【优质文档】复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能题库
(完整word版)复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案详解
复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ（略）Part ⅡDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the21. SheA. missedB. budgetedC. loathed22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about theA. intangibleB. sedateC. impudent23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect theA. rigorousB. equivocalC. stringent24. People who like to wear red clothes are more likely to be talkative andA. lucrativeB. introvertedC. vivacious25. This is but a of the total amountA. frictionB. fractionC. faction26. They were tired, but not any less enthusiasticA. onB. byC. for27. I think it is high time we the fact that environmental pollution in this area isA. woke up toB. must wake up toC. wake up to28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was sA. resentfulB. amiableC. suffocating29. Rescue workers continued the delicate task of sifting through tons of concrete andA. scrapsB. leftoversC. debris30. When sheA. came toB. came offC. came through31. The shortage of water became more this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 yeaA. needyB. latentC. uneasy32. They tried to drive their horse into the river, but he simply couldA. budgeB. surgeC. trudge33. Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that men andA. beseechB. besetC. bewitch34. The boy's talent might have lain had it not been for his uncle'sA. extinguishedB. dormantC. malignantD.35. The two leaders made a show of unity at the press conference, though they had notablyA. discontinuousB. discreetC. discordant36. Jack admitted that he ought not to have made his mother angry,A. oughtn't heB. wasn't heC. didn't he37. An old woman was badly hurt in the police describe as an apparently motivelessA. thatB. whichC. what38. As the city has become increasingly and polluted, there has been a growingA. flourishedB. boostedC. congested39. The taxi in front of a girl, just in time to avoidA. turned inB. pulled upC. cleared up40. The doctor told him to be careful when taking sleeping pills because too manyA. lethalB. vitalC. wholesomeD. sanitaryPart ⅢDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this pall. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineFor my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormouI enrolled as a pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from somewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur:“Non, M. Jones. Jane suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!” (No Mr. Jones, I'm NOT French, I'm not, not, NOT!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name wasFor a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels,wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going.I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westemer. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for “people”, for instance, might be nais,Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When merely got the drift of a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no-one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Paris. But this was something I could reprove upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr Beheit, still struggling toB. He was vol42. It is known from the passage that the writerB. couldn't mak43. It can be inferred from the passage that Ahmed wasC. a44. The word “modicum” in the last paragraph can be replaced by45. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to theC. The writer found learning Arabic was a grueling experience but rewD. The writer regarded Ahmed's praise of his pronunciation as tongue-in-It is one of the world's most recognized phrases, one you might even heat in places where little English is spoken:‘The name's Bond, James Bond.’ I've heard it from a taxi driver in Ghana and a street sweeper in Paris, and I remember the thrill of hearing Sean Connery say it in the first Bond film I saw, Goldfinger. I was a Chicago schoolgirl when it was released in 1904. The image of a candy-colored London filled with witty people, stately old buildings and a gorgeous, ice-coolWhen Ian Fleming created the man with the license to kill, based on his own experiences while working for the British secret service in World War Ⅱ, he couldn't have imagined that his fictional Englishman would not only shake, but stir the entire world. Even world-weary actors are thrilled at being in a Bond movie. Christopher Walken, everyone's favorite screen psycho, who p layed mad genius Max Zorin in 1985's A View to a Kill, gushed:‘I remember first seeing DJ' No when I was 15. I remember Robert Shaw trying to strangle James Bond in From Russia with Love.Bond is the complete entertainment package: he has hot——and cold——running women on tap, dastardly villains bent on complete world domination, and America always plays second string to cool, sophisticated Britain. Bond's England only really existed in the adventures of Bulldog Drummond, the wartime speeches of Winston Churchill and the songs of Dame VelaWhen Fleming started to write his spy stories, the world knew that, while Britain was victorious in the war against Hitler, it was depleted as a result. London was bombed out, a darkIt was America that was producing such universal icons as Gary Cooper's cowboy in High Noon (‘A man's got to do what a man's got to do’); the one-man revolution that was Elvis Presley; Marilyn Monroe, the walking, male fantasy married to Joe DiMaggio, then the most famous athlete in the world. Against this reality, Fleming had the nerve and arrogance to say that, while hot dogs and popcorn were fine, other things were more iAnd those things were uniquely British: quiet competence, unsentimental ruthlessness, clear-eyed, steely determination, an ironic sense of humor and doing a job well. All qualitiesOf course, Bond was always more fairytale than fact, but what else is a film for? No expense is spared in production, the lead is suave and handsome, and the hardware is always awesome. In the latest film, the gadgets include a surfboard with concealed weapons, a combat knife with global positioning system beacon, a watch that doubles as a laser-beam cutter, an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish with all the optional extras you've come to expect, a personal jet glider... the list isThere are those who are disgusted by the Bond films' unbridled glorification of the evils of46. According to the passage each production of a Bond film isD. difficult to fin48. It is known from the passage that post-war Britain as49. Judging by the context, the word “stately” in the first paragraph means50.A. When Ian Fleming created James Bond, he believed that his fictional Englishman would shake the entire world.C. Ian Fleming began to write his spy stories before world war ⅡThe current political debate over family values, personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen selfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberals are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that “winners” in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliant unit of traditional lore——a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these “family values,” arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has exacerbated their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing theThe myth of family self-reliance is so compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. “We always stood on our own two feet,” my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 million acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major weatem logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled downLike my grandparents, few families in American history——whatever their “values”——have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social-support structures set up by governing authorities, whether thosewere the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonialAt America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed our social and personal interdependence. The idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ludicrous to colonial and revolutionar51. Conservatives believe that welfare services have played a certain role inB. reducing individual or family dependence on government52. It can be concluded that the writer's grandfather's family purchased their landA53. It can be inferred from the passage that in early AmericaB54. The word “parochial” in the last paragraph meansC. i55. The writer's attitude toward the idea of American family values isOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consistsAdvertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer——appeal to all his other problems of man——hours and machine tolerances and stress factors, So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness, if the advertising agency can to thisOther manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for onereason or another, some alteration seems called for——how much better to change the image, the packet or tile pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing theThe advertising man has to comibine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church, Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the kill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right, just as advertising does——“Run down? You need...”. “No one will dance with you? A dab of * * * * will mAdvertising men use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamp-post-for support rather than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority or, failing that, they will even be happy with the announcement, “As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest ruses56. It can be concluded from the passage that modern advertising is authoritative because of the way it57. According to the passage, the advertising man must have the ability to58. The word “unimpeachable” in the last paragraph can be replaced by59. The following statements are TRUE exceptA. Advertising men dress people up in white coats because it makes their advertisement more convincing.B. Some manufacturers would rather change their product's appeal than change the productD. If advertising agency does advertising authoritatively enough, the manufacturer will surely60. It can be inferred from the passage that the advertisers' attitude is usually based on the hope that customersC. are inPart ⅣDirection: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet ⅡA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It isalways much better to tell a story than read it __61__ of a book, and, if a parent can produce __62__ in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on theA charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistie impulses. To prove the __63__, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read rairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, __64__ the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children __65__ dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with theThere are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds __67__ they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies __68__ fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case __69__ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick __70__ covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everPart ⅤDirections: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一番奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大进展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步开展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。
人工智能基础模拟考试题与参考答案
人工智能基础模拟考试题与参考答案一、单选题（共59题，每题1分，共59分）1.Transformer中通过什么方式引入单词顺序信息A、自注意力机制B、词向量C、位置编码D、softmax正确答案：C2.深度学习成为主流方法后，传统方法并没有没落反而与深度方法结合使得算法性能更进一步，以下哪个不包括其中A、低秩表示B、PCAC、零相位分析D、Transformer正确答案：D3.以下哪个数据集常备用于信息检索任务A、MNISTB、ImageNetC、TRECD、IMDB-Face正确答案：C4.BERT主要使用了什么模型作为基本结构A、RNNB、LSTMC、TransformerD、GRU正确答案：C5.通用Faster RCNN中每个anchor对应几个anchor box？A、128B、256C、18D、9正确答案：D6.OpenAI提出的GPT全称是什么A、Generative Pre-TrainingB、Generative Pre-TuningC、Generative Post-TrainingD、Generative Post-Tuning正确答案：A7.以下关于问答系统与对话系统的说法错误的是：A、问答系统通常在一次对话中完成用户的信息获取需求。
B、问答系统是一种特殊的对话系统。
C、问答系统是一种特殊的任务型对话系统。
D、问答系统是一种特殊的闲聊式对话系统。
正确答案：D8.一个基础的transformer模型的输入是什么A、编码器B、解码器C、神经元D、词向量正确答案：D9.以下关于问答系统的描述错误的是：A、问答系统以自然语言形式返回回答。
B、问答系统可以理解自然语言输入。
C、问答系统可以回答复杂问题。
D、问答系统以文档或页面的形式返回内容。
正确答案：D10.以下关于消歧的描述错误的是：A、歧义包括问句本身的歧义和实体的歧义。
B、消歧模块主要负责消除问句分析过程中发生的歧义问题。
C、基于字符串相似度的方法是消歧的常用方法。
人工智能练习题
人工智能练习题一、填空题1、人工智能三大学派是（符号主义）、（联结主义）和（行为主义）。
2、设P是谓词公式，对于P的任何论域，存在P为真的情况，则称P为（永真式）。
3、谓词公式G是不可满足的，当且仅当对所有的解释（G都为假）。
4、广度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个（二叉树），深度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个（单链表）。
5、产生式系统由三部分组成（综合数据库）、（知识库）和推理机，其中推理可分为（正向推理）和（反向推理）。
6、专家系统的结构包含人机界面、（知识库）、（推理机）、（动态数据库）、（知识库答理系统）和解释模块。
7、开发专家系统所要解决的基本问题有三个，那就是知识的获取、知识的表示和知识的运用，知识表示的方法主要有（逻辑表示法或称谓词表示法）、（框架）、（产生式）和语义网络等，在语义网络表示知识时，所使用的推理方法有（AKO）和（ISA）。
8、从已知事实出发，通过规则库求得结论的产生式系统的推理方式是（正向推理）。
9、AI是（Artifical Inteligence）的缩写。
10、在谓词公式中，紧接于量词之后被量词作用的谓词公式称为该量词的（辖域），而在一个量词的辖域中与该量词的指导变元相同的变元称为（约束变元），其他变元称为（自由变元）。
11、假言推理（A→B）∧A?（B ），假言三段论（A→B）∧（B→C）?（A→C ）。
12、在诸如走迷宫、下棋、八数码游戏等游戏中，常用到的一种人工智能的核心技术称为（图搜索）技术，解这类问题时，常把在迷宫的位置、棋的布局、八数码所排成的形势用图来表，这种图称为（状态空间图或状态图）。
13、在启发式搜索当中，通常用（启发函数）来表示启发性信息。
14、某产生式系统中的一条规则：A（x）→B（x），则前件是（A（x）），后件是（B（x））。
15、在框架和语义网络两种知识表示方法中，（框架）适合于表示结构性强的知识，而（语义网络）则适合表示一些复杂的关系和联系的知识。
人工智能测试题库一(共100题)
人工智能测试题库一〔共100题〕一、判断题〔共75题〕1. 人工智能〔Artificial Intelligence〕，英文缩写为AI。
〔√〕2. 人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支。
〔√〕3. 人工智能不是人的智能，但能像人那样思考，也可能超过人的智能。
〔√〕4. 人脸识别不是人工智能。
〔×〕5. 图灵的猜测在2000年时就已经实现了！〔×〕6. 计算机科学家艾兹赫尔·戴克斯特拉认为机器人可以思考，相当于“潜水艇能不克不及游泳〞一样，但这个答复争议很大。
〔√〕7. 图灵是德国著名的计算机科学家。
〔×〕8. 与其说计算机在思考，不如说它在计算。
〔√〕9. 当你交给计算机一个任务的时候，不单要告诉它做什么，还要告诉它怎么做。
关于“怎么做〞的一系列指令就叫做算法。
〔√〕10. 为了完成更加复杂的任务，工程师必需让计算机变得再聪明一些，能够自动“学习〞，从已有的历史数据和经验中自动阐发，总结出规律，并操纵本身总结出来的规律，对新输入的数据进行预测，这就是机器学习算法。
〔√〕11. 有些规律虽然你本身能够领悟，但你却无法翻译成机器能理解的算法，这个时候就要靠机器学习来解决。
〔√〕12. 自动驾驶只是一种简单的模拟人类驾驶的技术，不属于人工智能。
〔×〕13. 机器也能“思考〞，只不外不是我们所设想的那种思考。
机器可以通过计算机程序模拟人类的思考，使得本身在某些具体的任务中，像人类一样能看、能听、能想、能说、能动。
〔√〕提出了图灵测试。
15. 特斯拉的电动汽车的自动驾驶技术，采用的并不是人工智智能技术。
〔×〕16. 为了让机器能够通过某种计算机程序学会“思考〞，人类科学家测验考试了各种各样的方法，付出了几代人的努力，熬过了两次低谷，经历了三次高潮。
〔√〕17. 1956年，艾伦艾伦·纽厄尔和赫伯特·西蒙研发了一个程序，拥有逻辑推理能力，能够证明《数学道理》中的38个定理，有些证明比原著更加巧妙。
大学人工智能期末考试题库
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然后将已知条件和问题用谓词公式表示出来，并将问题公式的否定与谓词 ANSWER 做析取，得到子句集：（3 分）
(1)～Brother(x,y)∨～Father(z,x)∨Father(z,y) (2) Brother(John,Peter) (3) Father(David,John) (4)～Father(u,Peter)∨ANSWER(u) 应用归结原理进行归结: （3 分） (5)～Brother(John,y)∨Father(David,y)
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2．求如下图所示的交通图中最小费用路线，设出发地是 A 城，目的地是 E 城，边 上的数字代表交通费。（1）画出本问题的代价树；（2）对代价树进行广度优先搜索 和深度优先搜索，得到的路线分别是什么？ （8 分）
解：代价树如下：（4 分）
广度优先搜索得到的路线：A→C→D→E （2 分） 深度优先搜索得到的路线：A→C→D→E （2 分）
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F8
有很多公园
F9
是南方国家
F10
有法国餐馆
F11
有意大利餐馆
F12
有本地的烹调传统
F13
有民俗学传统
F14
有茂盛的草木
F15
是古老的城市
F16
是历史名城
F17
是值得旅游的城市
可询问 可询问 可询问
不可询问 可询问
（2）画出 CITY 库的与/或树 解：（1）不可询问、可询问、可询问、可询问、可询问、可询问、不可询问、
9．证据传递的不确定性指什么？（5 分） 答：在推理过程中常常有这种情况：一条规则的结论又是另一条规则的前提。 这样，不确定的初始证据就会沿着这条推理链向下传递，其不确定性在传递的过程 中会伴随着规则的不确定性不断地放大或缩小。 （5 分）
人工智能复习题库
一、填空：1.人工智能的研究途径有心理模拟、生理模拟和行为模拟。
2.任意列举人工智能的四个应用性领域难题求解、定理证明、智能控制、机器翻译。
3.人工智能的基本技术包括搜索技术、推理技术、知识表示和知识库技术归纳技术、联想技术。
4.谓词逻辑是一种表达能力很强的形式语言，其真值的特点和命题逻辑的区别是（10）。
5.谓词逻辑中，重言式（tautlogy）的值是真。
6.设P是谓词公式，对于P的任何论域，存在P为真的情况，则称P为（12）。
7.在著名的医疗专家系统MYCIN中规定，若证据A的可信度CF（A）=0，则意味着13 ，CF（A）=-1，则意味着（14），CF（A）=1，则意味着（15）。
8.谓词公式G是不可满足的，当且仅当对所有的解释G都为假。
9.谓词公式与其子句集的关系是包含。
10.利用归结原理证明定理时，若得到的归结式为空集，则结论成立。
11.若C1=┐P∨Q，C2=P∨┐Q，则C1和C2的归结式R（C1，C2）= ┐P∨P或┐Q∨Q。
12.若C1=P(x) ∨Q(x)，C2=┐P(a) ∨R(y)，则C1和C2的归结式R（C1，C2）= （20）Q（a）∨R（y）13.有谓词公式G，置换δ，则G·ε= （21），δ·ε= （22）。
14.有子句集S=｛P(x),P(y)｝，其MGU= {y/x} 。
15.在归结原理中，几种常见的归结策略并且具有完备性的是删除策略支持集策略线性归结策略16.状态图启发式搜索算法的特点是（27）。
17.广度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个二叉树，深度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个单链表。
18.产生式系统有三部分组成综合数据库，知识库和推理机。
其中推理可分为正向推理和反向推理。
19.专家系统的结构包含人机界面、知识库，推理机，动态数据库，知识库答理系统和解释模块。
20.在MYCIN推理中，对证据的可信度CF（A）、CF（A1）、CF（A2）之间，规定如下关系：CF（~A）= ~CF（A），CF（A1∧A2 ）= min{CF（A1），CF（A2）} ，CF（A1∨A2 ）= max{CF（A1），CF（A2）} 。
复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能题库
中南大学智能控制题库第一章概论1. 试从学科和能力两个方面说明什么是人工智能。
2. 哪些思想、思潮、时间和人物在人工智能发展过程中起了重要作用?3. 近年来人工智能研究取得哪些重要进展?4. 为什么能够用计算机模拟人类智能?5. 目前人工智能学界有哪些学派?它们的认知观为何?6. 自动控制存在什么机遇与挑战?为什么要提出智能控制?7. 简述智能控制的发展过程,并说明人工智能对自动控制的影响。
8. 傅京孙对智能控制有哪些贡献?9. 什么是智能控制?它具有哪些特点?10. 智能控制器的一般结构和各部分的作用为何?它与传统控制器有何异同?11. 智能控制学科有哪几种结构理论?这些理论的内容是什么?12. 为什么要把信息论引入智能控制学科结构?13. 人工智能不同学派的思想在智能控制上有何反映?第二章知识表示方法1. 状态空间法、问题归约法、谓词逻辑法和语义网络法的要点是什么?它们有何本质上的联系及异同点?2. 设有3个传教士和3个野人来到河边,打算乘一只船从右岸渡到左岸去。
该船的负载能力为两人。
在任何时候,如果野人人数超过传教士人数,那么野人就会把传教士吃掉。
他们怎样才能用这条船安全地把所有人都渡过河去?3. 利用下图,用状态空间法规划一个最短的旅行路程:此旅程从城市A开始,访问其他城市不多于一次,并返回A。
选择一个状态表示,表示出所求得的状态空间的节点及弧线,标出适当的代价,并指明图中从起始节点到目标节点的最佳路径。
4. 试说明怎样把一棵与或解树用来表达下图所示的电网络阻抗的计算。
单独的R、L或C 可分别用R、jωL或1/jωC来计算,这个事实用作本原问题。
后继算符应以复合并联和串联阻抗的规则为基础。
5. 试用四元数列结构表示四圆盘梵塔问题,并画出求解该问题的与或图。
6. 用谓词演算公式表示下列英文句子(多用而不是省用不同谓词和项。
例如不要用单一的谓词字母来表示每个句子)。
A computer system is intelligent if it can perform a task which,if performed by a human, requires intelligence.7. 把下列语句表示成语义网络描述:(1) All man are mortal.(2) Every cloud has a silver lining.(3) All branch managers of DEC participate in a profit-sharing plan.8. 作为一个电影观众,请你编写一个去电影院看电影的剧本。
复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能真题及答案
check
if_added:check 四、(10 分)对结论做假设 H，有证据 E1，E2，规则 R1，R2：
R1： E1 一 H， LS＝20， LN＝1； R2： E2 一 H， LS＝300， LN＝1。 已知 H 的先验概率 P(H)＝0.03。若证据 E1，E2 依次出观，按主观 Bayes 推理，求 H 在此条件下的概率 P(H|E1、E2)。 (注意： 每步应列出计算式， 计算结果可取近似值)。 答案：考虑规则 R1
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4U 电脑书库（）
2000 年人工智能原理答案
一、选择与填空(共 10 分，每空 0．5 分) 1.命题逻辑下，可以归结(消解、resolution)的子句 C1，C2，在某解释下
C1、C2 为真。则其归结式(消解式、resolvent)C 在该解释下( A )。 A．必真 B.必假 C.真假不能断言 2．表达式 G 是不可满足的，当且仅当对所有的解释(B )。 A．G 为真 B。G 为假 C．G 为非永真(invaIid)。 3．MYCIN 系统中规定，证据 A 的可信度 CF(A)的取值为(C)。 A．CF(A)＞0 B.0≤CF(A)≤1 C．-1≤CF(A)≤1。 4．主观 Bayes 推理中，规定似然比(Likelihood)LS、LN 应(A)。 A．.≥0 B. ≤0 C．＞0。
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4U 电脑书库（）
1983年 IntelliCorp 公司推出 KEE（结合多样知识表现与推论方法的专家系统 建构工具），随后大量的专家系统建构工具问世。 如：ART，Knowledge Craft。 1984年 欧洲共同市场订定欧洲信息技术研究发展策略计画。 1988年 Gallant 提出以类神经网络为基础的专家系统架构。 1989年 日本宣布人类领域科学计画（第六代计算机计画），希望藉由类神经网 路突破人工智慧的许多瓶颈。 5. 成熟期（1990～）： 1990 以后，进入商业竞争时代，大量专家系统被广泛应用于各行业。]
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中南大学智能控制题库
第一章概论
1. 试从学科和能力两个方面说明什么是人工智能。
2. 哪些思想、思潮、时间和人物在人工智能发展过程中起了重要作用?
3. 近年来人工智能研究取得哪些重要进展?
4. 为什么能够用计算机模拟人类智能?
5. 目前人工智能学界有哪些学派?它们的认知观为何?
6. 自动控制存在什么机遇与挑战?为什么要提出智能控制?
7. 简述智能控制的发展过程,并说明人工智能对自动控制的影响。
8. 傅京孙对智能控制有哪些贡献?
9. 什么是智能控制?它具有哪些特点?
10. 智能控制器的一般结构和各部分的作用为何?它与传统控制器有何异同?
11. 智能控制学科有哪几种结构理论?这些理论的内容是什么?
12. 为什么要把信息论引入智能控制学科结构?
13. 人工智能不同学派的思想在智能控制上有何反映?
第二章知识表示方法
1. 状态空间法、问题归约法、谓词逻辑法和语义网络法的要点是什么?它们有何本质上的联系及异同点?
2. 设有3个传教士和3个野人来到河边,打算乘一只船从右岸渡到左岸去。
该船的负载能力
为两人。
在任何时候,如果野人人数超过传教士人数,那么野人就会把传教士吃掉。
他们怎样
才能用这条船安全地把所有人都渡过河去?
3. 利用下图,用状态空间法规划一个最短的旅行路程:此旅程从城市A开始,访问其他城市不多于一次,并返回A。
选择一个状态表示,表示出所求得的状态空间的节点及弧线,标出适当的
代价,并指明图中从起始节点到目标节点的最佳路径。
4. 试说明怎样把一棵与或解树用来表达下图所示的电网络阻抗的计算。
单独的R、L或C 可分别用R、jωL或1/jωC来计算,这个事实用作本原问题。
后继算符应以复合并联和串联
阻抗的规则为基础。
5. 试用四元数列结构表示四圆盘梵塔问题,并画出求解该问题的与或图。
6. 用谓词演算公式表示下列英文句子(多用而不是省用不同谓词和项。
例如不要用单一的谓
词字母来表示每个句子)。
A computer system is intelligent if it can perform a task which,if performed by a human, requires intelligence.
7. 把下列语句表示成语义网络描述:
(1) All man are mortal.
(2) Every cloud has a silver lining.
(3) All branch managers of DEC participate in a profit-sharing plan.
8. 作为一个电影观众,请你编写一个去电影院看电影的剧本。
9. 试构造一个描述你的寝室或办公室的框架系统。
10. 试用一阶谓词描述下列自然语言:
(1) 公民有受教育和劳动的权利。
(2) 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
(3) 每个人都有父母。
(4) 我将在适当的时候到贵校访问。
第三章搜索推理技术
1. 什么是图搜索过程?其中,重排OPEN表意味着什么,重排的原则是什么?
2. 试举例比较各种搜索方法的效率。
3. 化为子句形有哪些步骤?请结合例子说明之。
4. 如何通过消解反演求取问题的答案?
5. 什么叫合适公式?合适公式有哪些等价关系?
6. 用宽度优先搜索求下图所示迷宫的出路。
7. 用有界深度优先搜索方法求解下图所示八数码难题。
8. 应用最新的方法来表达传教士和野人问题,编写一个计算机程序,以求得安全渡过全部6个人的解答。
提示:在应用状态空间表示和搜索方法时,可用(Nm,Nc)来表示状态描述,其中Nm和Nc 分别为传教士和野人的人数。
初始状态为(3,3),而可能的中间状态为(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(1,1),(2,1),(2,2),(3,0),(3,1)和(3,2)等。
9. 试比较宽度优先搜索、有界深度优先搜索及有序搜索的搜索效率,并以实例数据加以说明。
10. 一个机器人驾驶卡车,携带包裹(编号分别为#1、#2和#3)分别投递到林(LIN)、吴(WU)和胡(HU)3家住宅处。
规定了某些简单的操作符,如表示驾驶方位的drive(x,y)和表示卸下包裹的unload(z);对于每个操作符,都有一定的先决条件和结果。
试说明状态空间问题求解系
统如何能够应用谓词演算求得一个操作符序列,该序列能够生成一个满足AT(#1,LIN)∧AT(#2,WU)∧AT(#3,HU)和目标状态。
11. 什么是估价函数?它在搜索算法中有何作用?
12. 把下列句子变换成子句形式:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
13. 规则演绎系统和产生式系统有哪几种推理方式?各自的特点为何?
14. 为什么需要采用系统组织技术?有哪几种系统组织技术?
15. 什么是产生式系统?试述其组成部分的功用?
16. 研究不确定性推理有何意义?有哪几种不确定性?
17. 单调推理有何局限性?什么叫缺省推理?非单调推理系统如何证实一个节点的有效性?
18. 在什么情况下需要采用不确定推理或非单调推理?。