英语专业写作基础教程1-6单元笔记
英语专业写作基础教程7-8单元笔记
一、Definition and purpose of research paper定义：A research paper usually deals with an important issue, factual or theoretical, and it is usually fairly long and well-documented.目的：1. Learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly；2. Familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper；3. Gain some experience in writing long papers or reports.二、Steps of preparing research paperWe go through 5 steps or stages in the process of preparing a research paper:1.choosing a topic2.collecting information3.analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline4.writing the first draft; and5.revising the draft and finalizing the paper.1.1 Ways of choosing a topic:(原则:from the general to the specific)①selecting a general topic(interested; already have some ideas; could develop it into a research paper)②reading and thinking(new)③narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper④formulating the final topic1.2 Criteria for our final topic:It should be a topic①which is meaningful and serious.②which we are able to handle.③for which sufficient materials are available.④that can be treated objectively.⑤that is not too topical.2.1Ways of collecting information①using the library②reading③taking notes2.2How can we find books in library?We can find the books according to the first words of the titles of books or the ;last names of the authors.2.3书目卡Call last(姓),first(名)Number title(下划线或斜体)城市：出版社，时间***p2.4 How are the books in libraries arranged?Books are arranged alphabetically according to their authors ,titles and the subjects they belong to.2.5 How do you look for A Doll’s House?We g o to the title catalogue file and look up Doll’s House and Color Purple ,ignoring the indefinite article “A” in the first book and the definite article “The” in the second book.2.6 What do you do to get the information of E.M. Foster?We go to the author catalogue file and look up Foster, E.M. , for the cards are arranged according to the last names of the authors.2.7 What is the right way of reading ?To read book quickly and critically .We may first look at the title of contents or the index to find out what chapter or parts of a book might give us some useful material.2.8 How can you be sure that your information is not outdated or biased ?We find the latest edition of the book and compare what is said in it with what other books say on the same topic to make sure that the information we have is not outdated or biased.2.9 Rules of taking notes①take notes on cards, or on separate pieces of paper②place only one note on a card.③be selective.2.10 Kinds of information on a note carda. the fact, idea or opinion,b. the source.c. the author’s last name and the page number2.11 Kinds of notesa. the direct quotation (a note that takes down the exact wording of a particular effective statement on a subject)b. the paraphrase (a note that takes down the information of a source in our own words)c. the summary ( a note that abstracts and condenses a large amount of material into a small space)Whichever method we use, we must cite the source of the information.如果原文有误，但仍就引用过来，须在后面标注[sic]。
现代大学英语基础写作（下）笔记
现代大学英语基础写作（下）笔记WritingUnit 1 错误!未定义书签。
1. Narration (Personal Narratives) (P1-2) 错误!未定义书签。
2. Coordination & Subordination (P12) 错误!未定义书签。
Coordination 错误!未定义书签。
Subordination 错误!未定义书签。
Unit 2 错误!未定义书签。
1. Decription (Places)(P21-22) 错误!未定义书签。
2. Parallelism (P31-32) 错误!未定义书签。
Unit 3 错误!未定义书签。
1. Narration (Objective Reports) (P42) 错误!未定义书签。
2. Action verbs &Active verbs (P52) 错误!未定义书签。
Circumstances of using passive voice 错误!未定义书签。
Unit 4 错误!未定义书签。
1. Description: objects (P64) 错误!未定义书签。
2. Variety(多样性)（P76）错误!未定义书签。
Unit 5 错误!未定义书签。
1. Narration: chain of action (P82) 错误!未定义书签。
Showing &telling in narration 错误!未定义书签。
未教（P93）错误!未定义书签。
Unit 6 错误!未定义书签。
1. Description: People (P102) 错误!未定义书签。
2. Effective Sentences: Conciseness 简明，简洁(打印) 错误!未定义书签。
Unit 7 错误!未定义书签。
1. Narration: Historical Narratives (P126) 错误!未定义书签。
大学英语全新版第一册备课笔记Unit1-6
大学英语全新版第一册备课笔记Unit1-6 Unit 1 Growing UpBeautiful Boy) and ask questions.a.What does Lennon think of growing up? Is it easy or full of adventures?--Life becomes better as one grows up; it takes time to grow up; life is not always what one has planned, but is full of surprises; life is not easy; life is adventurous.2. The art of eating spaghetti.3. Why did Russell Baker enjoy writing ―The Art of Eating Spaghetti‖?4. Look at the title of Text A, then find out in which paragrapha similar phrase appears. Read that paragraph carefully and explain in your own words what the author mean by saying ―write for myself‖. (para. 5)1. Ask students to circle all the time words, phrases and clauses in Text A.2. Turn to Text OrganizationII. Cultural background1. Grade schools in the U. S.2. What American teachers wear in school:3. Spaghetti and the proper way of eating it:III. Language Study1.possibility: state of being possible; (degree of) likelihood (usu. Followed by that-clauseof of )--Is there any possibility of life on Mars / my becoming yourfriends?--They haven’t arrived. There is a possibility that they have taken the wrong road.2.associate (with): join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind--We associate Egypt with pyramids.--I can’t associate this gentle young woman with the radical political essays she has written. 3.anticipate: expect (usu. Followed by gerund or that-clause)--What do you anticipate from me / the college / the college English?--They anticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2002.4.reputation: opinion held by others--Premier Zhu Rongji has a high reputation as a statesman in the world.--Jim Kerry has quite a reputation for being Comic.5.inspire:--What the doctors and nurses did inspired people to fight against the SARS.--The last leaf on the tree that never fell off inspired the dying patient with the will to live on.6.rigid: fixed in behavior; based on correct or accepted rules--If he had been a little less rigid about things, his daughter would not have left home at such a young age.--What do you have in your minds when thinking of a rigid teacher? Do you want me to be a rigid teacher?--The rigid headmaster would button up his clothes even on the hottest days.7.severe: 1) completely plain--wear a severe black dress--Earnest Hemingway is known for his severe writing style.2) stern, strict--Only those who have undergone severe training can be accepted into the air force.--Fu Lei was so severe with his son that even his wife would cry.3) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, etc.--The severe chest pain experienced by the Vice-President proved to be a heart attack.--A factory must turn out newer and better products to win in the climate of severe business competition.8.tackle: deal with--Toshiba recently designed a robot that ca tackle almost any kinds of housework.--The classroom was quiet as students were busy tackling the final exam.9.recall: bring back to the mind; remember (usu. followed by noun / gerund, or that-clause) --I recognize the face but can’t recall her name.--I don’t recall ever meeting her.10.argument: disagreement, quarrel--The bride and her mother got into an argument / argued about whether to wear white or red on her wedding day.--Mary found that compromise was always the best policy when she had an argument with her husband.11.violate: act against--Speeding in downtown areas violates traffic regulations.--A country isn’t respected if i t violates and international agreement./doc/42d83ff79ec3d5bbfc0a740a.htm l pose: write or create (music, poetry, etc.)--John Lennon composed the song Beautiful Boy for his son.--The president’s speech is really brilliant. Do you think it was composed by himself or by someone else?composition13.avoid: keep or get away from (usu. Followed by noun / gerund)--The little boy who had broken a neighbor’s window ran away t avoid punishment / being punished.--He stayed away from the cafe so that he could avoid running into his former girl friend.14.take hold: become established--The idea of one child only has taken hold in many Chinese families.--Old habits die hard. That’s why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.15.off and on / on and off: from time to time, now and again; irregularly--It has been raining on and off for a week. That’s why the clothes feel damp.--doze off and on16.turn out: produce--New computers are soon outdated since newer models are turned out constantly.--American film studios turn out hundreds of films every year.turn in: hand in (work that one has done, etc.)--For your final grade, each of you must turn in 7-page paper.17.face up to: be brave enough to accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)--Now that your daughter is born, you’ll have to face up to the responsibilities of being a father.--If you fail to the CET-4, how can you face up to it?18.put down: write down--The housekeeper put down the daily expenses in a little notebook.--I’ll put down your performances in the class as a part of your final evaluation.19.what’s more: in addition, more importantly--How can you love this man? He watches TV all day long, and what’s more, he seems not to have brushed his teeth for months!20.hold back: prevent the expression of (feelings tears, etc.)--People could hardly hold back their anger when they found that millions of dollars of public funds had been used to build luxurious houses for city officials.IV. Text Analysis1.Grammatical structures: sb. / sth. is said / believed / reported to do / be2.Writing strategy in Theme-related Language Learning Tasks (referred to T ext Analysis)3.Synonymous words or phrases in the text (see Text Analysis).1.Think alone: According to Mr. Fleagle, what is the very essence of the essay?--The essence of good essays is to write what one enjoys writing about.2.Check and discuss the rest of the after-text exercises.3.Text B.4.Theme-related Language Learning Tasks in class.Unit 2 Friendship1.Let the students listen to the song That’s What Friends are For.a.What is a fair weather friend?--one who is happy to stay with you when things are going well but leaves as soon as trouble arrives.b.According to the song, what are friends for?--for both good times and bad times.2.Survey—do you often write letters to friends?Sometimes we put off writing letters because we think letters can wait until other matters are dealt with, or because we think a phone call will do instead. But sometimes, as you are to find in this text, we may leave it too late to write, and letters are the best in expressing our innermost feelings.1.Find out how many questions the narrator asked the cabbie and what were the latter’sresponses.2.Questions for the students:a.At first, did you mistake Ed for the writer of this letter, like the storyteller did?b.When did you realize your mistake?c.Which round of question-and-answer leads to the mistake? (the second round)3.Point out that a surprising ending is sometimes adopted in stories.II. Text Organization.III. Cultural background: HalloweenHalloween is celebrated annually. It is on the night of 31 October, when people once believed that ghost could be seen. Now, in Britain and America, it is a time when children have parties, dress up as witches, make lanterns out of pumpkins from which the inside has been removed, and play ―trick or treat‖.Trick or treat is a traditional activity at Halloween. Children dress in costumes and visit houses. At each house they say ―Trick or tre at‖. This means that they will play a ―trick‖, or joke, on the people in the house unless they are given a ―treat‖, e.g. sweets or money. Most people prefer to give treats rather than having tricks played on them.IV. Language Study.1.available: able to be used, had, or reached--We have already used up all the available money.--Is that book available in our library?2.estimate: form a judgement about (a quantity or value)--How much do you estimate you will spend each month?--I estimated that the total cost for the treatment of the disease will go from $5,000 to $8,000.3.correspondence: 1) the act of writing, receiving or spending letters (不可加s, 但可加a,often followed by with + n.)--His interest in writing came from a long correspondence with a close college friend.2) the letters that sb. receives or sends (不可数)--Mary really never mentions her step-mother in her correspondence.4.practically: almost--he’d known the old man for practically ten years.--It is practically impossible for him to give up smoking.5.urge: try very hard to persuade urge sb. to do sth. / urge that-clause(虚拟语气should)--They urged the local government to approve plans for their reform programme.--I urged my cousin to take a year off to study drawing.--Sir Fred urged that Britain (should) join the European Monetary System.6.postpone: delay, put off7.reference: 1) make reference to:--It was strange that he made no reference to any work experience in his resume.His recent book makes reference to the political events of those days.2) the act of looking at sth. for information--Use the dictionary for easy refernce.--Keep their price list for further reference.8.absolutely: totally and completely--Funding is absolutely necessary if research is to continue.--It is absolutely important to strengthen your word power.9.mostly: almost all; generally--They have invested their money mostly in expensive real estate.--The guests at the wedding party are mostly friends of the bride.10.awful: (infml;) very great; very bad or unpleasant--I have got an awful lot of work to do.--I can’t bear the awful smell of cigarette smoke.11.destination: the place to which sb. is going or being sent--Singapore is still our most popular holiday destination.--Only half of the emergency supplies have reached theirdestination because of bad weather.12.be lost in / lose oneself in: be absorbed in, be fully occupied with--He was lost in playing computer games so he was unaware of my entering the room.--I had lost myself in thought.13.or something: used when you are not sure about what you have just said--The air fare was a hundred and ninety-nine pounds or something.--Here’s some money. Get yourself a sandwich or something / or something like that.14.go ahead (with + n.): continue, begin--The board of directors will vote today on whether to go ahead with the plan.--Henry will be late but we will go ahead with the meeting anyway.15.know / learn by heart: memorize, remember exactly--You have to know all the music by heart if you want to be a concert pianist.--The pupils are required to learn a classic pome by heart every day.16.may / might as well: (means that you will do it although you do not have a strong desire to do it and may even feel slightly reluctant about it.)--Anyway, you’re here; you might as well stay.--The post office is really busy—we’ll have to queue for ages to get served. We might as well go home.17.not much of a: not a good--Some people may think that doing housework for others isnot much of a career.--He is not much of a father, but he is an outstanding professor.18.kind of (AmE)/ sort of(BrE): a little bit, in some way or degree--She wasn’t beautiful. But she was kind of cute.--The boy’s description kind of gives us an idea of what’s happening.19.on one’s mind: in one’s though t--Dealings on the stock market have been on his mind all the time.--What’s on your mind now.--Your life and study are always on your parents’ minds.20.keep in touch with, lose touch with--The old man kept in touch with his children while living in a nursing home./doc/42d83ff79ec3d5bbfc0a740a.htm l e up: 1) happen, occur, esp. unexpectedly--―Sorry, I am late—something came up at home.‖2) be mentioned or discussed--The term ―Project Hope‖ has come up a lot re cently in the newspapers.22.hang out: 1) stay in or near a place, for no particular reason, not doing very much--I often hung out in coffee bars while I was unemployed.--We can just hang out and have a good time.--Where do you often hang out in the weekends?23.every now and then: sometimes, at times--every now and then some teachers have a desire to quit their tedious job.24.choke up: become too upset to speak--When he learned the news of his friend’s sudden death, he was so choked up that he couldn’t say a thing.25.right away: (infml) at once--I wrote him a letter and posted it right away.V. Text Analysis.1.Find out misleading sentences in the text.2.Check and discuss the rest of the after-text exercises.3.Text B.4.Theme-related Language Learning Tasks in class.Unit 3 Understanding Science1. Let the students listen to the recording and ask questions.a.What makes Hawking’s achievements so remarkable?--The contrast between the strength of his mind and the weakness of his body.2. Write down some scientific and technological discoveries that have changed or will change the way people live.3. Point at the discoveries and ask ―In what ways do these discoveries change our lives for the better / worse?‖--Television provides people with quick and easy access to information, education, entertainment, etc., but it also exposes children to violence, deprive families of time and the will to communicate with each other, etc…5.Conclusion: The same scientific and technological discovery can bring us good things and bad things. According t o Stephen Hawking, author of this text, it’s up to us to make changes head towards changing our lives for the better. If you turn to the Language Sense Enhancement, youwill find …1.Expository writing: exposition is the process of making a statement and then supporting itwith evidence.2.Turn to Text Organization Exercise 1.3.Style differences between narration and exposition (see Text Analysis):1.Stephen Hawking (1942 - )2.Frankenstein3.The Sky at Night4.Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)III. Language Study:1.likely: adj., adv. It is likely that…, be likely to do sth.--It is likely that my roommate will win the first-class scholarship.--Falling from the bed to the ground is likely to do damage to your brain.--An earthquake is likely to strike the area in a year or two.2.anyway: anyhow (used to change the subject of a conversation or to support an idea orargument)--You say English is useless for you. Anyway you have to get the CET-4 certificate.3.moreover: in addition to what has been said; further; besides--Local people would like a new road. Moreover, there are good economic reasons for building one.--She saw that there was a man immediately behind her.Moreover, he was observing her strangely.4.inquire: seek information by questioning; ask inquire about / inquire wh-clause--I rang up to inquire about train times.--He asked for his key and inquired whether there had been any messages for him.5.initiative: 1) the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for sb. to tellyou what to do--I wish my son would show a bit more initiative.--The workers are able to solve the problems on their own initiative.2) take the initiative: be the first one to take action to improve a situation orrelationship--don’t stand around wait ing for someone else to take the initiative.6.ensure: make sure ensure + n. / + that-clause--This new treaty will ensure peace.--Come early to ensure that you get a seat.assure: 向……保证，使确信，后接人称代词或表人的名词。
M1-6知识点&作文指导
谈论经历
5W1H: 去过哪里；干过什么；和谁一起；过的怎么样等等 Go to Beijing See Beijing Opera take photos Climb the Great Wall Eat roast ducks It’s wonderful.
写一下希望工程在中国的公益举措：
记住几个动词及短语： Raise money --- give money --- pay for the education --- build many schools and libraries --- train teachers --- send students to high schools ---children have better lives
Lily
假设你是李蕾，你想参加学校的课外活动小组“音乐俱乐部” （Music Club）请根据下表写一份个人简历投递给“音乐俱乐 部”。词数80左右。
班级 姓 名 李 八年 蕾 级二 班
爱好
特 长
音乐经历
古典音乐,最 钢 喜欢的曲子《蓝 琴 色多瑙河》 (The Blue Danube)
26. — Do you like listening to English songs? — Yes. I like the one _____ Ｙｅｓｔｅｒｄａｙ Ｏｎｃｅ Ｍ ｏｒｅ best. A. is called B. was called C. calls D. called 27. Let’s play basketball, _______? will you B. won’t you C. don’t we D. shall we 28. After he finished his homework, he went on _______ football. A. to play B. play C. playing D. played 29. This place is famous _____ its scene. for B. as C. to D. with
新视野大学英语读写教程第二册笔记unit1-6
新视野大学英语读写教程第二册笔记U n i t1-6-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1读写BK2 Unit 01-AKey Wordsbudget acute abrupt assess elapse account for to race through1. If we intend to become efficient learners, we are supposed to learn first to budget our time scientifically.2. Some animals have very acute sense of sight or sound, while others may have sharp sense of smell and touch.3. The abrupt and cryptic nature of the ending has puzzled and annoyed many readers.4. It is still too early to assess the effects of the newly-issued law on traffic safety.5. Time elapses so quickly that when you begin to realize you should cherish it, you are no longer young.6. Jenny had to account to her husband for every penny she spent.7. As the time is running out, these students have to race through the rest of the questions on the test paper. Match Gamestand still 停止不前have an acute sense of 深深感到restlessly 焦躁不安地seek attention in a store 指望店员的服务push past you 推桑着你走过去small exchanges 随意的闲聊ritual interaction 礼节性交往develop a sense of trust 增进信任make social appointments 安排社交约会save the feet 免去走路之劳pour sth. Into 投入Words1. fall behind sb./sth.(L1)：落在……后面① become bit by bit further behindTo fall behind others. 落后于别人 /To fall behind sb. in study. 在学习方面落后Eg:Like boating up the river, if you’re not moving ahead, you’re falling behind.逆水行舟，不进则退。
大学英语全新版第一册备课笔记Unit 1-6
Unit 1 Growing UpBeautiful Boy) and ask questions.a.What does Lennon think of growing up? Is it easy or full of adventures?--Life becomes better as one grows up; it takes time to grow up; life is not always what one has planned, but is full of surprises; life is not easy; life is adventurous.2. The art of eating spaghetti.3. Why did Russell Baker enjoy writing ―The Art of Eating Spaghetti‖?4. Look at the title of Text A, then find out in which paragraph a similar phrase appears. Read that paragraph carefully and explain in your own words what the author mean by saying ―write for myself‖. (para. 5)1. Ask students to circle all the time words, phrases and clauses in Text A.2. Turn to Text OrganizationII. Cultural background1. Grade schools in the U. S.2. What American teachers wear in school:3. Spaghetti and the proper way of eating it:III. Language Study1.possibility: state of being possible; (degree of) likelihood (usu. Followed by that-clauseof of )--Is there any possibility of life on Mars / my becoming your friends?--They haven’t arrived. There is a possibility that they have taken the wrong road.2.associate (with): join or connect together; connect or bring in the mind--We associate Egypt with pyramids.--I can’t associate this gentle young woman with the radical political essays she has written. 3.anticipate: expect (usu. Followed by gerund or that-clause)--What do you anticipate from me / the college / the college English?--They anticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2002.4.reputation: opinion held by others--Premier Zhu Rongji has a high reputation as a statesman in the world.--Jim Kerry has quite a reputation for being Comic.5.inspire:--What the doctors and nurses did inspired people to fight against the SARS.--The last leaf on the tree that never fell off inspired the dying patient with the will to live on.6.rigid: fixed in behavior; based on correct or accepted rules--If he had been a little less rigid about things, his daughter would not have left home at such a young age.--What do you have in your minds when thinking of a rigid teacher? Do you want me to be a rigid teacher?--The rigid headmaster would button up his clothes even on the hottest days.7.severe: 1) completely plain--wear a severe black dress--Earnest Hemingway is known for his severe writing style.2) stern, strict--Only those who have undergone severe training can be accepted into the air force.--Fu Lei was so severe with his son that even his wife would cry.3) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, etc.--The severe chest pain experienced by the Vice-President proved to be a heart attack.--A factory must turn out newer and better products to win in the climate of severe business competition.8.tackle: deal with--Toshiba recently designed a robot that ca tackle almost any kinds of housework.--The classroom was quiet as students were busy tackling the final exam.9.recall: bring back to the mind; remember (usu. followed by noun / gerund, or that-clause) --I recognize the face but can’t recall her name.--I don’t recall ever meeting her.10.argument: disagreement, quarrel--The bride and her mother got into an argument / argued about whether to wear white or red on her wedding day.--Mary found that compromise was always the best policy when she had an argument with her husband.11.violate: act against--Speeding in downtown areas violates traffic regulations.--A country isn’t respected if it violates and international agreement.pose: write or create (music, poetry, etc.)--John Lennon composed the song Beautiful Boy for his son.--The president’s speech is really brilliant. Do you think it was composed by himself or by someone else?composition13.avoid: keep or get away from (usu. Followed by noun / gerund)--The little boy who had broken a neighbor’s window ran away t avoid punishment / being punished.--He stayed away from the cafe so that he could avoid running into his former girl friend.14.take hold: become established--The idea of one child only has taken hold in many Chinese families.--Old habits die hard. That’s why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.15.off and on / on and off: from time to time, now and again; irregularly--It has been raining on and off for a week. That’s why the clothes feel damp.--doze off and on16.turn out: produce--New computers are soon outdated since newer models are turned out constantly.--American film studios turn out hundreds of films every year.turn in: hand in (work that one has done, etc.)--For your final grade, each of you must turn in 7-page paper.17.face up to: be brave enough to accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)--Now that your daughter is born, you’ll have to face up to the responsibilities of being a father.--If you fail to the CET-4, how can you face up to it?18.put down: write down--The housekeeper put down the daily expenses in a little notebook.--I’ll put down your performances in the class as a part of your final evaluation.19.what’s more: in addition, more importantly--How can you love this man? He watches TV all day long, and what’s more, he seems not to have brushed his teeth for months!20.hold back: prevent the expression of (feelings tears, etc.)--People could hardly hold back their anger when they found that millions of dollars of public funds had been used to build luxurious houses for city officials.IV. Text Analysis1.Grammatical structures: sb. / sth. is said / believed / reported to do / be2.Writing strategy in Theme-related Language Learning Tasks (referred to Text Analysis)3.Synonymous words or phrases in the text (see Text Analysis).1.Think alone: According to Mr. Fleagle, what is the very essence of the essay?--The essence of good essays is to write what one enjoys writing about.2.Check and discuss the rest of the after-text exercises.3.Text B.4.Theme-related Language Learning Tasks in class.Unit 2 Friendship1.Let the students listen to the song That’s What Friends are For.a.What is a fair weather friend?--one who is happy to stay with you when things are going well but leaves as soon as trouble arrives.b.According to the song, what are friends for?--for both good times and bad times.2.Survey—do you often write letters to friends?Sometimes we put off writing letters because we think letters can wait until other matters are dealt with, or because we think a phone call will do instead. But sometimes, as you are to find in this text, we may leave it too late to write, and letters are the best in expressing our innermost feelings.1.Find out how many questions the narrator asked the cabbie and what were the latter’sresponses.2.Questions for the students:a.At first, did you mistake Ed for the writer of this letter, like the storyteller did?b.When did you realize your mistake?c.Which round of question-and-answer leads to the mistake? (the second round)3.Point out that a surprising ending is sometimes adopted in stories.II. Text Organization.III. Cultural background: HalloweenHalloween is celebrated annually. It is on the night of 31 October, when people once believed that ghost could be seen. Now, in Britain and America, it is a time when children have parties, dress up as witches, make lanterns out of pumpkins from which the inside has been removed, and play ―trick or treat‖.Trick or treat is a traditional activity at Halloween. Children dress in costumes and visit houses. At each house they say ―Trick or treat‖. This means that they will play a ―trick‖, or joke, on the people in the house unless they are given a ―treat‖, e.g. sweets or money. Most people prefer to give treats rather than having tricks played on them.IV. Language Study.1.available: able to be used, had, or reached--We have already used up all the available money.--Is that book available in our library?2.estimate: form a judgement about (a quantity or value)--How much do you estimate you will spend each month?--I estimated that the total cost for the treatment of the disease will go from $5,000 to $8,000.3.correspondence: 1) the act of writing, receiving or spending letters (不可加s, 但可加a,often followed by with + n.)--His interest in writing came from a long correspondence with a close college friend.2) the letters that sb. receives or sends (不可数)--Mary really never mentions her step-mother in her correspondence.4.practically: almost--he’d known the old man for practically ten years.--It is practically impossible for him to give up smoking.5.urge: try very hard to persuade urge sb. to do sth. / urge that-clause(虚拟语气should)--They urged the local government to approve plans for their reform programme.--I urged my cousin to take a year off to study drawing.--Sir Fred urged that Britain (should) join the European Monetary System.6.postpone: delay, put off7.reference: 1) make reference to:--It was strange that he made no reference to any work experience in his resume.His recent book makes reference to the political events of those days.2) the act of looking at sth. for information--Use the dictionary for easy refernce.--Keep their price list for further reference.8.absolutely: totally and completely--Funding is absolutely necessary if research is to continue.--It is absolutely important to strengthen your word power.9.mostly: almost all; generally--They have invested their money mostly in expensive real estate.--The guests at the wedding party are mostly friends of the bride.10.awful: (infml;) very great; very bad or unpleasant--I have got an awful lot of work to do.--I can’t bear the awful smell of cigarette smoke.11.destination: the place to which sb. is going or being sent--Singapore is still our most popular holiday destination.--Only half of the emergency supplies have reached their destination because of bad weather.12.be lost in / lose oneself in: be absorbed in, be fully occupied with--He was lost in playing computer games so he was unaware of my entering the room.--I had lost myself in thought.13.or something: used when you are not sure about what you have just said--The air fare was a hundred and ninety-nine pounds or something.--Here’s some money. Get yourself a sandwich or something / or something like that.14.go ahead (with + n.): continue, begin--The board of directors will vote today on whether to go ahead with the plan.--Henry will be late but we will go ahead with the meeting anyway.15.know / learn by heart: memorize, remember exactly--You have to know all the music by heart if you want to be a concert pianist.--The pupils are required to learn a classic pome by heart every day.16.may / might as well: (means that you will do it although you do not have a strong desire to do it and may even feel slightly reluctant about it.)--Anyway, you’re here; you might as well stay.--The post office is really busy—we’ll have to queue for ages to get served. We might as well go home.17.not much of a: not a good--Some people may think that doing housework for others is not much of a career.--He is not much of a father, but he is an outstanding professor.18.kind of (AmE)/ sort of(BrE): a little bit, in some way or degree--She wasn’t beautiful. But she was kind of cute.--The boy’s description kind of gives us an idea of what’s happening.19.on one’s mind: in one’s though t--Dealings on the stock market have been on his mind all the time.--What’s on your mind now.--Your life and study are always on your parents’ minds.20.keep in touch with, lose touch with--The old man kept in touch with his children while living in a nursing home.e up: 1) happen, occur, esp. unexpectedly--―Sorry, I am late—something came up at home.‖2) be mentioned or discussed--The term ―Project Hope‖ has come up a lot recently in the newspapers.22.hang out: 1) stay in or near a place, for no particular reason, not doing very much--I often hung out in coffee bars while I was unemployed.--We can just hang out and have a good time.--Where do you often hang out in the weekends?23.every now and then: sometimes, at times--every now and then some teachers have a desire to quit their tedious job.24.choke up: become too upset to speak--When he learned the news of his friend’s sudden death, he was so choked up that he couldn’t say a thing.25.right away: (infml) at once--I wrote him a letter and posted it right away.V. Text Analysis.1.Find out misleading sentences in the text.2.Check and discuss the rest of the after-text exercises.3.Text B.4.Theme-related Language Learning Tasks in class.Unit 3 Understanding Science1. Let the students listen to the recording and ask questions.a.What makes Hawking’s achievements so remarkable?--The contrast between the strength of his mind and the weakness of his body.2. Write down some scientific and technological discoveries that have changed or will change the way people live.3. Point at the discoveries and ask ―In what ways do these discoveries change our lives for the better / worse?‖--Television provides people with quick and easy access to information, education, entertainment, etc., but it also exposes children to violence, deprive families of time and the will to communicate with each other, etc…5.Conclusion: The same scientific and technological discovery can bring us good things and bad things. According t o Stephen Hawking, author of this text, it’s up to us to make changes head towards changing our lives for the better. If you turn to the Language Sense Enhancement, youwill find …1.Expository writing: exposition is the process of making a statement and then supporting itwith evidence.2.Turn to Text Organization Exercise 1.3.Style differences between narration and exposition (see Text Analysis):1.Stephen Hawking (1942 - )2.Frankenstein3.The Sky at Night4.Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)III. Language Study:1.likely: adj., adv. It is likely that…, be likely to do sth.--It is likely that my roommate will win the first-class scholarship.--Falling from the bed to the ground is likely to do damage to your brain.--An earthquake is likely to strike the area in a year or two.2.anyway: anyhow (used to change the subject of a conversation or to support an idea orargument)--You say English is useless for you. Anyway you have to get the CET-4 certificate.3.moreover: in addition to what has been said; further; besides--Local people would like a new road. Moreover, there are good economic reasons for building one.--She saw that there was a man immediately behind her. Moreover, he was observing her strangely.4.inquire: seek information by questioning; ask inquire about / inquire wh-clause--I rang up to inquire about train times.--He asked for his key and inquired whether there had been any messages for him.5.initiative: 1) the ability to make decisions and take action without waiting for sb. to tellyou what to do--I wish my son would show a bit more initiative.--The workers are able to solve the problems on their own initiative.2) take the initiative: be the first one to take action to improve a situation orrelationship--don’t stand around wait ing for someone else to take the initiative.6.ensure: make sure ensure + n. / + that-clause--This new treaty will ensure peace.--Come early to ensure that you get a seat.assure: 向……保证，使确信，后接人称代词或表人的名词。
英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement 2. Word division 3. Capitalization 4. Handwriting
一、Manuscript Form
Answers to task 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Are Transgenic Crops Safe? Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty A Day to Remember Approaches to Teaching English as a Foreign Language Criticisms on the Ending of Mark Twain‟s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
二、 Punctuation
1. The Comma (,)
(1). A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet ) (2). A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. (3). Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.
一、Manuscriptnt (title)
大一英语一到六单元知识点
大一英语一到六单元知识点一、词汇1. 单词拼写在学习英语的过程中，遇到不认识的单词时，我们需要对其进行拼写。
通过拼写单词，我们可以提高自己的词汇量以及对英语单词的掌握程度。
2. 同义词和反义词同义词是指意思相近或相同的词语，而反义词则是指意思相反的词语。
学习同义词和反义词可以帮助我们丰富自己的词汇，并更准确地理解和运用英语。
3. 词根与词缀词根是词语的核心部分，它能够帮助我们理解许多单词的意思。
而词缀则是在词根的基础上进行拓展和变形，使单词的意思更加丰富和具体。
二、语法1. 时态和语态时态和语态是英语中非常重要的语法知识点。
时态指的是动词所表示的动作或状态发生的时间，而语态则是表达句子的主语是动作的执行者还是受动者。
2. 从句从句是指一个完整的句子作为另一个句子的一部分。
从句的引导词有多种，如关系代词、关系副词、定语从句等。
学习从句可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用复杂的句子结构。
3. 并列句和复合句并列句是指由两个或多个并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句构成的句子。
而复合句是由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。
学习并列句和复合句可以使我们的表达更加丰富和准确。
三、阅读理解1. 主旨大意在阅读理解题中，我们需要从文章中找出主旨大意，即作者想要表达或讨论的中心思想。
掌握找出主旨大意的方法可以帮助我们更快、更准确地理解文章内容。
2. 词义推测在阅读理解中，我们经常会遇到一些不认识的生词。
通过上下文的线索，我们可以猜测出这些词的大致意思，从而更好地理解整篇文章。
3. 推理判断推理判断是指根据文章中的信息进行逻辑推理，从而得出正确的结论。
通过训练推理判断能力，我们可以更好地理解文章内容，并在解答问题时提供准确的答案。
四、写作1. 作文结构在写作时，我们需要合理地组织文章的结构，包括引言、正文和结论。
合理的作文结构可以使我们的观点更加清晰明了，并帮助读者更好地理解我们的观点。
2. 句子连接句子连接是指在写作中使用适当的连接词和短语，使句子之间的关系更加紧密和流畅。
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The place of titlesThe title or the topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line.（标题书写中应该注意的地方1.Every word of the title should be capitalized except articles,preositions,coordinating,conjunctions and to in infinitives.2.But if one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it should be capitalized.3.The title of a book within the topic should be underlined,and the title of an article should be put between quotation marks引号.）Word division即单词划分(当一行写到末尾时候，可能出现一个单词写不完的情况，这是需要用到单词划分。
)1．重读闭音节通常在辅音字母后面断开。
如，fin ish2．以辅音字母加le结尾的通常在辅音字母前断开。
如，peo ple 3．一个字母不能单独放在行中或行末。
4．以两个字母的后缀结尾的，不能在后缀处划分。
如，hand ed，hard en5．一页的最后一个单词不能被划开，且需写到下一页。
6．合成词应在练此符号出断开。
如，broad minded7．有两个连续相同辅音字母的双音节词，在相同的两个辅音字母中间断开。
如，lat ter8．人名应避免被拆开。
如，Dickens9．容易引起误解的应避免。
如，re ally，lay man10．连续几行的行尾单词划分需要避免。
CapitalizationCapitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.Punctuation(标点符号)及其用途(一)The Comma （，）逗号1.A comma is used to join coordinate clauses, it is put before theconjunction.2.A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase, including aprepositional and a participial phrase before the subject, or inserted in the middle of the sentence.mas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with thesame function in the sentence:4.Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commasmas set off parenthetical elements6.In dates, a comma is used to separate the day and the year if the orderis month—day—year; no comma need be used if the order is day—month—year.7.With numbers of 1 000 or over, commas or little blank spaces may beused to separate digits by thousands. Form right to left, a commas is placed after every three numerals.(二)The Period （. ）句号1.The period is used at the end of a declarative sentence, a mildlyimperative sentence, and an indirect question.2.The period is used with most abbreviations.3.Three spaced period make the ellipsis mark, which indicates theomission of one or more words within a quoted passage.(三)The Semicolon （;）分号1.The semicolon is used between two coordinate clauses which are notlinked by a conjunction.2.Conjunctive adverbs like therefore, however, nonetheless, hence,otherwise, besides, moreover, etc., should not be used as conjunctions to link two coordinate clauses, before them there should be a semicolon, not a comma.3.The semicolon is used with conjunctions when the clauses containinternal punctuation.4.The semicolon is used to separate a series of items with internalcommas.5.A semicolon may be used to join clauses with words omitted, and theomission is sometimes indicated by a comma.(四)The Colon （：）冒号1.The colon is used to introduce a quotation or a statement.2.The colon is used to introduce an examination, a summary, or anappositive.3.The colon is used between the hour and the minute to show the time,to record the scores of games, to end the salutation of a business letter and the introductory remark of a spealer to the chairman and audience.(五)The Question Mark （？）问号1.The question mark is used after a direct question.2.The question mark is used after a statement turned into a question.3.A question mark put between parentheses indicates the writer’suncertainty about the correctness of the preceding word, figure or date.(六)The Exclamation Mark （！）叹号1.The exclamation mark is used after an exclamatory sentence, or anemphatic interjection, or a phrase expressing strong emotion..2.Sometimes the exclamation mark is used after a slogan.(七)Quotation Marks（…）引号1.Double quotation marks are used to enclose direct quotations indialogue or from books or articles.2.Single quotation marks are used to enclose a quotation within aquotation.3.Indirect quotations are not enclosed by quotation marks.4.Quotation marks are used for titles of articles, essays, short stories,short poems, songs, etc., and for headings of chapters or subdivisions of books. Titles of books, newspapers and magazines are generally underlined or italicized.5.Words with special meaning are sometimes put between quotationmarks,(八)Parentheses/Brackets （（））圆括号1.Parentheses are used to set off parenthetical, supplementary, orillustrative words.2.Parentheses enclose figures or letters used for enumeration.(九)Square Brackets（【】）方括号1. Square Bracketsare used to indicate corrections or explanations in quoted matter made by the writer who is quoting .2. Square Brackets are used instead of parentheses within parentheses.(十)The Dash （—）破折号1.The dash indicates a break in thought or a change in tone, or aspeaker’s confusion or he sitation.2.The dash indicates an unfinished or interrupted statement.3.A pair of dashes set off a parenthetical element.4.The dash is sometimes used to introduce a summarizing clause after aseries of nouns.5.The dash is sometimes used just like quotation marks in a dialogue.6.The dash may be used to introduce subheadings and authors afterquotations.(十一)The Slash （/ ）间隔号1.The slash indicates alternatives, representing the word or or and\or2.The slash is used to separate lines in short quotations of poetry beingquoted in running text.3.When fractions are written in a sentence, a slash is used to separate thenumerator from the denominator.4.Sometimes the slash means “per.”四种句型及其用途Comma逗号——declarative sentence（陈述句）:makes an assignment or statementQuestion mark问号——direction question sentence（疑问句）:ask a questionExclamation mark叹号——Imperation sentence（祈使句）:express a command or a request Exclamatory sentence（感叹句）:express a strong feeling or emotionUnderlining and italics1.Titles of books, periodicals, newspaper, plays, movies, operas, andlong poems are underlined or italicized.2.Foreign words are often underlined or italicized.3.Words and letters referred to as such are underlined or italicized.s of ships, aircraft and tragic sinking of the titanic.5.Sometimes underlining or italicizing indicates emphasis.【Words】一、Type of wordsCommon wordsFormal and technical words：（political,legal,scientific,technical,bussiness,literary）Nonstandard words：（slang,jargon,dialectal and obsolete）二、Choice of wordse common or informal words for general purposes; use formal ornonstandard when only on special occasions or for special purposes. e specific and concrete words when giving details; use general orabstract words when making summaries.e idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoidcombinations and that are unidiomatic.4.When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses themeaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.三、SynonymsThe english language is very rich in synonyms. This is partly due to the fact that english has over the centuries borrowed or absorbed tens of thousands of words from other languages, mainly Greek, Latin and French. Word of anglo-saxon origin are generally colloquial or informal, and they form a great part of the vocabulary that people use daily. Many of the words of greek, latin, and french origin are formal, learned or “big”; and are mainly used in formal writing or speech.四、Some good dictionaries1.Longman dictionary of contemporary english2.Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary of current english.3.Webster’s new word dictionary.4.Collins cobuild english language dictionary.【Sentences】一、Composed sentences 构建句子:①complete structure②begin with a capital letter③full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark④a single complete idea二、Requirement of correct sentences及其对应错误pleteness in structure—fragment in structure2.the right subject—the wrong subject3.agreement between the subject and the predicate verb—disagreement between the subject and the predicate verb 4.agreement between pronoun and antecedent—disagreement between pronoun and antecedent5.clear pronoun reference—unclear pronoun reference6.ending sentences with full stops—ending sentences with no full stops7.joining clauses with conjuctions—joining clauses with no or wrong conjuctions8.a main claus in a complex sentence—no main claus in a complex sentence9.proper use of comparisons—improper use of comparisons10. correct use of the tenses—incorrect use of the tenses四、Quality of effective sentencesEffective sentences have the following quality:Unity（完整性）Coherence（连贯性）Conciseness（简明扼要性）Emphasis（强调）( ways of emphasis:placing, climactic sequence, subordination,the use of verbs in the active voice,balanced sentences平行结构,periodic sentences圆周句,negative/positive sentences,rhetorical question,loose sentences松散句)Variety（表达多样性）五、The difference between subordination and coordinationCoordination is tipically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level while subodination is realized by subordinators which distinguish the superodinate claus and the inferior clause.【Paragraph】一、Ways of developing a paragraphThere are many possible ways to develop a paragraph.（1）development by time（2）development by process（3）development by space（4）development by examples or generalization（5）development by comparison and contrast:(the difference between comparison and contrast :When we compare one thing with another, we show the similarities;when we contrast one thing with another, we show dissimilarities.) （6）development by cause and effect（7）development by classification（8）development by definition（9）development by combination of methods二、The steps of developing a paragraphFirst, think of the topic or theme or main idea,And express it in a complete sentence（topic sentence）.Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea.Work out the outline and arrange them in logical order.三、Features of a paragraphA effective paragraph must have a control idea, and this central idea may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence.【Summray】一、Definition (定义)A sumary is the gist or main theme of a piece of a piece of writing expressed in as few words as possible .it should be clear ,brief,and complete,with all the essential points included.二、Uses（用途）①summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading.②summary writing is also a very good exercise to teach us to express thoughts clearly,concisely and effectively.③summary writing has great practical value on grasping quikly and accurately what is read or heard.三、Procedure（步骤）⑴ reading⑵ writing⑶ revision四、Requirements(要求)A.we should be sure of the word limit required .B.we should use our own words to write a summary.C.we should convey the message fully and clearly.D. We should write in the logical order of the original passage.E. Compression (压缩)五、Ways（方法）A. Ommit the details 删除细节B. Reduce the examples 削减例子C. Refuse repeatness 避免重复D. Simplify the decription 简化描述E. Comprise wordy 全面用词F. Generable words 多用泛词e the shortest transitions 最简洁的过渡词H.inderect speech 间接引语【Composition 】一、Steps in writing a composition1.planning a composition( ① putting down all the relevant facts② thinking of a proper theme and deciding on our purpose③ re-examing our list of details and outlining )2.writing the fist draft3.revising the first draft4.making the final copy二、Parts in composition1. the beginning ——introduction(Ways of start a composition :start with …① relevant background material② the time and place of the event to be described③ a quotation④ a question⑤ a statement⑥ a figures or statistics⑦ a definition )2. the middle ——body3.the end ——conclusion三、Types of writing1.narration 记叙体2.exposition 说明文四、Criteria of a good composition (一篇好文章的标准)A good composition have something interesting and/or important,and if possible, something new , to say and that this “something”is expressed clearly, accurately, and appropriately. And we must decide on the purpose and audience of our writing and try to adapt the style and language to suit our purpose and audience.【Outline】一、Types of outline1. sentence outline: made up of sentences2.topic outline：consists of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents( =gerund phrases or infinitive phrases )二、Rules for writing outlinesIf we examine closely the two outline above, we may see that they follow these rules:（1）if there is a major point marked “Ⅰ”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”;if there is an “a”, there must be a “b”, and so on.（2）a topic outline is written in noun phrase, and a sentence outline, in sentences. Sentences and phrase are not used together in the same outline. （3）parallel structure are used for the headings of the same rank. Subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order.（4）the thesis is a complete declarative sentence, usually in the affirmative. It is not a question, a phrase, or a dependent clause, but one sentence which expresses our controlling idea.。