医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语课文翻译1-11单元
第一单元肺、肾的结构肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾乳头。
每个肾乳头被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾乳头流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，供应肾脏上、中、下区域的血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些终叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分—紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
医药英语教程第六单元课文翻译
Principles of pharmacology药理学原理An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine.对药理学原理的理解是医学研究的一个重要组成部分。
From the Greek pharmacology,pharmacology is the branch of medical science that deals with the mechanism of actions,uses,harmful effects and outcomes of drugs on animals and humans.it examines the way in which drugs produce both beneficial and adverse side effects on the body.从希腊药理学，药理学是医学科学的一个分支，研究药物对动物和人类的作用、用途、有害影响和结果的机制。
它检查了药物对身体产生有益和有害副作用的方式。
Students of pharmacology look at the way in which the biochemical,physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs. When we talk about drugs,we are referring to biologically active compounds that change the state of the functioning of the body and improve health in some way-by relieving pain,calming the patient or eliminating infection,for example. We are also concerned with enhancing the way in which drugs are tested,so that they can eventually give greater benefit in the treatment of disease.药理学的学者们研究健康和疾病的生化、生理和心理过程受到药物影响的方式。
医学英语课文翻译
U5RB1.当肺炎这个词被用在医学实践中，它最常指的是一种由急性感染引起的综合征，感染通常由细菌所致。
它的特点是临床或X线检查表现为一侧肺或左右两肺的一部分或数个部分有实变征象。
然而这一术语的词意已经很大程度上延伸到由各种各样的微生物所导致非细菌性的肺部感染。
Pneumonitis偶尔被用作是pneumonia的一个同义词，特别的当肺部炎症是由非感染因素比如化学或射线损伤造成的。
2.从实际目的出发，肺炎的分类应当既依照解剖学部位，又指明其病因：前者使用描绘性词语表达肺（一侧肺或左右两侧）病程的发展程度和分布情况，后者指明涉及的/致病的微生物。
考虑到，初始阶段常有这种情况/常常如此，我们并不清楚思考肺部的感染是社区感染性还是医院感染性是否有意义。
它有助于考虑肺炎是否由咽部吸入造成，以及是否会发生在免疫力受损的宿主身上。
3.解剖学术语的使用可以表明肺炎是否侵犯一个或更多的肺叶或是否病程仅局限在一个或多个节段中。
以更确切的形式，肺炎也许是节段性的。
对解剖部位的描述在实际中完全取决于胸透所见，（它透过X光检查）所显示的肺炎程度比体检所得到的的估计更准确。
早期的临床医生在病理学意义上区分支气管肺炎和大叶性肺炎。
支气管肺炎被认为是支气管在炎症过程被局限于一小部分或终末支气管和与之相对的肺小叶范围的并发症，因此可以用“小叶性肺炎”这一名称替代。
而另一方面，大叶性肺炎经常反复出现，并以炎症性的外流或液体渗出物蔓延至一个叶或数个肺叶为特征。
4.当临床和影像检查证明融合性实变占据一侧或双侧肺的一个或多个肺叶时，通常称为大叶性肺炎。
亚节段性肺炎指肺实变的范围不足以占据一叶的大部分，但相应地接近于解剖学上的一叶或多叶的支气管肺段。
当X线阴影的区域更为局限时，亚节段性肺炎就是一个合适的描述性词语，虽然这仍是暗指一个融合且局限的过程。
如果（X光检查）显示亚段病变的阴影呈零星状（非融合的），散布于一肺或左右肺的一部分或全部，很难定位，则仍可以使用支气管肺炎这一术语。
医学英语教程(生物医学)u1-u4 A完整的课内翻译。
“In my view,”--- their functions and actions. ”“在我看来，”托马斯杰斐逊在1814年写道，“没有比使人了解到自身的构造、部件、功能和行为更能让人愉悦了。
”Distinguished thinkers --- wholeheartedly shares.历史上有许多杰出的思想家都持有和杰斐逊一样的观点。
但有趣的是，不是每一个普通人都能接受这个理论。
Man’s attitude toward his own body—his single most precious possession —is decidedly ambivalent.人对于自身——这个他所拥有的最宝贵的财富，是持有一种矛盾的态度的。
At one and the --- complicated to understand.一方面，人们沉醉于研究自身，另一方面也因为上古的禁忌而对其充满恐惧。
也从某种程度上反映了人们觉得人体太过复杂以至于太难理解。
The possible approaches --- all-too-ailing hulk.研究人体的可行途径有许多。
对愤世嫉俗者来说，贱如黏土陋室，对于吟咏诗歌之人来说，人体贵为灵魂殿堂，对于妙手医师，人体弱如娇柔之躯。
The psychiatrist --- experience of the past.精神学家将其视为思维与人格的寄宿地，遗传学家将其视为使自身的特质永存之人，生物学家将其视为可以总结过往并改变未来的有机体。
All the specialized --- anatomy and physiology.所有与人体相关的专业的科学观点都是有用的，然而，这些观点都必须从同一个前提出发，那就是对研究人体的基本结构和功能在解剖学和生理学上的认识。
And the bedrock --- and function.我们对了解身体的基本原则就是：所有的生物都是由结构和功能基本相似的细胞构成的。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
医学英语教程(生物医学)u1-u4 A完整的课内翻译。
“In my view,"-—- their functions and actions. ”“在我看来,”托马斯杰斐逊在1814年写道，“没有比使人了解到自身的构造、部件、功能和行为更能让人愉悦了.”Distinguished thinkers ——- wholeheartedly shares。
历史上有许多杰出的思想家都持有和杰斐逊一样的观点。
但有趣的是，不是每一个普通人都能接受这个理论。
Man's attitude toward his own body-his single most precious possession —is decidedly ambivalent.人对于自身——这个他所拥有的最宝贵的财富，是持有一种矛盾的态度的. At one and the —-- complicated to understand。
一方面，人们沉醉于研究自身,另一方面也因为上古的禁忌而对其充满恐惧.也从某种程度上反映了人们觉得人体太过复杂以至于太难理解.The possible approaches ——- all—too-ailing hulk。
研究人体的可行途径有许多。
对愤世嫉俗者来说，贱如黏土陋室，对于吟咏诗歌之人来说,人体贵为灵魂殿堂,对于妙手医师，人体弱如娇柔之躯。
The psychiatrist -—— experience of the past。
精神学家将其视为思维与人格的寄宿地，遗传学家将其视为使自身的特质永存之人，生物学家将其视为可以总结过往并改变未来的有机体.All the specialized —-- anatomy and physiology.所有与人体相关的专业的科学观点都是有用的,然而,这些观点都必须从同一个前提出发，那就是对研究人体的基本结构和功能在解剖学和生理学上的认识。
And the bedrock -—- and function。
最新学术英语医学教师版Unit6课文翻译
最新学术英语医学教师版Unit6课文翻译精品文档Unit 6 Text A寻求临终护理数十年前，大多数人在自己家中去世，但是医疗方面的进步已经改变了这一情况。
如今，大多数美国人在医院或是疗养院中度过生命的最终时光。
他们中有些人是为了治疗疾病进了医院，有些可能是选择长期住在疗养院。
越来越多的人在生命的尽头开始选择临终关怀。
死亡没有一个称得上“合适”的地点。
何况，我们死亡的地方，大多数情况下也并非我们可以决定的。
但如果有选择的机会，每个人及其家属，都应该考虑究竟怎样的临终护理最为适合，在哪里可以享受到这样的关怀，家人和朋友能否提供帮助，以及他们应该如何支付相应的费用。
医院及疗养院64 岁的George 有充血性心力衰竭病史。
一天晚上，他因为胸痛被送入医院。
他与他最亲近的人事先便已决定，在任何情况下都要让医生使用最大努力来延续他的生命。
所以当他需要相应的治疗时，他选择了医院，因为那里有全天候工作的的医生和护士。
医院提供一整套的治疗、检查及其他医疗照护。
一旦George）心脏出现持续衰竭，医院的重症监护病房（ICU）或冠心病重症监护病房（CCU就可以提供及时的救护。
尽管医院有相关的规定，在有些情况下执行具有一定的弹性。
如果George的医生认为他的病情并没有因为治疗有所好转，并濒临死亡，他的家属可以要求更加宽松的探视时间。
如果他的家属想从家中给他带一些私人住George物品，可以向工作人员询问物品的尺寸限制或是是否需要消毒。
不论在ICU、CCU还是两病床的病房，其家属都可以要求更多的私人空间。
在医院环境中，对临终病人来说，身边永远会有知道该如何照料他的医务人员。
这一点令病人及其家属得以安心。
已有越来越多的人在生命尽头的时候选择疗养院，因为在这里，护理人员是随叫随到的。
疗养院有时也被称为专业护理所，在临终护理方面有利有弊。
与医院不同，疗养院里并不是全天候都有医生在场。
然而，由于临终护理可以事先安精品文档．精品文档排，在病人濒临死亡时，不需要事先咨询医生而开展照护。
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit6A课文翻译
医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
医学英语unit6 (1)
药物检测使用各种化验技术来查 检极少量的大麻，可卡因以及多 种处方药的代谢分泌产物。
If a person takes a drug overdose and loses consciousness and no one is sure which drug was cunsumed , physicians quickly test the urine to identify the drug and determine the best treatment for saving the patient’s life.
• 2.What is the power of reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
• Instead of being driven passively by blood pressure,reabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule depends on energy-costly active transport across cell membranes.
近曲小管的溶质重吸收不是 通过血压来被动运输，而 是依靠消耗能量的主动 运输来穿透细胞膜。
As the ions are being reabsorbed in this way, 80 to 85 percent of the water in the original filtrate follows them passively back into the capillaries via the process of osmosis.
医学英语教程生物医学课文翻译
医学英语教程生物医学课文翻译生物医学课文翻译：Medical English Tutorial - Biomedical TextbookBiomedical research plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of human health and developing new treatments for diseases. In this tutorial, we will explore various topics in the field of biomedical sciences.Lesson 1: Introduction to Biomedical ResearchBiomedical research is the investigation of biological processes and diseases at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. This lesson will provide an overview of the different research methodologies used in the field, including genome sequencing, proteomics, and animal studies. We will also discuss the ethical considerations associated with biomedical research.Lesson 2: The Human Genome ProjectThe Human Genome Project was a landmark scientific initiative that aimed to map and sequence the entire human genome. This lesson will delve into the history of the project, its impact on biomedical research, and the novel insights gained from analyzing the human genome. We will also explore the future implications of this project in personalized medicine.Lesson 3: Genetics and DiseaseUnderstanding the genetic basis of diseases is crucial for the development of effective treatments. This lesson will focus on the relationship between genetics and common diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions.We will also discuss the advancements in genetic testing and the potential of gene therapy.Lesson 4: Stem Cells and Regenerative MedicineStem cells have the unique ability to differentiate into various cell types, making them valuable tools in regenerative medicine. This lesson will explore the different types of stem cells, their therapeutic potential, and the current challenges in their clinical application. We will also discuss recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering and organ transplantation.Lesson 5: Drug Discovery and DevelopmentDeveloping new drugs is a complex and rigorous process. In this lesson, we will explore the steps involved in drug discovery, from target identification to preclinical and clinical trials. We will also discuss the role of animal models in drug testing and the importance of drug safety and efficacy.Lesson 6: Biomedical ImagingImaging techniques play a vital role in diagnosing diseases and monitoring treatment efficacy. This lesson will provide an overview of various imaging modalities used in biomedical research, such as X-ray, MRI, and PET. We will also discuss the advancements in imaging technology and their application in precision medicine.Lesson 7: Biomedical EthicsEthical considerations are essential in biomedical research to ensure the welfare of human and animal subjects. This lesson will discuss the ethical principles and guidelines governing biomedicalresearch. We will also explore the ethical dilemmas associated with emerging technologies, such as gene editing and artificial intelligence in healthcare.By the end of this tutorial, you will have a comprehensive understanding of key concepts and advancements in the field of biomedical sciences. This knowledge will enable you to actively engage in discussions and contribute to the ever-evolving field of medical research.。
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医学英语教程-生物医学Unit 6 Reading AThe Kidney and Its Working Unit肾及其工作单位For many diners, eating tender, pale green shoots of asparagus is a pleasurable springtime event, but the gastronomic experience has a peculiar sequel：The next time they urinate ,even if just 20 minutes after eating, they notice the characteristic scent of asparagus. A chemical in the food crosses the gut ,enters the bloodstream, is filtered out by the kidneys, and appears in the urine with amazing speed. Actually, the chemical is acted on no faster than any other compound. The kidneys are simply marvels at processing body fluids and filtering out the urea; the sodium ,potassium ,or chloride ions ;and the glucose, water ,and other materials that need to be excreted. The key to a kidney's rapid functioning lies in its complicated internal structure and in the effcient plumbing system of which it is a part.对许多用餐者来说，吃到浅绿鲜嫩的芦笋是春季的一大享受，但享用完这种美食后会有一个奇特的后续：即使饭后仅20分钟,人们便会在上厕所时注意到尿液中有芦笋特殊的气味。
芦笋中的某种化学物质以万分惊人的速度穿过肠子,进入循环的血液,并被肾脏过滤出来,最后出现在尿液中。
事实上，这一化学物的作用并不比其他化合物更快些。
起到加速体液循循环并过滤出尿素,钠、钾、氯离子、葡萄糖、水及一切需排泄的这些惊叹不已的作用的是肾脏。
肾脏能快捷地发挥作用的关键就在于其复杂的内部结构，以及它作为其中一部分的高效率管道系统。
The Kidneys and Other Organs of the Excretory Systerm肾脏和排泄系统的其他器官It is sometimes stated that urination is our most compelling bodily function. You will probably agree if you have ever been hungry, tired ,cold ,and had a full bladder simultaneously and can recall the order in which you addressed those needs. This urgency has to do with the necessary waste removal role of the excretory system and with the system's particular anatomy.人们有时说排尿是我们身体最急迫的功能。
如果你曾经有过饥饿、疲倦、寒冷及膀胱满胀等感觉并能回忆起你处理这些身体需要的顺序，你就会同意以上那种说法。
这种急迫感与排泄系统必要的排废作用和该系统特别的解剖结构有关。
The main organs of the excretory system are the two plump, dark red, crescent- shaped kidneys, each about the size of an adult's fist and located high in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach and the liver. For each kidney to carry out its vital blood-filtering activities ,it must receive a large, steady flow of blood.排泄系统的主要器官是两个圆满的、暗红色的、月牙状的肾脏。
每个约有成人拳头大小, 位于腹腔上部胃、肝的后面。
因为肾脏担负过滤血液的重要任务，所以必须接收到强大持续的血流。
This it does through the renal arteries, twin branches directly off the body's mainblood vessel, or aorta. Cleansed blood then leaves each kidney in large renal blood vein that drains into the body's largest vein. As the kidneys filter and remove excess water and waste substances from the blood, these materials collect as a concentrated urine in a central cavity in each kidney, then flow down a long tube called a ureter. The two ureters dump urine into a single storage sac, the urinary bladder, which in an adult can hold about 500 ml (a pint) of fluid. The bladder can distend to hold a bit more, but when it is full, it causes considerable pressure on nearby nerves and a feeling of urgency that can temporarily eclipse all other concerns. During urination ,the urine exits the body through the urethra ,the single tube that drains the bladder.它穿过肾动脉，肾动脉即是直接离开人体主要血管或是主动脉的两条并行的血管。
紧接着，干净的血液离开每一个肾后进入一管腔大的、可以排入静脉血至人体最大静脉的肾静脉。
同时，两个肾过滤与清除血液中多余的水以及代谢废物，这些物质的收集后就成为在每一个肾的中央管内的浓缩后的尿液，接着这些尿液就沿着一条长长的管腔—输尿管向下流动。
这两条输尿管把尿液倾倒入一个单个的用于储藏的囊腔内，这个囊腔便是成年人可以装得下500ml（一品脱）的液体的泌尿的膀胱。
膀胱可以膨胀以至于多装一些尿液，但是当它饱满的时候，它可以对附近的神经造成相当大的压力以及急尿的感觉，这样可以暂时地使所有其他的问题消失。
在排尿期间，尿通过尿道，从膀胱外导尿的一根导管排出体外。
The kidney has three distinct visible zones; an outer renal cortex zone: where initial blood filtering takes place; a central zone（renal medulla），divided into a number of fan-shaped pyramid regions that help conserve water and valuable solutes; and a hollow inner compartment（renal pelvis），where urine collects before it passes out of the kidney and down the ureter. The functional units of the kidney,twisted tubules called nephrons, reach from the outer cortex down into the central zone and drain into the hollow center.肾脏有三个明显的可见的区域；一个是外层的肾皮质区域：最初血液过滤发生的位置；中心区（肾髓质），分成若干个扇形的金字塔区域，有助于保存水分和有价值的溶液；还有一个中空的内区域（肾盂），是尿液流出肾脏进入输尿管之前聚集的地方，在它从肾脏出来和沿着输尿管向下之前。
肾脏的功能单位，扭曲的小管，称为肾单位，到达浅皮质区向下进入中央区并排入内部中空区。
Have you ever cleaned out a desk drawer - sorting,saving certain items for future u se,discarding others,and then rechecking the drawer one last time ?If so, you have approximated the kidney's general sorting and cleansing action and its three basic processes - filtration,reabsorption,and secretion - all of which involve the nephron.你有没有清理过抽屉——将物品分类、排序保存供以后使用,丢弃不需要的,最后复查抽屉里的物品? 如果是这样,你有近似肾的一般分类和清理行动的基本过程 , 过滤、重吸收和分泌——所有这些涉及肾元。
A human kidney contains roughly 1 million nephrons,each one a long, twisted,loopin g tubule. The tubule has one end that is enlarged and cup-shaped like a punched basketball and that lies in close contact with blood capillaries;the other end drains away urine. If all the nephrons in an adult's kidney were straightened out and placed end t o end, they would from a microscopically slender tube about 80km（50miles） long.人类肾脏包含大约100万肾元,每一个小管长期扭曲,构成环形。