Generalized Surface Circulation:广义的表层环流
第五章 海洋环流

三、海流的分类:
总体上,海流一般为三种: 由海水密度不同而产生的海水运动为梯度流。 在海风作用下,由风的"拉力"作用而使海水产生 运动为风海流; 由于长波运动产生的海流,包括潮汐、内波、 假潮、海啸Surface and Deep Oceans
二、海流的认识与研究
对洋流的认识始于19世纪末叶: 最初采用漂流瓶。 1885年,摩洛哥的阿尔贝特
亲王投放2000个漂流瓶至大西洋,绘制了大西洋表层 洋流图。
目前研究洋流使用海流计和人造卫星。但漂流瓶仍在 使用中。
美国的伍兹霍尔海洋研究所每年向海洋投放数以万 计的漂流瓶,每年能回收10%。
中国玩具“鸭子舰队”漂流15年抵英国
陆地上排放到海洋中的污染物质,可以被洋流扩散到别的 海域,虽使污染范围扩大,但也能加快污染物净化的速度。
洋流对地理环境的影响
摩尔曼斯克港
符拉迪沃斯托克港
俄罗斯境内有两个世界著名的港口:一是北冰洋流
沿岸的摩尔曼斯克港,位于北极圈以内(约68°N)却 终年不冻;而在其太平洋沿岸的符拉迪沃斯托克港,位
1995年早些时候--1.9万只玩具完成了1万多公里的太平洋副 热带环流抵达印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、南美洲和夏威夷 等地海域。科学家分析,这些玩具的漂流速度比洋流中 水流速度快了近50%。
1995年至2000年年间--部分玩具脱离洋极环流,开始向北 漂流,而其他的部分继续飘向极地。
2000年--部分玩具进入北大西洋海域,开始向南漂流。之后, 少部分抵达美国东北部海岸。
第五章 海洋环流 ocean circulation
What is Physical Oceanography?
Phenomena – Ocean current systems (occurrence, direction, velocity, transport volume, temporal variations).
中山大学物理名词解释

1.rigid body(刚体):如果一个物体在外力的作用下,它的各个部分之间的距离都保持不变,或它的形状和大小都不发生变化,则这个物体叫做刚体。
2.Angular momentum(角动量):设有一质点作圆周运动,圆心到质点所在位置的径矢为r,动量为mv,那么质点在该圆周上某一点的动量与径矢的乘积叫做质点对圆心的角动量。
3.Stream line(流线):某一时刻流体在空间的分布状况,在流体中假设画出一些曲线,这些曲线上每一点的切线方向与流体质点在该点的速度方向保持一致,这种曲线称为流线。
4.Ideal fluid(理想流体):为便于分析忽略次要因素突出主要因素而引入的一种绝对不可压缩、完全没有内摩擦力的的流体理想化物理模型。
5.Steady flow(定常流动):若流体中各质点的速度、压强和密度都不随时间变化,则这种流动叫做定常流动。
6.Continuity equation(连续性方程):Δt时间内,流进截面S1的流体质量必然等于流出截面S2的流体质量。
即:S1V1ρ1=S2V2ρ27.Vicious force(粘滞力):由于流体的各流层的流速不同,相邻流层间有相对运动,便在接触面上产生一种相互作用的剪切力,这个力叫做流体的内摩擦力,也称为粘滞力。
8.Ideal gas(理想气体):严格遵从气态方程(PV=(m/M)RT=nRT)(n为物质的量)的气体,叫做理想气体。
9.surface tension(表面张力):液体自由表面存在一种沿液体表面、使表面具有收缩倾向的力存在,这种力叫做表面张力。
10.Additional pressure(附加压强):在凹液面或凸液面由于表面张力的合力的作用,液面每一个面积元紧压液体或拉离液体而产生的一个额外的压强叫做附加压强。
11.Internal energy(内能):物体或系统内分子的各种运动的动能和势能的总和,叫做物体或系统的内能。
12.Electric field(电场):电荷在周围的空间内形成电场。
世界大洋环流解读

1.赤道无风带 2. 信风带 3. 盛行西风带 4. 极地东风带
fp 中纬低压 fp 副热带高压 fp 赤道低压 fp 副热带高压 fp 中纬低压 fp 极地高压
极地东风带(东南)
90°S
Gyres flow clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwis e in the southern hemisphere.
B 深海划分的标准:h/D≥2
D
4.3W sin
计算时应先判断
即使海区的水深h固定,也随风速的大小可作浅海处理, 也可作深海处理 C 海水体积运输→风海流的副效 应(在岸边形成堆积或流失,从 而形成上升、下降流、倾斜流)
深海:风向右方90度(北),南半球相反
Mx
V0 D 2
浅海:风向右方,但小于90度(北) 风向左方,小于90度(南半球)
a.太平洋、大西洋 北半球:2个 绕副热带高压顺时针方向 Anticyclone circulation 绕中纬低压逆时针方向
cyclonal circulation Anticyclone circulation
南半球:1个 绕副热带高压逆时针方向 b.印度洋
两大洋北半球的西边界流都非常强大,而南半球则较弱 南部环流特征与南太、南大西洋环流型相似,北部为季风 型环流,冬夏半年环流方向相反
• 风生大洋环流(Wind driven circulation):风 应力驱动,密度差异控制建立起的环流。 热盐环流(Thermohaline circulation):密 度差驱动的环流(包括风、热通量、水通 量及海洋内部混合等)
世界大洋的表层环流
(二).大洋上层环流的分布(Distribution of Sea Surface Circulation)
植物生理各章名词总结 (全).

第一章植物细胞生理1 .原核细胞(prokaryotic cell) 无典型细胞核的细胞,其核质外面无核膜,细胞质中缺少复杂的内膜系统和细胞器。
由原核细胞构成的生物称原核生物( prokaryote )。
细菌、蓝藻等低等生物属原核生物。
2 .真核细胞(eukaryotic cell) 具有真正细胞核的细胞,其核质被两层核膜包裹,细胞内有结构与功能不同的细胞器,多种细胞器之间有内膜系统联络。
由真核细胞构成的生物称为真核生物( eukayote )。
高等动物与植物属真核生物。
3 .原生质体(protoplast) 除细胞壁以外的细胞部分。
包括细胞核、细胞器、细胞质基质以及其外围的细胞质膜。
原生质体失去了细胞的固有形态,通常呈球状。
4 .细胞壁(cell wall) 细胞外围的一层壁,是植物细胞所特有的,具有一定弹性和硬度,界定细胞的形状和大小。
典型的细胞壁由胞间层、初生壁以及次生壁组成。
5 .生物膜(biomembrane) 即构成细胞的所有膜的总称,它由脂类和蛋白质等组成,具有特定的结构和生理功能。
按其所处的位置可分为质膜和内膜。
6 .共质体(symplast) 由胞间连丝把原生质(不含液泡)连成一体的体系,包含质膜。
7 .质外体(apoplast) 由细胞壁及细胞间隙等空间(包含导管与管胞)组成的体系。
8 .内膜系统(endomembrane system) 是那些处在细胞质中,在结构上连续、功能上关联的,由膜组成的细胞器总称。
主要指核膜、内质网、高尔基体以及高尔基体小泡和液泡等。
9 .细胞骨架(cytoskeleton) 指真核细胞中的蛋白质纤维网架体系,包括微管、微丝和中间纤维等,它们都由蛋白质组成,没有膜的结构,互相联结成立体的网络,也称为细胞内的微梁系统 (microtrabecular system) 。
10 .细胞器(cell organelle) 细胞质中具有一定形态结构和特定生理功能的细微结构。
通用名词_中英文对照

通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of -phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation 邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate 波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section 沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation 结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳辉纹fatigue striations疲劳阈值fatigue threshold交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体力学流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow 进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation。
海洋环流

第五章海洋环流概述(Summary)一、定义及分类(Definition&Type)1.海流(Oceancurrent):海水大规模相对稳定的流动。
2.分类(Type):按成因分:密度流(densitycurrent),风海流(windcurrent),补偿流(compensationcurrent);按受力分:地转流(geostrophicflow)、惯性流;按发生区域:赤道流(equatorialcurrent),陆架流,东西边界流(eastern/westernboundarycurrent)等;按运动方向:上升流(upwelling),下降流(downwelling);按海流温度与周围海水温度差异分:寒流,暖流等二、研究意义(Significance)国防,航运,渔业,气候三、影响和产生海流的力(Causesofcurrent)引起海水运动的力:重力,压强梯度力,风应力,引潮力海水运动后派生的力:科氏力(Coriolisforce),摩擦力(frictionforce)1、重力:地心引力与地球自转产生的惯性离心力的合力。
习惯上将单位质量物体所受重力称为重力加速度,以g表示。
与纬度和海水深度有关:海面上赤道到极地差为0.052m/平方米,在中纬度,海面与10km深处的差为0.031m/平方米。
因此,在海洋研究中,一般视其为常数9.8m/平方米重力势(potentialofgravity):从一水平面逆重力方向移动物体到另一高度所做功。
等势面:位势相等的面叫等势面。
处处与重力垂直的面称水平面。
海平面(sealevel):海洋表面的平均位置。
2、压强梯度力:等压面:压强相等的面。
压强梯度力:水体所受静压力的合力:f=f1-f2=P·A-(P+△P)·AP·A单位质量水体所受的静压力的合力:与等压面垂直,指向压力减小的方向。
即与压强梯度方向相反。
流体静力学方程:正压场:等压面与等势面平行斜压场:等压面相对等势面发生倾斜时。
磁共振的英文缩写

磁共振的英文缩写MRI:Magnetic Resonance Imaging磁共振成像NMRI:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging核磁共振成像MRA:Magnetic Resonance Angiography磁共振血管造影CE-MRA:contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography对比增强磁共振血管成像MRV:Magnetic Resonance Venography磁共振静脉造影VW-MRI:vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging磁共振血管壁成像MRCP:Magnetic Resonance cholangiopancreatography磁共振胰胆管成像MRM:Magnetic Resonance Myelography磁共振脊髓成像MRU:Magnetic Resonance urography磁共振尿路成像MRN:Magnetic Resonance neurography磁共振神经成像CMR:Cardiovascular MR心血管磁共振检查技术fMRI:functional magnetic resonance imaging磁共振功能成像MRE:Magnetic Resonance Elastography磁共振弹性成像T1WI:T1-weighted imagingT1加权成像T2WI:T2-weighted imagingT2加权成像PDWI:proton density weighted imaging质子密度加权成像EPI:echo planar imaging平面回波成像MS-EPI:multi shot echo planar imaging多激发平面回波成像DWI:diffusion weighted imaging扩散加权成像(小视野弥散Philips-ZOOM/Siemens-ZOOMit/GE-FOCUS)ADC:apparent diffusion coefficient表观扩散系数DWIBS:diffusion weighted imaging with background suppression背景抑制扩散加权成像RESOLVE:readout segment of long variable echo trains 基于读出方向分段K空间的多次激发弥散加权成像(Siemens)MUSE:multi-slab parallel EPI多激发节段式EPI采集空间信号敏感性编码图像重建(GE)DTI:diffusion tensor imaging扩散张量成像PWI:perfusion weighted imaging灌注加权成像BOLD:blood oxygenation level dependent血氧水平依赖RF:Radio Frequency射频TR:repetition time重复时间TE:echo time回波时间(Effective TE有效TE)Minimum TE:部分回波技术TI:inversion time反转时间ES:echo space回波间隙ETL:echo train length回波链长度BW:bandwidth带宽FA:flip angle反转角TA:Acquisition time采集时间NA:number of acquisitions采集次数NSA:number of signal averaged信号平均次数NEX:number of excitation激励次数TD:time of delay延迟时间WFS:water fat shift水脂位移FC:flow pensation流动补偿TOF:time of flight时间飞跃TRICKS:time resolved imaging of contrast Kinetics对比剂动态成像PC:phase contrast相位对比VENC:velocity encoding流速编码NPW:no phase wrap去相位卷褶IR:inversion recovery反转恢复MT:magnetization transfer磁化转移(磁化传递)FT:fourier transform傅里叶变换VPS:Views Per Segment每段视图BSP TI:blood suppression TI血夜抑制反转时间(IFIR参数)序列SE:spin echo自旋回波FSE:fast spin echo快速自旋回波TSE:turbo spin echo快速自旋回波FRFSE:fast recovery fast spin echo快速恢复快速自旋回波(GE)TSE-Restore:快速恢复快速自旋回波(Siemens)TSE DRIVE(TSE driven equilibrium DE驱动平衡):快速恢复快速自旋回波(Philips)SSFSE:single shot fast spin echo单次激发快速自旋回波HALF-SS-TSE:half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo半傅里叶单次激发快速自旋回波(Philips)HASTE:half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo半傅里叶单次激发快速自旋回波(Siemens)FLAIR:fluid attenuated inversion recovery水抑制反转恢复ASL:arterial spin labeling动脉自旋标记BPAS:basi-parallel anatomical scanning平行椎基底动脉系统扫描FIR:fast inversion recovery快速反转恢复(TIR:turbo inversion recovery)DIR:dual inversion recovery(有资料译为double inversion recovery)双重反转恢复下面三个技术(VISTA/CUBE/SPACE)摘自懋氏百科全书,后面两个的中文是我瞎翻译的:VISTA(3D VIEW):volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition各向同性快速自旋回波容积采集(Philips)CUBE:3D fast spin echo with an extended echo train acquisition长回波链3D快速自旋回波采集(GE)SPACE:sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolution最优可变翻转角改善对比完美采样(Siemens)梯度回波GRE:gradient recalled echo梯度回波(GE)FFE:fast field echo快速场回波(Philips)GE:gradient echo梯度回波(Siemens)TFE:turbo field echo超快速场回波FISP:fast imaging with steady-state precession稳态进动快速成像(Siemens)PSIF(Siemens):采集刺激回波的GRE序列;在时序上与FISP 相反遂命名为PSIF(Philips为T2-FFE;GE为CE-GRASS:contrast enhanced GRASS)DESS:dual spin steady state双回波稳态进动(Siemens独有3D序列,显示软骨优势;同时采集FISP信号和PSIF信号)MEDIC:multiple echo data image bination多回波数据合并成像(Siemens)MERGE:multiple echo recalled gradient echo多回波梯度回波 (GE 2D)COSMIC:coherent oscillatory state acquisition for the manipulation imaging contrast连续振荡状态采集操控成像对比(GE 3D多回波合并成像)mFFE(Philips多回波):multiple fast field echoSWI:susceptibility weighted imaging磁敏感加权成像QSM:quantitative susceptibility mapping定量磁化率成像SSFP:steady state free precession普通稳态自由进动(GE 的GRE、Fast GRE均属该类型;西门子为FISP;在飞利浦上称为conventional FFE)Balance-SSFP:balance steady state free precession平衡式稳态自由进动(Philips)FIESTA:fast imaging employing steady stateacquisition稳态采集快速成像(GE)FIESTA-C:FIESTA-cycled phases双激发稳态采集快速成像(GE)True FISP:true fast imaging with steady state precession真稳态自由进动快速成像(Siemens)CISS:constructive interference in the steady state稳态进动结构相干(双激发)B-FFE:balance fast field echo平衡式快速场回波(Philips)TRANCE:triggered angiography non-contrast enhanced触发血管造影非对比增强(Philips; Siemens为 Native truefisp; GE为IFIR: InFlow Inversion Recovery)QISS:Quiescent-Interval Single-Shot MR血管造影-静态间隔单次激发成像是一种用于外周MRA的非增强MRA技术(Siemens)。
海洋中的波动现象分解

北赤道 赤道逆流
南赤道流
北赤道流
赤道逆流
南赤道流
东澳流
秘鲁海流
南太平洋流
南极绕极流
巴西流 本格拉流 南大西洋流
赤道流系 西边界流 西风漂流
组成
特征
南、北赤道 a) 南北不对称
流
b) 赤道流主要水文特征:高温、高盐、高水色及
赤道逆流
透明度大赤道逆流:高温、低盐(大量降水)
赤道潜流 c) 存在赤道潜流(克伦威尔流)
所有的生物“沙漠”都在扩大。其增 大的面积达到660万平方公里,即比原 有面积增加了15%。
Polovina J.J., GRL, 2008.
4. Undersurface circulation (大洋表层以下的环流)
(1) Movement and distribution of subsurface water (次表层水) 介于表层水(Surface water)与大洋主温跃层(Main Thermocline)之间;副热带海域表层水下沉而成;高 温高盐;大部分水体流向低纬一侧,沿主温跃层散布, 少部分流向高纬一侧
两大洋北半球的西边界流都非常强大,而南半球则较弱
b.印度洋
南部环流特征与南太、南大西洋环流型相似,北部为季风 型环流,冬夏半年环流方向相反
c.南半球高纬海区,与西风带相对应为强大的自西向东的绕 极流,而在靠近南极大陆尚存在一支自东向西的绕极风生流
亲潮 黑潮
阿拉斯加流
北大平洋流 加利福尼亚流
湾流
加那利流
(4) Movement of deep water(深层水)
介于中层水与底层水之间,约在2000-4000m,由 北大西洋格陵兰南部的上层海洋形成。贫氧是深 层水主要特征。
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22
Sea Surface Temperatures and Major Warm and Cool Currents
23
Gulf Stream Rings
picture of SST observed from satellites
Gulf Stream Ring Movie
24
Temperature Anomalies of Gulf Stream Rings
25
Barotropic and Baroclinic Conditions
Size of arrow indicates speed of current
15
Depth Profile of Typical Geostrophic Current Velocity
16
Cross Section of Density in Pacific Ocean
Generalized Surface Circulation
A A
1
Nansen’s Trip in the “frozen” Fram (1893-96)
2
Nansen’s Observations about Surface Currents
3
Ekman’s Force Balance
Current
Ekman Spiral
6
Ekman Spiral Observations
(surface layer in the N. Atlantic)
Wind Direction
Measured Current Directions
and Velocities at 5, 10, 15 and
25 m depths
13
Sea Surface Height Anomaly (dynamic centimeters)
(dynamic height is relative to 1000dbar)
(Arrows represent direction of geostrophic current flow) 14
Wind Stress Force
Current Direction (not a force)
Frictional Force
(always opposes direction of current)
Coriolis Force (always
perpendicular to the Current direction)
Coriolis
Drag
Walfred Ekman
Current direction is to the right of the wind in N. Hemisphere
4
Ekman’s Three Force Vector Balance (in the northern hemisphere)
19
Gulf Stream
Franklin’s map of Gulf Stream and ‘gyre’ in 1785
20
Pot. Temp.
Temperature and Salinity
Sections across the Gulf Stream
Salinity
21
Current Velocities in the Region of the Gulf Stream
What meridional trend in sea surface height would be
17
implied under baroclinic conditions?
Phosphate Distribution in Surface Ocean
18
Chlorophyll in the Surface Ocean
Resulting Force
(the combination of the Coriolis Force and Frictional Force yields a Resulting force that is equal to and in opposite direction to the Wind Stress Force) 5
7
Generalized Pattern of
Surface Winds
July Arrows indicate direction of Ekman Transport
January
8
Map of Sea Surface Height (ARGO floats)
(in dynamic cms relative to 1500 dbar)
Sea surface height range is ~300cm or 3 m.
9
P=gρZ
Pressure
10
Horizontal Pressure Gradients
11
Geostrophic Force Balance
12
Geostrophic Current Flow around a dome of pressure