药理学药效学毒理学专业英语
药理学What is pharmacology
药理学What is pharmacology?①药动Pharmacokinetics：what the body does to drug. Refer to the way the body handles drugabsorption, distribution ,metabolism, excretion and toxicity. Onse it is determined, rational, dosage , regimens can be instituted.②药效Pharmacodynamics：what the drug does to body.(1drug receptor.2effect of drug-efficacy 3responses to drug 4toxixity and adverse effests of drug)③治疗Pharmacotherapeutics：the study of the use of drug.④生药Pharmacognosy(sources of drugs：plants,animal,mineral,microbes,synthetics)；⑤Toxicology毒理半衰期t1/2( half-life): the time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50%.ED50(half effective dose): the dose of a drug that is effective for 50% of the population exposedto the drug. LD50(half lethal dose): the dose at which death occurs in 50% of subjects.治疗窗Therapeutic index=TD50/ED50: The ratio of the dose producing a specified toxic effect in50% of the test population to the dose producing a specified desired effect in 50% of the population tested.TI越大越安全有效前药Prodrug：Metabolism often results in inactivation of the drug. Some drug which were activated by metabolism.首过效应First pass effect：Drugs that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into thebloodstream go first to the liver via the portal vein. Once there，they may be metabolized so rapidly that most of the drug is inactivated before it can reach its site of action. This loss is called~生物利用度Bioavailability is the relative rate and extent to which an administered drug reaches the general circulation( this ih especially important when a drug is administered orally).影响BA：solubility of drug in the stomach，diretary patterns，tablet size，quality control in manufacturing and formulation.受体Drug receptor：A protein macromolecule produced by the body that was designed by natureto interact with an endogenous molecule，but which will also interact with a drug molecule，if it has the correct chemical structure.激动剂Agonist：Has intrinsic activity α=1；拮抗剂Antagonist：Lack intrinsic activity α=0效能Drug efficacy：The ability of a drug to elicit a maximal response—Also called intrinsic activity of a drug. 效应强度Drug potency：A comparative measure，refer to the different doses of two drugs that are needed to produce the same effect.神经递质Neurotransmitters are chemical mediators that transmit nerve impulses across junctionssuch as synapses；Sympathetic postganglionic neuron release norepinephrine；Parasympatheticpostganglionic neuron release acetycholine惊厥Seizures：bridf episode of abnormal electrical activity in the nerve cells of the brain. 痉挛Convulsion：involuntary spasmodic contractions of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body. 癫痫Epilepsy：chronic recurrent pattern of seizures主动转运Active transport：movement across the membrane is mediated by a macromolecule. ①It is a saturable process②It is selective for chemical structure③It requires metabolic energy④It transport molecules against a concentration gradient.pH吸收部位A low pH inhibits ionization of a weak acid and enhances its absorption across a membrane . Weak acids are best absorbed in the stomach. Alkalinic drugs are best absorbed in the small intestine诱导P450加大剂量：Induction of the P450 can lesd to PK tolerance and increased capacity to metabolize a drug. 抑制减少：Inhibition of the P450 results in elevated plama levels and prolonged t1/2.影响药理作用因素：1Preparation and administration 2Drug interaction 3Inherited influence 4Environmental and host influence 5Changes or reacting after long administration神经系统分类Subdivision of nervous system：㈠Central NS㈡Peripheral NS 1Afferent Division 2Efferent Division⑴Somatic ⑵Autonomic①Parasympathetic②sympathetic交感+Sympathetic Effects①Stimulates heartbeat②Raise blood pressure③Dilates the pupils④Dilates the smooth muscle of the trachea and bronchi⑤Stimulates the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose⑥Shunts blood away from the skin and viscera to the skeleted muscles,brain and heart⑦Inhibits peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract⑧Inhibits contraction of the bladder and rectrum 副交感+Parasympathetic Effects: ①Showing down of the heartbeat②Lowering of BP③Constriction of the pupils④Increaser blood flow to the skin and viscera⑤Increased peristalsis of GI tract.拟副交感药适应症①Glaucoma②Bladder/ Gastrointestinal tract atony③Myasthenia gravis④Anticholinergic poisoning and common insecticides⑤Alzheimer’s disease⑥Cholinergic overdose-Atropine 胆碱受体阻断药Cholinocepter-Blocking㈠Cardiovascular：①Affect the heart’s conduction system；②Low doses：decrease the heart rate；③High doses：block inhibitory vagal effect on the auriculoventricular node pacemaker cells；Results：increase heart rate.㈡CNS：①small doses：decrease muscle rigidity and tremors；Parkinson’s Disease；②Drug-induced extrapyramidal reaction；③Large doses：drowsiness, disorientation, hallueinations㈢Eye：①dilated pupil(mydriasis)；②Decrease auommodation due to paralysis of ciliarymuscle(cycloplegia 调节麻痹) ㈣Gastrointestinal：①PSNS controls gastric secretions and smooth muscles that produce gastric motility；②Decreased intestinal and gastric secretions；③Relaxation of smooth muscle tone of gastrointestinal tract；④Decreaced gastrointestinal motility and peristalsis.㈤Genitourinary：①Relaxed detrusor muscles of the bladder；②Increased constriction of the internal sphincter；③Reflex neurogenic bladder；Result：Incontinence ㈥Respiratory：①Relaxed smooth muscles in bronchi and bronchioles；②Bronchodilation；③Decreased airway resistanceAdr激活药适应症㈠Respiratory(Beta2)：asthma，bronchitis；Examples：albuterol，ephedrine，epinephrine，isoproterenol，metaproterenol，terbutaline㈡Topical Nasal Decongestants(alpha1)：constriction of dilated arterioles—decrese congestion；Examples：epinephrine，ephedrine，phenylephrine㈢Ophthalmic：Conjunctival congestion；Open angle glauc ima；Examples：epinephrine㈣V asoactive—pressors—inotropes—cardio selective sympathomimetics(Beta1)：support cardiovascular system during heart failure.阻α适应症①Essential hypertension：blockade on arterioles and veins；Examples：prozosin②Reversal of toxixity of alpha agonist：dopamine extravasation at Ⅳsite③Benign prostatic hyperplasia：decrease smooth muscle contraction in bladder neck & prostatic capsule；Example：tamsulosin 阻β适应症①Angina pectoris(↓O2 requirements)②Hypertensions：“drugs of choices”—↓cardiac work，↓renin，↓total pulmonary resistance③Cardiac dysrhythmias：↓sinus / auriculoventricular node activity④Heart failure：standard therapy—diastolic dysfunction⑤Migrarine：prophylaxisPhenytoin苯妥英适应症：grand mal epilepsy；tonic—clonic and psychomotor seizures. Ethosuximide乙琥胺：optimal choice of petit mal epilepsy.Dizapam安定：given intravenously，is used for status epilepticus in adults.帕金森：resting tremor，rigidity，slowness of movement，Shuffled gait，difficulty with balance.pa 帕金森病因：①Parkinson disease is caused by the death of the nerve cells in the substantia nigra，which produce the neurotransmitter dopamine②Without dopamine，the brain is unable to transmit message between nerve cells，resulting in a decrease in the function③When 80% of dopamine producing cells are damaged，the symptoms of Parkinson disease start to appear.帕金森治疗：①Dopaminergic agents：Promote activation of dopamine receptors；Levodopa②Anticholinergic agents：Prevent activation of cholinergic receptor；Benztropine Benzodiazepine mechanism苯二氮卓类作用机制①GABAa receptor composition varies in different regions②BNZs bind to receptors with alpha & gamma subunits③BNZ binding “enhances” the effect of GABA on the Cl-current④BNZs—increase the frequency of Cl—channel openings in presence of GABA⑤BNZs exert no effect in the absense of GABA巴比妥类作用机制：Bind to GABAa receptors at different site. Don’t compete for BNZ binding & are not blocked by flumazenil. Increase the duration of Cl—channel openings①Increase GABA effect( increased duration of openings)②Directly activate GABAa channels at high concentrations ③Block effects of glutamate NT*④Block Na+ channels丁螺环酮Buspirone①Anxiolytic but not sedating②5—HT(1a) partial agonist③No drug dependense④Slow on set of action 适应症①Chronic anxiety disorders②anxiety disorders in patients with history of drug dependence or abuseZolpidem & Zaleplon①Benzodiazepine like drugs：Bind to a subset of GABAa receptors w/α1subunits；Effects are blocked by flumazenil (BNZ antagonist)②Produce pure sedation (without anxiolytic，anticonvulsant or muscle relaxing effects)③Minimal effect on REM sleep④适应症：Insomnia；Advantages：less daytime important vs BNZs抗精神病Increased baseline occupancy of D2 receptors by dopamine in schizophrenia Antipsychotic Mechanism：Primarily Dopamine Antagonists；Chlorpromazine has a 50:1 D2/D3 affinity. Clozapine( atypical) has a 4:1 D2/D3 receptor affinity ratio. Clozapine binds D4 about 10-fold better than D2. Clozapine has high affinity for 5-HT2, α1 and histamine H1 receptors. 吩噻嗪药理作用PhemothiazinesCNS effect①The antipsychotic effects are believed to be due to antagonism of dopaminergic neurotransmission by blocking D2 receptors in the limbic，nigrostriatal and hypothalamic system.②Extrapyramidal symptoms occur most often with chronic administration. They can be treated by lowering the dose or by using an anticholinergic antiparkinsoniam drug such as benztropine mesylate③Phenothiazines having the grestest antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties will exhibit the fewest extrapyramidal effect.④Most phenothiazines are antiemetic.They antagonize apomorphine，which stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone. In high doses，phenothizaine may directly depress the medullary vomiting center. ⑤Phenothiazines are capable of altering temperature—regulating mechanisms. Normally，they produce hypothermia, however，in a hot climate they can cause hypothermia because of failure to lose body heat ⑥Since phenothiazines depress the hypothalamus，endocrine，alterationg may occur，weight gain or increased appetite are seen with phenothiazine use.Peripheral effects①An α-adrenergic blocking activity results in orthostatic hypotension，especially with the chlorpromazine②Anticholinergic effects can results in blurred vision，constipation，dry mouth，decreased sweating and urinary retention③Chlorpromazine is a potent local anesthetic.给药途径Enteral( by the way of the GI tract): oral，rectal，sublingual. Parenteral( not within the alimentary canal): intramuscular subcutaneously intraperitoneally topical.新药评价Basic & Clinical Evaluation of new drugs：1Drug discovery & Drug screening→Chemistry→In vitro studies→Function in cells tissues and at receptors. 2Preclinical safety & Toxicity testing①In vivo-animal studies→Pharmacology and Behavioral Pharmacology→Potency and Efficacy—ED50②Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis→Toxicity-Acute and Chronic—Ld50③Teratogenicity(birth defects) Carcrnogenicity(cancerance) 临床试验(2~10年)3Evaluating Drugs in Humans：Phases of Clinical Trials: PhaseⅠ-Healthy adult volunteers：Evaluation of safety，pharmacokinetics，side effect. Phase Ⅱ-Patients(100)：Evaluation of efficacy，safety，pharmacokinetics and side effects. Single-blind placebo controlled. Ⅲ-Specific patient subpopulations：Determine efficacy for specific indications. Large sample of specific patients (1000)；Randomized double-blind placebo controlled. Ⅳ-Post FDA Approved.阿片受体There are 4 main opioid receptors，the mu receptor，the delta receptor，the kappa receptor and the ORL-1 receptor. The sigma receptors wewe once thought to be opioid receptors，however，pharmacological testing indicated that the sigma receptors were activated by drugs completely unrelated to the opioid. The receptors are found on cell membranes of cells in the nervous system and are found in unique distributions and have different effectsThe mu-receptor：When an opioid binds to the mu-receptor it produces the effects of analgesia. The mu-receptor is also associatal with other effects such as sedation reduced BP，itching，nausea，euphoria，decreased respiration，miosis and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. There are two subtypes of the mu-receptor. The mu1-receptor seem to be associated with its analgesic activities and the mu2-receptor seem to be associated with the effects of respiratory depression and constipation. Respiratory depression is considered the deadly dise effect of opioid analgesic drugs. It is the cause of death in all overdose casesThe kappa-receptor：the kappa-receptor is associated directly with analgesia and sedation but with none of the undesired side effects associated with the mu-receptor. Because of this，it is an area of focus in current research and shows promise in the development of a safer analgesia. Another difference between the kappa and mu receptor is that the kappa receptors only affect nerves that relay “pain produced by non—thermal stimuli” and mu receptors inhibit all pain signals.The delta receptor：~ is found in larger cells than the other receptors and seems to be important in spinal analgesia.The ORL-1 receptors：~is associated with many different biological effect such as memory process，cardiovascular function and renal function.Future of Opioid Analgesics：①The future of Opioid Analgesics seems to be linked to the study of the kappa receptor. The kappa receptor induces analgesia without the dangerous and unwanted side effects that the mu and delta receptors are associated with ②However there are not any selectively strong agonists to this receptors as of now③Another area of research important to the future of opioid analgesics is the study of the endogenous opioid peptides.④Because these peptides are endogenous，on metabolic degradation they break down to amino acids. Heme，the metabolites are nontoxic and to not cause kidney and liver damage.⑤Also，because they are made from amino acid residues，a large number of analogs can be synthesized from a few basic building blocks and simple modifications may be attempted to develop analogs with a desired biological effect.⑥The future study of the endogenous opioid peptides seems to be integral to development of new safer drugs.。
药学英语单词
药学英语单词药学英语单词⼀、Pharmacology1、pharmacology 药理学2、drug 药物3、pharmacy 药房，制药业4、pharmacist 药剂师5、toxicology 毒理学6、drug actions 药物相互作⽤7、drug effect 药效8、desired effect 预期效果9、side effect 副作⽤10、adverse reaction 不良反应11、contraindication 禁忌症12、local effect 局部作⽤13、systemic effect 全⾝作⽤14、cumulation effect 蓄积作⽤15、oral administration ⼝服给药16、sublingual administration⾆下给药17、buccal administration⼝腔含化给药法18、inhalation administration吸⼊给药19、rectal administration 直肠给药20、vaginal administration阴道给药21、topical administration局部给药22、transdermal administration 经⽪给药23、parenteral administration胃肠外给药24、intradermal administration⽪内注射25、intramuscular administration肌⾁注射26、intravenous administration静脉注射27、subcutaneous administration⽪下注射28、analgesic 镇痛剂29、anesthetic ⿇醉剂30、antiarrhythmic 抗⼼律失常药物31、antibiotic(anti-infective)抗⽣素32、anticoagulant 抗凝剂33、anticonvulsant 抗惊厥剂34、antidepressant 抗抑郁药35、antidiabetic 抗糖尿病36、antidiarrheal ⽌泻药37、antidiuretic 抗利尿剂38、antiemetic ⽌吐剂39、antifungal 抗真菌剂40、antihistamine 抗组胺药41、antihypertensive 降压药42、anti-inflammatory 抗炎药43、antineoplastic 抗肿瘤药44、antitussive 镇咳药45、antiulcer agent 抗溃疡药46、antiviral agent 抗病毒剂47、beta blocker β-受体阻滞药48、bronchodilator ⽀⽓管扩张药49、hormone 荷尔蒙50、hypnotic 安眠药51、immunosuppressant 免疫抑制剂52、laxative 泻药53、lipid-lowering agent 降脂剂54、sedative 镇静剂，⽌痛药55、vitamin 维⽣素56、institute for safe medicationspractices (ISMP)安全药物试验研究所57、milliequivalent（mEq）毫当量⼆、R&D of New Drugs1、Acute 急性的2、Leukemia ⽩⾎病3、Chronic 慢性的4、Agonist 激动剂5、Antagonist 拮抗剂6、New chemical entity新化学实体7、Lead compound先导化合物8、Drug candidate候选药物9、In-vitro 在试管内10、In vivo 有活⼒的11、Synthesize 合成12、Supervise 监督，管理13、Authorize 批准，认可14、Double-blind 双盲15、Placebo 安慰剂/⽆效对照剂16、Indication 适应症17、Submission 投降，提交，服从18、Evolution of a new drug新药发展的历程19、drug development strategies新药研发的策略20、serendipity 意外发现，运⽓21、intuition 直觉22、roulette 轮盘赌23、staphylococci 葡萄状球菌24、penicillin 青霉素25、podophyllotoxin ⾜叶草毒素26、vincristine 长春新碱27、taxol 紫杉醇28、camptothecin 喜树碱29、molecular roulette 分⼦转轮30、minor structural changesin existing agents现有药物分⼦结构的细微修正31、programmed basic researchwith synthesis of specificchemicals对特定化合物的合成⽽制定的基础研究32、clinical observation of drug action in practice 使⽤中药物作⽤的临床观察33、berberine ⼩檗碱34、experimental pharmacology实验药理学35、subcellular particles 亚细胞粒⼦36、isolated tissue 离体组织37、perfused organs 灌注器官38、haematological ⾎液学的39、teratogenic 致畸的40、mutagenicity 诱变41、carcinogenicity 致癌性42、toxicological assessment毒物学监定43、rationale 基本原理三、drug dependence1、withdrawal 撤退，收回2、opiate 鸦⽚试剂3、cocaine 可卡因4、amphetamine 苯丙胺5、alcohol酒精6、barbiturate 巴⽐妥类7、cannabis ⼤⿇8、volatile solvents 挥发性⽓体9、psychic dependence精神成瘾性10、physical dependence⾝体成瘾性11、curiosity and wanting tobelong好奇和归属感12、psychiatric 精神病学的13、make-up 化妆品14、availability 可⽤性15、heroin(diacetylmorphine)咖啡因（⼆⼄酰吗啡）16、restlessness 躁动不安17、distress 悲痛18、nausea 恶⼼，晕船19、pyrexial 发热的，发烧的20、the possibility of over dosage可能吸⾷过量21、the frequent occurrenceof sepsis常发⽣败⾎症22、baby born to an addict成瘾者的⼩孩23、go to any length to想尽⼀切办法24、management 戒毒25、addicts must be registered成瘾者⼀定要登记在册26、methadone 美沙酮27、clonidine 可乐定28、the nasal septum ⿐隔膜29、appetite suppressor⾷欲抑制剂30、powerful stimulant 强效兴奋剂31、mental disturbances 精神紊乱32、hallucination 幻觉33、epileptic fits 癫痫发作34、resin 树脂，松⾹35、volatile solvent 挥发性溶剂36、euphoria 精神欢快37、detoxification and medically managed withdrawal去毒及医疗辅助下的撤去毒品38、long-term residential treatment 长期居家治疗39、short-term residential programs 短期居家治疗40、outpatient treatment门诊治疗41、individualized drug counseling 个性化毒品咨询42、group counseling集体咨询。
药理学英文专业词汇
药理学英文专业词汇pharmacology; drug; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; adverse reaction; side reaction; toxic reaction; allergic reaction; maximal effect (E max); efficacy; potency; median effective dose(ED50); median lethal dose (LD50); therapeutic index (TI); receptor; affinity; intrinsic activity; agonist; antagonist; passive transport; active transport; absorption; first pass elimination; biotransformation; elimination; bioavailability (F); first-order kinetics; zero-order kinetics; half life (t1/2); transmitter; acetylcholine; acetylcholinesterase; pilocarpine; neostigmine; physostigmine; atropine; succinylcholine (scoline); d-tubocurarine; pirenzepine; propantheline bromide; benactyzine; catecholamine; noradrenaline (norepinephrine); phenyl phrine (neosynephrine); adrenaline (ephinephrine); phentolamine; dopamine; ephedrine; isoprenaline; propranolol; diazepam; phenytoin sodium; chlorpromazine (wintermin); cardiac glycoside; morphine; pethidine (dolantin); aspirin (acetylsalicy acid); digoxin; nitroglycerin; nifedipine; ACEI; captopril; furosemide; hydrochlorothiazide; heparin; vitamin; folic acid; glucocorticoids; hydrocortisone; cortisone; thyroid houmones; insulin; MIC; MBC; penicillin; amoxycillin; erythromycin; aminoglycosides; streptomycin; gentamicin; amikacin; tetracycline; chlormycetin; sulfadiazine (SD); sulfamethoxaole (SMZ); trimethoprim (TMP); pyrimethamine; isoniazid; rifampin; chloroquine; primaquine; SMZco; growth fraction (GF); CCNSA; CCSA; MTX; 5-FU; 6-MP; Ara-C;CTX; BLM; ADM; VLB; VCR; salbutamol; clenbuterol; terbutaline; theophylline; phosphodiesterase (PDE); ipratropium bromide (ipratropine); fluticasone propionate (FP); beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP); cromoglyn sodium; ketotifen; caffeine; theobromine; nikethamide; lobeline; hyperlipemia; hyperlipoproteinemia; HMG-CoA; lovastatin; simvastatin; cholestyramine; colestipol; nicotinic acid (niacin); acipimox; inositol nicotinate; clofibrate; gemfibrozil; betahistine; impromidine; promethazine; diphenhydramine; chlorpheniramine; acrivastine; astemizole; cimetidine; ranitidine; famotidine; omeprazole (OME); lansoprazole; telenzepine; smectine; misoprostol; enprostil; tripotassium dicitrate bismuthate; metoclopramide; domperidone; alosetron; cisapride; diphenoxylate; prednisone; prednisolone; dexamethasone; betamethasone。
药理名词解释
药理名词解释药理学是研究药物以及药物在机体内的作用、代谢、毒性和副作用等方面的科学。
它主要研究药物的机理、吸收、分布、生物转化、排泄、药效学和毒理学等内容。
以下是一些常见的药理学名词解释：1. 药效学（Pharmacodynamics）：药物的作用机制和效果，包括药理作用、药效和作用机制等。
2. 药代动力学（Pharmacokinetics）：研究药物在体内吸收、分布、代谢和排泄过程的学科。
主要包括吸收动力学、分布动力学、代谢动力学和排泄动力学等。
3. 亲和力（Affinity）：指药物与其靶点（如受体、酶）结合的能力。
亲和力越高，药物与靶点之间的结合越紧密，作用越强。
4. 选择性（Selectivity）：指药物对作用靶点的选择性。
选择性药物主要作用于特定的靶点，减少对其他靶点的影响，从而降低副作用。
5. 效价（Potency）：指药物对生理或病理变化产生效应的强度。
效价越高，所需的药物剂量越小。
6. 最大效应（Efficacy）：指药物在最大剂量下能够产生的最大疗效。
最大效应与药物的剂量和受体数量相关。
7. 生物利用度（Bioavailability）：指药物经特定途径进入循环系统的程度。
生物利用度越高，药物的有效浓度越大，作用效果越好。
8. 安全性（Safety）：指药物在治疗剂量下对患者的安全性。
安全性包括药物的毒性、副作用和不良反应等。
9. 半衰期（Half-life）：指药物浓度下降到一半所需的时间。
一般来说，药物的半衰期越长，其作用时间越长。
10. 毒理学（Toxicology）：主要研究药物和其他化学物质对生物体的毒性和不良反应。
毒理学研究不仅包括药物的急性毒性和慢性毒性，还包括药物的致畸作用和致癌作用等。
药理学是一门综合性学科，通过研究药物与机体之间的相互作用来深入了解药物的作用机制，评价药物的疗效和毒性，在药物的设计、开发和临床应用中发挥着重要的作用。
了解这些药理学名词的含义，有助于我们更好地理解药物的作用机理，提高用药的安全性和有效性。
药理学药效学毒理学专业英语
external application
threshold dose
parenteral administration
nasal administration
tachyphylaxis
肾上腺素受体阻滞药
胆碱受体阻滞药
胆碱酯酶抑制药
激动
拮抗
增强
相加
协同
阻滞
阻滞药
效能
向上调节
向下调节
toxic reaction
addiction
habituation
after effect
withdrawal syndrome
idiosyncrasy
monodirectional cross resistance
bidirectional cross resistance
abstinence syndrome
emollient laxative
osmotic laxative
irritant laxative
drastic purgative
antiulcer drug
phosphodiesterase inhibitor
oral hypoglycemic
aldosterones
corticotropins
partial antagonist
partial agonist
autacoid
absorption of drug
distribution of drug
metabolism of drug
excretion of drug
fate of drug
disposition of drug
药理学专业词汇中英文对照
药理学专业词汇（中英文对照）第一章绪论药理学 pharmacology药物 drug药物效应动力学 pharmacodynamics药物代谢动力学 pharmacokinetics上市后药物监测 post-marketing surveillance第二章药物效应动力学药物作用 pharmacological action药理效应 pharmacological effect治疗作用 therapeutic effect对症治疗 symptomatic treatment补充疗法 supplement therapy不良反应 adverse drug reaction副作用 side reaction毒性反应 toxic reaction后遗效应 after effect变态反应 allergic reaction剂量-效应关系 dose-effect relationship最小有效量 minimal effective dose最小有效浓度 minimal effective concentration个体差异 individual variability效价强度 potency构效关系 structure activity relationship激动药 agonist拮抗药 antagonist配体门控离子通道受体 ligand gated ion channel receptor第三章药物代谢动力学吸收 absorption首关消除 first-pass elimination静脉注射 intravenous injection分布 distribution生物转化 biotransformation排泄 excretion时量关系 time-concentration relationship生物利用度 bioavailability药物消除动力学过程 elimination kinetic process一级消除动力学 first-order elimination kinetics零级消除动力学 zero-order elimination kinetics半衰期 half-life表观分布容积 apparent volume of distribution总体清除率 total body clearance稳态浓度 steady-state concentration第四章影响药物效应的因素和合理用药的原则控释剂 controlled release formulation缓释剂 slow release formulation耐受性 tolerance耐药性 resistance药物依赖性 drug dependence相互作用 interaction配伍禁忌 incompatibility协同 synergism拮抗 antagonism第五章自主神经系统药理总论运动神经 somatic motor nervous system自主神经 autonomic nervous system胆碱能神经 cholinergic nerve去甲肾上腺素能神经 noradrenergic nerve乙酰胆碱 acetylcholine乙酰胆碱酯酶 acetylcholinesterase摄取 uptake单胺氧化酶 mono-amine oxidase儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶 catechol-O-methyl transferase第六章胆碱受体激动药毛果芸香碱 pilocarpine烟碱 nicotine第七章抗胆碱酯酶药及胆碱酯酶复活药抗胆碱酯酶药 anticholinesterase agents胆碱酯酶复活药 cholinesterase reactivator新斯的明 neostigmine有机磷酸酯类 organophosphate碘解磷定 pralidoxime iodine第八章 M胆碱受体阻断药阿托品 atropine山莨菪碱 anisodamine东莨菪碱 scopolamine第九章 N胆碱受体阻断药琥珀胆碱 suxamethonium筒箭毒碱 d-tubocurarine第十章肾上腺素受体激动药去甲肾上腺素 noradrenaline肾上腺素 adrenaline多巴胺 dopamine异丙肾上腺素 isoprenaline第十一章肾上腺素受体阻断药肾上腺素受体阻断药 adrenoceptor blocking drugs酚妥拉明 phentolamine肾上腺素作用翻转 adrenaline reversal酚苄明 phenoxybenzamine哌唑嗪 prazosin普萘洛尔 propranolol第十二章局部麻醉药表面麻醉 suiface anesthesia浸润麻醉 infiltration anesthesia传导麻醉 conduction anesthesia蛛网膜下腔麻醉 subarachnoidal anesthesia利多卡因 lidocaine普鲁卡因 procaine丁卡因 tetracaine第十三章全身麻醉药吸入麻醉药 inhalational anesthetics氟烷 halothane静脉麻醉 intravenous anesthetics硫喷妥钠 thiopental sodium诱导麻醉 induction of anesthesia第十四章镇静催眠药地西泮 Diazepam氯氮卓 Chlordiazepoxide奥沙西泮 Oxazepam硝西泮 Nitrazepam艾司唑仑 Estazolam苯巴比妥 Phenobarbital水合氯醛 Chloral hydrate第十五章抗癫痫药和抗惊厥药抗癫痫药 antiepileptic drugs苯妥英钠 sodium phenytoin苯巴比妥 phenobarbital扑米酮 primidone乙琥胺 ethosuximide苯二氮卓类 benzodiazepine卡马西平 carbamazepine丙戊酸钠 sodium valproate硫酸镁 magnesium sulfate第十六章抗中枢退行性疾病药左旋多巴 levodopa, L-dopa卡比多巴 Carbidopa司来吉米 Selegiline硝替卡朋 Nitecapone第十七章抗精神失常药抗精神病药 antipsychotic drugs抗躁狂药 antimanic drugs抗抑郁药 antidepressive drugs抗焦虑药 antianxiety drugs吩噻嗪类 phenothiazines硫杂蒽类 thioxanthenes丁酰苯类 butyrophenones氯丙嗪 chlorpromazine氯氮平 clozapine碳酸锂 lithium carbonate丙米嗪 imipramine第十八章镇痛药阿片 opium吗啡 morphine哌替啶 pethidine美沙酮 methadone喷他佐辛 pentazocine芬太尼 fentanyl第十九章解热镇痛抗炎药解热镇痛抗炎药 antipyretic，analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs 非甾体抗炎药 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs花生四烯酸 arachidonic acid阿司匹林 aspirin非那西丁 phenacetin乙酰氨基酚 paracetamol保泰松 phenylbutazone吲哚美辛 indomethacin布洛芬 brufen别嘌醇 allopurinol丙磺舒 probenecid秋水仙碱 colchicines第二十章抗变态反应药组胺 histamine抗组胺药 antihistamines苯海拉明 diphenhydramine异丙嗪 promethazine阿司咪唑 astemizole西咪替丁 cimetidine雷尼替丁 ranitidine5-羟色胺 5-hydroxytryptamine酮色林 ketanserin昂丹司琼 ondansetron第二十一章钙拮抗药钙拮抗药 calcium antagonists电压依赖性钙通道 voltage dependent Ca2+ channels受体调控性钙通道 receptor-operated Ca2+ channels第二信使活化钙通道 second messenger operated Ca2+ channels 机械活化钙通道 mechanically operated Ca2+ channels硝苯地平 nifedipine尼群地平 nitrendipine地尔硫卓 diltiazem维拉帕米 verapamil第二十二章肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统肾素 rennin血管紧张素原 angiotensinogen血管紧张素转化酶 angiotensin converting enzyme血管紧张素肽 angiotensin peptides血管紧张素受体 angiotensin receptor卡托普利 captopril依那普利 enalapril雷米普利 ramipril第二十三章抗心律失常药心律失常 arrhythmias奎尼丁 Quinidine利多卡因 Lidocaine普罗帕酮 Propafenone胺碘酮 Amiodarone维拉帕米 Verapamil致心律失常作用 proarrhythmia，arrhythmogenesis第二十四章抗慢性心功能不全药卡托普利 Captopril氯沙坦 Losartar美托洛尔 metoprolol卡维地洛 carvedilol地高辛 Digoxin米力农 Milrinone维司力农 vesnarinone第二十五章抗心绞痛药心绞痛 angina pectoris硝酸甘油 nitroglycerin硝酸异山梨酯 isosobide dinitrater戊四硝酯 pentaerythrityl tetranitrate普萘洛尔 propranolol硝苯地平 nifedipine维拉帕米 verapamil地尔硫卓 diltiazem卡维地洛 carvedilol第二十六章调血脂药与抗动脉粥样硬化药胆固醇 cholesterol三酰甘油 triglyceride磷脂 phospholipid游离脂肪酸 free fatty acid胆固醇酯 cholesteryl ester游离胆固醇 free cholesterol总胆固醇 total cholesterol载脂蛋白 apoprotein脂蛋白 lipoprotein消胆胺 cholestyramine, cholesteramine resin烟酸 nicotinic acid普罗布考/丙丁酚 probucol多烯脂肪酸类 polyenoic fatty acids多不饱和脂肪酸类 polyunsaturated fatty acids二十碳五烯酸 eicosapentaenoic acid二十二碳六烯酸 docosahexaenoic acidα-亚麻酸α-linolenic acid亚油酸 linolenic acidγ-亚麻酸γ-linolenic acid月见草油 evening primrose oil亚油酸 linolenic acid硫酸乙酰肝素 heparan sulfate硫酸皮肤素 dermatan sulfate硫酸软骨素 chondroitin sulfate第二十七章抗高血压药个体化治疗方案 individualized therapy氢氯噻嗪 hydrochlorothiazide氨氯地平 amlodipine卡托普利 captopril氯沙坦 losartan可乐定 clonidine甲基多巴 methyldopa莫索尼定 moxonidine哌唑嗪 prazosin肼屈嗪 hydralazine米诺地尔 minoxidil二氮嗪 diazoxide硝普钠 sodium nitroprusside第二十八章利尿药及脱水药利尿药 diuresis drugs呋噻米 furosemide阿米洛利 amiloride螺内酯 spironolactone乙酰唑胺 acetazolamide氢氯噻嗪 hydrochlorothiazide氨苯蝶啶 triamterene第二十九章作用于血液和造血器官的药物肝素 heparin鱼精蛋白 protamin低分子量肝素 low molacular weight heparin伊诺肝素 enoxaparin水蛭素 lepirudin双香豆素 dicoumarin华法林 warfarin枸橼酸钠 sodium Citrate阿司匹林 aspirin利多格雷 ridogrel依前列醇 epoprostanol双嘧达莫 dipyridamole噻氯匹定 antigreg链激酶 streptokinase,SK阿替普酶 alteplase沙芦普酶 saruplase阿尼普酶 anistreplase右旋糖酐 dexran第三十章作用于呼吸系统的药物平喘药 antiasthmatic drugs镇咳药 antitussives祛痰药 expectorants倍氯米松 beclomethasone dipropionate布地奈德 budesonide曲安奈德 triamcinolone acetonide丙酸氟替卡松 fluticasone propionate氟尼缩松 flunisolide色甘酸钠 disodium cromoglycate曲尼司特 tranilast酮替芬 ketotifen奈多罗米钠 nedocromil sodium沙丁胺醇 salbutamol特布他林 terbutaline克仑特罗 clenbuterol氯丙那林 clorprenaline福莫特罗 formoterol沙美特罗 salmeterol氨茶碱 aminophylline二羟丙茶碱 diprophylline胆茶碱 cholinophylline多索茶碱 doxofylline茶碱 theophylline异丙托溴铵 ipratropium可待因 codeine右美沙芬 dextromethorphan喷托维林 pentoxyverine苯佐那酯 benzonatate苯丙哌林 benproperine氯化铵 ammonium chloride乙酰半胱氨酸 acetylcysteine溴己新 bromhexine第三十一章作用于消化系统的药物西咪替丁 cimetidine雷尼替丁 ranitidine法莫替丁 famotidine丙谷胺 proglumide哌仑西平 pirenzepine奥美拉唑 omeprazole硫糖铝 sucralfate三钾二枸橼酸铋 tripotassium dicitrate bismuthate昂丹司琼 ondansetron苯海拉明 diphenhydramine东莨菪碱 scopolamine氯丙嗪 chloropromazine甲氧氯普胺 metoclopramide多潘立酮 domperidone西沙必利 cisapride硫酸镁 magnesium sulfate硫酸钠 sodium sulfate乳果糖 lactulose酚酞 phenolphthalein比沙可啶 bisacodyl液体石腊 liquid paraffin甘油 glycerin地芬诺酯 diphenoxylate洛哌丁胺 loperamide联苯双酯 bifendate马洛替酯 malotilate苯丙醇 phenylpropanol熊去氧胆酸 ursodeoxycholic acid牛胆酸钠 sodium tauroglycocholate去氢胆酸 dehydrocholic acid曲匹布通 trepibutone第三十二章子宫平滑肌兴奋药和抑制药缩宫素 oxytocin麦角新碱 ergometrine麦角胺 ergotamine前列腺素 prostaglandin第三十三章性激素类药及避孕药雌激素 estrogen孕激素 progestogen雄激素 androgen第三十四章肾上腺皮质激素类药物肾上腺皮质激素 adrenocortical hormones糖皮质激素 glucocorticoids氢化可的松 hydrocortisone可的松 cortisone盐皮质激素 mineralocorticoids醛固酮 aldosterone去氧皮质酮 desoxycorticosterone泼尼松 prednisone泼尼松龙 prednisolone甲泼尼龙 methylprednisolone地塞米松 dexamethasone倍他米松 betamethasone曲安西龙 triamcinolone氟氢可的松 fludrocortisone氟轻松 fluocinolone acetonide糖皮质激素受体 glucocorticoid receptor正性糖皮质激素反应成分 glucocorticoid response element负性糖皮质激素反应成分 negative glucocorticoid response element皮质激素转运球蛋白 corticosteroid binding globulin第三十五章甲状腺素和抗甲状腺药甲状腺功能亢进症 hyperthyroidism甲状腺素 thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸 triiodothyronine抗甲状腺药 antithyroid drugs硫脲类 thiourease硫氧嘧啶类 thiouracils丙硫氧嘧啶 propylthiouracil甲硫氧嘧啶 methylthiouracil咪唑类 imidazoles甲硫咪唑 thiamazole他巴唑 tapazole碘 iodine碘化物 iodide放射性碘 radioiodine第三十六章胰岛素及口服降糖药胰岛素 insulin甲苯磺丁脲 tolbutamide氯磺丙脲 chlorpropamide格列吡嗪 glipizide格列齐特 gliclazide格列波脲 glibornuride格列喹酮 gliquidone格列美脲 glimepiride苯乙福明 phenformin丁福明 buformin甲福明 metformin阿卡波糖 acarbose伏格列波糖 voglibose米格列醇 miglitol罗格列酮 rosiglitazone环格列酮 ciglitazone吡格列酮 pioglitazone。
药学专业英语完整翻译
●symptomolytic 消除症状的●neurotransmitter神经递质●Oosperm 受精卵●prostaglandin 前列腺素●polyethylene 聚乙烯●octadecyl 十八(烷)基●osteoarthritis骨关节炎●dyspepsia 消化不良●pathophysiology 病理生理学●osteoporosis 骨质疏松症●hydrophilic 亲水的●urokinase尿激酶●trachoma沙眼●dysfunction功能紊乱●mucopolysaccharide 粘多糖(类) streptomycin 链霉素●pathophysiology 病理生理学●otorhinolaryngology耳鼻喉科学●phlebostenosis 静脉狭窄●nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油●pyrogen 热原,致热物●pseudocholinesterase拟(或假)胆碱酯酶●thioether 硫醚●somatotype体型●uricemia 尿酸血症●hysteroscopy子宫镜检查●chemoprophylaxis 化学预防●antipsychotic抗精神病的（药）●nephroangiosclerosis 肾血管硬化●bacteriostatic 抑菌的●parasympathomimetic拟副交感神经的(药)●adrenocorticotropin促肾上腺皮质激素●diuretic 利尿的(药)●vagosympathetic迷走交感神经的●alkaloid生物碱●teratogenesis 致畸作用●polioencephalitis 脑灰质炎●tetanotoxin 破伤风毒素●myotonia肌强直●hyperlipemia高脂血症●bronchiectasis支气管扩张●oxidoreductase氧化还原酶●oncology 肿瘤学●euthanasia 安乐死●Myocardial 心肌的●ophthalmoxerosis 干眼病●Vaginomycosis 阴道霉菌病●encephalorrhagia 脑出血●electrophilicity 亲电性●Mitochondria 线粒体●Stereochemistry 立体化学●Pancytopenia 全血细胞减少●streptokinase 链激酶●superinfection 二重感染，重复感染●osteomyelitis 骨髓炎●macromolecular 大分子的●Menopause 更年期; 绝经●Vasodilation 血管舒张●Thromboembolism 血栓栓塞●phytopharmacology 植物药理学●protoplasm 原生质●schizophrenia 精神分裂症●Hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂●Fluorospectrophotometry荧光分光光度法●bradypnea 呼吸缓慢●Diarrhea 腹泻，痢疾●Pharmacodynamics药效学and pharmacokinetics药动学is the twomain areas of pharmacology药理学. The former studies the the effects of the drugs on biological systems, and the latter studies the effects of biological systems on the drugs. When describing the pharmacokinetics properties of a drug, pharmacologists药理学家are often interested in LADME:●Liberation●Absorption●Distribution●Metabolism●Excretion●药效学和药代动力学是药理学的两个主要领域。
药学英语专业词汇
药学名词（中-英）6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Janbon综合症Janbon's syndromePPB浓度parts per billion concentrationpphm浓度parts per hundred million concentrationPPH浓度parts per hundred concentrationppm浓度parts per million concentration安全范围safety range安全试验法innocuity test method安全系统safety coefficient安慰剂placebo螯合剂chelating agent靶细胞target cell白蛋白微球制剂albumin microballoons百分浓度percentage concentration半合成抗生素semisynthetic antibiotics半抗原haptene半数致死剂量half lethal dose ; median lethal dose; LD50 半衰期half-life period; half life time包衣片coated tablet薄膜衣film-coating饱和溶液saturated solution贝克勒尔Becquerel被动免疫passive immunity被动转运passive transport崩解度disintegration崩解剂disintegrants必需氨基酸essential aminoacid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid变态反应allergy; allergic reaction表面活性surface activity表面张力surface tension丙种射线gamma rays补体complement补体系统complement system不良反应adverse reaction不完全抗原incomplete antigen搽剂liniments长期毒性实验long term toxicity test长效制剂prolonged action preparation肠肝循环enterohepatic circulation肠溶控释片enteric controlled release tablets肠溶衣enteric coating处方prescription;recipe穿透促进剂penetration enhancers磁性控释制剂magnetic controlled release dosage form 磁性药物制剂magnetic medicinal preparations大分子macromolecule单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody胆碱酯酶cholinesterase当量equivalent weight当量定律equivalent law当量浓度normality当量溶液normal solution等张溶液isotonic solution低聚糖oligosaccharides低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein滴定titration滴定曲线titration curve滴丸剂pill递质transmitter电解electrolyzation电解质electrolyte酊剂tincture定向药物制剂directed pharmaceutical preparations毒理学toxicology毒性反应toxic response; toxic reaction短期致癌实验short term carcinogenic test对因治疗etiological treatment对映体antipode对症治疗symptomatic treatment多功能酶multifunctional enzyme多剂量给药multiple dose administration多糖polyose多肽polypeptide儿茶酚胺catecholamine二重感染superinfection发酵fermentation法定处方official formula芳族化合物aromatic compound放射毒理学radiotoxicology放射药剂学radiopharmaceutics非必需氨基酸non-essential amino acid非去极化型肌松药nondepolarizer分子病molecular disease分子溶液molecular solution分子生物学molecular biology分子药理学molecular pharmacology辅基prosthetic group辅料excipients辅酶coenzyme副作用side effect附加剂additive干燥剂desiccant;drying agent肝首过效应first pass effect of hepar感受器receptor高敏性hyperreactivity个体差异性individual differences; individual variation 给药方案或给药速度dosage regimen or dose rate给药间隔dosing interval工业药剂学industrial pharmacy共价键covalent bond光量子light quantum广谱抗生素broad-spectrum antibiotic过滤filtration过敏毒素anaphylatoxin过敏性药物反应anaphylactic drug reaction过氧化物superoxide含量均匀度content uniformity核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; RNA核苷酸nucleotide合并用药drug combination合成药物synthetic drugs合剂mixture痕量元素trace element化学分析chemical analysis化学物理学chemical physics化学消毒法chemical disinfection化学药物治疗chemotherapy环境药理学environmental pharmacology基本药物essential drugs基因gene激活剂activator激活作用activation激素hormone激素原prohormone急性毒性实验acute toxicity test己糖醇细胞毒剂cytotoxic hexitols剂量dosage; dose剂量或浓度的依存性dose or concentration dependency剂型dosage form间接致癌indirect carcinogenesis间歇灭菌法discontinuous sterilization碱中毒alkalosis;alkali-poisoning胶体溶液型药剂medical colloidal solution嚼用片chewable tablets酵解glycolysis拮抗作用antagonism解毒作用detoxication介质mediator; transmitter; medium精神依赖性psychic dependence剧药powerful drug绝对致死剂量absolute lethal dose; LD100抗毒素antitoxin抗菌谱antibacterial spectrum抗体antibody抗血清antiserum抗药性resistance to drugs抗原antigen克当量gram-equivalent weight克当量数gram-equivalent number克分子gram-molecule; gram-mol克分子分数molar fraction克分子量gram molecular weight克分子浓度molar comcentratin; molal comcentration克原子gram-atom控释制剂controlled release preparation口腔内给药oral administration快速耐受tachyphylaxis扩散diffusion扩散系数coefficient of diffusion累积尿排泄曲线cumulative urinary excretion curves累加效应additive effect类毒素anatoxin;toxoid类固醇停药综合征steroid withdrawal syndrome冷藏cold-storage冷冻freezing;refrigeration量子药理学quantum pharmacology临床药理学clinical pharmacology临床药学chlinical pharmacy卤化物halogenide埋植剂implants慢通道slow pathway慢性毒性实验chronic toxicity test; long term toxicity test酶enzyme酶原proenzyme免疫抑制剂immunosuppressant;immuno inhibitor免疫原性immunogenicity免疫增强剂immunoenhancement敏感性sensitivity摩尔mole摩尔分数浓度mol fraction concentration摩尔分子体积molar volume;mole volume摩尔浓度molarity默克索引the Merck index耐受性tolerance耐药性drug tolerance内毒素endotoxin内毒素鲎试剂测定法Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay for endotoxin 内消旋体mesomer浓度concentration皮肤、粘膜表面给药skin and mucocutaneous administration片剂硬度tablet hardness气凝胶aerogel气溶胶aerosol气体分析gas analysis气雾剂aerosol前体药物prodrug鞘内注射intrathecal injection全酶与辅基holonzyme and prosthetic group人工合成抗原artificial antigen人工免疫artificial immunization人种药理学ethnopharmacology日内瓦命名法Geneva nomenclature溶剂solvent; dissolvent溶解dissolution; dissolving溶菌酶lysozyme溶血hemolysis溶质solute三羧酸循环tricarboxylic acid cycle杀菌活性bactericidal activity杀菌作用bactericidal effect身体依赖性physical dependence神经毒素neurotoxin肾上腺素能神经adrenergic nerve肾上腺素能受体adrenergic receptor渗透压osmotic pressure生长曲线growth curve生物胺biogenic amine生物半衰期biological half life生物化学biochemistry生物碱alkaloid生物利用度bioavailability生物统计学biometrics;biometry生物药剂学biopharmacy生物制品biological product生药crude drugs时辰药理学chronopharmacology时间感受性chronosusceptability时间治疗chronotherapy时效关系time-effect relationship时值chronaxia;chronaxy时滞lag time世界卫生组织World Health Organization; WHO 噬菌体bacteriophage收敛药astringent手性药物chiral drug首过效应first-pass effect受体receptor受体激动剂receptor stimulant受体拮抗剂receptor antagonist双盲法double-blind technique水解（作用）hydrolysis糖异生作用gluconeogenesis体表面积body surface area体积比浓度volume by volume concentration 体液body fluid体液免疫humoral immunity天然抗体natural antibody天然抗原natural antigen天然免疫natural immunity天然药物crude drugs; natural drugs调剂学dispensing pharmacy同位素isotope突变mutation吞噬作用phagocytosis外毒素exotoxin外消旋体raceme完全抗原complete antigen王水aqua regia; nitrohydrochloric acid微粒体酶microsomal enzyme微量元素trace element稳态血药浓度steady state plasma concentration物理药剂学physical pharmaceutics吸入法inhalation吸收速率常数absorption rate constant细胞免疫cellular immunity腺苷磷酸adenosine phosphate限制性剧药restrictive holagogue相对给药间隔relative dosage interval相加作用additive effect; addition向靶给药targetable drug delivery消除速率常数elimination rate constant效价potency效价单位potency unit效价强度potency效应effect效应器effector效应物effector协定处方cipher prescription协同作用synergism兴奋性excitability序贯设计sequential design悬浮液suspension选择性selectivity血管内给药intravascular administration血管外给药extravascular administration血浆plasma血浆代用液plasma substitute血浆蛋白结合率plasma protein binding ratio血脑屏障blood-cerebral barrier血清serum血容量扩充剂blood volume expander血药浓度blood concentration血液凝固blood coagulation血液制品blood products亚急性中毒subacute intoxication;subacute poisoning 亚硝酸盐中毒nitrite poisoning眼用膜剂ocular inserts药—时半对数曲线semi-logarithmic curve of drug-time 药—时曲线drug-time curve药峰浓度peak concentration of drug药峰时间peak time of drug药剂等效性pharmaceutical equivalence药剂学pharmaceutics药理学pharmacology药敏试验drug sensitive test药品负责期allotted date of drug quality ensuring by manufacturer 药品管理法drug administration law药品批号drug batch number药品使用期limit date of using a drug after its production药品有效期expiry date; date of expiration药品质量标准drug standard药物代谢drug metabolism药物代谢酶drug metablic enzyme药物的体内过程intracorporal process of drugs药物动力学模型pharmacokinetics model药物反应drug reaction药物分布drug distribution药物分析pharmaceutical analysis药物化学pharmaceutical chemistry药物排泄drug excretion药物吸收drug absorption药物相互作用drug interaction药物消除drug elimination药物蓄积drug accumulation药物学pharmacology; materia medica药物遗传学pharmacogenetics药效动力学pharmacodynamics药源性疾病drug-induced diseases乙酰胆碱乙酰胆碱acetylcholine乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase抑菌活性bacteriostatic activity抑菌作用bactriostasis异构酶isomerase营养素nutrient硬膏剂plaster有效半衰期effective halt有效率effective rate有效浓度effective concentration右旋糖dextrose右旋体dextrorotatory form阈剂量threshold dose载体carrier皂甙saponins脂质体liposome直肠给药rectal administration直线相关linear correlation纸型片剂oral medicaed soluble paper致癌实验carcinogenic test致癌物carcinogen致畸试验teratogenic test致畸物teratogen致敏试验sensitization test致敏作用sensitization致死量fatal dose; lethal dose制剂preparation制剂学technology of pharmaceutics制药化学pharmaceutical chemistry治疗等效（值）therapeutic equivalence治疗量therapeutic dose治疗药物临测therapeutic drug monitoring; TDM治疗指数therapeutic index TI治疗作用therapeutic action中毒intoxication; poisoning中华人民共和国卫生部药品标准Drug Standard of Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China 中间体intermediate助滤剂filter aid助溶剂complex solubilizer助悬剂suspending agent自身免疫autoimmunity组胺histamine最大耐受剂量maximal tolerable dose; LDO最大无作用剂量maxial noneffective dose; EDO最小显著差数least significant difference最小有效量minimal effective dose最小致死剂量minimal lethal dose;MLD左旋糖levulose左旋体levorotatory form佐剂adjuvantNew words and expressions (1) bioavailability 生物利用度pharmaceutics药剂学solution 溶液剂suspension混悬剂suppository栓剂excipient n.赋形剂; 辅料disintegration n.崩解disintegrate v.崩解disintegration test 崩解时限检查dissolution溶出度,溶出absorption n.吸收permeation n.浸透, 透过pharmacopeia；pharmacopoeia药典the United States pharmacopoeia, USP，美国药典British pharmacopoeia, BP，英国药典Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China，ChP，中国药典exempt免除~ from 免除troch 锭剂tablet n.片剂coating包衣plain coated tablet 普通包衣片sustained release; prolonged action; repeat action 缓释palpably ad.摸得出地；明显的buccal口腔的,口含的sublingual舌下的granule(颗)粒quality control质量控制；质控systemic absorption 全身吸收stagnant静止的，停滞的,不流动的stagnant layer静止层partition分配kinetics动力学kinetic energy 动能constant常数,常量,恒量coefficient系数formulation剂型，制剂aggregate v. 聚集,凝聚aggregation n.聚集物，凝聚体investigator n.研究者, 调查者diffuse扩散equation方程式medium介质solute溶质geometric几何学的,几何图形的solubility溶解度,溶解性ionizable可解离的，可电离的free游离的manipulation操作,处理,控制anhydrous无水的hydrous含水的，水合的crystalline晶状的,水晶的crystalline form晶型polymorph多晶型amorphous无定形的identical同一的,相同的,相等的rigid硬质的,坚硬的thermodynamically热力的,热力学的suspending agent 助悬剂viscosity粘性,粘度vehicle介质，载体lubricant润滑剂magnesium镁stearate硬脂酸盐,硬脂酸酯repel击退,拒绝,排斥surfactant表面活性剂Surface Tension表面张力micelle胶束,胶团sodium钠bicarbonate碳酸氢盐aspirin n.阿斯匹林alkaline碱的,强碱的,碱性的adjacent靠近的,邻近的~ to 接近water soluble水溶(性)的fine细的precipitate析出，沉淀collective聚集的，集合的disperse分散complex复合物tetracycline n.四环素carbonate n.碳酸盐vitro(活)体外,试管内vivo(活)体内dissolution溶出度dissolution test 溶出试验dissolution apparatus 溶出仪dissolution vessel 溶出杯aqueous水的，水性的specification规范,技术要求,说明书variation波动,变化dosage form 剂型phosphate n.磷酸盐buffer缓冲,缓冲液simulated a.模拟的simulated gastric juice 人工胃液simulated intestinal juice 人工肠液labelled amount 标示量hydrochloric acid, HCl 盐酸pharmacy(o)-药的，药学的pharmacist 药剂师pharmacy 药学pharmaceutics 药剂学pharmacology 药理学pharmacodynamics药效学pharmacokinetics药物动力学常用的药学英语词汇Half life 半衰期Handerson-Hasselbach公式解离状态、pkc、ph的关系Hard capsules 硬胶囊剂Hardness 硬度HCO 氢仪蓖麻油HEC 羟乙基纤维素HEMA 甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯HES 羟乙基淀粉Heywood diameter Dh，投影面积圆相当径Higuchi方程希古契方程Host molecules 主分子HPC 羟丙纤维素HPC 羟丙纤维素HPMA 羟丙甲丙烯酸甲酯HPMC 羟丙甲基纤维素HPMC 羟丙甲基纤维素HPMC 羟丙甲纤维素HPMC 羟丙甲基纤维素HPMC 羟丙甲纤维素HPMCAS 醋酸羟丙甲纤维素琥珀酸酯HPMCAS 醋酸羟丙甲基纤维素琥珀酸酯HPMCAS 醋酸羟丙甲纤维素琥珀酸酯HPMCP 羟丙甲基纤维素酞酸酯HPMCP 羟丙甲纤维素酸酯HPMCP 羟甲基纤维素酞酸酯HPMCP (HP-50, HP-55) 羟丙甲纤维酸酯Humidity 湿度Hydration of stratum corneum 角质层的水化作用Hydrogel 水性凝胶Hydrophile-lipophile balance 亲水亲油平衡值Hydrotropy 助溶Hydrotropy agent 助溶剂Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 羟丙甲纤维素Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate 醋酸羟丙甲纤维素琥珀酸酯Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate 羟丙甲纤维素酞酸醋Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) 羟丙基纤维素Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) 羟丙纤维素Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose HPMC羟丙甲基纤维素Hygroscopicity 吸湿性Hypodermic tablets 皮下注射用片ICH 国际协调会议ICH 国际协调会议IDDS 植入给药系统IEC 离子交换色谱法IEF 等电点聚焦Immobile liquid 不可流动液体Impact 冲击力Impact mill 冲击式粉碎机Implant tablets 植入片Inclusion compound 包含物Industrial pharmaceutics 工业药剂学Infusion solution 输液Injection 注射液In-liquid drying 液中干燥法（乳化－溶剂挥发法）Interface polycondensation 界面缩聚法intra-arterial route 动脉内注射Intradermal (ID) route 皮内注射Intramuscular (IM) route 肌肉注射Intravenous (IV) route 静脉注射Intrinsic dissolution rate 特性溶出速率Intrinsic solubility 特性溶解度Inverse targeting 反向靶向Iontophoresis 离子渗透法IR 红外Isoclectric focusing IEF等电点聚焦Isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液Isopropylpalmitate 异丙酸棕榈酯Isostearylisostearate 异硬脂酸异硬酯Isotonic solution 等张溶液Isotonic solution 等张溶液Journal of Drug Targeting 药物靶向杂志Kick学说粗粉碎（体积）Krafft point 对离子型表面活性剂而言Krummbein diameter 定方向最大径Lactic acid 乳酸Lactose 乳糖Lag time 滞留时间Large unilamellar vesicles 大单室脂质体Laurocapam 月桂氮草酮Length basis 长度基准L-HPC 低取代羟丙基纤维素L-HPC 低取代羟丙基纤维素Limulus lysate test 鲎试验法Liniments 搽剂Liposomes 脂质体Liquid immersion method 液浸法Liquid injection 无针液体注射器Liquid paraffin 液体石蜡Liquid paraffin 液体石碏Long-circulating liposome 长循环脂质体Long-circulating liposomes 长循环脂质体Long-term testing 长期试验Loo-Rigelman方程双宝血药浓度－吸收率换算Lotions 洗剂Lubricants 润滑剂Lubricants 润滑剂LUVs 大单宝脂质体Martin diameter 定方向等分径Mass basis 质量基准Matrix type 骨架型Matrix-diffusion type TTS 胃架扩散型TTSMaximum additive concentration MAC最大增溶浓度MC 甲基纤维素MC 甲基纤维素MC 甲基纤维素MCC 微晶纤维素Mechanical interlocking bonds 粒子间机械镶嵌Medicinal liquor 酒剂Melt-homogenization 熔融－匀化法Membrane wall 表膜壁壳Membrane-moderated type TTS 膜控释型TTSMethyl acrylate-methacrylate co 甲基丙烯酸-丙烯酸甲酯Methylcellulose (MC) 甲基纤维素Methylcellulose (MC) 甲基纤维素Micellar emulsion 胶团乳Micelle 胶束Microcapsules 微表Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 微晶纤维素Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 微晶纤维素Microemulsion 微乳Microemulsion 微乳Microencapsulation 微型包表术、微表化Micromeritics 粉体学Microreservoir-type TTS 微贮库型Microscropic method 显微镜法Microspheres 微球microstreaming 超微束Minitablet 小片Mixing 混合Mixtures 合剂MLVs 多室脂质体MMA 甲基丙烯酸甲酯Moistening agent 润湿剂Moisture absorption 吸湿性Molecular capsules 分子囊Multilamellar vesicles 多宝脂质体Multilayer tablets 多层片Multiorfice-centrifugal process 多孔离心法Myrij 聚氧乙烯脂肪酸酯Myrj 卖泽、聚氧乙烯脂肪酸醋Nacent soap method 新生皂法Nanocapsule 纳米囊Nanocapsules 纳米囊Nanoemulsion 纳米乳Nanoemulsion 纳米乳Nanoliposomes 纳米脂质体Nanoparticles 纳米粒Nanosphere 纳米球Nanospheres 纳米球Naonparticle 纳米粒Nasal drops 滴鼻剂Newtonian equation 牛顿粘度定律Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Niosomes 类脂质体，泡囊Nonbound water 非结合水分Nonionic surfactant vesicles 非离子表面活性剂囊泡Non-newtonian flow 非牛顿流动Non-Newtonian fluid 非牛顿流体Nonprescription drug 非处方药Noyes-Whitney方程溶出速度方程NP -吡咯酮Nucleation theory 成核作用理论OCDDS 口服结肠定位释药系统OCDDS 口服定时(择时)给药系统Ointments 软膏剂Opitical isomerization 光学异构ORD 旋光色散Orthologonal design 区交设计Osmotic pressure 渗透压OSSDDS 口服定位释药系统Ostwald freundlich 方程结晶增长Over the counter (OTC) 非处方药Oversize distribution 筛上分布PA 磷脂酸PACA 聚氧基丙烯酸烷酯Packing fraction 充填章Paints 涂剂Paints 涂膜剂Pan coating 锅包衣法Paraffin 石蜡Particle size distribution 粒度分布Partition coefficient (P) 分配系数Passive targeting preparation 被动靶向制剂Patch 贴剂PB 聚丁烯PBCA 聚氰基丙烯酸丁酯PCS 激光散射光潽PE 聚乙烯PE 聚乙烯Peel tack test 剥离快转力实验PEG 聚乙二醇PEG 聚乙二醇PEG 聚乙二醇PEG-EG PEG修饰的磷脂酰乙醇胺Pendular state 钟摆状Penetration enhancers 经皮吸收促进剂PEO 聚氧乙烯PEO 聚氧乙烯PEO 聚氯乙烯Peregol O 聚氧乙烯（15）油醇醚Perogol O 聚氧乙烯（15）与油醇缩合PET 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PG 丙二醇PGA 聚乙醇酸Pharmaceutical engineering 制剂学Pharmaceutical manufacturing 制剂Pharmaceutical preparation 药物制剂Pharmaceutics 药剂学Pharmacia 淀粉微球Pharmacokinetics 药物动力学Pharmacological availability 药理利用度Pharmacopoeia 药典Phase inversion critical point 转相临界点Phase separation 相分离法（物理化学法）Phase transition temperature 相转变湿度Phase volume ratio 相比Phonophoresis 超声波法Photodegradation 光化降解PHPMA 聚羟丙甲丙烯酸甲酯Physical and chemical T P 物理化学靶向制剂Physical approach 物理学方法Physical pharmaceutics 物理药剂学PIB 聚异丁烯类压敏胶PiBCA 聚氰基丙烯酸异丁酯PiBCA 聚氰基丙烯酸异丁脂PLA 聚乳酸PLA 聚乳酸PLA 聚乳酸PLA/PGA, PLGA 聚酸酯乙交酯PLA-PEG 聚乳酸聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物Plastic deformation 塑性变形Plastic viscosity 塑性粘度Plastisity 塑性PLGA 聚乳酸聚乙醇酸共聚物PLGA 酸酯乙交酯共聚物PLGA 聚乳酸聚乙醇酸共聚物PMMA 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Poiseuile 公式过滤时液体的流动Poloxamer (plurnic) 聚氧乙烯－聚氧丙烯共聚物Poloxamer 188 (plurnic F68) 泊洛沙姆188（普郎尼克F68）Poloxamer 188 (pluronic F68) 泊洛沙姆、普郎尼克Poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F68) 泊洛沙姆188（普郎尼克F68）Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) 聚丙交酯-乙交酯POLYACRYLIC RESIN 聚丙烯酸树酯Polyalkylcyano-acrylate 聚氰基丙烯酸烷酯Polydiethylene terephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯Polyethylene 聚乙烯Polyethylene (PEG) 聚乙二醇Polyethylene glycol PEG聚乙二醇Polyethylene glycol 聚乙二醇Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 聚乙二醇Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 聚乙二醇Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 聚乙二醇Polymerization 聚合Polymers in pharmaceutics 药用高分子材料学Polymethyl methacrylate 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯Polymorphism 多晶型Polymorphism 多晶型Polyoxyethylene 聚氧乙烯Polyoxyl 40 stearate (Myri52) S-40聚氧乙烯（40）单硬脂酸酯Polypropylene 聚丙烯Polysorbate 聚山梨酯Polyvinyl alcohol 聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯Polyvinylpyrrolidine PVP聚维酮Polyvinylpyrrolidone 聚维酮Porosity 空隙率Porosity 空隙率Povidone 聚乙烯比咯烷酮Powder injection 无针粉未注射器Powders 散剂PP 聚丙烯PP 聚丙烯Preformulation 处方前工作Pregelatinized starch －淀粉、预胶化淀粉、可压性淀粉Preservative 防腐剂Pressure sensitive adhersive 压敏胶Pressure-sensitive tape council 剥离实验Prickle cell layer 棘层Primary particle 一级粒子Prodrug 前体药物propellents 抛射剂Propylene glycol 丙二醇Propylene glycol (PG) 丙二醇PS(phosphatidylserine) 磷脂酰丝氨酸PSA 压敏胶Pseudo steady state 伪稳态Pseudoplastic flow 假塑性流动PSTC 剥离实验Pulsed/pulsatile release 脉冲释药PVA 聚乙烯醇PVA 聚乙絺醉PVAP 聚乙烯PVC 聚氯乙烯PVC 聚氯乙烯PVC 聚氯乙烯PVP 聚维酮PVP 聚维酮PVP 聚维酮PVP (PVPk15, PVPk30, PVPk90) 聚维酮PVPP 交联聚乙烯比咯烷酮PVPP（交联PVP）交联聚维酮Pycnometer 比重瓶Pyrogen 热原QOL 生命质量Quasi-viscous flow 假粘性流动Racemization 外消旋化作用Raman 拉曼Random floc 不规则絮凝物Raoult定律拉乌尔定律rapid expansion of supercritical S RESSRate of shear 剪切速度、切速率、速度梯度Receptor cell 接收宝Relative humidity RH相对湿度Relative humidity (RH) 相对湿度Response surface methodology 效应面优化法RESS 超临界溶液快速膨胀技术Retardants 阻滞剂Reverse osmosis 反渗透Rheology 流变学Rittinger学说细粉碎（表面积）Rolling ball tack test 滚球试验RP-HPLC 反相高效液相色潽法Rubbing 研磨力Rumpf 湿法制粒机理SA 硬脂酰胺Safety 安全性Safflower 藏红花油SDB-L-400 交联聚丙烯酸钠SDS, SLS 十二烷基硫酸钠SDS-PAGE SDC－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶SEC 分子排阻色潽法Second particle 二级粒子SEDDSs 自乳化药物传递系统Sedimentation method 沉降法Sedimentation rate 沉降容积比Self-adjusted system 自调式释药系统SEM 扫描电镜Sensitization 敏化作用Settling velocity diameter 有效径SFDA SFDAShape factor 形状系数Shear mixing 剪切混合Shearing force 剪切应力、剪切力、切力Sieving diameter Da，筛分径Sieving method 筛分法Sieving method 筛分法Simple coacervation 单凝聚法Simplex method 单纯形优化法Single unilamellar vesicles 小单室脂质体Sink condition 漏槽Sink condition 漏槽状态Size exclusion chromatography SECSlurry state 泥浆汰Sodium carboxymethyl starch 羟甲基泛粉钠Sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) 十二烧基硫酸钠Sodium taurodihydrofusidate 牛磺双氢褐霉素钠Soft capsules 软胶囊剂Soft paraffin 软石蜡Solid bridges 粒子间固体桥Solid lipid nanospheres (SLN) 固体脂质纳米粒Solubility 溶解度Solubility parameter 溶解度参数Solubilization 增溶Solubilization 增溶Solubilization 增溶Solubilizer 增溶剂Solubilizer 增溶剂Solution tablets 溶液片Solutions 溶液剂Solvent-nonsolvent 溶剂－非溶剂法SOP 标准操作规程Soybean-derived sterol 大豆甾醇Span 跨距Span 失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Span 80 油酸山梨坦Specific acid-base catalysis 专属酸碱催化Specific surface area 地表面积Specific surface area method 地表面积法Specific volume 松比客Spermaceti 鲸蜡Spirits 醑剂Spongia, spongc 海绵剂Spray congealing 喷雾凝结法Spray drying 喷雾干燥法SS 大豆留醇Stability 稳定性Starch 淀粉Starch glycolate (CMS-Na) 甘醇酸淀粉钠state food and drug administration SFDA STDHF 牛磺双氢褐毒素纳Sterility 无菌Sterilization 灭菌Sticky powder 粘性粉体Stocks diameter Stocks径Stokes 定律沉降速度Stratum granulosum 粒层Stratum lucidum 透明层Stress 内应力Stress relaxation 应力缓和Stress testing 影响因素试验、强化试验Striping of stratum corneum 去除角质层Subcutaneous (SC) route 皮下注射Sublingual tablets 舌下片Subnanoemulsion 亚纳米乳Sugar 糖粉Sugar coated tablets 糖衣片Supercritical Fluid (SCF) 超临界流体（萃取）Suppositories 栓剂Surelease 乙基纤维素水分散体Surface basis 面积基准Suspending agents 助悬剂Suspensions 混悬剂Sustained release tablets 缓释片Sustained-release preparation 缓释制剂SUVs 小单宝脂质体Synergists 协同剂synthesis of bioconvertible Prod 生物转化前体药物的合成Synthesis of lipophilic analogs 脂质类物质的合成Synthesis of prodrugs 前体药物的合成Syrups 糖浆剂Tablets 片剂Tacking strength 快粘力Talc 滑石粉Tap density 振实密度Targeting drug system (TDS) 靶向给药系统TDDS 经皮传递系统TDDS 药物经皮传递系统TDDS 经皮传递系统TEM 透射电镜TEM 透射电镜Tensile strength (Ts) 抗张强度The technique of sterilization 灭菌技术Theory of depletion stabilization 空缺稳定理论Thermal energy 温热热能法Thixlotropy 础变性Thumb tack test 拇指实验Time clock 定时钟Time controlled explosive system 时控-突释系统Tincture 酊剂Tincture 酊剂Titer 抗体滴度Topochemical reactions 局部化学反应Toroches 口含片Transdermal therapeutic system 反向靶向Transfersome 传递体True density 真密度TTS 经皮治疗制剂Tween 聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Under distribution 筛下分布Uniform design 均匀设计Uppsala 淀粉微球UV 紫外Vaginal tablets 阴道片Vander walls 力范德华力Vaselin 凡士林Vertebra caval route 脊椎腔注射viscoelasticity 粘弹性Viscosity 粘性Viscosity 粘度Viscosity coefficient 粘度系数Viscosity curve 粘度曲线Void ratio 空隙比Volume basis 体积基准Wagner-Nelson方程血药浓度-吸收率换算Watch glass method 表陂片法（释放度检查）。
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药理学药效学毒理学专业英语药效学药动学临床药理学免疫药理学分子药理学定量药理学时辰药理学化学治疗学抗代谢药激动药完全激动药拮抗药完全拮抗药部分拮抗药部分激动药自身活性物质药物吸收药物分布药物代谢药物排泄药物体内过程药物处置pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics clinical pharmacology immunopharmacology molecular pharmacology quantitative pharmacology chronopharmacology chemotherapy antimetaboliteagonistfull agonistantagonistfull antagonistpartial antagonistpartial agonistautacoidabsorption of drug distribution of drug metabolism of drug excretion of drugfate of drugdisposition of drug药物转运药物转化被动转运主动转运易化转运蛋白结合自由药物结合药物一级动力学零级动力学线性动力学浓度- 时间曲线浓度- 时间曲线下面积浓度- 效应曲线药物代谢酶肝药酶代谢产物半衰期血浆半衰期生物半衰期稳态血药浓度transport of drug transformation of drugpassive transportactive transportfacilitory transportprotein bindingfree drugbound drugfirst order kineticszero order kineticslinear kineticsconcentration-time curvearea under the concentration--time curve, AUC concentration-effect curvedrug metabolism enzymeliver drug enzymemetabolitehalf--lifeplasma half-lifebiological half-lifesteady plasma-drug稳态血药浓度峰值稳态血药浓度谷值稳态血药浓度均值表观分布容积消除消除速率常数清除率蓄积生物转化作用效应作用部位作用方式兴奋血管松弛药血管紧张素高效能利尿药低效能利尿药留钾利尿药concentrationmaximum value of steady plasma-drugconcentration minimum value of steady plasma-drug concentration mean value of steady plasma—drug concentrationapparent volume of distribution eliminationelimination rate constant clearanceaccumulation biotransformationactioneffectsite of actionmode of actionstimulationvessel relaxantangiotensin恶心性祛痰药稀释性祛痰药润滑性泻药容积性泻药刺激性泻药峻泻药抗消化性溃疡药磷酸二酯酶抑制药口服降血糖药醛甾酮类药促肾上腺皮质激素类药黄体激素类药化学治疗药磺胺类药硝基呋喃类药广谱抗生素窄谱抗生素抗黑热病药受体调控性通道电压调控性通道治疗作用不良反应high ceiling diureticlow ceiling diuretic potassium--sparing diuretic nauseous expectorant diluent expectorant emollient laxativeosmotic laxativeirritant laxativedrastic purgative antiulcer drug phosphodiesterase inhibitor oral hypoglycemic aldosterones corticotropinsluteoids chemotherapeutic drug sulfonamidesnitrofuransbroad spectrum antibiotic narrow spectrum antibiotic anti-kala-azar drug receptor operated channel毒性反应成瘾性习惯性后效应停药综合征特异质单向交叉抗药性双向交叉抗药性戒断症状顺从性外用阈剂量非消化道给药鼻腔黏膜给药快速耐受脱敏受体调节生理适应性对抗疗法顺势疗法植物神经系统药抗肾上腺素药voltage operated channel therapeutic actionuntoward reactiontoxic reactionaddictionhabituationafter effectwithdrawal syndrome idiosyncrasy monodirectional cross resistance bidirectional cross resistance abstinence syndrome complianceexternal applicationthreshold doseparenteral administration nasal administration tachyphylaxis desensitizationreceptor regulation physiological adaption allopathy肾上腺素受体阻滞药胆碱受体阻滞药胆碱酯酶抑制药激动拮抗增强相加协同阻滞阻滞药效能向上调节向下调节增敏耐受选择性直接作用间接作用原发作用继发作用反射作用始初反应homeopathy autonomic antiadrenergic adrenoreceptor blocker cholinoreceptor blocker cholinesterase inhibitor agonismantagonism potentiationadditionsynergismblockblocade, blocker efficacyup regulationdown regulation sensitization toleranceselectivitydirect actionindirect action primary action竞争性拮抗可逆性竞争性拮抗非可逆性竞争性拮抗非平衡性拮抗镇静安定昼夜节律不应性神经递质介质调质介质耗竭介质排空伪递质摄取再摄取致畸作用靶生物学特异性化学特异性亲和力secondary actionreflex actioninitial responsecompetitive antagonism reversible competitive antagonismirreversible competitive antagonismnon-equilibrium competitive anta-gonismsedativetranquilizecircadian rhythm refractoriness neurotransmittermediatormodulatormediator exhaustionmediator depletionfalse transmitteruptake内在活性储备性受体受体储备体外试验体内试验半体内试验化学性拮抗生理性拮抗药动学拮抗肝肠循环首关效应载体转运代谢性降解一室模型二室模型三室模型多室模型易化扩散易位生物检定平行测定re-uptaketeratogenesistargetbiological specificity chemical specificityaffinityintrinsic activityspare receptorreceptor reservein vitro testin vivo testex vivo testchemical antagonism physiological antagonism pharmacokinetic antagonism hepato-enteric circulation, enterohepatic circulation first pass effectcarrier transport metabolic degradationone-compartment model two-compartment model安慰剂序贯试验瀑布超灌流技术广谱抗蠕虫药自由基清除剂氢离子泵抑制药免疫佐药呼吸兴奋药静脉麻醉药吸入麻醉药非甾体消炎药多巴胺拮抗药外周性脱羧酶抑制药子宫兴奋药血容量扩充药渗压性利尿药强心苷类抗休克药毒理学毒物中毒毒作用three-compartment modelmulti-compartment model facilitate diffusion translocationbioassayparallel assayplacebosequential trialcascade superfusion technique broad spectrum antihelmintic free radical cleanerH+ -pump inhibitor immunological adjuvant respiration stimulant intravenous anesthetic inhalation anestheticnon-steroid antiinflammatory drugdopamine antagonistperipheral decarboxylase inhibitoruterus stimulant毒效应毒性毒性试验选择毒性急性毒性亚急性毒性慢性毒性长期毒性延迟毒性毒素内毒素外毒素动物毒素植物毒素蜈蚣毒[液] 蝎子毒[液] 蜜蜂毒[液] 蟾毒素生物毒蛇毒[液] 细胞[中]毒神经[中]毒plasma volume expander osmotic diuretic cardiac glycosides antishock drug toxicologytoxicant, poison intoxicationtoxic actiontoxic effecttoxicitytoxicity testselective toxicityacute toxicitysubacute toxicity chronic toxicitylong term toxicity delayed toxicitytoxinendotoxinexotoxinzootoxinphytotoxin胚胎[中I毒心脏[中]毒毒效学毒动学光毒反应光敏反应半数中毒量半数致死量半数致死浓度绝对致死量绝对致死浓度最大耐受量最大耐受浓度最小致死量最小致死浓度蓄积毒性安全界限安全因素安全范围安全评价centipede venomscorpion venommeltittin venombufotoxinbiotoxinsnake venomcytotoxicneurotoxicembryotoxiccardiotoxictoxicodynamicstoxicokineticsphototoxic reaction photosensitivity reaction median toxic dose, TD50 median lethal dose, LD50 median lethal concentration, LC50absolute lethal doseabsolute lethal concentration maximum tolerated dose, MTD maximum tolerated药物成瘾性毒物代谢危害性无毒性效应剂量每日允许摄入量药物变态反应药物过敏反应利弊权衡沙利度胺事件定群调查病例对照研究预测价值时辰毒性近似致死剂量双相死亡率外推系数不良反应阈远期效应时间效应曲线剂量效应曲线质反应量反应concentration,MTCminimum lethal dose, MLD minimum lethal concentration, MLCcumulative toxicitymargin of safetysafety factorssafety rangesafety evaluationdrug addictiontoxicant metabolism hazardnessnon-observed effect dose, NOED acceptable daily intake, ADI drug allergydrug anaphylaxisbenefit-risk balance thalidomide eventcohort studycase control studypredictive value急性阈剂量急性阈浓度急性毒效应区慢性阈剂量慢性阈浓度慢性毒效应区允许残留量解偶联剂靶器官急效应区细菌回复突变试验刺激试验溶血试验微核试验肉毒杆菌毒素毒物分布显性致死试验剂量效应关系生育指数胚胎发育胚胎吸收胚胎毒性chronotoxicityapproximate lethal dose, ALD two phase mortality extrapolation coefficient threshold of adverse effect remote effecttime effect curvedose effect curvequalitative response quantitative responseacute threshold doseacute threshold concentration acute toxic effect zonechronic threshold dosechronic threshold concentration chronic toxic effect zone allowable residue limit uncoupling agentstarget organacute effect zoneAmes testirritant test基因突变遗传毒性致癌物毒性试验指导原则肝毒物引发剂促进剂不可逆效应可逆效应畸形半数致死时间致死突变肾毒物前致癌物致癌物肾毒性短期毒性毒性症状姐妹染色体互换慢反应物质A致畸原非程序DNA合成实际安全量hemolytic test micronucleus test botulinum toxin distribution of toxicant dominant lethal testdose-effect relationship fertility indexfetal developmentfetal resorptionfetal toxicitygene mutationgenotoxic carcinogens guideline for toxicity study hepatotoxicantinitiatorpromoterirreversible effect reversible effect malformationmedian lethal time, LT50 lethal mutation nephrotoxicant异常外遗传致癌物次级致癌物致癌作用染色体断裂助癌剂延迟神经毒性直接致癌物诱变性致畸性致癌性间接致癌物直接诱变物间接诱变物DNA损伤试验化学致癌剂换窝异亲抚养试验终致癌物原癌基因引发阶段促进阶段潜在致癌物procarcinogencarcinogenrenal toxicityshort term toxicitysigns of toxicitysister chromatid exchange, SCE slow reacting substance-A teratogenunscheduled DNA synthesis virtual safety dose abnormalityepigenetic carcinogens secondary carcinogens carcinogenesischromosomal aberration cocarcinogensdelayed neurotoxicitydirectly acting carcinogens mutagenecityteratogenecity carcinogenecityindirect acting carcinogens生态毒理学环境毒理学食品毒理学吸入毒理学生化毒理学遗传毒理学临床毒理学行为毒理学呼吸系统毒理学心血管系统毒理学生殖毒理学工业毒理学发育毒理学器官毒理学法医毒理学神经毒理学血液毒理学肝脏毒理学肾脏毒理学皮肤毒理学眼毒理学放射毒理学direct acting mutagens indirect acting mutagens DNA injured test chemical carcinogens litters cross fostering study ultimate carcinogens proto-oncogeneinitiating stage promoting stage potential carcinogen ecotoxicology environmental toxicology food toxicology inhalation toxicology biochemical toxicology genetic toxicologyclinical toxicology behavioral toxicology respiratory toxicology cardiovascular toxicology reproductive toxicology industrial toxicology免疫毒理学耳毒理学毒物监测解毒毒理学家有毒的产毒性毒素恐怖亲毒素的毒素治疗毒原毒素受体膜毒理学毒理病理学药物毒性药物毒理学药物遗传学药物流行病学环境药理学老年药理学老年药学围生期药理学developmental toxicology organ toxicology forensic toxicology neurotoxicology hematotoxicology hepatotoxicology nephrotoxicology dermatoxicology ophthotoxicology radiotoxicology immunotoxicology ototoxicology monitoring of poison detoxication toxicologisttoxiferoustoxigenicitytoxiphobiatoxiphorictoxitherapytoxogentoxoreceptor量子药理学液体闪烁计数抑制周边室富血小板血浆贫血小板血浆交叉耐受脑室内注射肾上腺素受体隔室模型隔室三致实验受体药物筛选药物评价实验治疗抗辐射药抗肝炎药细胞[中]毒类药外源物双盲[法]交叉设计membrane toxicology toxicological pathologydrug toxicitydrug toxicology pharmacogenetics pharmacoepidemiology environmental pharmacology gerontopharmacology geriatric pharmacyperinatal pharmacology quantum pharmacologyliquid scintillation counting depression, inhibition periphery compartment platelet rich plasma, PRP platelet poor plasma, PPP cross toleranceintracerebral ventricle injection adrenoceptorcompartment model compartmentthree genicity tests药物潜伏化receptordrug screeningdrug evaluationexperimental therapyantiradiation drugantihepatitis drugcytotoxic drugxenobioticsdouble blindcross-over designdrug latenciation。