《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文 Ch2 PPT课件

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch2

Elements of Social Theory

Theories are systematic sets of interrelated statements intended to explain some aspect of social life. A paradigm offers a way of looking, a theory aims at explaining what we see. In social research, observation refers to seeing, hearing, and—less commonly— touching.
Question

Which of the following do theories seek to provide? A. personal experience B. discovery C. correlations D. logical explanations
Answer: D

Theories seek to provide logical explanations.
Answer: A

Symbolic interactionism can lend insights into the nature of interactions in ordinary social life.
Women’s Ways of Knowing
5 perspectives on knowing that challenge the view of inquiry as straightforward: 1. Silence: Some women feel isolated from knowledge, their lives are largely determined by external authorities.

《社会研究方法》(课堂PPT)

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A Book 一本书
▪ All of these are the same book, but it looks different
when viewed from different locations, perspectives, or “points of view.” 这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。
▪ Data collection - observation 资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果
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9
Answer: D
▪ Individuals learn all they need to know from personal experience, discovery and from what others tell us.
▪ 个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识
部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。
▪ This agreement reality both assists and hinders our attempts to find out for ourselves.这
些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。
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6
Sources of Secondhand Knowledge
Question
▪ In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and your own point of view will determine what you perceive in measuring. She has which view of reality?

社会研究方法艾尔巴比课件实验法

（四）实验法的基本原理

实验研究是为了建立变量间因果关系，通常研究者预先提出一种因果关系的尝试性假设，明确被引入的自变量和测量的因变量是什么，然后通过实验操作来进行检验。实验法的逻辑依据是差异法。假设变量间具有因果关系是实验法的逻辑起点。实验过程中必须保证自变量是实验过程的唯一干预因子。一般来说，如果我们无法对一个研究课题中的自变量进行干预，那么，此课题就不适于运用实验法来研究。
注意：1、实验者自觉或不自觉地只注意那些与假设一致的现象，研究结论不全面或不真实； 2、自觉或不自觉地诱导或暗示实验对象，使实验结果产生偏向； 3、实验对象可能因为自己市实验对象自觉不自觉的改变行为； 4、实验对象在知道实验目的和内容后，心理生理发生微妙变化偏离实际情况；例如：在某项教学教法的应用实验，有的学生无意了解主持实验者是有名望学者。还了解到实验目的意图。可能有意按实验者意愿做出反应，影响准确性和客观性。
3 因此实验法适用于假设检验
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举例：
Eg：
放映有关黑人对社会发展做贡献的纪录片（变量操作）
测出实验对象对黑人偏见的程度
Text in here
Text in here
再测实验对象的偏见程度
实验研究的一般过程：问题→假设→变量操纵→比较→揭示因果关系
二、古典实验（实验的主要组成部分）
准备阶段
实施阶段
（六）实验的三项基本工作内容
在上述的各步骤中，有三项内容与其它方法差别较大。也可以说它们是具体实施一次实验的三项基本工作内容。
1
2
3
变量的选择和分类
变量的控制
变量的测量
挑选有关研究课题之因素
分析因素之关系

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比

How We Know What We Know（我们如何形成对世界的认知）
Direct Experience and Observation 个人体验与观察 Personal Inquiry 个人研究 Tradition 传统（约定俗成的知识） Authority 权威
Looking for Reality 寻求真实
Chapter Outline
Looking for Reality 寻求真实 The Foundations of Social Science 社会研究的基础 Some Dialectics of Social Research 社会研究中的一些辩证关系 The Ethics of Social Research 社会研究的伦理
Ordinary Human Inquiry一般的人
类研究
Humans recognize that future circumstances are caused by present ones.首先，人们认识到，未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。
Humans learn that patterns of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. 其次，人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题
Both provide a starting point for inquiry, but can lead us to start at the wrong point and push us in the wrong direction.
二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）
might be called the science of finding out. 方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文ppt Ch4

Criteria for Nomothetic Causality
1.
2. 3.
A statistical correlation between the two variables. The cause takes place before the effect. There is no third variable that can explain away the observed correlation as spurious.
Purpose of Exploratory Studies
Satisfy researcher’s curiosity and desire for better understanding. Test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study. Develop methods to be employed in a subsequent study.
Question
Social researchers tend to choose___________ as their units of analysis. A. social interactions B. social artifacts C. groups D. individuals
How to Design a Research Project
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Decide whom or what to study. Collect empirical data. Process the data. Analyze the data. Report your findings.

社会研究方法双语教学课件

1. Purposes of Literature Review
– To avoid redundant research and try to make new
B. Sampling survey (抽样调查)

Careful probability sampling provides a group of respondents whose characteristics may be taken to reflect those of the larger population, and carefully constructed standardized questionnaires provide data in the same form from all respondents.
Prediction(预测)

For example, the goal of regression analysis is find out the relationship between two or more variables.
2. Types of research methods

Procedures of social research
Preparatory stage(准备阶段) Data collection stage (收集资料阶段) Analysis stage (分析阶段) Summary stage (总结阶段)

Chapter 2 research design

For example, a trend study that showed that Candidates A and B each had exactly half of the voters on September first and on October first as well could indicate that none of the electorate had changed voting plans, that all of the voters had changed their intentions, or something between. A panel study would eliminate this confusion by showing what kinds of voters switched from A to B and what kinds switched from B to A, as well as other facts.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比英文ppt Ch5

Answer: E
Gender, religious affiliation, political party affiliation and birthplace are examples of nominal measures.
Kaplan’s Classes
Things Scientists Measure Direct observables - things that can be observed simply and directly. Indirect observables - things that require more subtle observations. Constructs - based observed.
Question
Which of the following are examples of nominal measures? A. gender B. religious affiliation C. political party affiliation D. birthplace E. all of these choices
If several different indicators all represent the same concept, all of them will behave the same way the concept would behave if it were real and could be observed. If women are more compassionate, we should be able to observe that using a reasonable measure of compassion. If women are more compassionate only on some indicators, we should see if the indicators represent different dimensions of compassion.

《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比_英文ppt_Ch13

Concept Mapping NhomakorabeaPutting concepts in a graphical format.
An Example of Concept Mapping
Using a Spreadsheet for Qualitative Analysis
Quick Quiz
1. Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as______________________. A. feminist research B. quantitative analysis C. qualitative analysis D. none of these choices
Answer: C

Methods for examining social research data without converting them to numerical format are referred to as qualitative analysis.
2. Which of the following are different ways a researcher may look for patterns in a particular research topic? A. frequencies B. magnitudes C. structures D. all of these choices
Case Oriented Analysis

Analysis that aims to understand a particular case or several cases by looking at the details of each.