量子力学英文名词 ppt课件
量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Charter10
In molecular physics, this technique is known as the Born-Oppenheimer （玻恩-奥本海默）approximation.
In quantum mechanics, the essential content of the adiabatic approximation can be cast in the form of a theorem.
Here we assume that the spectrum is discrete and nondegenerate throughout the transition from Hi to Hf , so there is no ambiguity（歧义） about the
ordering of the states; these conditions can be relaxed, given a suitable procedure for “tracking” （跟踪）the eigenfunctions, but we’re not going to pursue that
A case in point is our discussion of the hydrogen molecule ion.
We began by assuming that the nuclei were at rest, a fixed distance R apart, and we solved for the motion of the electron.
and they are complete, so the general solution to the time-dependent Schrödinger equation
量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Chapter6
Writing n and En as power series in , we have
Here : En1 is the first-order correction to the nth eigenvalue, n1 is the first-order correction to the nth eigenfunction; En2 and n2 are the second-order corrections, and so on.
To first order (1),
To second order (2),
and so on. We’re done with , now — it was just a device to keep track of the different orders — so crank it up to 1.
The right side is a known function, so this amounts to an inhomogeneous differential equation for n1. Now, the unperturbed wave functions constitute a complete set, so n1 (like any other function) can be expressed as a linear combination of them:
but unless we are very lucky, we’re unlikely to be able to solve the Schrö dinger equation exactly, for this more complicated potential. Perturbation theory is a systematic procedure for obtaining approximate solutions to the perturbed problem by building on the known exact solutions to the unperturbed case.
量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Charter8
The essential idea is as follows: Imagine a particle of energy E moving through a region where the potential V(x) is constant.
Suppose we have an infinite square well with a bumpy bottom (Figure 8.2):
Inside the well [assuming E > V(x) throughout] we have or, more conveniently, where
rather slowly in comparison to , so that over a region
containing many full wavelengths the potential is essentially constant.
Then it is reasonable to suppose that remains
F is the transmitted amplitude, and the tunneling probability is
In the tunneling region ( 0 x a ), the WKB approximation gives
But if the barrier is very high and/or very wide, then the coefficient of the exponentially increasing term (C) must be small, and the wave function looks something like Figure 8.4.
量子力学英文格里菲斯Chapter2PPT课件
Once we have found the separable solutions, then, we can immediately construct a much more general solution, of the form
It so happens that every solution to the (time dependent) Schrödinger equation can be written in this form — it is simply a matter of finding the right constants (c1, c2, c3, c4, …）so as to fit the initial conditions for the problem at hand.
4
Now the left side is a function of t alone, and the right side is a function of x alone.
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The only way this can be possibly be true is if both sides are in fact constant, we shall call the separation constant E. Then
But before we get to that we would like to consider further the question:
7
What’s so great about separable solution ?
可分离的解（即 (x,t)=(x) f(t) ）为何如此重要？
After all, most solutions to the (time-dependent)
复旦量子力学讲义qmapter-PPT精品
§3.2 Dirac equation
➢4 anti-commute matrices α and β 4×4 matrices
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§3.2 Dirac equation
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§3.2 Dirac equation
➢Conservation law of the probability flux
† , jkc†k
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§3.3 solutions of the free particle
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§3.3 solutions of the free particle
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§3.3 solutions of the free particle
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§3.2 Dirac equation
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§3.2 Dirac equation
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§3.2 Dirac equation
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§3.2 Dirac equation
➢The condition for α and β
1) They must follow the relation
equation
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§3.1 Klein – Gordon equation
➢Lorentz transormation time, space are of the same weight
➢K – G equation
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§3.1 Klein – Gordon equation
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量子力学英文名词
物理学名词中英文对照
斯特藩-玻耳 Stefan-Boltzmann law 兹曼定律 斯特藩常量 Stefan constant 维恩位移定律 Wien displacement law 瑞利-金斯公式 Rayleigh-Jens formula 普朗克辐射公式 Planck radiation formula 普朗克常量 Planck constant
附 录
5
物理学
第五版
物理学
第五版
物理学名词中英文对照
能带 基态 激发态 弗兰克赫兹实验 德布罗意波 德布罗意波长
energy band ground state excitation state Franck-Hertz experiment De Broglie wave De Broglie wavelength
附
录
4
物理学
第五版
物理学
第五版
物理学名词中英文对照
普丰得系 玻尔量子 化条件 玻尔氢原子 玻尔频率条件 玻尔半径 能级
Pfund series Bohr quantization condition Bohr hydrogen atom Bohr frequency condition Bohr radius energy level
附
录
3
物理学
第五版
物理学
第五版
物理学名词中英文对照
康普顿效应 康普顿散射 康普顿波长 反冲电子 莱曼系 帕邢系 布拉开系
Compton effect Compton scattering Compton wavelength recoil electron Lyman series Paschen series Brackett series
量子力学英文介绍
量子力学英文介绍Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics, is a branch of theoretical physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, including subatomic particles like electrons and photons. It is an incredibly complex and counterintuitive theory, but also one of the most successful scientific theories ever developed.Step 1: The Beginnings of Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics originated in the early 20th century, primarily through the work of physicists Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and ErwinSchrödinger. Their investigations into the behavior of light and matter led them to develop a new set of mathematical equations that governed the behavior of subatomic particles.Step 2: The Weirdness of Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics has a number of strange and seemingly paradoxical features that make it hard to wrap one's head around. For example, particles at the quantum level do not have a definite location until they are measured, and they can exist in multiple states at once. Quantum mechanics also introduced the concept of entanglement, in which particles can become "entangled" so that a measurement of one particle can instantly affect the state of the other, even if they are separated by vast distances.Step 3: Applications of Quantum MechanicsDespite its weirdness, quantum mechanics has a wide range of practical applications. One of the most notable is the development of the transistor, which is a crucialcomponent in modern electronic devices like computers and smartphones. Quantum mechanics also plays a role in materials science, cryptography, and quantum computing, which has the potential to revolutionize computation.Step 4: Current Research in Quantum MechanicsQuantum mechanics continues to be an active area of research and discovery. Areas of current interest include quantum entanglement and teleportation, the development of more efficient quantum algorithms, and exploring the possibilities of quantum computing. Researchers are also investigating the relationship between quantum mechanics and general relativity, the other pillar of modern physics.In conclusion, quantum mechanics is a fascinating and important theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the universe. It has many practical applications and continues to inspire new discoveries and innovations. While its weirdness and complexity can be daunting, it is well worth the effort to understand and appreciate this amazing theory.。
量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Charter9
It is the time dependence that concerns us here. So when we write (t), we simply mean the state of the system at time t.
In the absence of any perturbation, each component evolves with its characteristic exponential factor:
From Eqs.[9.6] and [9.7], we find
Inview of Eq.[9.1], the first two terms on the left cancel the last two terms on the right and hence
(1) To isolate dca /dt, we use the standard trick: Take the inner product with a, and exploit the orthogonality of a and b (Eq.[9.2]), from Eq.[9.8] we have :
The purpose of this chapter is to develop timedependent perturbation theory, and study its most important application : the emission or absorption of radiation by an atom -- a process known in the old Bohr theory as a quantum jump.
If, for example, the particle started out in the state a, so that ca(0)=1 and cb(0)=0. At some later time t1 we find that ca(t1)=0, cb(t1)=1, we shall report that the system underwent a transition from a to b. We solve for ca(t) and cb(t) by demanding that (t) satisfy the time-dependent Schrö dinger equation,
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康普顿效应 康普顿散射 康普顿波长 反冲电子 莱曼系 帕邢系 布拉开系
Compton effect Compton scattering Compton wavelength recoil electron Lyman series Paschen series Brackett series
普丰得系 玻尔量子 化条件 玻尔氢原子 玻尔频率条件
玻尔半径 能级
Pfund series Bohr quantization condition Bohr hydrogen atom Bohr frequency condition Bohr radius energy level
能带 基态 激发态 弗兰克赫兹实验 德布罗意波 德布罗意波长
energy band ground state excitation state Franck-Hertz experiment
量子力学ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้文名词
量子理论 量子力学 量子化 黑体 黑体辐射 黑洞
quantum theory quantum mechanics quantization black body black-body radiation black hole
斯特藩-玻耳 Stefan-Boltzmann law 兹曼定律 斯特藩常量 Stefan constant 维恩位移定律 Wien displacement law 瑞利-金斯公式 Rayleigh-Jens formula 普朗克辐射公式 Planck radiation formula 普朗克常量 Planck constant
概率密度 概率波 归一化条件 薛定谔方程 定态 定态薛定谔方程
probability density probability wave normalizing condition Schrödinger equation stationary state stationary Schrödinger equation
能量子 光电效应 光电子 光电流 遏止电势差 红限 波粒二象性
energy quantum photoelectric effect photo electron photocurrent cutoff potential difference red-limit wave-particle dualism
De Broglie wave De Broglie wavelength
德布罗意公式 物质波 戴维孙-革末实验
不确定关系 波函数
De Broglie formula matter wave Davisson Germer experiment uncertainty relation wave function
势阱
potential well
对应原理 correspondence principle
隧道效应 tunneling effect
能量量子化 energy quantization
主量子数 principal quantum number
角动量量子化 angular quantization
角量子数 angle quantum number 空间量子化 space quantization 磁量子数 magnetic quantum number 电子自旋 electron spin 自旋量子数 spin quantum number 自旋磁量子数 spin magnetic quantum