2019最新1高层建筑结构设计英语

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建筑结构英文作文

建筑结构英文作文

建筑结构英文作文英文:When it comes to building structures, there are many factors to consider. The structural design must be able to withstand the forces that will be exerted upon it, such as wind, rain, and earthquakes. Additionally, the materials used must be strong and durable enough to support the weight of the structure and resist deterioration over time.One important aspect of building structures is the use of beams and columns. These elements are used to distribute the weight of the structure evenly across the foundation and provide support for the floors and walls. The type of beam and column used will depend on the size and shape of the structure, as well as the materials being used.Another important factor in building structures is the use of joints and connections. These are the points where different elements of the structure come together, and theymust be designed to withstand the forces and stresses that will be placed upon them. There are many different types of joints and connections, each with their own strengths and weaknesses.In addition to the design and materials used, the construction process itself is also important. Thestructure must be built according to the plans and specifications, and the workers must be skilled and experienced in order to ensure that the structure is built to the highest standards.Overall, building structures is a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning, attention to detail, and a deep understanding of the principles of structural engineering.中文:谈到建筑结构,有很多因素需要考虑。

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑结构

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑结构

毕业论文外文翻译-高层建筑结构High-Rise Building StructureAbstract:High-rise buildings have become common in modern cities across the world. Structural considerations play a crucial role in the planning and design of these buildings. The structural system of a high-rise building must be able to support its own weight as well as any additional loads imposed by occupancy and natural forces such as wind and earthquakes. This paper provides an overview of the structural systems commonly used in high-rise buildings, including reinforced concrete, steel, and hybrid systems. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system and the factors that affect their selection based on the specific requirements of a building.Introduction:In modern cities, high-rise buildings have become an increasingly popular option for meeting the growing need for office and residential space. High-rise buildings have several advantages, including the efficient use of land, the ability to accommodate large numbers of people, and the provision of spectacular views. To achieve these benefits, it is important to develop a safe and efficient structural system for high-rise buildings.Structural Considerations for High-Rise Buildings:Structural considerations are critical for high-rise buildings. Such structures must be able to support their own weight, as well as resist loads imposed by occupancy and natural forces such as wind and earthquakes. The structural system must also be able to maintain stability throughout the building's lifespan, while providing adequate safety for its occupants.Common Structural Systems for High-Rise Buildings:Reinforced Concrete System:One of the most commonly used structural systems for high-rise buildings is reinforced concrete. This system is desirable because of its strength, durability, and fire resistance. Concrete is also easily moldable, which allows for various shapes and sizes to be used in the building design.Steel System:The steel structural system is another popular choice for high-rise buildings. Steel structures have a high strength-to-weight ratio, which makes them a good choice for taller and lighter buildings. They are also easily adaptable and have high ductility, making them more resistant to earthquake damage.Hybrid System:Hybrid structural systems, which combine the advantages of reinforced concrete and steel, have become increasingly popular in recent years. These systems include concrete encased steel frames, concrete-filled steel tubes, and steel reinforced concrete.Factors Affecting Selection:The selection of a structural system for a high-rise building depends on several factors, including the building height, location, climate, design requirements, and budget. For example, in areas with high wind loads, a steel or hybrid system may be preferable due to its high strength and ductility. In areas with high seismic activity, a reinforced concrete system may be more appropriate because of its superior resistance to earthquake damage.Advantages and Disadvantages of Structural Systems:Each structural system has its advantages and disadvantages. The reinforced concrete system is strong, durable, and fire resistant, but is also heavy and requires a longer construction period. The steel system is adaptable and has a high strength-to-weight ratio, but is also susceptible to corrosion and may require regular maintenance. The hybrid system combines the benefits of both systems but may be more expensive than either system alone.Conclusion:Structural considerations are critical for the planning and design of high-rise buildings. Reinforced concrete, steel, and hybrid systems are the most commonly used structural systems for high-rise buildings. The selection of a system depends on several factors, including the building height, location, climate, design requirements, and budget. Each system has its advantages and disadvantages, and careful consideration of these factors is necessary to develop a safe and efficient structural system for high-rise buildings.。

建筑结构是啥英语作文

建筑结构是啥英语作文

建筑结构是啥英语作文Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other physical structures. It is a complex and multifaceted discipline that involves a wide range of skills and knowledge, including engineering, design, aesthetics, and construction. The structure of a building is a fundamental aspect of architecture, as it forms the basis for the overall design and functionality of the building.The structure of a building refers to the arrangement and organization of its various components, including the walls, floors, columns, beams, and other structural elements. These elements work together to support the building and distribute its weight, ensuring its stability and safety. The structure also plays a crucial role in determining the building's form and appearance, as it influences the layout, spatial organization, and overall aesthetic of the building.From an engineering perspective, the structure of a building is designed to withstand various forces and loads, such as gravity, wind, and seismic activity. Engineers use principles of physics and mathematics to analyze and predict the behavior of the building under different conditions, ensuring that it remains stable and secure. This involves careful consideration of materials, structural systems, and construction techniques to achieve the desired performance and safety standards.In addition to its technical aspects, the structure of a building also has a significant impact on its architectural design and aesthetic qualities. The arrangement of structural elements can create unique spatial experiences, define interior and exterior spaces, and contribute to the overall character and identity of the building. Architects often integrate the structure into the overall design, using it as a means of expression and creativity to enhance the building's visual appeal and cultural significance.Furthermore, the structure of a building can influence its sustainability and environmental performance. By optimizing the use of materials, minimizing waste, and incorporating energy-efficient systems, architects and engineers can design buildings that are more environmentally friendly and resource-efficient. This holistic approach to building design considers the long-term impact of the structure on the environment and the community, promoting sustainable development and responsible construction practices.Moreover, the structure of a building also affects its functionality and usability. A well-designed structure can facilitate efficient circulation, provide flexible and adaptable spaces, and accommodate the diverse needs of its users. Whether it's a residential, commercial, or institutional building, the structural design plays a crucial role in creating a comfortable, safe, and functional environment for occupants.In conclusion, the structure of a building is a fundamental aspect of architecture that encompasses technical, aesthetic, environmental, and functional considerations. It is a reflection of the collaborative effort between architects, engineers, and other professionals to create buildings that are not only visually striking but also safe, sustainable, and functional. As we continue to advance in technology and design innovation, the structure of buildings will continue to evolve, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the built environment.。

2019年高层建筑结构设计规范.doc

2019年高层建筑结构设计规范.doc

2019年高层建筑结构设计规范.doc高层建筑结构设计规范高层建筑结序号术语涵义1 高层建筑10层及10层以上或房屋高度大于28M的建筑物。

2 房屋高度自室外地面至房屋主要屋面的高度。

3 框架结构由梁和柱为主要构件组成的承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

4 剪力墙结构由剪力墙组成的承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

5 框架-剪力墙结构由框架和剪力墙共同承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

6 板柱-剪力墙结构由无梁楼板与柱组成的板柱框架和剪力墙共同承受竖向和水平作用的结构。

7 筒体结构由竖向筒体为主组成的承受竖向和水平作用的高层建筑结构。

筒体结构的筒体分剪力墙围成的薄壁筒和由密柱框架或壁式框架围成的框筒等。

本规程涉及的筒体结构主要包含以下两种:1框架-核心筒结构:由核心筒与外围的稀柱框架组成的高层建筑结构。

2筒中筒结构:由核心筒与外围框筒组成的高层建筑结构。

8 混合结构本规程涉及的混合结构是指由钢框架或型钢混凝土框架与钢筋混凝土筒体(或剪力墙)所组成的共同承受竖向和水平作用的高层建筑结构。

9 转换结构构件完成上部楼层到下部楼层的结构型式转变或上部楼层到下部楼层结构布置改变而设置的结构构件,包括转换梁、转换桁架、转换板等。

10 转换层转换结构构件所在的楼层。

11 加强层设置连接内筒与外围结构的水平外伸臂(梁或桁架)结构的楼层,必要时还可沿该楼层外围结构周边设置带状水平梁或桁架。

高规2.2 符号高规3 荷载和地震作用高规3.1 竖向荷载极限状态:当整个结构或结构的一部分超过某一特定状态,而不能满足设计规定的某一功能要求时,则称此特定状态为结构对该功能的极限状态。

设计中的极限状态往往以结构的某种荷载效应,如内力、应力、变形、裂缝等超过相应规定的标志为依据。

极限状态分类:结构的极限状态在总体上可分为两大类,即承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态。

对承载能力极限状态,一般是以结构的内力超过其承载能力为依据;对正常使用极限状态,一般是以结构的变形、裂缝、振动参数超过设计允许的限值为依据。

建筑设计英语词汇 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN English Chinese

建筑设计英语词汇 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN English Chinese

TABLE OF CONTENTS1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件d. GENERAL ROOM NAME常用房间名称e. ROOFING & CEILING ROOFING & CEILINGf. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY (HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件i. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【 Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】【Timber 木材】【Metallic Materials 金属材料】【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】【Anti-Corrosion Materials防腐蚀材料】【Building Hardware 建筑五金】【Paint 油漆】k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】【Drafting 制图】2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. LOAD 荷载b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇1. ARCHITECTURE 建筑专业a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据计划建议书 planning proposals设计任务书 design order标准规范standards and codes条件图 information drawing设计基础资料basic data for design工艺流程图 process flowchart工程地质资料engineering geological data原始资料 original data设计进度schedule of designb. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段方案 scheme, draft草图 sketch会谈纪要summary of discussion谈判 negotiation可行性研究 feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design基础设计 basic design详细设计 detail design询价图 enquiry drawing施工图working drawing, construction drawing竣工图as built drawingc. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件日照 sunshine风玫瑰 wind rose主导风向 prevailing wind direction最大(平均)风速maximum (mean) wind velocity风荷载 wind load最大(平均)降雨量maximum (mean) rainfall雷击及闪电thunder and lightning飓风 hurricane台风 typhoon旋风 cyclone降雨强度rainfall intensity年降雨量 annual rainfall湿球温度 wet bulb temperature干球温度 dry bulb temperature冰冻期 frost period冰冻线 frost line冰冻区 frost zone室外计算温度calculating outdoor temperature采暖地区with heating provision不采暖地区region without heating provision绝对大气压absolute atmospheric pressure相对湿度 relative humidityd. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称办公室 office服务用房 service room换班室 shift room休息室rest room (break room)起居室 living room浴室 bathroom淋浴间 shower更衣室 locker room厕所 lavatory门厅 lobby诊室 clinic工作间 workshop电气开关室 switchroom走廊 corridor档案室 archive电梯机房lift motor room车库 garage清洁间 cleaning room会议室(正式) conference room会议室 meeting room衣柜间 ward robe暖风间 H.V.A.C room饭店 restaurant餐厅 canteen, dining room厨房 kitchen入口 entrance接待处 reception area会计室 accountant room秘书室 secretary room电气室 electrical room控制室 control room工长室 foreman office开关柜室 switch gear前室 antecabinet (Ante.)生产区 production area马达控制中心 Mcc多功能用房 utility room化验室 laboratory room经理室 manager room披屋(阁楼) penthouse警卫室 guard housee. ROOFING AND CEILING 屋面及天棚女儿墙 parapet雨蓬 canopy屋脊 roof ridge坡度 slope坡跨比 pitch分水线 water-shed二毡三油2 layers of felt & 3 coats of bitumastic 附加油毡一层extra ply of felt檐口 eave挑檐 overhanging eave檐沟 eave gutter平屋面 flat roof坡屋面 pitched roof雨水管downspout, rain water pipe (R.W.P)汇水面积 catchment area泛水 flashing内排水 interior drainage外排水 exterior drainage滴水 drip屋面排水 roof drainage找平层 leveling course卷材屋面 built-up roofing天棚 ceiling檩条 purlin屋面板 roofing board天花板 ceiling board防水层 water-proof course检查孔 inspection hole人孔 manhole吊顶suspended ceiling, false ceiling檐板(窗帘盒) cornicef. WALL (CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板)砖墙 brick wall砌块墙 block wall清水砖墙brick wall without plastering抹灰墙 rendered wall石膏板墙gypsum board, plaster board空心砖墙hollow brick wall承重墙 bearing wall非承重墙 non-bearing wall纵墙 longitudinal wall横墙 transverse wall外墙 external (exterior) wall内墙internal (interior) wall填充墙 filler wall防火墙 fire wall窗间墙 wall between window空心墙 cavity wall压顶 coping圈梁 gird, girt, girth玻璃隔断 glazed wall防潮层 damp-proof course (D.P.C)遮阳板 sunshade阳台 balcony伸缩缝 expansion joint沉降缝 settlement joint抗震缝 seismic joint复合夹心板 sandwich board压型单板corrugated single steel plate外墙板 cladding panel复合板 composite panel轻质隔断 light-weight partition牛腿 bracket砖烟囱 brick chimney勒脚(基座) plinthg. FLOOR AND TRENCH 地面及地沟地坪 grade地面和楼面ground and floor素土夯实 rammed earth炉渣夯实 tamped cinder填土 filled earth回填土夯实 tamped backfill垫层bedding course, blinding面层 covering, finish结合层 bonding (binding) course找平层 leveling course素水泥浆结合层neat cement binding course混凝土地面 concrete floor水泥地面 cement floor机器磨平混凝土地面machine trowelled concrete floor 水磨石地面 terrazzo flooring马赛克地面 mosaic flooring瓷砖地面ceramic tile flooring油地毡地面 linoleum flooring预制水磨石地面 precast terrazzo flooring硬木花地面 hard-wood parquet flooring搁栅 joist硬木毛地面 hard-wood rough flooring企口板地面tongued and grooved flooring防酸地面 acid-resistant floor钢筋混凝土楼板reinforced concrete slab (R.C Slab)乙烯基地面 vinyl flooring水磨石嵌条divider strip for terrazzo地面做2%坡floor with 2% slope集水沟 gully集水口 gulley排水沟 drainage trench沟盖板 trench cover活动盖板removable cover plate集水坑 sump pit孔翻边 hole up stand电缆沟 cable trenchh. DOORS,GLASS,WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE) 门、玻璃、窗及五金件木(钢)门wooden (steel) door镶板门 panelled door夹板门 plywood door铝合金门aluminum alloy door卷帘门roller shutter door弹簧门 swing door推拉门 sliding door平开门 side-hung door折叠门 folding door旋转门 revolving door玻璃门 glazed door密闭门 air-Tight door保温门thermal insulating door镀锌铁丝网门galvanized steel wire mesh door防火门 fire door(大门上的)小门 wicket门框 door frame门扇 door leaf门洞 door opening结构开洞 structural opening单扇门 single door双扇门 double door疏散门 emergency door纱门 screen door门槛 door sill门过梁 door lintel上冒头 top rail下冒头 bottom rail门边木 stile门樘侧料 side jumb槽口 notch木窗 wooden window钢窗 steel window铝合金窗aluminum alloy window百叶窗(通风为主) sun-bind, louver (louver, shutter, blind) 塑钢窗plastic steel window空腹钢窗 hollow steel window固定窗 fixed window平开窗 side-hung window推拉窗 sliding window气窗 transom上悬窗 top-hung window中悬窗 center-pivoted window下悬窗 hopper window活动百叶窗 adjustable louver天窗 skylight老虎窗 dormer window密封双层玻璃sealed double glazing钢筋混凝土过梁reinforced concrete lintel钢筋砖过梁 reinforced brick lintel窗扇 casement sash窗台 window sill窗台板 window board窗中梃 mullion窗横木 mutin窗边木 stile压缝条 cover mould窗帘盒 curtain box合页(铰链) hinge (butts)转轴 pivot长脚铰链 parliament hinge闭门器 door closer地弹簧 floor closer插销 bolt门锁 door lock拉手 pull链条 chain门钩 door hanger碰球 ball latch窗钩 window catch暗插销 insert bolt电动开关器 electric opener平板玻璃 plate glass夹丝玻璃 wire glass透明玻璃 clear glass毛玻璃(磨砂玻璃) ground glass (frosted glass)防弹玻璃 bullet-proof glass石英玻璃 quartz glass吸热玻璃 heat absorbing glass磨光玻璃 polished glass着色玻璃 pigmented glass玻璃瓦 glass tile玻璃砖 glass block有机玻璃 organic glassi. STAIRCASE, LANDING & LIFT (ELEV ATOR) 楼梯、休息平台及电梯楼梯 stair楼梯间 staircase疏散梯 emergency stair旋转梯spiral stair (circular stair)吊车梯 crane ladder直爬梯 vertical ladder踏步 step扇形踏步 winder (wheel step)踏步板 tread档步板 riser踏步宽度 tread width防滑条 non-slip insert (strips)栏杆 railing (balustrade)平台栏杆 platform railing吊装孔栏杆railing around mounting hole扶手 handrail梯段高度 height of flight防护梯笼protecting cage (safety cage)平台 landing (platform)操作平台 operating platform装卸平台platform for loading & unloading楼梯平台 stair landing客梯 passenger lift货梯 goods lift客/货两用梯 goods/passenger lift液压电梯 hydraulic lift自动扶梯 escalator观光电梯 observation elevator电梯机房lift mortar room电梯坑 lift pit电梯井道 lift shaftj. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】红砖 red brick粘土砖 clay brick瓷砖glazed brick (ceramic tile)防火砖 fire brick空心砖 hollow brick面砖 facing brick地板砖 flooring tile缸砖 clinkery brick马赛克 mosaic陶粒混凝土 ceramsite concrete琉璃瓦 glazed tile脊瓦 ridge tile石棉瓦asbestos tile (shingle)波形石棉水泥瓦corrugated asbestos cement sheet【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】石膏 gypsum大理石 marble汉白玉 white marble花岗岩 granite碎石 crushed stone毛石 rubble蛭石 vermiculite珍珠岩 pearlite水磨石 terrazzo卵石 cobble砾石 gravel粗砂 course sand中砂 medium sand细砂 fine sand【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】波特兰水泥(普通硅酸盐水泥) Portland cement硅酸盐水泥 silicate cement火山灰水泥 pozzolana cement白水泥 white cement水泥砂浆 cement mortar石灰砂浆 lime mortar水泥石灰砂浆(混合砂浆) cement-lime mortar保温砂浆 thermal mortar防水砂浆 water-proof mortar耐酸砂浆 acid-resistant mortar耐碱砂浆 alkaline-resistant mortar沥青砂浆 bituminous mortar纸筋灰paper strip mixed lime mortar麻刀灰hemp cut lime mortar灰缝 mortar joint素混凝土 plain concrete钢筋混凝土 reinforced concrete轻质混凝土 lightweight concrete细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete泡沫混凝土 foamed concrete炉渣混凝土 cinder concrete【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】水刷石 granitic plaster斩假石 artificial stone刷浆 lime wash可赛银 casein大白浆 white wash麻刀灰打底hemp cuts and lime as base喷大白浆两道sprayed twice with white wash分格抹水泥砂浆cement mortar plaster sectioned板条抹灰lath and plaster【Asphalt(Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】沥青卷材 asphalt felt沥青填料 asphalt filler沥青胶泥 asphalt grout冷底子油 adhesive bitumen primer沥青玛啼脂 asphaltic mastic沥青麻丝 bitumastic oakum石棉板 asbestos sheet石棉纤维 asbestos fiber【Timber 木材】裂缝 crack透裂 split环裂 shake干缩 shrinkage翘曲 warping原木 log圆木 round timber方木 square timber板材 plank木条 batten板条 lath木板 board红松 red pine白松 white pine落叶松 deciduous pine云杉 spruce柏木 cypress白杨 white poplar桦木 birch冷杉 fir栎木 oak榴木 willow榆木 elm杉木 cedar柚木 teak樟木 camphor wood防腐处理的木材preservative-treated lumber胶合板 plywood三(五)合板 3(5)-plywood企口板tongued and grooved board层夹板 laminated plank胶合层夹木材 glue-laminated lumber纤维板 fiber-board竹子 bamboo【Metallic Materials 金属材料】黑色金属 ferrous metal圆钢 steelbBar方钢 square steel扁钢 steel atrap型钢 steel section (shape)槽钢 channel角钢 angle steel等边角钢 equal-leg angle不等边角钢 unequal-leg angle工字钢 I-beam宽翼缘工字钢wide flange I-beam丁( 之)字钢 T-bar (Z-bar)冷弯薄壁型钢light gauge cold-formed steel shape 热轧 hot-rolled冷轧 cold-rolled冷拉 cold-drawn冷压 cold-pressed合金钢 alloy steel钛合金 titanium alloy不锈钢 stainless steel竹节钢筋 corrugated steel bar变形钢筋 deformed bar光圆钢筋 plain round bar钢板 steel plate薄钢板 thin steel plate低碳钢low carbon steel冷弯 cold bending钢管 steel pipe (tube)无缝钢管seamless steel pipe焊接钢管 welded steel pipe黑铁管 iron pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe铸铁 cast iron生铁 pig iron熟铁 wrought iron镀锌铁皮galvanized steel sheet镀锌铁丝galvanized steel wire钢丝网steel wire mesh多孔金属网 expanded metal锰钢 managanese steel高强度合金钢high strength alloy steel【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】金 gold白金 platinum铜 copper黄铜 brass青铜 bronze银 silver铝 aluminum铅 lead【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】聚乙烯 polythene, polyethylene尼龙 nylon聚氯乙烯PVC (polyvinyl chloride)聚碳酸酯 polycarbonate聚苯乙烯 polystyrene丙烯酸树酯 acrylic resin乙烯基酯 vinyl ester橡胶内衬 rubber lining氯丁橡胶 neoprene沥青漆 bitumen paint环氧树脂漆 epoxy resin paint氧化锌底漆 zinc oxide primer防锈漆 anti-rust paint耐酸漆 acid-resistant paint耐碱漆 alkali-resistant paint水玻璃 sodium silicate树脂砂浆 resin-bonded mortar环氧树脂 epoxy resin【 Building Hardware 建筑五金】钉子 nails螺纹屋面钉spiral-threaded roofing nail环纹石膏板钉annular-ring gypsum board nail 螺丝 screws平头螺丝 flat-head screw螺栓 bolt普通螺栓 commercial bolt高强螺栓 high strength bolt预埋螺栓 insert bolt胀锚螺栓 cinch bolt垫片 washer【Paint 油漆】底漆 primer防锈底漆 rust-inhibitive primer防腐漆 anti-corrosion paint调和漆 mixed paint无光漆 flat paint透明漆 varnish银粉漆 aluminum paint磁漆 enamel paint干性油 drying oil稀释剂 thinner焦油 tar沥青漆 asphalt paint桐油tung oil, Chinese wood oil红丹 red lead铅油 lead oil腻子 puttyk. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语【Discipline 专业】建筑 architecture土木 civil给排水water supply and drainage总图 plot plan采暖通风 H.V.A.C (heating、ventilation and air conditioning) 电力供应electric power supply电气照明 electric lighting电讯 telecommunication仪表 instrument热力供应 heat power supply动力 mechanical power工艺 process technology管道 piping【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】建筑原理 architectonics建筑形式 architectural style民用建筑 civil architecture城市建筑 urban architecture农村建筑 rural architecture农业建筑 farm building工业建筑 industrial building重工业的 heavy industrial轻工业的 light industrial古代建筑 ancient architecture现代建筑 modern architecture标准化建筑 standardized buildings附属建筑 auxiliary buildings城市规划 city planning厂区内 within site厂区外 offsite封闭式 closed type开敞式 open type半开敞式 semi-open type模数制 modular system单位造价 unit cost概算 preliminary estimate承包商 constructor, contractor现场 site扩建 extension改建 reconstruction防火 fire-prevention防震 aseismatic, quake-proof防腐 anti-corrosion防潮 dump-proof防水 water-proof防尘 dust-proof防锈 rust-proof车流量 traffic volume货流量 freight traffic volume人流量 pedestrian volume透视图 perspective drawing建筑模型 building model【 Architectural Physics 建筑物理】照明 illumination照度 degree of illumination亮度 brightness日照 sunshine天然采光 natural lighting光强 light intensity侧光 side light顶光 top light眩光 glaze方位角 azimuth辐射 radiation对流 convection传导 conduction遮阳 sun-shade保温 thermal insulation恒温 constant temperature恒湿 constant humidity噪音 noise隔音 sound-proof吸音 sound absorption露点 dew point隔汽 vapor-proof【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】项目经理project manager (PM)设计经理 design manager首席建筑师 principal architect总工程师 chief engineer土木工程师 civil engineer工艺工程师 process engineer电气工程师 electrical engineer机械工程师 mechanical engineer计划工程师 planning engineer助理工程师 assistant engineer实习生 probationer专家 specialist, expert制图员 draftsman技术员 technician【Drafting 制图】总说明 general specification工程说明 project specification采用标准规范目录list of standards and specification adopted 图纸目录list of drawings平面图 plan局部放大图detail with enlarged scale...平面示意图 schematic plan of......平剖面图sectional plan of...留孔平面图plan of provision of holes剖面 section纵剖面 longitudinal section横剖面cross (transverse) section立面 elevation正立面 front elevation透视图 perspective drawing侧立面 side elevation背立面 back elevation详图 detail drawings典型节点 typical detail节点号 detail No.首页 front page图纸目录及说明list of contents and description图例 legend示意图 diagram草图 sketch荷载简图 load diagram流程示意图 flow diagram标准图 standard drawing...布置图 layout of ...地形图 topographical map土方工程图 earth-work drawing展开图 developed drawing模板图 formwork drawing配筋arrangement of reinforcement表格 tables工程进度表 working schedule技术经济指标technical and economical index 建、构筑物一览表list of buildings and structures 编号 coding序列号 serial No.行和栏 rows and columns备注 remarks等级 grade直线 straight Line曲线 curves曲折线 zigzag line虚线 dotted line实线 solid line影线 hatching line点划线dot and dash line轴线 axis等高线 contour Line中心线 center Line双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola切线 tangent Line尺寸线 dimension Line园形 round环形 annular方形 square矩形 rectangle平行四边形 parallelogram三角形 triangle五角形 pentagon六角形 hexagon八角形 octagon梯形 trapezoid圆圈 circle弓形 sagment扇形 sector球形的 spherical抛物面 paraboloid圆锥形 cone椭圆形 ellipse, oblong面积 area体积 volume容量 capacity重量 weight质量 mass力 force米 meter厘米 centimeter毫米 millimeter公顷 hectate牛顿/平方米 Newton/square meter 千克/立方米 kilogram/cubic meter 英尺 foot英寸 inch磅 pound吨 ton加仑 gallon千磅 kip平均尺寸 average dimension变尺寸 variable dimension外形尺寸 overall dimension展开尺寸 developed dimension内径 inside diameter外径 outside diameter净重 net weight毛重 gross weight数量 quantity百分比 percentage净空 clearance净高 headroom净距 clear distance净跨 clear span截面尺寸 sectional dimension开间 bay进深 depth单跨 single span双跨 double span多跨 multi-span标高 elevation, level绝对标高 absolute elevation设计标高 designed elevation室外地面标高 ground elevation 室内地面标高 floor elevation柱网 column grid坐标 coordinate厂区占地 site area使用面积 usable area辅助面积 service area通道面积 passage area管架 pipe rack管廊 pipeline gallery架空管线 overhead pipeline排水沟 drain ditch集水坑 sump pit喷泉 fountain地漏 floor drain消火栓 fire hydrant灭火器 fire extinguisher二氧化碳灭火器carbon dioxide extinguisher 卤代烷灭火器 halon extinguisher2. STRUCTURE 结构专业a. Load 荷载拔力 pulling force标准值 standard value残余应力 residual stress冲击荷载impact load, punch load残余变形 residual deflection承压 bearing承载能力 bearing capacity承重bearing, load bearing承重结构 bearing structure脆性材料 brittle material脆性破坏 brittle failure抵抗力 resisting power, resistance吊车荷载 crane load分布荷载 distributed load风荷载 wind load风速wind velocity, wind speed风压 wind pressure风振 wind vibration浮力 buoyance, floatage符号 symbol, mark负弯矩negative moment, hogging moment附加荷载 additional load附加应力 additional stress副作用 side effect, by-effect刚度 rigidity刚度比ratio of rigidity刚度系数 rigidity factor刚接 rigid connection刚性节点 rigid joint恒载 dead load荷载传递transmission of load固端弯矩 fixed-end moment活荷载 live load积灰荷载 dust load集中荷载 concentrated load加载, 加荷 loading剪力shear, shearing force剪切破坏 shear failure剪应变 shear strain剪应力 shear stress简支 simple support静定结构statically determinate structure截面模量modulus of section,section modulus静力 static force静力分析 static analysis局部压力local pressure, partial pressure局部压屈 local bulkling绝对值 absolute value均布荷载uniformly distributed load抗拔力 pulling resistance抗剪刚度 shear rigidity抗剪强度shear strength, shearing strength抗拉强度 tensile strength抗扭 torsion resistance抗扭刚度 torsional rigidity抗弯 bending resistance抗弯刚度 bending rigidity抗压强度compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability可靠性设计 reliability design拉力 tensile force拉应力tensile stress, tension stress拉应变tensile strain, tension strain临界点 critical point临界荷载 critical load临界应力 critical stress密度 density离心力 centrifugal force摩擦力 friction force摩擦系数 frictional factor挠度 deflection内力internal force, inner force扭矩moment of torsion, torsional moment疲劳强度 fatigue strength偏心荷载eccentric load, non-central load偏心距 eccentric distance, eccentricity偏心受拉 eccentric tension偏心受压 eccentric compression屈服强度 yield strength使用荷载 working load水平力 horizontal force水平推力 horizontal thrust弹塑性变形 elastoplastic deformation弹性elasticity, resilience, spring塑限 plastic limit弹性变形 elastic deformation塑性变形 plastic deformation弹性模量modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积volume, bulk, cubature, cubage土压力earth pressure, soil pressure弯矩 bending moment, moment弯曲半径radius at bent, radius of curve位移 displacement温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action系数 coefficient, factor雪荷载 snow load压应变 compression strain压应力 compression stress应力集中concentration of stress预应力prestressing force, prestress振动荷载vibrating load, racking load支座反力 support reaction自重 own weight作用 action, effect作用点point of application,application joint b. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础板桩sheet pile, sheeting pile板桩基础sheet pile foundation饱和粘土 saturation clay冰冻线frost line, freezing level不均匀沉降unequal settlement, differential settlement 残积土 residual soil沉积物 deposit, sediment沉降 settlement沉降差difference in settlement沉降缝 settlement joint沉井sinking well, sunk well沉箱 caisson持力层 bearing stratum冲积 alluviation锤夯 hammer tamping档土墙retaining wall, breast wall底板base slab, base plate, bed plate地板 floor board地基ground base, ground地基承载力 ground bearing capacity地基处理ground treatment, soil treatment地基稳定 base stabilization地梁ground beam, ground sill地漏 floor drain地下工程 substructure work,地下室 basement, cellar地下水 ground water地下水位groundwater level, water table地下水压力ground water pressure地质报告 geologic report垫层 bedding, blinding独立基础isolated foundation, individual foundation 端承桩 end-bearing pile筏式基础 raft foundation粉砂silt, rock flour粉质粘土 silty clay粉质土 silty soil扶壁式档土墙buttressed retaining wall腐蚀 corrosion覆土 earth covering刚性基础 rigid foundation沟盖板 trench cover固结 consolidation灌注桩cast-in-place pile, cast in site pile护坡slope protection, revetment护桩 guard pile环墙 ring wall灰土 lime earth回填 backfill, backfilling回填土 backfill, backfill soil混凝土找平层 concrete screed火山灰水泥 trass cement基槽 foundation trench基础 foundation, base基础底板 foundation slab基础埋深embedded depth of foundation基础平面图 foundation plan地基勘探site exploration, site investigation 基坑 foundation pit集水坑 collecting sump阶形基础 stepped foundation结合层binding course, bonding course井点 well point井点排水 well point unwatering开挖 excavation, cutting勘测exploration and survey勘测资料 exploration data沥青 bitumen, asphalt, pitch联合基础 combined foundation卵石 cobble, pebble埋置 embedment毛石基础 rubble foundation锚筋 anchor bar锚桩 anchor pile密实度 compactness, density, denseness摩擦桩friction pile, floating pile粘土 clay粘质粉土 clay silt碾压roller compaction, rolling排水 drainage, dewatering排水沟 drainage ditch排水孔weep hole, drain hole排水设备 dewatering equipment普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary Portland cement 群桩 grouped piles容许沉降 permissible settlement容许承载力 allowable bearing软土 soft soil砂垫层sand bedding course, sand cushion 砂土sandy soil, sands砂质粉土 sandy silt设备基础 equipment foundation水泥搅拌桩 cement injection素土夯实rammed earth, packed soil碎石桩 stone columns弹性地基 elastic foundation弹性地基梁beam on elastic foundation填方 fill, filling填土earth-fill, earth filling, filling条形基础 strip foundation土方工程 earthwork挖方 excavation work, excavation箱形基础 box foundation压实 compaction, compacting压实系数 compacting factor验槽check of foundation subsoil预制混凝土桩 precast concrete pile中砂 medium sand重力式档土墙 gravity retaining wall桩承台 pile cap钻孔桩 bored pile钻探exploration drilling, drilling,最终沉降 final settlementc.Reinforcement Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构板缝 slab joint板厚thickness of slab板式楼梯 cranked slab stairs板跨度span of slab薄壁结构 thin-walled structure薄腹梁thin wedded girder保护层 protective coating臂式吊车boom crane, boom hoist边梁edge beam, boundary beam变截面 variable cross-section变形缝 movement joint变形钢筋 deformed bar初凝 initial setting, pre-setting次梁 secondary beam大型屋面板precast ribbed roof slab单层厂房 one-storied factory单筋梁beam with single reinforcement单跨 single span单向板 one-way slab垫块 cushion block垫梁 template beam吊车梁crane beam, crane girder顶棚抹灰 ceiling plastering端跨end span, tail bay多跨连续梁 multi-span beam翻边 upstand反梁 upstand beam分布钢筋 distribution-bar封闭式箍筋 closed stirrup附加钢筋 additional bar刚架rigid frame, stiff frame钢筋reinforcement, steel bar, bar钢筋表 Bar Schedules钢筋笼steel reinforcement cage钢筋间距spacing of bars, bar spacing钢筋网 bar-mat reinforcement,钢筋砖 reinforced brick勾缝 joint pointing构架 frame, gallows构件 member, structural member构造 construction构造钢筋 constructional reinforcement构造柱onstructional column, tie column构筑物 structure箍筋 hoop reinforcement, hooping箍筋间距 stirrup spacing固定端fixed end, retained end固端梁fixed-end beam, fixed beam过梁lintel, breast summer混凝土强度等级 grade of concrete机制砖 machine-made brick剪力墙 shear wall简支梁 simply supported beam经济跨度 economic span经济配筋率economic ratio of reinforcement劲性钢筋 stiff reinforcement劲性钢筋混凝土结构steel composite construction 径向钢筋 radial reinforcement抗剪钢筋 shear reinforcement抗拉钢筋 tension reinforcement受压钢筋 compression reinforcement可见裂缝 visible crack刻痕钢丝indented steel wire坑pit, hollow, delve空斗墙rowlock cavity wall, rolock wall空心板 hollow slab空心砖隔墙 hollow tile partition跨度 span框架 frame框架剪力墙结构 frame-shear wall structure 拉接钢筋 tie bar栏杆 railing, banister栏杆立柱 railing post老化 aging累积误差 accumulated error肋形楼板 ribbed floor slab冷拔低碳钢丝cold-drawn low-carbon wire 冷脆性cold shortness, cooling brittleness冷弯 cold bending冷轧 cold rolling离析 segregation梁垫beam pad, template, pad梁挠度 beam deflection楼梯斜梁 string, stringer螺旋楼梯spiral stair, winding staircase马鞍形壳 saddle shell锚固 anchoring门框, 门樘 door frame门式刚架 portal frame面砖, 墙面砖facing tile, wall tile耐火混凝土 fire-resisting concrete排架bent, bent frame女儿墙parapet wall, parapet配筋率 reinforcement ratio配箍率 stirrup ratio砌块 block圈梁ring beam, tie beam, bond beam山墙 gable深梁 deep beam伸缩缝 expansion joint实腹梁 solid web girder实腹柱 solid web column竖向钢筋 vertical reinforcement双向配筋 two-way reinforcement素混凝土 plain concrete筒中筒结构 tube-in-tube structure网状钢筋steel mesh reinforcement围堰 cofferdam, coffer无梁楼盖flat slab, flat plate系梁 tie beam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressed reinforced concrete预应力构件 prestressed component预制 prefabrication预制板 precast slab预制构件 prefabrication component预制装配式结构 prefabricated construction折板folded plate, folded slab折板结构 folded-plate structure主筋main reinforcement, main bar主梁 main beam, girder柱距column spacing, post spacing装配式结构 fabricated structure纵梁 longitudinal beam纵剖面 longitudinal section纵向钢筋 longitudinal bard. Steel Structure 钢结构薄壁型钢light-gauge steel section, hollow steel section不等肢角钢unequal angle steel槽钢channel, channel steel背对背角钢组合angles back to back不锈钢 stainless steel除锈 rust-removal粗制螺栓rough bolt, black bolt带钢strip steel, band iron单面焊single weld, one-side welding地脚螺栓foundation bolt, anchor bolt,holding down bolt 点焊spot welding, point welding电动葫芦 electric hoist等边角钢equal angle, equal leg angle对接焊, 对焊 butt welding腹板 web plate, web腹杆 web member腹板加劲件 web stiffener杆 rod, bar钢板 steel plate钢管steel tube, steel pipe钢桁架 steel truss钢框架 steel frame钢梯, 爬梯 steel ladder高强度螺栓high strength bolt格构柱 lattice column工字梁 I-girder, I-beam工字钢 I-steel工字形截面 I-shaped cross-section焊缝 welding seam焊接 welding焊接长度 weld length焊条 welding rod桁架 truss红丹底漆 red lead primer红丹漆red lead paint加劲肋stiffening rib, rib stiffener加劲板 stiffening plate角钢 angle steel节点 joint, node节点板 gusset plate, gusset节点位移 joint displacement节间长度 panel length紧固螺栓clamp bolt, fastening bolt精制螺栓 turned bolt可焊性 weldability空腹桁架 open-web truss空间桁架 space truss肋板ribbed panel, ribbed slab连接板connecting plate, joint plate檩条 purline螺母 screw nut, nut螺栓 bolt螺栓孔 bolt hole螺纹screw thread, thread螺纹长度 length of thread螺纹钢screw-threaded steel, twisted steel 拉杆tie rod, tension rod满焊 full weld铆钉 rivet锰钢 manganese steel喷砂 sand blasting轻钢结构lightweight steel construction 三角架 tripod上弦top chord, upper chord上弦横向水平支撑 upper lateral bracing。

建筑土木毕业设计中英文翻译建筑及高层建筑的组成

建筑土木毕业设计中英文翻译建筑及高层建筑的组成

建筑土木毕业设计中英文翻译--建筑及高层建筑的组成英文原文Components of A Building and Tall BuildingsAndre1. AbstractMaterials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in 1885.Gustave Eiffel (1832-1932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers.Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1857.In 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour.2. Load-Carrying FrameUntil the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearing-wall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required;for instance, the 16-s tory Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet (1.5 meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) supported floors on cast-iron columns to form a cage-like construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was firstused in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls become a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of buildings continued to increase rapidly.All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ. After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States;its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650-foot (198-meter) Post Office Tower in London and by other towers.A change in attitude about skyscraper construction has brought a return to the use of the bearing wall. In New York City, the Columbia Broadcasting System Building, designed by Eero Saarinen in 1962,has a perimeter wall consisting of 5-foot (1.5meter) wide concrete columns spaced 10 feet (3 meters) from column center to center. This perimeter wall, in effect, constitutes a bearing wall. One reason for this trend is that stiffness against the action of wind can be economically obtained by using the walls of the building as a tube;the World Trade Center building is another example of this tube approach. In contrast, rigid frames or vertical trusses are usually provided to give lateral stability.3. SkinThe skin of a building consists of both transparent elements (windows) and opaque elements (walls). Windows are traditionally glass, although plastics are being used, especially in schools where breakage creates a maintenance problem. The wall elements, which are used to cover the structure and are supported by it, are built of a variety of materials: brick, precast concrete, stone, opaque glass, plastics, steel, and aluminum. Wood is used mainly in house construction;it is not generally used for commercial, industrial, or public building because of the fire hazard.4. FloorsThe construction of the floors in a building depends on the basic structural frame that is used. In steel skeleton construction, floors are either slabs of concrete resting on steel beams or a deck consisting of corrugated steel with a concrete topping. In concrete construction, the floors are either slabs of concrete on concrete beams or a series of closely spaced concrete beams (ribs) in two directions toppedwith a thin concrete slab, giving the appearance of a waffle on its underside. The kind of floor that is used depends on the span between supporting columns or walls and the function of the space. In an apartment building, for instance, where walls and columns are spaced at 12 to 18 feet (3.7 to 5.5 meters), the most popular construction is a solid concrete slab with no beams. The underside of the slab serves as the ceiling for the space below it. Corrugated steel decks are often used in office buildings because the corrugations, when enclosed by another sheet of metal, form ducts for telephone and electrical lines.5. Mechanical and Electrical SystemsA modern building not only contains the space for which it is intended (office, classroom, apartment) but also contains ancillary space for mechanical and electrical systems that help to provide a comfortable environment. These ancillary spaces in a skyscraper office building may constitute 25% of the total building area. The importance of heating, ventilating, electrical, and plumbing systems in an office building is shown by the fact that 40% of the construction budget is allocated to them. Because of the increased use of sealed building with windows that cannot be opened, elaborate mechanical systems are provided for ventilation and air conditioning. Ducts and pipes carry fresh air from central fan rooms and air conditioning machinery. The ceiling, which is suspended below the upper floor construction, conceals the ductwork and contains the lighting units. Electrical wiring for power and for telephone communication may also be located in this ceiling space or may be buried in the floor construction in pipes or conduits.There have been attempts to incorporate the mechanical and electrical systems into the architecture of building by frankly expressing them;for example, the American Republic Insurance Company Building(1965) in Des Moines, Iowa, exposes both the ducts and the floor structure in an organized and elegant pattern and dispenses with the suspended ceiling. This type of approach makes it possible to reduce the cost of the building and permits innovations, such as in the span of the structure.6. Soils and FoundationsAll building are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation dependson many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soillavers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. Soils rarely have a single composition;they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock. In general, the larger particle soils will support heavier loads than the smaller ones. The hardest rock can support loads up to 100 tons per square foot(976.5 metric tons/sq meter), but the softest silt can support a load of only 0.25 ton per square foot(2.44 metric tons/sq meter). All soils beneath the surface are in a state of compaction;that is, they are under a pressure that is equal to the weight of the soil column above it. Many soils (except for most sands and gavels) exhibit elastic properties—they deform when compressed under load and rebound when the load is removed. The elasticity of soils is often time-dependent, that is, deformations of the soil occur over a length of time which may vary from minutes to years after a load is imposed. Over a period of time, a building may settle if it imposes a load on the soil greater than the natural compaction weight of the soil. Conversely, a building may heave if it imposes loads on the soil smaller than the natural compaction weight. The soil may also flow under the weight of a building;that is, it tends to be squeezed out.Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend settle. Uneven settlements, exemplified by the leaning towers in Pisa and Bologna, can have damaging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack, windows and doors may become inoperative, and, in the extreme, a building may collapse. Uniform settlements are not so serious, although extreme conditions, such as those in Mexico City, can have serious consequences. Over the past 100 years, a change in the groundwater level there has caused some buildings to settle more than 10 feet (3 meters). Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital.The great variability of soils has led to a variety of solutions to the foundation problem. Wherefirm soil exists close to the surface, the simplest solution is to rest columns on a small slab of concrete(spread footing). Where the soil is softer, it is necessary to spread the column load over a greater area;in this case, a continuous slab of concrete(raft or mat) under the whole building is used. In cases where the soil near the surface is unable to support the weight of the building, piles of wood, steel, or concrete are driven down to firm soil.The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure. The design process, however, proceeds from the roof down to the foundation (in the direction of gravity). In the past, the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation. A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century. Karl Terzaghi of the United States pioneered studies that made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations, using the science of soil mechanics coupled with exploration and testing procedures. Foundation failures of the past, such as the classical example of the leaning tower in Pisa, have become almost nonexistent. Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may causeserious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.中文译文建筑及高层建筑的组成安得烈1 摘要材料和结构类型是构成建筑物各方面的组成部分,这些部分包括承重结构、围护结构、楼地面和隔墙。

高层住宅结构设计毕业设计外文翻译

高层住宅结构设计毕业设计外文翻译

外文翻译<Journal of Constructional Concrete Research 55 (2000) 289–303>Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design Way ofThinkingTheodore V. GalambosUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USAAbstractCurrently, the anti-earthquake norms all round the world almost adopt to a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possible situation to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak in waterproof and quasi-ground value acceleration; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period; Get a design to use acceleration level through earthquake dint adjust met coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such point,establishing to defend the earthquake intensity level can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend earthquake intensity levelmore and lowly, structure of ductility request more high. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distributes reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Keywords: frame structure; anti-earthquake design; design way of thinking1.Simple Review of Anti-earthquake Design Way of ThinkingThe development that constructs the structure anti- earthquake is along with people all the earthquake move with the structure characteristic of the understanding is continuously thorough but develop gradually, however, from is born up to now the history of a hundred years, have mostly several to develop a stage as follows:(1) Quiet dint stage: It first from a Japanese professor passed to harm to prognosticate the anti- earthquake design theories that put forward with the theories understanding at that time to the limited earthquake, being applicable to only just rigid body structure. It didn't think characteristic and the place difference to consider structure to the influence that constructs structure.(2) Respond the table stage: Along with vibrate to record of obtain and the development of the structure dynamics theories, the Biota professor of the United States put forward flexibility to respond the concept of the table in 1940, respond the table is list the freely flexible system, it was obtain of numerous earthquakes record of encourage, the structure period or respond of the relation, include the acceleration reaction table, the speed responded a table, moved to respond a table. It consider the motive characteristic of the structure, it still is the foundation that all countries norm design earthquake dint takes a value up to now. The calculation of the earthquake function dint usually use shears with the bottom and flaps a decomposition to respond a table a method, flapping a decomposition to respond a table a method of basic define: Suppose the building structure is the line flexibility more freedom degree system, making use principle of flap a decomposition and flap a type, it will solve a freedom degree the earthquake ofthe flexible system to respond to resolve for solve an independence of etc. the effect single freedom degree flexible system most the heavy earthquake respond. Then begging should in each function affect that flaps a type. At this time, according to consider the way dissimilarity of the earthquake function, adopt a different array, group method, order flexible system to many qualities of the flat surface vibration, it can use a SRSS method, it is according to suppose the importation earthquake as steady random process, each of a flap reaction is independent mutually but deduce to get; For consider even-twists many qualities that the lotus connect to order flexible system, the adoption CQC method, it lies in with the main differentiation of the SRSS method: Suppose when flat surface vibrate each flap a type independent mutually, and each contribution that flap a type increased along with the frequency high but lower;But even-twist lotus connect hour each flap a frequency span very small, close together and higher flap the frequency of the type and may near to this relativity that will consider a dissimilarity to flap a very much, also have influence of turn round the weight and not necessarily increase along with the frequency high but lower, sometimes higher flap the influence possibility of the type big in lower flap the influence of the type, it will consider more influences that flap a type while comparing SRSS. The bottom shears the dint method in consideration of the special of the structure system to the simplification that flaps a decomposition to respond to compose a method, be the building height not big, took shearing to slice to transform as the lord and the quality to follow height to distribute more even structure with degree just, the structure vibration moved to respond usually with the first flapped a type for lord, and when the first flapped a type to near to in the straight line, can flap a decomposition method simplification to shear the dint method calculation formula for the basic bottom. The level earthquake function that eachquality that this basic formula calculation get order can better reflection just degree bigger structure, but when structure the basic period was long, the place characteristic period to compare with hour, the calculation income coping earthquake function be partial to small. of course , the Anti-earthquake Norm provision, be the structure basic period more than 1.4 place characteristic period, at coping additional level earthquake function.(3)the motive theories stage: Along with move understanding and comprehend to the earthquake of deepen continuously, know to some shortage of the reaction table, such as to the earthquake move hold of influence consideration not week, and the exaltation of the calculator function, make the motive method develop gradually, its essence solves a square distance of motive directly, but because of earthquake the ground sport acceleration is very irregular, it can't beg for differential calculus square distance, it shuts to match a solution, so adopt number integral calculus method more. Usual way of doing is carry on a continuous cent a segment a processing towards having already record of the earthquake wave, each data all see do the constant, then the function get to structure up, pass an equilibrium and square distance of motive to beg at the moment of the acceleration, speed, move reaction, moving with ex- the acceleration, speed, the segment to carry on folding to add immediately after folding the result for add as the beginning that descends at that time a segment to start a data, pushing according to this kind, end beg structure at the give for low week again and again the earthquake wave under of the acceleration, speed and move the dint reaction variety process.(4) At American Northridge earthquake in 1994 and Japanese Kobe earthquake in 1995 after, the beautiful day scholar put forward again according to the anti- earthquake design method of behavior, it was during the period ofusage to make the building structure satisfy various requests that used function according to the basic thought of behavior. Tradition according to the design method dissimilarity of the dint, adjudicate to the structure function mainly is according to move standard, move index sign to come with the different to the structure function to carry on a different control. But descend structure because of the big earthquake of not- flexible transform hard and accurate estimate of, make to can stay around according to the design method of behavior theoretically. But put forward its aggressive meaning to have 2:00 at least:a. Emphasize the system and the society of the earthquake engineering;b. The part that knows an original anti- earthquake to design norm is unsuited to reasonableness.Conduct and actions according to the foundation of the function anti- earthquake design, should to the particular level earthquake function of a certain covariance meaning under of the structure move, the speed and acceleration carry on accurate valuation, should also have a reasonable of valuation method with available valuation tool. It is exactly because of this purpose, put forward and developed the Pushover method and ability to compose a method. The basic way of thinking of the Pushover method is an adoption the quiet dint add to carry, supposing the side of the some penny cloth form toward lotus to carry a function on the structure, adding to carry gradually until attain the structure control point target to move or the structure break, getting the level side of the control point to move to shear the dint relation curve with substrate thus, evaluating in order to the anti-vibration ability of the structure. The Pushover method depends on to distribute a form and play the plasticity reaction table target to move to really settle in the side force.2.Basic Way of Thinking of Frame Structure Anti-earthquake Design-ductility StandardAfter the flexibility respond table put forward, the people's detection computes to gain from here of the structure respond with the actual earthquake the breakage phenomenon of the structure contain certain antinomy, mainly is press the flexibility reaction table to calculate of the structure responded the acceleration as habitual to design the earthquake dint to take to be worth big quite a few at that time doubly, and took to settle according to the habitual of the function of the design earthquake dint descends the house structure of design, the harm of the structure system wasn't serious in the earthquake.60's last century, the New mark passed to start to the beginning of different period just degree homology of the single freedom degree the system carried on analysis under the situation that many waves input, put forward etc. moved the principle and etc. energy principle, and put forward the concept of the structure ductility. Studied single and free system to accept defeat the level and flexibility thoroughly again from the relation of flapped the biggest not- flexible motive in the period and structure to respond afterward, this be customarily say of the theories of the R-μ-T effect. Passing these researches, announcing to public the ductility ability and plasticity to consume an ability is a structure Be taking to use to accept defeat level under not high circumstance, at big earthquake under the structure doesn't take place severity to break and doesn't don't tumble down of assurance. Arrive here, concerning the design earthquake dint's taking the basic problem of the value size have to arrive understanding definitely, be the anti- earthquake the earthquake dint take a value of the size isn't a number of assurance, but with thestructure ductility function and consume the ability mechanism related quantity value. Here what to need to be explain BE, designed the earthquake dint to take a value to resolve a problem only, but to the structure ductility function guarantee of the measure have to can also promise, this will at underneath a section discuss.Currently, the anti- earthquake norms all round the world almost adopts so a kind of way of thinking: The adoption presses the earthquake strong or weak of possible situation to divide the line earthquake cent area; According to everyplace the history occurrence of the area earthquake of covariance result or to geology structure of the history investigate to have to explicit statistics the meaning establish the sport peak value in waterproof and quasi- ground value acceleration; Make use of again the reaction acceleration that the acceleration reaction composes different period to descend structure to; get a design to use acceleration level through the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R. In the meantime, most nations all approve such standpoint, establishing to defend the earthquake intensity level can take to use a different value, choosing to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and highly, the ductility request of the structure also more low, choose to use to establish to defend the earthquake intensity level more and lowly, structure of ductility request more high. The structure ductility guarantee of precondition is the ductility of the member, pass again an effectively reasonable conjunction in adopting a series of measure guarantee member the foundation of the ductility, the structure system choice is reasonable in the meantime, the degree just distributes reasonable of under condition ability basic assurance structure of ductility.Underneath this kind of discusses the our country anti- earthquake norm mostly way of thinking, the current Chinese norm didn't adopt a variety to establish to defend the earth quake intensity level to take to use, but don’ Ted adda distinction of unify an adoption of the earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35;In the meantime, mostly according to establish a dissimilarity of defend the earthquake intensity, divide the line the different anti- earthquake grade, fix attention on in establish to defend earthquake intensity differently, adopt the anti- earthquake measure of the different assurance ductility. Very obvious here exist a misunderstanding of concept, also be according to the theories of the R-μ-T effect, the little more than earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R=1/0.35, should give the same ductility guarantee measure to the structure, but the Chinese norm adopt the different ductility guarantee measure, along with anti- earthquake the exaltation of the grade, ductility guarantee the ability correspond to strengthen. This kind of usefulness of the way of doing under way and not the line motive respond of verification, can describe so as a result mostly: For the district of 8 degrees 0.3 g and 9 degrees 0.4 g, because of correspond of the anti- earthquake grade is higher, the measure of the guarantee ductility is also stronger, so generally and more safe; And for the district of 6 degrees 0.05 g and 7 degrees 0.1 g, gain from here to of the level earthquake effect be partial to small, the general lotus carries an array, group is carried the control function by the gravity lotus, although to should of the measure of the guarantee ductility isn't very strong, can also guarantee structure generally under the big earthquake of not- flexible transform of function; But to the district of 7 degrees 0.15 g and 8 degrees 0.2 g, circumstance another the person worry, because of at the lotus carry an array, group, the earthquake function can have generally control function, but correspond measure of guarantee the ductility and be partial to weak, so difficult don't need to exist certain potential safety hazard to suffer from. See again other national earthquake dint adjustment coefficient R to choose to use, in order to have kept concrete understanding of view:The earthquake dint adjustment coefficient of all countries norm provision3.Ability Design MethodTop a part emphasized to discuss the design earthquake dint to take the problem of the value, but wanted to promise structure under the big earthquake of function, also need to establish the valid anti- earthquake measure, make the structure really have need of keep vertical loading under the dint condition not- flexible transform an ability, this be the so-called ability design method.Ability design method from New Zealand the reinforced concrete anti- earthquake expert scholars such as the T. Parlay and the R. Park etc. development with initiate, main way of thinking is to the member occasionally member dissimilarity inside the piece is subjected to the dint form of the loading ability differ of control, promise the reinforced concrete structure formation the beam swing joint organization and ductility bigger is cut noodles to be subjected to the dint breakage appearance, make the structure have to play plasticity to transform function enough, promise big earthquake hour have an enough ability to consume to spread function, avoid creation brittleness to break and appeardisadvantageous of organization form. The key of the ability design method is the anti- earthquake design that leads the control concept into structure, there is the leading formation of the purpose to the beneficial breakage mechanism is to the structure and break mode, avoid not reasonable of the structure break appearance, and try assurance to anticipate to break part to play plasticity to transform an ability.The ability design method mainly passes the following three kinds of measure to give assurance:1. Enlarge pillar opposite in the anti- of the beam-curved ability, artificial of leading of the structure swing joint part.2. Raise opposite in is cut the noodles loading dint of the anti- shear ability, avoiding appearing non- ductility to shear to slice breakage.3. To the part that appears the plasticity swing probably, the adoption corresponds of structure measure, assurance necessity of not- flexible transform function.First, the reasonable part of the swing joint carry on a discussion, all countries mostly of the way of thinking inclines toward to make the project that the beam carries first to carry to appear in the pillar about and all. This kind of swing joint project has a following advantage: The ductility of the beam is easy to a control, and under general circumstance compare pillar of the ductility is big; The whole plasticity of the beam swing joint ratio pillar swing joint formation transform small; The plasticity of the beam swing joint organization formation transform more stable. There are also two kinds of different design methods while admit the premise of have the initiative the formation beam swing joint, a kind of from is a representative New Zealand of, incline toward the formation ideal beam swing joint organization, be promise the beam carries to appear theplasticity swing, but in addition to first floor, the post all doesn't appear the plasticity swing, at this time to in addition to the first floor pillar give post opposite compare bigger and super and strong coefficient(probably 2.0) in the beam, the advantage is a post(in addition to first floor) and doesn't need to be carry on to go together with hoop complicatedly at this time, because of adopt such coefficient can promise a swing joint very explicit. But is exactly because this kind of design method pursues the ideal beam swing joint organization to cause the first floor post compare weaker, the possibility for throng will be a swing joint, the plasticity that correspond and then have to adopt the structure measure to promise this part transforms function. In the meantime, such as if the first floor the influence of the swing joint upon the structure will compare greatly, once pressing and mating because structural whole tumble down, this has to be given guarantee up from the structure, increasing a structure of difficulty. Another project includes total body, Chinese etc. in the United States, Europe, this kind of project leading structure pillar swing joint the night appears in the beam swing joint, unlimited make the emergence of the swing joint in the meantime, but request structure and do not become the layer side to move structure, at this time to post of super go together with coefficient to compare with to request New Zealand of want to be small, goes together with the project that the stirrup takes in to control to the post adoption in the meantime. BE super to go together with coefficient to really settle problem comparison complications to the post adoption in fact: The beam carries the super influence for go together with for construct; The beam carries the plasticity swing to appear inside the dint is heavy to distribute of influence; Before accept defeat of the not- flexible characteristic may make the post bending moment physically big get in the flexibility analysis of bending moment ;The indetermination factor that thematerial difference bring; Growth of the structure not- flexible characteristic cause the influence etc. that the structure motive characteristic variety bring. According to the request of the ability design, the plastic hinge that shears the dint wall appears generally in the bottom of the wall limb. The joining beam shear the loading dint and ductility that the loading dint and ductility and entrance to cave of the dint wall connect beam contain very great relation, designing generally and possibly weak connect beam, the leading that has intention to know connects beam at earthquake accept defeat first, then is the bottom wall to accept defeat, also be anticipate the area of plastic hinge to accept defeat.Avoided appearing to shear reason of slice the breakage early easy, be because of shearing to slice to break to belong to the brittleness breakage, disadvantage in promise the ductility of the structure, promise of way be according to the dissimilarity of the anti- earthquake grade to all beams, pillars, wall etc. the adoption is opposite to bend in the anti- of different super go together with coefficient.The basic request that the anti- earthquake anti- shear is before the beam carry plastic hinge that big epicenter need turn to move and don't take place to shear to slice breakage, this sheared concept difference with the non- anti- earthquake anti-.For various different processing methods that the structure anti- of the member shears mechanism and the our country norm, there is the necessity elucidation here once. Beam: When anti- shake because of low week again and again the function made the beam appear to cross an inclined fracture, fissure, the inclined fracture, fissure distributed an anti- of come to a decision the anti- earthquake to shear the ability ratio not an anti- earthquake to have to descend, reason: The anti- shake of shear to slice to break occurrence after the end longtendon accept defeat, the fracture, fissure compare at this time greatly; The harm that crosses the emergence of the fracture, fissure to the concrete is more serious; The enlargement beam carried the number of the negative bending moment when anti- shake, cause bigger sheared the dint value to appear under the beam to carry, sprinkle plank now because of descending to carry to have no, break more easily. But at this time the function and function for non- anti- to shake of the stirrup differ only a few, in the norm to the consideration of this disadvantageous function is to adopt to resist to shear formula in to the concrete item 0.6 of fold to reduce, in the meantime, in order not to non- ductility of inclined break bad, while adopting to shake than the non- anti- more scathing restriction measure, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti- earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. Pillar: It resist earthquake in the norm the anti- of the pillar shear the processing principle of the formula similar, also is adopt to the concrete item 0.6 of fold and reduce coefficient, adopt more scathing measure to prevent from equally inclined break bad, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti- earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. But because of under general circumstance, the stalk pressure comparison of the pillar is big, this kind of pressure shears function to be partial to the anti- of the member after appearing the plastic hinge to the pillar emollient, according to this kind of way of thinking, pillar the adoption fold to reduce with beam similarly to seem to be not greatly reasonable. Wall: When the anti- shake, there is almost no related on trial data in domestic, is an adoption only the earthquake is to the non- anti- of the anti- sheared formula to adopt to the concrete item and the reinforcing bar items 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient, in the meantime, in bar of and inclined break bad, adoption the restriction shear a way of press the ratio, cut noodles to shear the dint design value ratio non- anti-earthquake multiply 0.8 of fold and reduce coefficient. What to need to be explaining BE, under general circumstance, the part that shears the dint wall anti- to shear a problem probably is a lower part are a few floors. Node: The main acceptance shears the dint member, the node shears dint mainly is depend on the truss organization, inclined press pole organization, the stirrup of the stipulation effect three organizations or path to bear. The truss organization mainly is resist the reinforcing bar lord to pull should dint, inclined press the pole organization mainly is the lord that resists the concrete and the reinforcing bar creation to press should dint, the stipulation effect of the stirrup then strengthens the anti- of the concrete to shear ability. Along with the node concrete inside the area not- line development, the truss the function of the structure lets up continuously, and then both of function but be strengthening continuously. Therefore, the main target of the node anti- earthquake is under the situation that be subjected to dint again and again, pass to strengthen inclined press the pole organization and the stirrup to control an effect to avoid the core area concrete inclined to press thus a diplomatic corps to order at attain to anticipate of the big earthquake respond before do not take place to shear to slice breakage.After shearing the discussion of mechanism to the above anti-earthquake, can be do with the function of the beam stirrup to tally up as follows: The first obvious function is to used for an anti- to shear; The second function controls concrete, this to guarantee the structure ductility contain count for much function, can also say literally here the obstacle that once high and strong concrete meet when used for anti- earthquake, this is related with the material of the high and strong concrete first, strength more high concrete more frailty, its should attain in the dint contingency relation biggest press should the contingency of the dint is smaller, this makes the design become the ductility member a difficulty withvery great formation, is more high because of the strength of the concrete in the meantime, the stirrup rises the effect of the stipulation more bad, also can't the extreme limit of the enough valid exaltation concrete press a contingency, so cause to adopt the ductility of the structure member of the high and strong concrete hard get a guarantee; The third function is the stipulation function that carries to the beam lengthways reinforcing bar, prevent forming lengthways reinforcing bar lose steady, this has something to do with the special material of the reinforcing bar.框架结构的抗震设计思路【摘要】目前,世界各国的抗震规范都采用这种思路:按可遇地震的强弱划分地震分区;根据各地区的历史发生地震的统计或对地质构造的考察得出设防水准地面的运动峰值加速度;再利用加速度反应谱给出不同周期下结构的反应加速度;通过地震力调整系数R得到设计加速度水准。

英语五种建筑构造简介PPT

英语五种建筑构造简介PPT

2 3 4
5
Bent structure Shear wall structure
Tube structure
01
Frame structure 框架结构
Frame structure
Frame structure
The frame structure refers to the structure of the bearing system, which is formed by the connection of Liang Hezhu with steel bar, which is the horizontal load and vertical load which appear in the course of the use of Liang Hezhu. The housing wall frame structure not only plays the loadbearing, surrounding and separating effect, general use of aerated concrete, prefabricated expanded perlite, porous brick, hollow brick or pumice, vermiculite, ceramsite lightweight masonry or plate assembly. 框架结构是指由梁和柱以钢筋相连接而成,构成承重体系的结构,即由梁和柱组成框架共同抵抗使用过程中 出现的水平荷载和竖向荷载。框架结构的房屋墙体不承重,仅起到围护和分隔作用,一般用预制的加气混凝土、 膨胀珍珠岩、空心砖或多孔砖、浮石、蛭石、陶粒等轻质板材砌筑或装配而成。
Frame structure
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目前世界上最高的钢结构建筑为美 国芝加哥西尔斯大厦,110层、高443m。芝加哥11西0层尔,斯高大4厦43m(S,ear钢s 结To构wer),
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论 4、钢-混凝土组合结构或混合结构 不仅具有钢结构自重轻、截面尺寸小、施工进度快、抗震
2) 20 世纪末至 20 世纪 50 年代初为高层建筑的发展期。
在结构理论方面突破了纯框架抗侧力体系,提出在框架结构
中设置竖向支撑或剪力墙,来增加高层建筑的侧向刚度。
这一时期,混凝土作为建筑材料开始进入高层建筑领域。
但由于仅采用平面结构(框架结构)设计理论,且材料强度
较低,发展受到限制,仅建造于非地震区。
第 1章 绪 论
高层建筑结构设计
西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院
第 1章 绪 论
第 1章 绪 论
高层建筑结构设计
1、学习本门课程的重要性
1)一门主要专业课之一; 2)与先修课程密切联系; 3)与毕业设计和毕业后从事专业工作密切相关; 4)培养实践能力和创新精神。
2、本门课程的主要内容
1)绪论;2)结构体系和结构布置;3)荷载和设计方法;4)剪 力墙结构分析与设计;5)框-剪结构分析与设计;6)筒体结构分 析与设计 ;7)计算机分析方法和程序。
3)结构方案对材料用量影响很大, 水平力作用下对结构进行优化设计至 关重要。
如筒体结构可使结构用钢量大幅度 减小,高381m的帝国大厦,采用平面 框架结构体系,用钢量为206kg/m2, 采用筒体结构,高344m的约翰.汉考克 大厦用钢量仅为146kg/m2,高443m的 西尔斯大厦用钢量仅为161kg/m2。
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
问题:按使用的材料,高层建筑结构的类型 ?
按使用的材料,高层建筑可采用砌体结构、混凝土结构、 钢结构和钢-混凝土混合结构等类型。 1、砌体结构
优点:取材容易、施工简便、造价低廉; 缺点:脆性材料,其抗拉、 抗弯、抗剪强度均较低,抗震性能 较差; 配筋砌体可改善砌体的受力性能,但较少用于高层。
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
3)钢筋混凝土是应用最广的建筑材料,绝大部分高层建筑为
钢筋混凝土结构。具有价格低(地方材料),可浇筑成任何 形状,不需要防火,刚度大。但强度低,构件截面大,占用 空间大,自重大,不利于基础、抗震,延性不如钢结构。
高强混凝土是近40年来建筑材料最重要的发明创造。高强 可减小柱、墙截面尺寸,早强可加快施工进度,密实可提高 耐久性、弹性模量高,徐变小可减小压缩变形。但高强混凝 土变形能力小,脆性大,易开裂,耐火不如普通混凝土等。 4)组合结构是以钢骨为骨架,外包钢筋混凝土,钢骨、混凝 土为整体、共同受力,钢骨可以做施工平台,与钢构件比: 用钢少,刚度大,防火、防锈;与混凝土构件比:重量轻, 承载力大,抗震性能好。
1.1 概 述
第 1章 绪 论
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
问题:与多层建筑相比有哪些的设计特点 ? 1、水平荷载成为设计的决定性因素
1)竖向荷载产生轴向压力与结构高度的一次方成正比; 2)水平荷载产生的倾覆力矩以及轴力与高度的二次方成正比。
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论 2、侧移成为设计的控制指标
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
办 公 层 平 面
客 房 平 面

8

8 层

上海金茂大厦
平 面
RC核心筒+外框型钢混凝土柱及钢柱,88层,高420m, 7度抗震设防
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
上海环球金融中心
底部剪力墙
核芯筒
RC核心筒+外伸桁架和巨型(型钢)柱 (三重结构体系), 101层,高492m,7度抗震设防
主要内容
第 1章 绪 论
1.1 概述
问题:高层建筑的定义 ? 通常以建筑的高度和层数两个指标来判定,但世界范围内目前 还没有一个统一的划分标准。 1)国外:
(1)美国规定:高度为22~25m以上或7层以上建筑为高层建筑; (2)英国规定:高度为24.3m以上的建筑为高层建筑; (3)日本规定:8层以上或高度超过31m的建筑为高层建筑。
4)为了保证结构具有较好的抗震性能,除承载力、刚度外, 还需要有较好的延性。可通过加强结构抗震概念设计,采取恰当 的抗震构造措施来保证。
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论
5、结构材料用量显著增加
1)对于高层建筑结构,随高度增 大,材料用量增大较多。
2)特别是水平荷载对材料用量影 响较大。
性能好等特点,同时还兼有混凝土结构刚度大、防火性能好、 造价低的优点。
近年来,这种结构形式逐渐增多,而且发展前景非常好。
定义:钢-混凝土组合结构、钢-混凝土混合结构 (1)组合结构:将钢骨放在构件内部,外部,采用外包或内 填混凝土,称为钢骨混凝土 或钢管混凝土。(形成组合构件) (2)混合结构:指由钢构件、钢筋混凝土构件或钢骨混凝土 组合构件一起组成的空间结构。(形成混合结构)
4)超高层建筑
最初来源于日本,1995年出现英文词条Super-tall building ;
没有明确的分界线和规定,一般泛指某个国家和地区内较高的高
层建筑;
通常将高度超过 100m 或层数在 30 层以上的高层建筑称为超高层
建筑。
1.1 概 述
第 1章 绪 论
本节小结:
1)多少层数或多少高度以上的建筑为高层建筑,全世界至今没有一 个统一的划分标准,不同的国家、不同的年代,其规定也不一样 2)高层建筑的规定与一个国家当时的经济条件、建筑技术、电梯设 备、消防装置等许多因素有关。 3)超高层建筑也没有统一划分标准,一般一般泛指某个国家和地区 内较高的高层建筑。
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论 3、 轴向变形的影响在设计中不容忽视
1)竖向荷载产生的结构轴向变形对其内力及变形的影响;
2)对预制构件的下料长度和楼面标高会产生较大的影响; Houston 75层的某商业大厦,采用剪力墙和钢柱混合体系,由于 钢柱负荷面积大,其底层钢柱压缩变形比墙多260mm。
缺点:自重大、构件截面较大、施工工序复
杂、建造周期较长且受季节的影响;
应用情况:我国绝大多数高层建筑都是采用
混凝土结构,今后仍将是高层建筑发展的主流。
最早混凝土框架结构高层建筑,是1903年在美
国辛辛那提建造的因格尔斯大楼,16层,高64m。
目前世界上最高的混凝土建筑为香港中环广场
达78层374m、其次是平壤柳京饭店达105层300m
1)结构顶点的侧移 ut与结构高度 H 的四次方成正比;
2)结构的侧移与结构的使用功能和安全有着密切的关系; 过大侧移会使人产生不安全感; 使填充墙和主体结构出现裂缝或损坏,影响正常使用; 因P-△效应而使结构产生的附加内力,甚至破坏。
3)必须选择可靠的抗侧力结构体系,使结构不仅具有较大的 承载力,而且还应具有较大的侧向刚度。
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
1998年在马来西亚吉隆坡建成的 彼得罗纳斯大厦(Petronas Tower),88层,高452m,为当 时世界最高的建筑。
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
本节小结: 1)高层建筑结构的主要材料:钢、钢筋、混凝土
相应的结构构件(以材料分类)可分为: 钢构件、钢筋混凝土构件、组合构件(包括钢骨混凝土 构件和钢管混凝土构件)。 相应的结构分类(以材料分类): 钢结构、钢筋混凝土结构、混合结构(两种或两种以上材料 的构件组成的结构,如钢构件+钢筋混凝土构件等) 2)钢结构具有强度高,自重轻(有利于基础),延性好,变 形能力大,有利于抗震,可以工厂预制,现场拼装,交叉作 业。但价格高,防火材料(增加造价),侧向刚度小。
1.3 高层建筑结构的类型
第 1章 绪 论
1.3 高层建筑的发展概况
高层建筑是近代经济发展和科学技术进步的产物,至今已有 100余年的历史,是城市现代化的象征。尽管历史较短,但其发 展速度很快。近30年来,世界各地兴建的高层建筑,其规模之 大,数量之多,技术之先进,形式之多样,外观之新颖,无一 不让人惊叹称奇。
2)我国:
(1)《高层民用建筑设计规范》GB50045-95 和《高层民用建筑
设计防火规范》 GBJ50045-2002和 规定: ≥10层的居住建筑(包括首
层设置商业服务网点的住宅)或≥24m的公共建筑。
(2)《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》(JGJ3-2002)规定:≥10
层 或 ≥28m;(本课程内容的依据)
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论
3)水平荷载产生的结构轴向变 形对其内力及侧移的影响
水平荷载作用下,使竖向结构 体系一侧构件产生轴向压缩,另 一侧构件产生轴向拉伸,从而产 生整体水平侧移。
表中为某剪力墙的计算结果。
由表可知,结构层数越高,轴向变形所产生的影响越大。
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
1.2 高层建筑结构的设计特点
第 1章 绪 论
本节小结
1)高层建筑同时承受竖向荷载和水平荷载,随着房屋层数的增加, 虽然竖向荷载对结构设计仍有着重要的影响,但水平荷载已成为结 构设计的控制因素。水平荷载产生的内力与高度的二次方成正比, 侧移与高度的四次方成正比。 2)对高层建筑,水平荷载和竖向荷载产生的轴力均很大,不容忽 略。 3)为了保证高层建筑的抗震性能,结构应具有较大的延性。 4)高层建筑的材料用量随高度增加而加大,可通过优化设计减小 材料用量。
公元524年的河南嵩岳寺塔(15层简筒结构,高50m) 公元704年的西安大雁塔(7层砖木结构,总高64m) 公元1055年的河北定县料敌塔(11层筒体结构,高82m)
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