Minimum circulation of railway stock
铁路专用英语单词词汇整理大全
铁路；铁道 railway railroad铁路线railway line；railroad line铁路网railway network；railroad network铁道科学railway science铁路技术railway technology铁路等级railway classification国有铁路national railway；state railway地方铁路local railway；regional railway私有铁路private railway合资铁路joint investment railway；jointly owned railway 标准轨铁路standard-gage railway窄轨铁路narrow-gage railway米轨铁路meter-gage railway宽轨铁路broad-gage railway单线铁路single track railway双线铁路double track railway多线铁路multiple track railway重载铁路heavy haul railway高速铁路high speed railway电气化铁路；电力铁路electrified railway；electric railway 干线铁路main line railway；trunk railway市郊铁路suburban railway地下铁道；地铁subway；metro；underground railway工业企业铁路industry railway矿山铁路mine railway轻轨铁路light railway；light rail高架铁路elevated railway单轨铁路；独轨铁路monorail；monorail railway磁浮铁路magnetic levitation railway；maglev森林铁路forest railway山区铁路mountain railway既有铁路existing railway新建铁路newly-built railway改建铁路reconstructed railway运营铁路railway in operation；operation；operating railway 专用铁路special purpose railway干线trunk line；main line支线branch line铁路专用线railway special line货运专线railway line for freight traffic；freight special line；freight traffic only line客运专线railway line for passenger traffic；passenger special line；passenger traffic only line客货运混合铁路railway line for mixed passenger and freighttraffic铁路运营长度；运营里程operation length of railway；operating distance；revenue length列车运行图train diagram铁路建筑长度construction length of railway区间section区段district轨距rail gage；rail gauge轮重wheel load轴重axle load最大轴重maximum allowable axle load限制轴重axle load limited限界clearance；gauge限界图clearance diagram铁路建筑限界railway construction clearance；structure clearance for railway；railway struction gauge根本建筑限界fundamental construction clearance；fundamental structure gauge桥梁建筑限界bridge construction clearance；bridge structure gauge隧道建筑界限tunnel construction clearance；tunnel structure gauge铁路机车车辆限界rolling stock clearance for railway；vehicle gauge机车车辆上部限界clearance limit for upper part of rolling stock机车车辆下部限界clearance limit for lower part of rolling stock 装载限界loading clearance limit；loading gauge阔大货物限界clearance limit for freight with exceptional dimension；clearance limit for oversize commodities接触网限界clearance limt for overhead contract wire；clearance limit for overhead catenary system；overhead catenary system gauge列车与线路相互作用track-train interaction轮轨关系wheel-rail relation；wheel-rail interaction粘着系数adhesion coefficient车轮滑行wheel sliding；wheel skid车轮空转wheel slipping牵引种类kinds of traction；category of traction牵引方式mode of traction牵引定数tonnage rating；tonnage of traction装载系数loading coefficient速度speed持续速度continuous speed限制速度limited speed；speed restriction均衡速度balancing speed构造速度construction speed；design speed最高速度maximum speed临界速度critical speed重载列车heavy haul train高速列车high speed train超长超重列车exceptionally long and heavy train 列车正面冲突train collision列车尾追train tail collision列车尾部防护train rear end protection伸缩运动fore and aft motion蛇行运动hunting；nosing列车压缩train running in列车拉伸train running out列车别离train separation列车颠覆train overturning列车动力学train dynamics列车空气动力学train acrodynamics机车车辆振动vibration of rolling stock纵向振动longitudinal vibration横向振动lateral vibration垂向振动vertical vibration摆滚振动rock-roll vibration浮沉振动bouncing；vibration测滚振动rolling ；vibration测摆振动swaying；vibration点头振动pitching；nodding摇头振动yawing；hunting机车车辆共振resonance of rolling stock机车车辆冲击impact of rolling纵向冲击longitudinal impact横向冲击lateral impact垂向冲击vertical impact货运站综合作业自动化automation of synthetic operations at freight station行车指挥自动化automation of traffic control编组场综合作业自动化automation of synthetic operations in marshalling yard铁路运营信息系统railway operation information system铁路数据交换系统railway data exchange system运营系统模拟simulation of operation system铁路法railway law铁道法规railway act铁路条例railway code铁路技术管理规程regulations of railway technical operation 综合运输comprehensive transport；multi-mode transport；intermode transport国际铁路联运international railway through traffic大陆桥；洲际铁路transcontinental railway；intercontinental railway；land-railway国际联运协定agreement of international through traffic国际联运议定书protocol of international through traffic国际铁路联运公约convention of international railway through traffic铁路新线建立newly-built railway construction铁路技术改造technical reform of railway；technical renovation of railway；betterment and improvement of railway铁路主要技术条件main technical standard of railway；main techincal requirement of railway单位工程unit project分部工程part project分项工程item project预可行性研究pre-feasibility study工程建议书proposed task of project可行性研究feasibility study设计阶段design phase；design stage三阶段设计three-step design；three-phase design两阶段设计two-step design；two-phase design一阶段设计one-step design；one-phase design初步设计preliminary design技术设计technical design扩大初步设计enlarged preliminary design；expanded preliminary design施工图设计construction detail design；working-drawing design变更设计altered design设计概算apporximate estimate of design；budgetary estimate of design个别概算individual approximate estimate综合概算comprehensive approximate estimate总概算sum of approximate estimate；total estimate；summary estimate修正总概算amended sum of approximate estimate；revised general estimate调整总概算adjusted sum of approximate estimate投资检算checking of investment预算定额rating of budget；rating form for budget概算定额rating of approximate estimate；rating form for estimate投资估算investment estimate估算指标index of estimate机械台班定额rating per machine per team；rating per machine-team工程直接费direct expense of project；direct cost of project 工程间接费indirect expense of project；indirect cost of project工程预备费reserve fund of project设计鉴定certification of design；appraisal of design竣工决算final accounts of completed project铁路用地right-of-way铁路勘测railway reconnaissance调查测绘survey and drawing of investigation；investigation survey；investigation surveying and sketching地形调查topographic survey地貌调查topographic feature survey；geomorphologic survey 地质调查geologic survey经济调查economic investigation；economic survey水文地质调查hydrogeologic survey土石成分调查survey of soil and rock composition土石物理力学性质physical and mechanical properties of soil and rock土石分类classificaion of soil and rock地基承载力bearing capacity of foundation；bearing capacity of ground；bearing of subgrade隧道围岩分级classification of tunnel surrounding rock地质图测绘survey and drawing of geological map；surveying and sketching of geological map勘探exploration；prospecting挖探excavation prospecting钻探boring；exploration drilling物探geophysical prospecting室内测试indoor test；laboratory test原位测试in situ test静力触探static sounding；static probing；cone penetration test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test标准贯入试验standard penetration test区域地质regional geology工程地质engineering geology不良地质unfavorable geology特殊地质special geology工程地质条件engineering geologic；requirement；engineering geologic condition气象资料meteorological data冻结深度freezing depth地震根本烈度basic intensity of earthquake；seismic basic intensity工程地质图engineering geological map地层柱状图column diagram of stratum；graphic logs of strata；drill log of stratum洪水调查flood survey河道调查river course survey冰凌调查ice floe survey；frazil ice survey汇水区流域特征调查survey of catchment basin characteristics 水文断面hydrologic sectional drawing；dydrologic section；hydrologic cross-section主河槽main river channel设计流速design current velocity设计高程；设计标高design elevation河流比降slope of river；comparable horizon of river历史洪水位historic flood level最高水位highest water level；HWL通航水位navigation water level；NWL桥涵水文hydrology of bridge and culvert水利半径hydraulic radius桥前壅水高度backwater height in front of bridge；top water level in front of bridge桥渡勘测设计survey and design of bridge crossing水面坡度slope of water surface水文测量hydrological survey泥石流流域catchment basin of debris flow分水岭watershed；dividing ridge汇水面积catchment area；water collecting area；drainage area洪水频率flood frequency设计流量design discharge设计水位design water level施工水位construction level；construction water level；working water level设计洪水过程线designed flood hydrograph容许冲刷allowable scour一般冲刷general scour局部冲刷local scour；partial scour铁路测量railway survey线路踏勘；草测route reconnaissance初测preliminary survey定测location survey；alignment；final location survey导线测量traversing；traverse survey光电导线photoelectric traverse地形测量topographical survey横断面测量cross leveling；cross-section survey；cross-section leveling线路测量route survey；pro；longitudinal survey既有线测量；旧线测量survey of existing railway线路复测repetition survey of existing railway；resurvey of existing railway测量精度survey precision；precision of survey均方差；中误差mean square error最大误差；极限误差maximum error；limiting error中线测量center line survey中线桩center line stake加桩additional stake；plus stake外移桩shift out stake；stake outward；offset stake水准点高程测量benchmark leveling中桩高程测量；中平center stake leveling曲线控制点curve control point放线setting-out of route；lay out of route交点intersection point副交点auxiliary intersection point转向角deflection angle分转向角auxiliary deflection angle坐标方位角plane-coordinate azimuth象限角quadrantal angle经纬距plane rectangular coordinate断链broken chain投影断链projection of broken chain断高broken height铁路航空摄影测量；铁路航测railway aerial photogrammetry 铁路航空勘测railway aerial surveying航带设计flight strip design；design of flight strip铁路工程地质遥感remote sensing of railway engineering geology测段segment of survey航测选线aerial surveying alignment航测外控点field control point of aerophotogrammetry全球定位系统global positioning system；GPS像片索引图index of photography三角测量trigonometric survey；triangulation精细导线测量precise traverse survey；accurate traverse survey三角高程测量trigonometric leveling隧道洞外控制测量ouside tunnel control survey隧道洞内控制测量in tunnel control survey；through survey 隧道洞口投点horizontal point of tunnel portal；geodetic control point of portal location of adit桥轴线测量survey of bridge axis铁路选线railway location；approximate railway location；location of railway route selection平原地区选线location in plain region；plain location越岭选线location of mountain line；location of line in mountain region；location over mountain山区河谷选线mountain and valley region location；location of line of in mountain and valley region丘陵地段选线hilly land location；location of line on hilly land 工程地质选线engineering geoligic location of line线间距distance between centers of tracks；midway between tracks车站分布distribution of stations方案比选scheme comparison；route alternative投资回收期repayment period of capital cost纸上定线paper location of line缓坡地段section of easy grade；section of gentle slope紧坡地段section of sufficient grade非紧坡地段section of unsufficient grade；section fo insufficient grade导向线leading line；alignment guiding line拔起高度；克制高度height of lifting；lifting height；ascent of elevation横断面选线cross-section method of railway location；location with cross-section method；cross-section method for location of line展线extension of line；development of line；line development展线系数coefficient of extension line；coefficient of development line套线overlapping line线路平面图track plan；line plan线路纵断面图track profile；line profile站坪长度length of station site站坪坡度grade of station site控制区间control section；controlling section最小曲线半径minimum radius of curve圆曲线circular curve单曲线simple curve缓与曲线transition curve；easement curve；spiral transition curve缓与曲线半截变更率rate of easement curvature；rate of transition curve复曲线compound curve同向曲线curves of same sense；adjacent curves in one direction反向曲线reverse curve；curve of opposite sense夹直线intermediate straight line；tangent between curves 坡度grade；gradient；slope人字坡double spur grade限制坡度ruling grade；limiting grade加力牵引坡度pusher grade；assisting grade最大坡度maximum grade临界坡度critical grade长大坡度long steep grade；long heavy grade动力坡度momentum grade均衡坡度balanced grade有害地段harmful district无害地段harmless district变坡点point of gradient change；breake in grade坡段grade section坡段长度length of grade section坡度差algebraic difference between adjacent gradients竖曲线vertical curve分坡平段level stretch between opposite sign gradient缓与坡度slight grade；flat grade；easy grade起动缓坡flat gradient for starting加速缓坡easy gradient for acceleration；accelerating grade 坡度折减compensation of gradient；gradient compensation；grade compensation曲线折减compensation of curve；curve compesation隧道坡度折减compensation of gradient in tunnel；compensation grade in tunnel绕行地段detouring section；round section换侧；换边change side of double line容许应力设计法allowable stress design method破损阶段设计法plastic stage design method极限状态设计法limit state design method概率极限状态设计法；可靠度设计法probabilisatic limit state design method地震系数法seismic coefficient method路基subgrade；road bed；formation subgrade岩石路基rock subgrade渗水土路基permeable soil subgrade；pervious embankment 非渗水土路基non-permeable soil subgrade；impervious embankment特殊土路基subgrade of special soil软土地区路基subgrade in soft soil zone；subgrade in soft；clay region泥沼地区路基subgrade in bog zone；subgrade in morass region；subgrade in swampland膨胀土地区路基；裂土地区路基subgrade in swelling soil zone；subgrade in expansive soil region盐渍土地区路基subgrade in salty soil zone；subgrade in saline soil region多年冻土路基subgrade in permafrost soil zone特殊条件下的路基subgrade under special condition河滩路堤embankment on plain river beach滨河路堤embankment on river bank水库路基subgrade in reservoir；embankment crossing reservoir崩塌地段路基subgrade in rock fall district；subgrade in collapse zone岩堆地段路基subgrade in rock deposit zone；subgrade in talus zone；subgrade in scree zone滑坡地段路基subgrade in slide岩溶地段路基；喀斯特地段路基subgrade in karst zone洞穴地段路基subgrade in cavity zone；subgrade in cavern zone风沙地段路基subgrade in windy and sandy zone；subgrade in desert雪害地段路基subgrade in snow damage zone；subgrade in snow disaster zone泥石流地段路基subgrade in debris flow zone路基横断面subgrade cross-section路基面subgrade surface；formation路基面宽度width of the subgrade surface；formation width 路拱road crown；subgrade crown路肩Road shoulder；subgrade shoulder路肩高程formation level；shoulder level路堤embankment；fill路堑cut；road；cutting半堤半堑part-cut and part-fill section；cut and fill section 基床subgrade bed；formation基床表层surface layer of subgrade bed；formation top layer；surface layer of subgrade基床表层bottom layer of subgrade；formation base layer；bottom layer of subgrade bed一般路基general subgrade；ordinary subgrade最小填筑高度minimum fill height of subgrade；minimum height of fill临界高度critical height基底foundation base；base路堤边坡side slope of embankment；fill slope talus坡脚toe of side slope护道berm取土坑borrow pit路堤填料embankment fill material；embankment filler；filling material of embankment填料分类classification of filling material岩块填料rock block filler；rock filler；rock fill粗粒土填料coarse-grained soil filler；coarse-grained soil fill 细粒土填料fine-grained soil filler；fine-grained soil fill压实标准compacting criteria相对密度relative density压实系数compacting factor；compacting coefficient最正确含水量optimum moisture content；best moisturecontent最正确密度optimum density；best density核子密度湿度测定determination of nuclear density-moisture 路基承载板测定determination of bearing slab of subgrade预留沉落量reserve settlement；settlement allowance反压护道berm with superloading；berm for back pressure；counter swelling berm石灰砂桩lime sand pile换土change soil；soil replacement爆破排淤blasting discharging sedimentation；silt arresting by explosion；discharge of sedimentation by blasting抛石挤淤throwing stones to packing sedimentation；packing sedimentation by throwing stones；packing up sedimentation by dumping stones路堑石方爆破rock cutting blasting；rock blasting in cut定向爆破directional blasting浅孔爆破shallow hole blasting深孔爆破deep hole blasting洞室药包爆破chamber explosive package blasting；chamher blasting扬弃爆破abandoned blasting；abandonment blasting抛掷爆破pin-point blasting松动爆破blasting for loosening rock药壶爆破pot hole blasting裸露腰包爆破adobe blasting；contact blasting路堑边坡cutting slope；side slope of cut堑顶top of cutting slope；top of cutting路堑平台platform of cutting；berm in cutting弃土堆waste bank；bankette；spoil bank挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall；gravity retaining wall with relieving platform；balanced type retaining wall 锚定板挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods；anchored bulkhead retaining wall；anchored plate retaining wall加筋土挡土墙reinforced earth retaining wall；reinforced soil retaining wall锚杆挡墙anchored bolt retaining wall；anchoraged retaining wall by tie rods管柱挡墙cylindrical shaft retaining wall沉井挡墙caisson retaining wall抗滑桩anti-slide pile；counter-sliding pile护墙guard wall护坡slope protection；revertment；pitching排水沟weep drain；drainage ditch；drain ditch边沟；侧沟side ditch天沟gutter；overhead ditch；intercepting ditch吊沟suspended ditch跌水hydraulic drop截水沟intercepting ditch；catch-drain急流槽chute排水槽drainage channel渗水暗沟blind drain渗水隧洞leak tunnel；permeable tunnel；drainage tunnel 渗井leaching well；seepage well渗管leaky pipe平孔排水horizontal hole drainage反滤层reverse filtration layer；inverted filter；protective filter检查井inspection well；manhole砂井；排水砂井sand drain隔断层insulating course；insulating layer透水路堤pervious embankment；permeable embankment 渗水路堤immerseable embankment排水砂垫层sand filled drainage layer；drainage sand blanker 坡面防护slope protection护岸revetment；shore protection导流堤diversion dike拦石墙stone cut off wall；stone falling wall；buttree落石槽stone falling channel；trough for catching falling rocks柴排firewood raft；mattress；willow fascine固沙造林stabilization for sands by afforestation挡风墙wind-break wall防风栅栏wind break fence砂土液化sand liquefaction中-活载CR-live loading；China railway standard loading桥梁标准活载standard live load for bridge桥梁荷载谱bridge load spectrum换算均布活载equivalent uniform live load设计荷载design load主力principal load恒载dead load土压力earth load静水压力hydrostatic pressure浮力buoyancy列车活载live load of train列车离心力centrifugal force of train列车冲击力；冲击荷载impact force of train冲击系数ceofficient of impact人行道荷载sidewalk loading附加力subsidiary load；secondary load列车制动力braking force of train列车牵引力tractive force of train风荷载wind load列车横向摇摆力lateral swaying force of train流水压力pressure of water flow冰压力ice pressure冻胀力frost heaving force特殊荷载particular load船只或排筏的撞击力collision force of ship or raft地震力seismic force地震烈度earthquake intensity地震震级earthquake magnitude施工荷载constructional loading荷载组合loading conbination铁路桥railway bridge公铁两用桥combined bridge；combined highway and railway bridge；combined rail-cum-road bridge跨线桥；立交桥overpass bridge；grade separation bridge；flyover高架桥viaduct旱桥dry bridge人行桥foot bridge；pedestrian bridge圬工桥masonry bridge钢桥steel bridge铆接钢桥riveted steel bridge栓焊钢桥bolted and welded steel bridge全焊钢桥all welded steel bridge摩擦结合式高强度螺栓high strength friction grip bolt扭剪式高强度螺栓torshear type high strength blot螺栓示功扳手bolt wrench with indicator混凝土桥concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge先张法预应力梁pretensioned prestressed concrete girder后张法预应力梁post-tensioned prestressed concrete girder局部预应力混凝土桥partially prestressed concrete bridge结合梁桥composite beam bridge低高度梁shallow girder无碴无枕梁girder without ballast and sleeper型钢混凝土梁；劲性骨架混凝土梁girder with rolled steel sectionencased in concrete；skeleton reinforced concrete girder简支梁桥simply supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge板桥slab bridge空心板桥hollow slab bridge板梁plate girder工形梁I-beam箱形梁box girder槽形梁trough girder桁架truss拆装式桁架demountable truss刚架桥；刚构桥rigid frame bridge斜腿刚架桥；斜腿刚构桥strutted beam bridge；slant-legged rigid frame bridge悬板桥；悬带桥stressed ribbon bridge悬索桥；吊桥suspension bridge斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge浮桥pontoon bridge；floating bridge；bateau bridge拱桥arch bridge固端拱；无铰拱fixed-end arch双铰拱two-hinged arch三铰拱three-hinged arch实腹拱spandrel-filled arch；solid-spandrel arch空腹拱open-spandrel arch双曲拱two-way curved arch；cross-curved arch系杆拱；柔性系杆刚性拱tied arch榔格尔式桥；刚性系杆柔性拱桥Langer bridge；flexible arch bridge with rigid tie洛泽式桥；直悬杆式刚性拱刚性梁桥Lohse bridge；rigid arch bridge with rigid tie and vertical sespenders尼尔森桥Nielsen systen bridge尼尔森式骆泽梁桥；斜悬杆式刚性拱梁桥Nielsen type Lhse bridge；rigid arch bridge with fighd tie and inclined suspenders活动桥movable bridge竖旋桥bascule bridge平旋桥swing bridge升降桥lift bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge曲线桥curved bridge曲梁curved beam特大桥super maior bridge大桥major bridge中桥medium bridge小桥minor bridge单线桥single track bridge双线桥double track bridge多线桥multi-track bridge正桥；主桥main bridge引桥approach spans上承式桥deck bridge半穿式桥；中承式half through bridge；midheight deck bridge 下承式桥through bridge双层桥double-deck bridge永久性桥permanent bridge临时性桥；便桥temporary bridge跨径；跨度span净跨clear spam桥梁全长overall length of bridge桥下净空underneath clearance主梁中心距center to center distance between main girder节间长度panel length梁高depth of girder拱度camber挠度deflection节间panel锚跨；锚孔anchor span悬跨；吊孔suspended span 桥梁上部构造superstructure 腹板web plate翼缘flange翼缘板flange plate弦杆chord member腹杆web member斜杆diagonal member竖杆vertical member吊杆suspender hanger加劲杆stiffener节点panel point节点板gusset plate拼接板splice plate缀条lacing bar缀板stay plate；tie plate侧向水平联结系lateral bracing 横联sway bracing制动撑架braking bracing桥门架portal frame纵梁stringer横梁floor beam；transverse beam桥面系floor system端横梁end floor beam起重横梁jacking floor beam梁端缓冲梁auxiliary girder for controlling angle change 应变时效strain ageing碳当量carbon equivalent钢丝steel wire钢丝束bundled steel wires钢绞线steel strand钢筋reinforcement；steel bar箍筋stirrup纵向钢筋longitudinal reinforcement弯起钢筋bent-up bar架立钢筋erection bar构造钢筋constructional reinforcement预应力筋tendon套管sheath梁腋haunch拱圈arch ring拱肋arch rib拱顶rach crown拱矢rise of arch起拱点springing拱腹soffit拱腹线intrados拱背钱extrados桥塔bridge tower；pylon索平面cable plane缆索cable斜缆stay cable；inclined cable吊缆suspension cable索鞍cable saddle索夹cable band；cable clamp锚座socket锚碇anchorage明桥面open deck；ballastless deck；open floor 桥梁道碴槽ballast trough道碴桥面ballasted deck；ballasted floor桥梁护轨guard rall of bridge桥梁护木guard timber of bridge桥枕bridge tie；bridge sleeper桥上人行道sidewalk on bridge步行板foot plank避车台refuge platform伸缩缝expansion joint正交异性板orthotropic plate栏杆railing；handrail；handrailing泻水孔drainage opening直结轨道track fastened directly to steel girders抗剪连接件；抗剪结合件shear connector支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expension bearing；movable bearing平板支座plate bearing摇轴芝座rocker bearing滚轴支座roller bearing球面支座spherical bearing板式橡胶支座laminated rubber bearing盆式橡胶支座pot rubber bearing聚四氯乙烯支座poly-tetrafluoroedthylene bearing；PTFE bearing涡流激振wortex-excited oscillation弛振galloping颤振flutter扰流板spoiler风嘴wind fairing桥梁自振周期natural vibration period of bridge浮运架桥法bridge erection by floating架桥机架设法erection by bridge girder erecting equipment顶推式架设法erection by incremental launching拖拉架设法launching method赝架式架设法erection with scaffolding悬臂架设法catilever erection；erection by protrusion悬臂灌注法cast-in-place cantilever construction；free cantilever segmental concreting with suspended formwork 悬臂拼装法cantilevered assembling constrution；free cantilever erection with segments of precast concrete预制混凝土构件precast concrete units；precast concrete members活动模架逐跨施工法segmental span-by-span construction using form traveller桥梁合龙closure就地贯注法cast-in-place method；cast-in-situ method活动吊篮travelling cradle顶进法jack-in method旋转法施工；转体施工erection by swing method液压式张拉千斤顶hydraulic tensioning jack桥梁下部构造substructure桥台abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment锚定板式桥台anchor slab abutmentU形桥台U-shaped abutment耳墙式桥台abutment with cantilevered retaining wall台身abutment body前墙front wall台帽abutment coping翼墙wing wall锥体护坡quadrant revetment；truncated cone banking台后填方filling behind abutment桥墩pier空心桥墩hollow pier实体桥墩solid pier重力式桥墩gravity pier柔性桥墩flexible pier拼装式桥墩assembly pier；pier constructed with precast units制动墩braking pier柱式桥墩column pierV形桥墩V-shaped pier圆端形桥墩round-ended pier圆形桥墩circular pier矩形桥墩rectangular pier排架式桥墩pile bent pier墩身pier body；pier shaft墩帽pier coping围栏railing around coping of pier or abutment承台bearing platform破冰体ice apron；ice-breaking cutwater；ice guard地基foundation；foundation soil；subgrade加固地基improved foundation；improved ground天然地基natural foundation；natural ground桥梁根底bridge foundation扩大根底spread foundation明挖根底open-cut foundation；open excavation foundation 沉井根底open caisson foundation浮式沉井根底floating caisson foundation沉井刃脚cutting edge of open caisson围堰cofferdam双壁钢围堰钻孔根底double wall steel cofferdam bored foundation预制钢壳钻孔根底prefabricated steel shell bored foundation 泥浆套沉井法slurry jacket method for sinking caisson空气幕沉井法air curtain method for sinking caisson沉箱根底pneumatic caisson foundation管柱根底tubular column foundation桩根底pile foundation预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile；cast-in-situ concrete pile螺旋喷射桩auger injected pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile钻孔桩bored pile挖孔桩dug pile钢桩steel pile钢管桩steel pipe pile钢板桩steel sheet pile板桩sheet pile木桩timber pile钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete pile砂桩sand pile挤密砂桩sand conpaction pile流砂quick sand；drift sand送桩pile follower试桩test pile斜桩batter pile；raking pile；spur pile护筒pile casting重锤夯实法heavy tamping method灰土换填夯实法mothod of lime-soil replacement and tamping 灌注水下混凝土underwater concreting；concreting with tremie method导流建筑物regulating structure丁坝；挑水坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam河床铺砌river bed paving码头wharf排架bent脚手架scaffold悬空脚手架hanging stage；hanging scaffold铁路涵洞railway culvert涵洞孔径aperture of culvert管涵pipe culvert箱涵box culvert拱涵arch culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet submerged culvert明渠open channel；open ditch；open drain倒虹吸管inverted siphon潮汐河流tidal river淤积silting；siltation流冰ice drift铁路轮渡railway car ferries轮渡站ferry station轮渡栈桥ferry trestle bridge渡轮ferry boat轮渡引线；轮渡斜引道ferry slip铁路隧道railway tunnel山岭隧道mountain tunnel越岭隧道over mountain line tunnel水下隧道；水地隧道subaqueous tunnel；underwater tunnel 地铁隧道subway tunne；underground railway tunnel浅埋隧道shallow tunnel；shallow-depth tunnel；shallowburying tunnel深埋隧道deep tunnel；deep-depth tunnel；deep burying tunnel单线隧道single track tunnel双线隧道double track tunnel多线隧道multiple track tunnel车站隧道station tunnel地铁车站subway station；metro station特长隧道super long tunnel长隧道long tunnel中长隧道medium tunnel短隧道short tunnel隧道群tunnel group地铁工程subway engineering；metro engineering洞口tunne ladit；tunnel opening隧道进口tunnel entrance隧道出口tunnel exit迎坡；正面坡front slope洞门tunnel portal洞门框tunnel portal frame端墙式洞门end wall tunnel portal柱式洞门post tunnel portal。
考虑要素协同的高铁列车运行图双层优化模型
文章编号：1672-4747（2022）02-0125-11考虑要素协同的高铁列车运行图双层优化模型石敏涵1，吕红霞1，2，3，倪少权1，2，3，吕苗苗1，2，3（1.西南交通大学，交通运输与物流学院，成都611756；2.综合交通大数据应用技术国家工程实验室，成都611756；3.综合交通运输智能化国家地方联合工程实验室，成都611756）摘要：列车停站方案、列车运行图和动车组接续方案间相互影响，将三者进行协同优化能够保证在提高客流需求满足程度的同时，最大程度地降低由动车组运用决定的铁路部门运输组织成本。
因此，本文在分析三者间协同关系的基础上，建立双层模型。
上层模型为以旅客需求满足程度最高、铁路部门运输成本最低为目标的协同优化模型，下层模型为以动车组运用数量和接续时间最小为目标的最优动车组接续模型，且下层模型将最优动车组运用指标决定的铁路部门运输成本传递至上层目标函数中，构成双层模型间的联系。
结合模型的双层特性，设计双层启发式算法求解，外层采用计算效率高、计算效果好的自适应大邻域搜索算法，根据算子的历史表现动态确定算子选择概率，以获得停站方案与运行图综合可行解；内层采用模拟退火算法，在外层输入方案的基础上，确定相应的最优动车组接续方案，并将指标输出至外层。
算例分析结果表明，采用本文提出的协同优化方法进行优化，能在可接受时间范围内得到指标较优的综合方案，验证了本文模型和算法的有效性。
关键词：铁路运输；停站方案；列车运行图；动车组接续方案；协同优化；双层规划中图分类号：U292.4+1文献标志码：ADOI ：10.19961/ki.1672-4747.2021.07.004Bilevel Optimization Model for High-speed Railway Train Operation Diagram Considering Multifactor CooperationSHI Min-han 1，LV Hong-xia 1，2，3，NI Shao-quan 1，2，3，LV Miao-miao 1，2，3(1.School of Transportation and Logistics ，Southwest Jiaotong University ，Chengdu 611756，China ；2.NationalEngineering Laboratory of Integrated Transportation Big Data Application Technology ，Chengdu 611756，China ；3.National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation ，Chengdu 611756，China)Abstract ：The train stop plan ，train operation diagram ，and electrical multiple units (EMUs)circula-tion plan interact.Their collaborative optimization ensures that the satisfaction of passenger flow de-mand can be improved.In addition ，the transportation organization costs of the railway department determined by EMUs operation can be minimized.Therefore ，a bilevel model based on the analysis of the collaborative relationship between these three schemes was established in this study.The up-per-level model was the collaborative optimization model established to achieve the highest satisfac-tion of the passenger demand and the lowest transportation cost of railway departments.The lower-level model was the optimal EMUs operation model for the minimum number of EMUs used and the收稿日期：2021-07-05录用日期：2021-08-09网络首发：2021-08-18审稿日期：2021-07-05~07-14；08-02~08-07；08-09基金项目：国家重点研发计划项目（2017YFB1200702）；国家自然科学基金项目（52072314）；四川省科技计划项目（2020YJ0268，2020YJ0256）；成都市科技项目（2019-YF05-01493-SN ，2020-RK00-00036-ZF ）；浙江省自然科学基金项目（LQ18G030012）；教育部人文社科基金项目（18YJC630190）作者简介：石敏涵（1998—），女，硕士研究生，研究方向为运输组织优化理论与方法，E-mail ：通信作者：吕苗苗（1986—），女，博士，讲师，研究方向为轨道交通运输组织优化，E-mail ：引文格式：石敏涵，吕红霞，倪少权，等.考虑要素协同的高铁列车运行图双层优化模型[J].交通运输工程与信息学报，2022，20(2)：125-135.SHI Min-han ，LV Hong-xia ，NI Shao-quan ，et al.Bilevel Optimization Model for High-speed Railway Train Operation Diagram Considering Multifactor Cooperation[J].Journal of Transportation Engineering and Information ，2022，20(2)：125-135.第20卷第2期2022年06月交通运输工程与信息学报Journal of Transportation Engineering and InformationVol.20No.2Jun.2022minimum connection time.The lower-level model transferred the transportation cost of the railway department determined using the optimal EMUs operation index to the objective function of the up-per-level model，which constitutes the connection between these two bined with the dou-ble-layer characteristics of the model，a double-layer heuristic algorithm was designed to solve the problem.In the outer layer，the adaptive large-neighborhood search algorithm with high computation-al efficiency and good computational effect was adopted.The selection probability of the operators was dynamically determined based on the historical performance to obtain a feasible solution of the train stop plan and train operation diagram result.The inner layer had a simulated annealing algo-rithm，determined the corresponding optimal EMUs connection scheme based on the outer layer，and output the index to the outer layer.Finally，the example analysis result shows that a comprehensive scheme with improved indexes can be obtained within an acceptable time range using the proposed collaborative optimization method，verifying the effectiveness of the model and algorithm.Key words：railway transportation；train stop plan；train operation diagram；EMUs circulation plan；collaborative optimization；bilevel programming0引言高速铁路列车停站方案和列车运行图的优劣决定了旅客出行的便捷程度，动车组接续方案的优劣决定了运输成本。
铁路提单的性质、风险及应对——兼评“铁路提单第一案”
第32卷第1期2021年3月Vol.32No.1Mar.2021中国海商法研究Chinese Journal of Maritime Law张虎,胡程航.铁路提单的性质、风险及应对一兼评“铁路提单第一案”[J].中国海商法研究,2021,32(1)：70-78铁路提单的性质、风险及应对——兼评“铁路提单第一案”张虎，胡程航(华东政法大学国际法学院，上海200042)摘要:参照海运提单制度并结合铁路运输特点，铁路提单应是集运输合同证明、接收货物凭证和提货凭证于一身的运输单证，并具备流转和质押功能。
由于相关立法的缺失，铁路提单在使用过程中仍存在提单签发人信用监管制度不健全、铁路提单签发救济手段缺失、铁路提单持有人货物控制权实现风险以及无单放货风险。
建议完善国内立法以确认铁路提单的基本性质和功能；积极推动有关铁路提单的国际条约的形成，解决铁路提单与现有以铁路运单为基础的国际铁路规则不兼容的问题;建立健全铁路提单签发者信用监管制度以降低签发者的信用风险。
关键词：中欧班列；铁路提单;物权凭证中图分类号:D996.1文献标志码:A文章编号：2096-028X(2021)01-0070-09The nature,risks and countermeasures of railway bill of lading—comments on the first case of the railway bill of ladingZHANG Hu,HU Cheng-hang(School of International Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai200042,China) Abstract:By referring to the system of ocean bills of lading and combining with the characteristics of railway transportation, the railway bill of lading should be a transport document which integrates the proof of transportation contract,the certificate of receiving goods and the certificate of delivery,with the functions of circulation and pledge.Due to the lack of relevant legislation,there are still some risks,such as the imperfect credit supervision system of the issuer of the bill of lading,the lack of relief for the issuance of railway bill of lading,the risk of the realization of the right of control over goods of the holder of the railway bill of lading,and the risk of delivery of goods without bill of lading.On the one hand,it is necessary to affirm the positive role of railway bill of lading in promoting trade circulation.On the other hand,it is suggested to improve domestic legislation to confirm its basic nature and function,to actively promote the formation of international treaties on the railway bill of lading to solve the problem of incompatibility between railway bill of lading and international railway rules based on the existing railway waybill,to establish and improve the credit supervision system of railway bill of lading issuers so as to reduce the credit risk of railway bill of lading issuers.Key words:China-Europe Container Train；railway bill of lading；document of title—、问题的提出式随着“一带一路”倡议的稳步推进，跨国铁路中欧班列的开行不仅扩大了亚欧大陆的经贸往运输的需求激增，中盼列的开行数量和密度也持来，也为中欧之间进出口货物提供了全新的物流模续增加。
铁路专业外语
EMU(Electric Multiple Unit 动车组 Distance/Time Graph 列车运行图 Traffic forecast 运量预测 Rolling stock 车辆Train organization 列车运行组织 Line planning(train service planning) 列车开行方案Timetable(distance/time gragh) 时刻表（列车运行图） city poles 城市中心 subcontract 分包、转包Contracts of punctuality 准点协议compensation for delayed trains 准列车晚点赔偿Booking ,Withdrawal,Exchange and refund 定票、取票、换票和退票 traffic induced 诱增客流transferred from to rail 转移客流 price sensitive customers 票价敏感 quotas 配额buying in advance 提前购票 Prem’s offer 预售票Variable reduction 不同的折扣 rate of no-shows 缺席率 liquid-bulk tank cars 罐车, openflatcars 平车, hopper cars 底卸车, and traditional boxcars 棚车 capacity choke points 能力瓶颈commuter 通勤者____________安全隐患potential safety concerns 交通规则 traffic regulation 路标 guide post红/绿/黄灯red/green/ amber light 交通岗 traffic post 岗亭police box 打手势pantomime超车道passing/overtaking lane 单双程线single /dual carriageways 单行道one way only/traffic/road 双向交通 two-way traffic 双白线 double white lines 斑马线 zebra stripes 划路线机traffic line marker 交通干线artery/trunk traffic 自行车通行 cyclists only窄/不平整路 narrow/ rough road 陡坡 steep hill弯路curve road ; bend road 连续弯路 winding road 之字路double bend road 道路交叉点 road junction信号交叉口signalized intersection 十字路crossroad/ intersection 禁止通行no through traffic 此路不通 blocked不准超越keep in line ; no overhead 不准掉头no turns 安全岛 safety island 停车处 parking place不准停车 restricted stop 不准滞留restricted waiting 临街停车 parking on-street 街外停车 parking off-street街外卸车 loading off-street 当心人caution pedestrian crossing 拱桥 hump bridge修路 road works人山人海 crowded conditions 水泄不通 overwhelm犯交通罪committing traffic offences 执照被记违endorsed on driving license无证驾驶 driving without license 无第三方保险 without third-party insurance 轻微碰撞 slight impact 迎面相撞head-on collision相撞collided;撞车crash 连环撞a chain collision 辗过run over肇事逃跑司机 hit-run driver 冲上人道drive onto the pavement 交事故现场traffic accident scene 摄影测绘技术 photogram metric technology再现术reconstruction technology Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)impose 施加，强使，利用，征税 Car-Derived Vans 送货汽车 derive from 得自，由来，衍生 rigid vehicles 整体式车辆laden weight 装载重量 gross laden weight 总载货车maximum gross weight 最大总重量 maximum permissible gross laden weight 最大容许总装载重,最大容许满载总重(车辆）maximum permissibleconcentration 最大容许浓度 carrying capacity 承载能力，（电工）载流容量Environmental carrying capacitynumber plate 车牌“n times”, “n fold” “by a factor of n”表示增大到n 倍，“增加了n-1倍” ； sophistication 诡辩,强词夺理,混合 level of sophistication 复杂水平 Radio pager 无线电寻呼机account for 说明, 占, 解决, 得分 traffic analysis zone 交通分析分区 电流与电压的关系可用下式表示。
城轨线路车底空驶出场路径与时刻表综合优化
第41卷第8期2019年8月铁道学报JOURNAL OF THE CHINA RAILWAY SOCIETYVol.41No.8August2019文章编号：1001-8360(2019)08-0019-13城轨线路车底空驶出场路径与时刻表综合优化王典12,赵军12,钟庆伟12,彭其渊121西南交通大学交通运输与物流学院，四川成都611756；2.西南交通大学综合交通智能化国家地方联合工程实验室，四川成都611756)摘要：探讨城轨线路运营时段前车底空驶出场路径与时刻表综合优化问题，给定运营时段内运行图和车底交路，路径问题指派运营时段初列车需要车底的配属车场及其运营时段前从车场到列车始发站的出场路径，时刻表问题确定车底在其选择路径上途经车场、中间站和折返站的到发时刻。
通过网络抽象提前生成所有列车的可行车底出场路径，以车底出场总空驶距离和总空驶时间最小为目标，考虑车场和车站能力，构建混合整数线性规划模型。
为避免车底在途不必要停站，设计两阶段算法，对出场方案进行二次优化。
采用大规模实际案例验证所提出方法的可行性和有效性&关键词：城市轨道交通；车底运用；路径；时刻表；空驶出场中图分类号：U292.62文献标志码：A doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-8360.2019.08003Integrated Optimization of Rolling Stock Deadhead Routing andTimetabling in Urban Rail Transit LineWANG Dian1",ZHAO Jun1",ZHONG Qingwei1",PENG Qiyuan12(1.School of Transportation and Logistics,Southwest Jiaotong Universty,Chengdu611756,China；2.National United Engineering Laboratory of Integrated and Intelligent Transportation,Southwest Jiantong Universty,Chengdu611756,China) Abstract：This paper investigated the optimization of rolling stock deadhead routing and timetabling before the operation period of an urban rail transit line.Given train timetables and rolling stock circulation plans within theoperationperiod,theroutingproblemlayinassigningtheorigindepotandtheassoMiatedeadheadroutebe-foreoperationperiodbetweenthedepotandoriginstationtothero l ingstoMkoftrainsrunningattheinitialop-eration period.The timetabling problem is to determine the arrival and departure time at the depot,middle stations and transfer stations along the deadhead route of rolling stocks.All feasible rolling stock deadhead route=of train=were generated in advance with the help of network repre=entation.Then,theproblem wa= formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model with minimizing the total deadhead mileage and total deadhead time as objective,while depot and station capacity were strictly satisfied.A two-stage algorithm was developed to secondly optimize the obtEined deEdheEd plEns such thEt unnecessEry stops of ro l ing stocksEt middlestEtionswereEvoided.AlErge-scEleprEcticElcEsewEsutilizedtodemonstrEtethefeEsibilityEnde f ec-tivenessoftheproposedEpproEch.Key words：Urban rail transit；rolling stock utilization；routing；timetabling；deadhead movement本文研究城市轨道交通线路车底全日出入场走行收稿日期：2018-04-11；修回日期：2018-09-26基金项目：国家自然科学基金(61603318,U1834209)；国家重点研发计划(2017YFB1200701)第一作者：王典(1993—)男，湖北黄冈人，博士研究生。
跨国并购 外文翻译原文
Analysis of Merger and Acquisition Strategy of Multinationals in China and ChineseEnterprises CountermeasuresAbstractMergers and acquisitions of transnational corporations in China presents the strategic trends in recent years. Merger and acquisition strategy of multinationals in China to successfully implement, not only objective necessity of political reform and economic development in China, there are also accidental by Chinese enterprises and government of the subjective errors caused. To prevent risk of multinational merger and acquisition in China, Chinese enterprises should raise awareness of multinational merger and acquisition, carefully chosen joint venture partners, build complete learning system in joint venture/cooperative, enhanced learning capabilities, and enhanced management of merger and acquisition strategies.Key words: Multinational corporations; Merger and acquisition strategy; Joint venture; CooperationIn the late 1990 of 20th century, multinational companies merger and acquisition activity in China is increasing, from all indications, merger and acquisition of multinational corporations in China in recent years had a profound international background, this is a strategic merger behaviors. Grasping the nature of multinationals merger and acquisition strategy in China, it is the important basis for understanding transnational corporation mergers and acquisitions in China.1.THE NATURE OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY OF MULTINATIONALS IN CHINADifferent from the previous financial mergers and acquisitions or buy shells of mergers and acquisitions, merger and acquisition motives of multinational corporations in China in recent years, not for implementation of speculative gains, but through the merger and monopoly of the world markets for goods and investment, to seize the material and technical and human resources, successful implementation of global management strategy. It can be said that mergers and acquisitions of strategic motives of transnational corporations presents the strategic trends. To multinational recently on China equipment manufacturing enterprise for multiple mergers and acquisitions as cases, although so far, multinational only respectively on some backbone Enterprise for mergers and acquisitions, under effect in domestic various forces, has not been to implement overall of strategic, and systematic of mergers and acquisitions (is on domestic different area, and same industry several backbone enterprise ofmergers and acquisitions), has not been constitute of threat on China entire equipment manufacturing of key industry, and main area. But the trend of mergers and acquisitions to systematic, high specification, such as, after the United States Caterpillar company mergers and acquisitions in Shandong engineering machinery company, seek merging domestic construction machinery industry of key enterprises, such as Xiamen engineering machinery company, Weifang diesel power company,and Shanghai diesel power company of, reflects this trend.2. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY OF MULTINATIONALS IN CHINA2.1 Charctristics of Mergers and Acquisitions IndustryMultinational merger and acquisition in China in recent years mainly concentrated in three main areas: first, the area of production and supply of electric power and other energy; the second is basic materials area, such as steel, chemical raw materials industries; the third is consumer goods production area of beers, soft drinks, skin care products and so on. These industries have the following in common: with foreign investment in these sectors are relatively mature industry, foreign capital has formed a certain scale of production and capital accumulation in the domestic; these are industries that has been or is being lifted; Mergers and acquisitions industry has the characteristics of potential of large scale and high growth potential. In recent years, as China’s economy continues to grow, rising standards of living, potential size and growth potential in the consumer goods industry began to emerge, so as to drive the demand for energy and basic materials industry rapidly rising, making it difficult to meet the market demand for the production capacity of these industries. In order to quickly dominate the market, transnational corporations have used mergers and acquisitions or expansion of investment into China.2.2 Acquisition ways characteristicsIn General, mergers of transnational corporations in China in the following three ways: first, the restructured holdings acquisition, that is, through participation in the restructuring of domestic enterprises, acquisition of 50% per cent of its equity, to achieve control of enterprise management purposes. For example,In March 2001, China tire industry leading enterprise --China Tire and Rubber Compa ny and the world’s largest tire manufacturer-Michelin formed a joint venture company, Michelin 70% stocks, venture companies invest US $ 320 million reverse takeover of tire rubber company’s core business and assets. Second, increased capital holdings acquisition, that is, in the original on the basis of China-foreign joint ventures, foreign capital increase and share, Chinese does not participate in the capital increase, lower the shares, so that the foreign share holdings. For example,In April 1994, Dalian Motor factory and Singapore Wester motor company established a joint venture of Wester (Dalian) Motor Co., Ltd. In April 2004, Wester further mergers and acquisitions the shares held by the Chinese side of Dalian motor company. Third, the share acquisition, that is, foreign companies at the same time offering a-shares and b-shares, or h-shares, acquired not circulation of legal person shares by agreement or holdings of a large number of b-shares, or h-shares, achieve the purpose of shares or holdings. Such as Beijing wagon limited companyand Japan Isuzu motors and Itochu Shoji Corporation signed a cooperation agreement, Isuzu and Itochu joint agreements to purchase, one-time purchase of North brigade not listing circulation of legal person shares 4 20,000 shares of the company, 25% per cent of total share capital of Beijing wagon limited company, become the largest shareholder of Beijing wagon limited company.Characteristics of Acquired EnterpriseAcquired enterprise general is State or State holding enterprise has development years in domestic, has popularity high of brand, sound of market sales network, more advanced of technology, but due to management system does not perfect, history causes, has into business dilemma, enterprise was forced to overall sold or transfer part quality assets, such as: Dalian Motor Factory, Jiamusi Combine Harvester Factory, and Northwest Bearing Factory, and Shenyang Chisel Rock Machinery Company and so on, these enterprises are industry of leader or challenger, but into cash flow problems due to various reasons, shrinking sales, business difficult to continue, in order to enliven the State-owned assets, resolve some of the workers’ employment, enterprises are forced to overall sold or transfer some good assets and joint venture with multinationals. Or for promoting the progress of technology and management need to seek foreign investment.2.4 Characteristics of Merger and Acquisition StrategyIn recent years, merger and acquisition strategy of multinationals in China is clear, they tend to choose the establishment of China-foreign joint ventures and foreign-controlled, final adoption of the foreign capital merger and acquisition, to a wholly foreign-owned enterprises. Even some multinational corporations seeking holding status when they established joint ventures. Then, in the business course of China-foreign joint venture enterprise, marketing channels is controlled by foreign enterprises, implementation of “high and low” strategy, transfer of profits, or do not want to put in new technology, numerous contradictions with China,Cause in fact of business losses, forcing the Chinese transfer of ownership to the foreign, foreign acquisitions China shares, desire for realization of wholly-owned .For example, Fu Anjie railway bearing (Ningxia) Ltd., Wester (Dalian) Motors Ltd., Dalian Burton Motors Ltd , such these joint ventures were turned into a wholly foreign-owned enterprises by foreign merger and acquisition of Chinese shares .3. ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF THE MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY OF MULTINATIONALS IN CHINAMerger and acquisition of multinationals in China has an obvious strategic, but why the merger and acquisition strategy of multinationals in Chinacan be successfully implemented? There are the objective inevitability of both political and economic reform and development in China,also with Chinese enterprises and Government error led to the contingency subjective.3.1 the objective necessity of transnational companies successfully implement the strategy of Merger and Acquisition in china3.1.1 Reform of State-Owned Enterprises Offers a Number of Opportunities to Multinational Mergers and Acquisitions Strategy in ChinaReform of State-owned enterprises had a high demand on foreign funds. There are nearly 400,000 State-owned enterprises in China, many companies will need restructuring or reorganization, there are three areas of funding gap in restructuring or reorganization process: first, the social security funds; the second is the restitution of fun ds banks ‘ bad loans in State-owned enterprises; The third is the sale of State-owned assets of the funding gap in a competitive business. There are three ways to cover the financing gap: country financial; absorbing domestic and foreign investment; State can no longer provide huge amounts of money for the reform of State-owned enterprises, absorbing domestic investments, because lack of non-State-owned investment capacity and willingness and impossible to large-scale implementation domestic investment, which provides opportunities for transnational corporation mergers and acquisitions of State-owned enterprises in China.3.1.2 Conversion from Joint Venture and Cooperation Mode to Wholly-Owned Mode is the Inevitable of Chinese Economic Reform and DevelopmentCooperative and owned is two patterns of internationalization of multinational companies. Due to transnational corporations initial entry into the host country, transnational corporations did not familiar on host country policies, culture, market environment, host country governments development of a number of barriers to entry, sole risk higher than joint venture and cooperation. However, as changes in the he host country environment caused location advantage of enhancements, transnational corporations increases experience through studying, enhancements and strengthened ownership advantage strategic motives of transnational corporations, risk and return of the wholly-owned and joint venture and cooperation mode has changed, wholly-owned gradually replaced so that joint venture and cooperation, replacing a variety of ways, merger and acquisition is one of the most important way. There are three reasons promoting the successful implementation of a merger and acquisition strategy of multinationals in China. First, the rapid development of China’s economy for many years, China’s growing importance in the world economy, the world’s largest potential market is gradually maturing and Chinese market position gradually growing in the global strategy of transnational corporations in China, thus increasing the multinationals take sole mode of income. Second, after joining the WTO, China gradually open industries, lowering the barrier to entry of multinational merger and acquisition enterprises in China, thereby reversing the multinational joint ventures and wholly-owned of risk and return ratio. Third, the multinational companies operating in China for a period of time, get to know China and Chinese markets, which reduces the investment risk.3.2 THE SUBJECTIVE CONTINGENCIES OF TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY IN CHINA3.2.1 Failure of Chinese Enterprises Implementation Joint Venture and Cooperation StrategyMore important reason of Multinational companies from the joint venture and cooperation to the holding and to a wholly-owned strategy success is Chinese joint-venture, cooperation strategy failed.First, the Chinese enterprises lack of knowledge on the complexity of the joint venture and cooperation. Joint venture and cooperation is a wide range of more complex problems ona variety of cultural, enterprises and strategies. To achieve the strategic purpose of the joint venture and cooperation, joint ventures, cooperation between the two sides have to properly address issues such as cultural conflict, distribution and disposal of the proceeds, technology learning and protection. China business knowledge on the complexity of the joint venture and cooperation is often not enough, more attention to possible benefits brought by joint venture and cooperation, ignoring the risk of joint venture and cooperation, results to run some of the poor handling of the conflict, affecting the normal operation of the joint venture and cooperative enterprises, or foreign opportunism of inadequate preparations, finally was forced to participate in mergers and acquisitions.Second, Selected not appropriate for joint ventures and cooperation partners.When choosing a partner for Chinese enterprises are often too look at the size of the transnational corporations, technology and management of advanced degrees, and ignore the foreign joint venture of mind, ignored the two parties on the cultural fit, complementary capabilities and resources, as well as position in the joint venture and cooperative enterprises, and many other issues. Making some multinational companies not only to low cost entry into the Chinese market, and dominate in the joint venture and cooperative enterprises, for further mergers and acquisitions Chinese companies with an opportunity.Third, the failure of joint ventures and cooperative learning mechanism in the process. Learning advanced technology and management experience is the main causes of Chinese enterprises and multinational companies to form joint ventures and cooperative enterprises, but Chinese enterprises often do not have to establish a learning mechanism in the process of joint-venture and cooperation. Learning mechanism failure caused results of China enterprise joint venture and cooperation loss of marke t, but haven’t learned skills and experience.3.2.2 Failure of The Merger and Acquisition of Chinese Enterprises StrategyFirst, goals of participating in transnational merger and acquisition is fuzzy and negotiation failure. When Chinese enterprises participating in transnational merger and acquisition, have only good intentions, there is a lack of long-term strategic objectives and effective negotiating routes design, eager to reorganization of assets, high quality assets on multinational mergers and acquisitions, bad assets, debt and the burden of bureaucracy has left China’s parent company. High quality assets are joint ventures with transnational corporations and have not good grasped of commercial negotiation conditions and patterns, and give up control of a joint venture, parent company lost its core competitiveness, lost technology, brand and marketing, enterprise techniques and technology research and development in the future depends on the strategy arrangements of transnational corporation. Second, choosing the merger and acquisition of foreign investors misconduct. Different types of merger and acquisition of foreign investors, determine the effect of mergers and acquisitions different. International multinational consortium with strong financial strength, can easily mobilize huge amounts of money, holding and acquisitions of Chinese companies, and asset consolidation, packing, then go to the foreign or domestic capital markets for cash, earn high profits. China to introduce such investors, although can avoid to be controlled on the technology and production, access to financial support for the time being, are unable to obtain knowledge of manufacturing technologies and production, marketing, does not help enterprises to raise the level of technology and management, and even lose the basis forlong-term development. When many Chinese companies involved in mergers and acquisitions, without carefully assessing and weighing the introduction of different foreign investor to bring effects and interest and blindly participating in transnational mergers and acquisitions, resulting in counterproductive.4. COUNTERMEASURES OF CHINESE ENTERPRISE FACES MULTINATIONALS MERGER AND ACQUISITION STRATEGY IN CHINA4.1 Increasing Awareness of Multinational Merger and Acquisition strategyFirst, clear understanding of the nature of merger and acquisition strategy of multinationals in China. Multinational merger and acquisition in China has not only access to markets, but sought trade monopolies and globally integrated supply chain. Second, fully understand the risks of joint venture/cooperative, understand the advantages and disadvantages of mergers and acquisitions, raising awareness of risk prevention. Joint venture, cooperation and mergers and acquisitions has a double-edged sword effect, to fully assess the risks of losing markets, brands and core technology in the process of joint-venture, cooperation and mergers and acquisitions, and increased awareness of risk prevention, to take effective measures to prevent risks to organization structure design, patent protection, and other aspects. Thirdly, recognizing the importance that keep own business brand and core technology for sustainable development. Brand and core technology is the key source of enterprise’s core competitiveness, loss of brand and core technology will reduce the bargaining power of competition and cooperation of Chinese enterprises and transnational corporations, eventually reduced to matching supply of vendors of multinational corporations has a core competence .4.2 carefully choosing a foreign joint Venture PartnersWhen select partners in joint ventures, to thoroughly understand and analysis the strategic intent the foreign, final judgment goal of foreign joint ventures take acquisitions as a strategy only get into the Chinese market in the early days, aimed at bypassing the Chinese industry control, or for long-term business cooperation with Chinese enterprises. If the foreigner is for long-term business cooperation, Chinese companies should identify own real needs, maintain their unique resources and advantages, from the practical needs of enterprises and the advantages complementary between the two sides, carefully chosen joint venture partners.4.3. strengthening strategic Management capabilities of Mergers and Acquisitions4.3.1 Enhanced Ability to Develop Rational Merger and Acquisition StrategyAt the time of acquisition, Chinese enterprises should have clear targets and strategies of merger and acquisition. As backbone enterprise, to research itself market status, confirmed whether needs participate in transnational mergers and acquisitions; if must by assets restructuring out dilemma, whether must by multinational mergers and acquisitions; if had to looking for multinational mergers and acquisitions, to clear the target by mergers and acquisitions, and developed specific programme of mergers and acquisitions negotiations, using itself of resources, keep on joint venture enterprise of control right, especially to clear Enterprise for technology route of led right; if mergers and acquisitions must to gave upindependent development for premise, seeking borne the original debt and redundant staff placement by multinational enterprises. Otherwise, the value involved in mergers and acquisitions will be greatly reduced.4.3.2 Enhanced Ability to Identify Qualified Acquisition Investor based on reasonable estimation of the enterprise’s own development bottleneck is shortage of technology, shortage of funds, or the shortage of market-oriented, Chinese enterprise careful comparison and calculation of industrial investors and financial investors, commercial investors to enterprise resources and benefits, conditions and cost of the enterprise delivered, choose different types of mergers and acquisitions investors.4.3.3 Strengthen The Capacity of Protection Brand and Technology in Mergers and Acquisitions Process First, before implement mergers and acquisitions, should correctly awareness and assessment brand assets value, China enterprise should hired authority assessment institutions, used advanced of brand value assessment system to assessment brand assets, to prevent the local brand value of loss in foreign and joint venture enterprise mergers and acquisitions process; on the other hand, when mergers and acquisitions, high popularity and reputation of brand must to keep more independence, not easily is controlled by multinationals, this is key involved brand life .。
铁矿石定价(普氏)
16
Platts Assessment Reflects Marginal Price
Iron ore market
150 150 150 149 149
Assessment of price at margin constrained by lowest offer, highest bid
Rebar futures market
12
Agenda • Platts price discovery process • Growth in transparency and trading platforms • Floating price activity and its relation to quality and timing
Singapore Beijing Shanghai Hong Kong Tokyo Melbourne London Moscow Dubai Sao Paulo Buenos Aires New York Washington Houston Pittsburgh Boston Denver Evergreen Hightstown Westminster
185
Spot price IODEX (CFR CHINA) Contract price (FOB AUS)
165
145
125
105
85
65
Annual “benchmark” pricing
45 04/01/07
Quarterly
Monthly/shorter term
10/01/07
04/01/08
6
Daily and Real-Time Publications for Iron Ore & Coking Coal & Steel & Freight
核电英语词汇
核电英语词汇
atmospheric pressure 大气压力 atmospheric radiation monitoring apparatus 大气 辐射监测装置 atmospheric stability 大气稳定度 atom absorption spectroscopy 原子吸收谱 ATWS mitigation system ATWS 缓解系统 audible count rate signal 计数率音响系统 audible signals 音响信号 audit follow-up 监查后续行动 audit plan 监查计划 audit record 监查记录 audit 监查 C circuit diagram 电路图 circular railway 环形轨道 circulating cooler 循环冷风机 circulating cooling water drainage system 循环水 排放系统 circulating cooling water energy disoersion 循环 水排放口消能系统 circulating cooling water intake system 循环水吸 入系统 circulating cooling water pumping station system 循环水泵房系统 circulating cooling water treatment system 循环 水处理系统 circulating cooling water yard pipe network system 循环水厂区管路系统 circulating water pump 循环水泵 circulation ratio 循环倍率 circumferential ridge 周向环脊 civil works 土建工程 clad pellet gap 包壳与芯块间的间隙
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Table 1.
Timetable Amsterdam-Vlissingen vice versa
The trains have more stops, but for our purposes only those given in the table are of interest. For each of the stages of any scheduled train, NS has determined an expected number of passengers, divided into rst class and second class, given in the following table:
1. The problem
Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) runs an hourly train service on its route Amsterdam-Schiphol Airport-Leyden-The Hague-Rotterdam-DordrechtRoosendaal-Middelburg-Vlissingen vice versa, with the following timetable, for each day from Monday till Friday:
Table 2.
Numbers of required rst class (up) and second class (down) seats
The problem to be solved is: What is the minimum amount of train stock necessary to perform the service in such a way that at each stage there are enough seats? In order to answer this question, one should know a number of further characteristics and constraints. In a rst variant of the problem considered, the train stock consists of one type of two-way train-units, each consisting of three carriages. The number of seats in any unit is: rst class 38 second class 163 Table 3. Number of seats Each unit has at both ends an engineer's cabin, and units can be coupled together, up to a certain maximum number of units. This maximum is trajectorydependent, and depends on lengths of station platforms, curvature of bends, required acceleration speed and braking distance, etc. On each of the trajectories of the line Amsterdam-Vlissingen this maximum number is 15 carriages, meaning 5 train-units. The train length can be changed, by coupling or decoupling units, at the terminal stations of the line, that is at Amsterdam and Vlissingen, and en route at two intermediate stations: Rotterdam and Roosendaal. Any trainunit decoupled from a train arriving at place X at time t can be linked up to any other train departing from X at any time later than t. (The AmsterdamVlissingen schedule is such that in practice this gives enough time to make the necessary switchings.) A last condition put is that for each place X 2 fAmsterdam, Rotterdam, Roosendaal, Vlissingeng, the number of train-units staying overnight at X should be constant during the week (but may vary for di erent places). This 207
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train number 2108 2112 2116 2120 2124 2128 2132 2136 2140 Vlissingen V 5.30 6.54 7.56 8.56 9.56 10.56 11.56 Roosendaal A 6.35 7.48 8.50 9.50 10.50 11.50 12.50 Roosendaal V 5.29 6.43 7.52 8.53 9.53 10.53 11.53 12.53 Rotterdam A 6.28 7.26 8.32 9.32 10.32 11.32 12.32 13.32 Rotterdam V 5.31 6.29 7.32 8.35 9.34 10.34 11.34 12.34 13.35 Amsterdam A 6.39 7.38 8.38 9.40 10.38 11.38 12.38 13.38 14.38 train number 2144 2148 2152 2156 2160 2164 2168 2172 2176 Vlissingen V 12.56 13.56 14.56 15.56 16.56 17.56 18.56 19.55 Roosendaal A 13.50 14.50 15.50 16.50 17.50 18.50 19.50 20.49 Roosendaal V 13.53 14.53 15.53 16.53 17.53 18.53 19.53 20.52 21.53 Rotterdam A 14.32 15.32 16.32 17.33 18.32 19.32 20.32 21.30 22.32 Rotterdam V 14.35 15.34 16.34 17.35 18.34 19.34 20.35 21.32 22.34 Amsterdam A 15.38 16.40 17.38 18.38 19.38 20.38 21.38 22.38 23.38
train number 2159 2163 2167 2171 2175 2179 2183 2187 2191 Amsterdam V 14.56 15.56 16.56 17.56 18.56 19.56 20.56 21.56 22.56 Rotterdam A 15.58 16.58 17.58 18.58 19.58 20.58 21.58 22.58 23.58 Rotterdam V 16.00 17.01 18.01 19.02 20.02 21.02 22.02 23.02 Roosendaal A 16.43 17.43 18.42 19.41 20.41 21.41 22.41 23.54 Roosendaal V 16.45 17.45 18.44 19.43 20.43 21.43 Vlissingen A 17.40 18.40 19.39 2xander Schrijver email: lex@cwi.nl
We describe some research in progress performed for Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS,Dutch Railways) to determine a minimum circulation of train-units needed to execute a given timetable with given bounds on demands and capacities.
Minimum Circulation of Railway Stock
CWI, Kruislaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Mathematics, University of Amsterdam, Plantage Muidergracht 24, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands