）。
A．描述功能B．预测功能C．诊断功能D．控制功能15. 国际市场营销调研划分为探测性调研、描述性调研、预测性调研和因果性调研，其划分的标准是（）。
外经贸从业人员考试《国际贸易理论基础教程》章节练习题详解-第七章 国际市场营销【圣才出品】
第七章 国际市场营销一、单项选择题（下列每题的选项中，只有1个是正确的。
请将其代号填在括号内）1．市场是由一切具有特定的欲望和需求并且愿意和能够以（）来满足此欲望和需求的潜在顾客组成。
A．合作B．控制C．组织D．交换【答案】D【解析】交换是指以提供某种作为回报而从他人换取所需要产品的行为。
人们只有通过市场交换产品时才存在市场营销。
2．（）是一个社会管理过程，在这个过程中个人和群体通过创造、提供、与他人交换有价值的产品而满足自身的需要和欲望。
A．市场推销B．合作经营C．市场营销D．客户服务【答案】C3．企业国际营销战略必须服从于企业（）战略的要求。
A．国际贸易B．国际经营C．国际化D．国际市场【答案】B【解析】一个企业的市场营销战略是企业总体经营战略的重要组成部分，服从于企业总体经营战略的需要。
同样原理，企业国际营销战略必须服从于企业国际经营战略的要求。
4．多国化营销战略的目标是（）A．占据国际市场B．占据全球市场C．占据多个不同的国外市场D．占据一个国家多个市场【答案】C【解析】多国化营销战略的目标是占据多个不同的国外市场，它们可能是不同国别、不同地区、不同细分市场的国外市场。
营销活动的安排表现为国外市场与国内市场并重。
产品来源往往是在不同市场地域就地生产，营销重心多元化。
5．将业务集中于少数国家的少数细分市场的战略称（）。
A．市场专门化战略B．区域集中战略C．多元化战略D．集中化战略【答案】D【解析】集中性营销策略是指企业不是面向整体市场，也不是把力量分散使用于若干个细分市场，而只选择一个或少数几个细分市场作为目标市场。
由于该策略适应了企业资源有限的特点，资源有限的中小企业多采用这一策略。
6．企业在进入某一国外市场后对该国的顾客进行的细分称为（）。
A．国际市场细分B．国际市场组合细分C．国际市场宏观细分D．国际市场微观细分【答案】D【解析】国际市场细分具有以下两个层次上的含义：①国际市场宏观细分，即根据某种（些）标准（如经济、文化、地理等）把整个世界市场分为若干子市场，并从中选择目标营销国或目标地区；②国际市场微观细分，即企业考虑进入某一国外市场后对该国的顾客进行的细分。
国家开放大学《市场营销学》即时练习1-12章参考答案
市场营销学第一章——第十二章即时练习答案市场营销学第一章主题一即时练习答案一、判断题（每题10分，共50分）1.一般所说的组织市场，是由生产者市场、中间商市场和政府市场三大部分组成的。
( 对)2.从市场营销学的角度来理解，市场是指买卖之间商品交换关系的总和。
( 错)3.市场的构成要素是：人和购买力。
( 错)4.现代市场营销就是推销和广告。
( 错)5.需求是指人类想得到某些具体产品的愿望。
( 错)二、单项选择(每题10分，共50分)6.从市场营销学的角度来理解，市场是指（某一产品的所有现实和潜在买主的总和）。
7.以下哪个因素是市场的规模和潜力的基本前提（人口）。
8.以下哪项活动不属于市场营销活动的范畴？（资本运营）9.市场营销理论中核心和基础的概念是（交换）。
10.市场营销的核心是（交换）。
市场营销学第一章主题二即时练习答案一、判断正误（每题10分，共50分）1.处于形成阶段的市场营销学研究的一个突出特点是：人们将营销理论和企业管理的实践密切的结合起来。
（错）2.市场营销学是一门建立在经济学、行为科学和现代管理学等基础上的应用科学。
（错）3.市场营销学是在西方国家的劳动生产率提高，商品的可供量超过了对商品需求的增长速度这样的市场背景产生的。
（对）4.市场营销学是本世纪初在英国产生的。
( 错）5.市场营销学的研究对象应当是“以消费者需求为中心的市场营销关系、市场营销规律及市场营销策略”。
（对）二、单项选择(每题10分，共50分)6.人们在研究市场营销学发展史时，常以（ 1912年赫杰特齐教授编写的《市场营销学》的出版）作为学科诞生的标志。
7.以下什么事件标志着市场营销学已经跨出了大学讲坛，引起了整个社会的兴趣和关注，成为一门实用的经济科学。
( “全美市场营销协会”（AMA）成立)8.在市场营销的初创阶段，其主要研究内容是（推销与广告的方法）。
9.市场营销学作为一门独立学科出现是在（20世纪初）。
10.市场营销学是一门（应用科学）。
市场营销学第七章产品策略练习题
市场营销学第七章产品策略练习题市场营销学第七章产品策略一单项选择题：1、消费者购买某种产品时所追求的利益，即顾客真正要买的东西是产品整体概念中的：A、形式产品B、核心产品C、潜在产品D、延伸产品2、消费者为了物色适当的物品，在购买前往往要去许多家零售商店了解和比较商品的花色、式样、质量、价格等的消费品，叫做：A、便利品B、特殊品C、选购品D、非渴求品3、指产品类别中具有密切关系（或经由同种商业网点销售、或同属于一个价格幅度的一组产品的是）：A、产品集B、产品项目C、产品类型D、产品线4、指产品大类中每一种产品项目有多少个品种（如大小）、品味等的是产品组合的：A、长度B、宽度C、相关性D、深度5、品牌中可以被认出，但不能用言语称呼的部分，叫做：A、品牌化B、品牌名称C、品牌标志D、商标6、直接影响决定着其他市场营销组合因素的管理，对企业市场营销成败关系重大的策略是：A、价格策略B、产品策略、C、渠道策略D、促销策略7、产品概念中最基本、最主要的部分是;A、核心产品、B、形式产品C、期望产品D、潜在产品8、在市场上通常表现为产品质量水平，外观特色、式样、包装等属于实体物品中的是;A、核心产品B、形式产品C、潜在产品D、选购产品9、报纸属于：A、便利品B、选购品C、特殊品D、非渴求品10、百科全书属于：A、便利品B、选购品C、特殊品D、非渴求品11、某企业生产四大类产品，其中每一大类平均有八个产品项目，则产品组合的长度是：A、4B、8C、32D、1212、企业把自己的营销力量集中于某一特定的市场，并向这一市场的顾客提供惊闻可能多的产品的策略是（）A、全线全面型策略B、市场专业型策略C、产品专业型策略D、有限的产品专业策略13、在产品的生产周期里，销售量迅速增加的阶段是（）A、导入期B、增长期C、成熟型D、衰退期14、在新产品导入期时，如果是高价高促销策略是（）A、快速撇脂B、缓慢撇脂C、快速渗透D、缓慢渗透15、众所周知，不是所有新出现的产品都叫新产品，有一种是在原有产品的基础上，部分采用新技术、新材料制成的性能有显著提高的的新产品。
(完整版)《国际市场营销学》课后习题答案
1.企业走向国际市场的主要动因是什么？我国企业走向国际市场的动因有哪些特殊性？国内市场需求饱和及市场竞争激烈；国际市场的吸引力；政府鼓励与支持企业出口政策；科学技术发展为企业跨国经营提供物质前提；我国动因：国内市场竞争激烈；国外产品通过各种渠道大量涌入国内市场，使国内市场呈现出饱和状态，企业为实现产品的竞争日益激烈；获取国外先进科学技术及先进的管理技术；利用俩种资源与俩个市场获取国外低成本的生产资源及引进外资；2.什么是国际市场营销？国际营销同国内营销有何联系和区别？国际市场营销是指在一国以上把企业生产的商品或劳务引导到消费者或用户中去的经营活动；一)国际营销与国内营销的联系1．基础的共同性国际营销与国内营销都以经济学的基本原理作为理论基础。
现代管理学、统计学、数学、会计学、社会学、心理学等诸多学科的内容，既可以指导国内营销活动，又广泛运用于国际营销之中。
2．观念的一致性在当代经济活动中，国际营销观念与国内营销观念本质上是一致的，都以“市场观念”作为指导原则，以满足消费者和用户的需求为中心。
所谓满足需求，一是指满足消费者和用户对商品或服务在使用价值上的需求；二是指满足消费者和用户的心理需求。
由于观念的一致性，企业的国内外营销活动也具有一致性，即企业在国内外营销活动中都必须做到：（1）企业生产、销售产品与服务都要有自己的目标市场，即要有特定的用户作为自己的买主；（2）企业提供的产品和服务，不仅在物质功能上而且在价值观念上，都要满足目标市场的需求；（3）企业销售产品与服务在时间、地点、方式、价格等方面，都必须便于顾客购买；（4）及时为顾客提供信息和满意的售后服务，以满足现实顾客和潜在顾客对商品和服务的多种需要。
3．经营的延伸性在经营上，国际营销与国内营销往往存在一定的联系。
就其经营发生的过程来看，国际营销是国内营销的延伸。
粗略说来，企业先从事国内营销，再逐渐发展到国际营销。
也就是说，企业发展国际营销，一般都有一个渐进的过程。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
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国际市场营销学练习题第7章
国际市场营销学练习题
第七章国际市场产品策略
一、单选题：
1、从产品整体来看，外观款式属于（B）
A.核心产品
B.形式产品
C.期望产品
D.延伸产品
２、包装的原始功能表现为(Ａ)
Ａ.保护产品Ｂ.提供方便Ｃ.美化产品Ｄ.推销产品
３、在欧盟，宝洁公司推出超浓缩的织物软化剂利诺（Lenor），以可重装的塑料袋销售，从而节省了包装材料的85%。
这一做法属于（D）
A.强制性要求的产品适应
B.文化要求的产品适应
C.产品使用习惯的适应
D.环境保护要求的适应
４、大众汽车公司推出多个品牌的汽车，这属于（Ｃ）
A.统一品牌策略
B.系列品牌策略
C.个别品牌策略
D.中间商品牌策略
５、下列属于延伸产品层的是(Ｄ)
A.产品的功能和效用
B.产品的品牌和商标
C.产品的包装和色彩
D.送货、安装、上门服务
６、制造商用一个品牌来命名自己所有的产品，这是(A)
A.统一品牌策略
B.系列品牌策略
C.个别品牌策略
D.组合品牌策略
7、当产品的销售额和利润都明显上升，这表明产品处于(B)
A.成熟期
B.成长期
C.导入期
D.衰退期
8、对于拥有良好声誉且生产质量水平相近产品的企业，宜采用的包装策略应是（B）策略。
A．等级包装B．类似包装
C．分类包装D．配套包装
9、企业在开拓和挤占国际市场的营销实践中，常常选用（C） A．生产者品牌
B．企业品牌
C．中间商品牌D．自己的品牌
二、多选题：
1、在产品生命周期的成熟期，其营销策略表现为以下几方面（ABE）
A.改良产品
B.改变营销组合
C.转移策略
D.维持策略
E.改良市场
2、决定国际产品修正化营销的主要制约因素有（ABCD）
A.使用条件差异
B.文化倾向差异
C.收入水平差异
D.政府政策的影响
3、国际产品包装策略主要有（ABCDE）
A.中性包装策略
B.再使用包装策略
C.配套包装策略
D.类似包装策略
E.等级包装策略
4、国际上对商标权的认定，有两个并行的原则，即（AE）。
A．注册优先B．抢先注册
C．注册在先D．生产优先
E．使用在先
3．企业采用统一品牌策略，（ABDE）。
A．能够降低新产品的宣传费用B．有助于塑造企业形象
C．易于区分产品质量档次D．促销费用较低
E．适合于企业所有产品质量水平大体相当的情况
4、产品包装按其在流通过程中作用的不同，可以分为（BD）
A．统一包装B．运输包装
C．分类包装D．销售包装
E．等级包装
8、配套包装不是配套搭配，企业采用配套包装策略时，应着重考虑的因素是(BDE)。
A．购买者年龄B．市场需求特点
C．便于消费者识别D．消费者购买能力
E．产品的关联性
9|、再使用包装策略的突出作用是（ABCE）
A．增加包装的用途B．刺激购买欲望
C．增加产品销售D．起到营业推广的效果
E．延伸宣传
三、判断题：
1、根据国际产品生命周期理论，发明新产品的国家最先是该产品的进口国，后来成为该产品的
出口国。
(×)
2、产品的生命周期是指产品的使用寿命周期。
（×）
3、企业高层领导人员，如果没有产品整体概念，就不可能有现代市场营销观念。
（√）
4、更新包装只是改变包装的形式、材料、颜色、图案等，并没有改变产品内在的质量和功能。
（√）
5、注册在先是指品牌或商标的专用权归属于依法申请注册并获准的所有企业。
（×）
6、使用在先是指品牌或商标的专用权归属于该品牌的所有使用者。
（×）
四、问答题：
1、国际市场产品整体概念及其意义。
2、国际产品修正化营销的影响因素。
3、试述产品生命周期各阶段的特点及其营销策略。
4、试述维农的国际产品生命周期理论的主要内容及其意义。
5、国际产品的品牌策略有哪些？
6、试述包装的作用及包装策略。
五、案例分析
又赎回“美加净”的思索
美国强生父子公司是一家销售额达30多亿美元的著名跨国公司，以经营药品起家，随后发展了医疗器械、消费品两大类产品。
化妆品只是其消费品大类中的一部分。
1989年盛夏，该公司的代表乘飞机抵达上海，欲与中国上海家用化学品厂（后更名为上海家用化学品联合公司）合资。
当时的上海家化是中国规模最大、效益最好、品牌最著名的化妆品生产企业，是具有90年历史的化妆品民族企业，年销售额达4．5亿元，利税1亿多元，拥有“美加净”和“露美”两个著名品牌，中国第一瓶摩丝，第一瓶二合一洗发香波，第一款混合香水，第一种磨面膏和护手霜等产品的品牌都是“美加净”。
谈判期间，双方关于合资方式提出不同的方案。
美商提出以7 000万美元的价格。
将上海家化厂全部合并到合资企业中去，而上海家化厂则提出将大部分职工和资产拿出去合资，原厂和小部分职工及资产保留。
1991年初，上海家化厂以2／3的固定资产、大部分骨干职工及“美加净”、“露美”两个著名品牌与美国强生父子公司合资组建了上海强生公司。
上海家化厂的厂长葛文耀担任合资公司的中方副总经理，是上海强生公司决策层中惟一的中国人。
根据协议，“美加净”、“露美”两个品牌1）王合资企业独家使用30年，30年后中方如要收回，需交至少1 060万元人民币的“赎金”。
合资企业每年给“留守”的上海家化厂1 500万元的“利益保底费”，以补偿因合资给该厂带来的利润损失。
合资后，失去两品牌的上海家化母体的销售额锐减5％。
上海强生公司对“美加净”、“露美”两品牌既不增加产品投入，也不增加广告投入，仅仅是维持原状而已。
合资公司的产品用的是强生的系列品牌，对“美加净”、“露美”两个著名品牌丝毫不重视，这究竟是什么原因呢?
回到上海家化厂母体的葛文耀在分析了两个著名品牌的潜力及中国化妆品市场的发展速度后，于1995年秋，将两品牌从合资企业赎回。
赎回的代价是：上海家化买下合资企业的一些原材料和不适用的设备，估计要损失600万元，另外还要接受200名员工，取消合资企业给上海家化每年l 500万元的返利。
两个著名品牌的合资与赎回引起人们的思索。
（资料来源：摘编自《企业管理》1999．12）【简要评析】
美国强生父子公司作为一家大型跨国公司，在开辟中国化妆品市场时，完全有能力以产品输出的方式进入中国。
鉴于中国制定了各种优惠政策以鼓励外商在中国进行直接投资，加上中国拥有较廉价的原材料与劳动力，又因中国的高关税带来产品输出的高成本，为此，该公司选择了直接投资方式，并精心挑选了与中国化妆品市场最具实力的上海家化合资，并指定“美加净”与“露美”要由合资企业独家使用30年，以达到尽快获得原材料供应渠道、产品销售渠道、产品迅速占领中国市场的目的。
当时，中国化妆品市场增长率相当高。
葛文耀认为：在2000年前，中国化妆品市场年增长率起码是30％，更何况是90年代初，美国的P＆G、德国的汉高、日本的资生堂与花王等世界10大化妆品公司还未“抢滩”中国市场。
据调查获悉：中国消费者只有2％一3％使用进口名牌，另外有25％使用较高档产品。
而“美加净”与‘‘露美”两品牌的产品定位就是为了满足最广大消费者的需要。
有关统计数据表明，“美加净”一个品牌占有的化妆品市场就超过全国化妆品销售总额的1／10．上海强生公司理所应当对两著名品牌加大资金投入，努力开发新产品或改进现有产品，选择品牌扩展策略，增加促销和宣传力度以保持或提高相对市场占有率，但上海强生公司却采取不增加任何投入的作法。
显然，这是明知故犯，有意为之。
上海强生公司之所以这样做，是因为合资时，中外双方协定：30年后，中方有权赎回两品牌，也就是说，上海强生公司没有通过购买获得两品牌的完全所有权，仅拥有30年内的占有、使用和收益等权利。
对于不属于自己的品牌不会有动力去增加品牌资产。
可以预见，随着市场需求的逐渐升级，人们消费水平的不断提高，两品牌的产品将变为老产品、低档产品。
随着老产品、低档产品被淘汰，两个著名品牌也会在市场中消失。
联想许多引起社会广泛关注的外商购牌行为，其购买目标大多都是国产名牌，且多为横向购牌，加之国内企业对被购品牌所有权有所保留（如若干年内有权无偿收回或有偿赎回），因此，外商通过合资购牌除获得一定的规模经济效应，减少进入新市场壁垒外，消融目标品牌，消灭竞争对手成为一个主要的购牌动机。
这一切应引起我们企业领导层的高度重视，需要认真思索，并作出有利于企业长远发展的合理选择。