【美国历史】美国奴隶制的兴衰 the growth of slavery
美国的奴隶制英语作文
美国的奴隶制英语作文The Scourge of Slavery in AmericaThe history of the United States is inextricably linked to the dark legacy of slavery. From the early colonial days to the Civil War, the nation grappled with the moral and economic implications of this abhorrent practice. The subjugation of millions of Africans and their descendants shaped the very fabric of American society, leaving an indeluring mark that continues to reverberate through the present day.The origins of slavery in America can be traced back to the 17th century when the first African slaves were brought to the English colonies. Driven by the insatiable demand for cheap labor to work on the lucrative tobacco, cotton, and sugar plantations, the colonial powers engaged in the transatlantic slave trade. Millions of Africans were forcibly uprooted from their homelands, crammed into the deplorable conditions of slave ships, and sold into a life of bondage.The dehumanizing system of slavery was built upon a foundation of racial prejudice and the belief in the inherent superiority of the white race. Enslaved Africans were viewed as little more than property,stripped of their basic rights and subjected to unimaginable cruelty. Beatings, torture, and even murder were commonplace on the plantations, as slave owners exercised absolute control over the lives of their human chattel.The economic importance of slavery to the burgeoning American colonies cannot be overstated. The labor of enslaved Africans fueled the growth of the agricultural economy, providing the raw materials that were essential to the global trade network. The wealth generated by this exploitative system enriched the plantation owners and the merchants who profited from the slave trade, while the vast majority of the enslaved population lived in abject poverty and deprivation.The moral and philosophical contradictions inherent in a nation founded on the principles of liberty and equality were starkly evident in the persistence of slavery. As the American Revolution unfolded, the hypocrisy of the Founding Fathers who owned slaves became increasingly apparent. Figures like Thomas Jefferson, who famously declared that "all men are created equal," were themselves slave owners, a fact that has long been a source of controversy and debate.The abolitionist movement, which emerged in the early 19th century, sought to challenge the institution of slavery and bring about its demise. Driven by a sense of moral outrage and a belief in theinherent dignity of all human beings, abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman tirelessly advocated for the emancipation of enslaved people. Through their writings, speeches, and direct action, they helped to galvanize a growing anti-slavery sentiment that would eventually lead to the Civil War.The Civil War, which raged from 1861 to 1865, was a pivotal moment in the struggle against slavery. The Union's victory over the Confederacy, which had seceded from the United States in defense of the peculiar institution, resulted in the abolition of slavery through the 13th Amendment to the Constitution. However, the end of legal slavery did not mark the end of racial oppression and discrimination in America.The legacy of slavery has cast a long shadow over the nation's history, manifesting in the Jim Crow laws, the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, and the ongoing struggle for civil rights. The trauma and intergenerational trauma experienced by the descendants of enslaved Africans continue to shape the lived experiences of African Americans to this day. The fight for true racial equality and justice remains an unfinished battle, one that requires a reckoning with the past and a commitment to dismantling the systemic barriers that perpetuate the legacy of slavery.In conclusion, the history of slavery in America is a complex and multifaceted narrative that has profoundly shaped the nation's identity and trajectory. From the horrors of the transatlantic slave trade to the ongoing struggle for racial justice, the scars of this inhumane practice remain visible in the fabric of American society. As the nation confronts its past and grapples with the lasting impact of slavery, it is incumbent upon all citizens to engage in the difficult but necessary work of reconciliation and the pursuit of a more equitable and just future.。
美国南北战 争废除奴隶制度的斗争
美国南北战争废除奴隶制度的斗争美国南北战争，是一场具有深远意义的历史事件，其中废除奴隶制度的斗争更是这场战争的核心焦点之一。
在 19 世纪中叶，美国的南方和北方在经济、社会和文化等方面存在着巨大的差异。
南方以种植园经济为主，依赖黑奴劳动；北方则以工业和商业为主，劳动力相对自由。
这种经济模式的差异，导致了对待奴隶制度的截然不同态度。
南方的种植园主们认为奴隶制度是他们经济的基石。
黑奴被视为财产，被强制劳动，没有任何权利和自由。
他们在种植园里从事着艰苦的体力劳动，如种植棉花、烟草等农作物。
种植园主们从黑奴的劳动中获取了巨大的经济利益，因此极力维护奴隶制度，甚至试图将其扩展到新的领土。
然而，北方的工业和商业发展需要大量的自由劳动力。
他们认为奴隶制度不仅是不人道的，而且阻碍了经济的发展和社会的进步。
北方的人们开始呼吁废除奴隶制度，主张人人平等和自由。
随着时间的推移，南北双方的矛盾日益激化。
在政治舞台上，关于奴隶制度的存废问题引发了激烈的争论和冲突。
一些有识之士站出来，为废除奴隶制度而奔走呼号。
其中，著名的人物如亚伯拉罕·林肯。
林肯坚决反对奴隶制度，他的观点和立场为后来的战争和废奴运动奠定了基础。
在他的领导下，北方逐渐形成了一股强大的废奴力量。
南北战争爆发后，废除奴隶制度的斗争进入了一个新的阶段。
战争初期，北方的主要目标是维护国家的统一。
但随着战争的进行，废除奴隶制度逐渐成为了北方的重要目标之一。
在战争中，黑奴们也开始觉醒，他们渴望自由，纷纷逃离南方的种植园，加入北方的军队或者以其他方式支持北方。
黑奴的反抗和参与，为废除奴隶制度的斗争增添了强大的力量。
北方军队在战争中取得了一系列的胜利，这也为废除奴隶制度创造了有利条件。
1862 年，林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，宣布解放南方叛乱各州的黑奴。
这一宣言具有里程碑式的意义，标志着美国政府正式开始废除奴隶制度。
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》的颁布，极大地鼓舞了黑奴和北方人民的斗志。
介绍美国历史的英语小作文
A Brief History of the United StatesThe United States of America, often referred to as the United States or simply America, is a federal republic located in North America. Its history can be traced back to the early 16th century, when the first European settlers arrived in the New World. Since then, the United States has experienced various transformations, ranging from its colonial past to its emergence as a global superpower.The foundation of the United States was laid in 1776, when the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain, following the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. This war was fought to oppose British rule and taxation, and it culminated in the signing of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776. The following year, the Articles of Confederation were adopted, creating a loose confederation of states. However, this government structure proved ineffective, and in 1787, the Constitution of the United States was drafted to establish a stronger central government.The Constitution was ratified in 1789, and since then, the United States has grown and expanded, bothgeographically and economically. The 19th century saw the industrial revolution sweep through the country, transforming it into a major economic power. The 20th century brought further growth and prosperity, but also significant challenges, including the Civil War (1861-1865), which was fought over the issue of slavery, and the two World Wars, in which the United States played a crucial role.After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UnitedStates emerged as the world's sole superpower, with astrong economy, military, and cultural influence. However, this position has been challenged in recent years by therise of other global powers and the emergence of newsecurity threats, such as terrorism and cyber attacks.Despite these challenges, the United States remains a leading figure in global affairs, playing a key role in international organizations like the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. It is also a leader in scienceand technology, with many of the world's top universities and research institutions located within its borders.The history of the United States is a fascinating taleof growth, transformation, and perseverance. From its humble beginnings as a collection of colonies to itscurrent status as a global superpower, the United Stateshas demonstrated an remarkable ability to adapt and overcome challenges. Its story is one that continues to inspire and influence the world.**美国简史**美利坚合众国，常被称为美国或简称美洲，是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和国。
美国历史上的重大事件及其影响英语作文范文
美国历史上的重大事件及其影响英语作文范文The United States has a rich and complex history filled with significant events that have shaped the nation. From the early colonial period to the present day, these events have had a profound impact on the country's development. Here, I will provide an overview of some of the most significant events in American history and their consequences.1. The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)The American Revolutionary War marked the beginning of the United States' struggle for independence from Great Britain. The war arose from growing tensions and resentment towards British rule, ultimately leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Through perseverance and the support of France, the American colonies emerged victorious,establishing the United States as a sovereign nation. This event laid the foundation for democratic governance and inspired revolutions worldwide.2. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)President Thomas Jefferson's acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France doubled the size of the United States. This purchase, which encompassed present-day states like Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, and parts of many others, facilitated westward expansion and secured control over the vital Mississippi River and New Orleans port. The Louisiana Purchase reinforced the nation's commitment to territorial growth, manifest destiny, and the idea of American exceptionalism.3. The Civil War (1861-1865)The Civil War was one of the most consequential events in American history, fueled by deep divisions over slavery and states' rights. The conflict between the Northern (Union) andSouthern (Confederate) states resulted in enormous loss of life and a path towards the abolition of slavery. Following the Union's victory, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution officially abolished slavery and began the long process of rebuilding and reconciling the divided nation.4. The Industrial Revolution (late 18th to early 19th century)The Industrial Revolution transformed the United States into a modern industrial power. Innovations in manufacturing, transportation, and communications revolutionized the economy and society. Key developments included the mechanization of agriculture, the establishment of factories, the construction of railroads, and advancements in technology. This period of rapid industrialization laid the groundwork for America to become a global economic powerhouse.5. The Great Depression (1929-1939)The Great Depression represents the most severe economic downturn in American history. Triggered by the stock market crash of 1929, the nation experienced widespread unemployment, bank failures, and a collapse of agricultural prices. The consequences were widespread poverty and hardship, leading to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs aimed at reviving the economy, creating jobs, and providing a social safety net. The Great Depression forever changed the way the government approached economic policies and regulations.6. World War II (1939-1945)World War II had a profound impact on the United States, propelling it onto the world stage as a global superpower. Initially, the U.S. remained neutral, but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the nation joined the Allies. The war effort stimulated the economy through increased industrial production and led to significant technological advancements. America's emergence from the war as one of thevictorious nations solidified its position as a global leader and defender of democracy.7. The Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968)The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination in the United States. Inspired by various leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., protests, boycotts, and acts of civil disobedience took place throughout the country. The movement resulted in landmark legislation suchas the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, promoting equal rights for African Americans and challenging the deep-rooted racism that persisted in American society.These are just a few examples of the numerous significant events that have shaped American history. Each eventmentioned has had a lasting impact on the nation's political, economic, and social landscape, defining the United States as we know it today. Understanding these events is crucial incomprehending the nation's journey and its ongoing quest for progress and equality.。
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)
美国奴隶制度的反抗(英语论文)LTThe resistance of slavery1 introduction1.1 Background of the studySlavery of the United States set up in the 17th century, for the reason that British colonists settled in the North American. Not until the 1960s the slavery was abolished by the only war in the history of the United States- civil war. Fortunately, the war was end up with the peace negotiation and set up Emancipation Proclamation.The slavery of the United States sustained more than two hundreds years and this institution is filled with the savagery, cruelty and profit as a whole. It’s totally dark process for the people particular the Negro, the negative impacts embodiment the absence of the human rights linked to African American slavery.In order to plunder for more nature resource, lacking of the labor force was extremely tough problem, in this seriousness situation, hire the slave was a informed decision. However they did n’t treat me as a human, even if pass a lawforce on the tenure of African-American slave was lifelong work. This thesis will quote the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin as the point of penetration to further analysis the slavery of the United States and the resistance of the harsh institution in late period.1.2 The purpose of significances and studyUncle Tom's cabin, comprehensive reflects the living condition of African-American slaves in the southern plantation of the United States. This novel is not only speak highly of the literary value but also due to the promotion of the resistance of the slavery it’s also has intense social realistic meaning and cultural connotation. Taking this novel as a opportunities, to understand the slavery and the process of the history in more profound way.1.3 The layout of the study.The thesis is based on the novel which named is Uncle Tom's cabin to objective reveal many significant aspects such as the characteristics of African American slavery fate, the culture of the black American slaves in theTom’s lifetime. However, a good life didn’t last long，many slaver holders strongly condemned liberate the slaves in the case of the girl’s father had a opposite opinion. Thereupon, many slaver holders exposed the girl’s father to mortal danger. There was no denying the truth that the girl’s father was murder in the end. From this moment on, Uncle Tom’s life became really tough. One day in order to saved a girl who didn’t surrender by landlord; Uncle Tom had a car accident and got serious hurt. When he was dying in his house, he realized the truth that only persists fighting there is a possibility of freedom. He appealed to slavers leaving the hell place as soon as possible, and with the help of the white people the slavers rose up to fight with the slaver holder, in this time, Uncle Tom was a great consolation to his compatriots and support by many whites. Even though Uncle Tom died in the end, he must be leave without any regret but endless appreciates.2.2 The Introduction of Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe, the author of UncleTom's cabin. She was born in the famous priest family in June 14th1811 and passed away in 1896. Civil war, in a other words, Emancipation war was launched in 1860s’ , nevertheless in the beginning of the 1820s’abolishment of the slavery had gradually became the main centre issue in the field of the development public opinion in the United States. At that time, there were a large number of social elites and writers stand by the side of the abolish slavery, appealed to liberate the slavers also should give foundational respect and guaranteed human right. Harriet Beecher Stowe was one of the most outstanding fighters in these writers.As someone said, with more people realizing the inhumanity of slavery in the 19th century, slavery became one of the most important issues and it became more violent year by year in American society. However, slavery was not abolished irrevocably until ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution in 1865, following the Civil War. After the passage ofFugitive Slave Act of 1850, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote this novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which publicized the evil of slavery to a wide audience.Now we are in the 21st century, we may never come across such kind of thing. However, this b ook can always remind of us that there ever has existed this evil and we can not let it happen again. And equality and human right can be not just suit for the slogan; we should make it come true really and always.3. The development and characteristics of African-American slavery 3.1 The origin of the slavery in the United StatesWhen Columbus discovered the new continent, there was only approximately more than one million people on this ground, so when the great landlords and capitalists which was come from North American were eager to obtain the local nature resource and exchange it to the profits in the limited period, the substance of human resource was one of the most prominently and obviously problems, in this seriousness situation, so many measures should be taken to solved it, so settle up the colonialsystem not only figured out the issue of the labor force but also can make profit from the labor by slavers more easily. On the other face, according to the Christian religion in that period dark history, slavery institution was rational without any doubt. In these particular cases, in the landlords and capitalists in North America took native North American Indian as the original slavers in the first place. At this point, the slavery was established.3.2 The development and characteristics of African-American slaveryAt first, in order to gave the most effective solution linked to the lack of human resource, capitalists set up slavery on a large scale of the United States and this institution had strong compulsive, apart from the African American slaver, even if the group of the white people themselves was not immune, on this occasion, created new system called white indentured servitude, this indentured servitude had service duration. In most situations, the terms of serve were about five to seven years, after that theywould achieve the freedom once again; the slave holders also had responsibility and obligation to give them some expenses and life necessities in return. It goes beyond any dispute that this kind of slavery was posed threat to most of the landlords, therefore, they changed their strategies, they were assent and consent the new law which was expressly agreed terms the change on social position of the black people into slave tenure. The advantage of this issue is that they could treat separately by complexion for ease of further deepening the discrimination to Negro. Besides, it was also cement the dominant position of the capitalist.Along with the developing of the slavery, most of the slavers were unable to escape the net of the painful punishment. In addition to this, literally buy and sell slavers was really normal phenomenon. For this reason, many African American families were broken up. However, in the world of the African American, interpersonal relationship was concentratedreflect by family even though this was illegal at that time. This kind of relationship was destroy by the rule of the slave trade at any moment but the marriage attitude of them were serious, even if the couple was broke up for many years, they would also maintain this stable relationship as well. This firm marital relationship played a positive and significant role for the later resistance.By reading and discuss the novel Uncle Tom's cabin. It can greatly reflect that a large scale number of African American’s fate could be separate by two forms. One of them were so fortunate that came across the kind owner, for instance, the girl who saved by Uncle Tom, her father is typical landlord with the character of kindness and heartwarming. The other form of the slavers are not so lucky, if the landlord is violence man, they will punished and killed at any way in any way. In the end of the story, we also can safety draw the conclusion that the brutal slavery contributes directly to the painfuldeath of Uncle Tom.4. The impact of resistance of slavery in the United States4.1 The civil warThe American Civil War (1861–1865), also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). Led by Jefferson Davis, they fought against the United States (the Union), which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states. Union states were loosely referred to as "the North".In the presidential election of 1860, the Repub lican Party, led by Abraham Lincoln, had campa igned against the expansion of slavery beyond th e states in which it already existed. The Republic an victory in that election resulted in seven Sout hern states declaring their secession from the Un ion even before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. Both the outgoing and incoming US admin istrations rejected the legality of secession, considering it rebellion.Without any doubt, the reason of the war was that the slavery of the United States was the source of the racial discrimination. Fortunately, the abolishment of the slavery offered the enough labor force and created the new marketing for the development of the capitalism in the United States. However, the racial discrimination was not end up with the abolishment of the slavery; in spite of the great progress has making, it’s also evolved as a very tough and complicated social problem in the modern society.The civil war is the turning point in the history of the African American; this war was last about four months. In this period, everyone in the war were withstanding strong pain regardless of you were African American slavers or not. In this war, the soldiers who were come from both sides looted everywhere, confiscation of property and food; furthermore theycommitted outrages on innocent citizens. The African Americans also took part in this war, in this meaningful process, between the white and black people, demonstrated different and unusual relationship, in some situation; they supported each other, Some slave has been loyal to his owner for long years, during the war the landlords took protection measures to the family and slavers as a whole; Corresponding, the behavior of the Africa American slaves were actually very contradictory, the same slaver, he ought to saved the owner who get injured back the battlefield, hidden in a safe place and fled toward the opposite way. At the same time, the longing for the freedom was also very strong, so that after the war even some slaver owners was willing to spend money to hired the them again, they also didn't want to stay .4.2 job opportunityThe black population is about 20 million. Their ancestors were brought to America as slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Nearly all their descendants were keptin legal slavery in the South until 1865. The southern states were defeated in the Civil War and were forced to abolish slavery and set the slaves free.For long terms of slavery to African American were not only reflected in the damage of the body, but also on the spirit. Even thought they finally achieved the freedom, another difficult life position was also a tough work, many of them sent him into exile in order to found the relative who lost for a long time, in another part of the slavers, in search of the new place to begin with the brand new day. The southerners were determined to keep the Negroes from becoming equal in anything but constitutional law. Therefore, there were no different between the periods of the slavery for a huge number of the African Americans on the point of the job choice. One of them also relied on the government aids.In the slavery, many slavers fall into the terrible habits, such as carelessness, lack of theforesight and depend on the white people, these seriousness habits also result in the obstruction of the black civilization over a long time. But as the time goes on, in the market of human resource, the balance between the black and white prompted the development the country, the black people also could get the proper salary to improve the quality of the daily life. Even racial discrimination is still a problem to be solved. in fact, this were only reflect on the employment aspect that a variety of the high income position usually refuse to give offer to the black people, rather than unequal pay for equal. So, comprehensive all the factors, the gap of the income could be ignored.4.3cultureAlmost all the slaves were illiterate under the tormented by the slavery. Although there were so many formidable obstacles, blacks in the United States still have a long and outstanding history. In the late 18th century, all kinds of philanthropists and created from the south set up a large scale of charity school for blacks.Especially in the south of the postwar, just get free blacks have beyond imagination desiring to seeking knowledge, in the United States , in 50 years after the liberation, from 100% illiteracy to around 75% of the people could read, achievement is truly objective. Although the progress of formal education was slow and difficult, developed a new type of cultural style, they reflect in speech, dress, and daily life, etc. Promotion of cultural literacy gives more space and the possibility of a black to create all kinds of the fields. In the process of economic status slowly rising a new middle class, members most come from the black people; become a significant part of the social elite.5 conclusionsThrough the analysis of uncle Tom's cabin, we can totally draw the conclusion in the course of history without any human rights institution must be eliminated, such as slavery. So the American civil war as a landmark turning point in the profound influence to the futuredevelopment of the United States.5.1 institutionsBefore the civil war, slavery in the south was a kind of extreme backwardness savage system, the civil war ended in the victory of the north; this itself was a triumph of democracy. The democracy of the United States are getting more entrenched, and to obtain a broader space for development as well.5.2LaborBecause of the abolishment of the black slavery, a great process was that black could free to hire. So, this phenomenon makes American capitalism industry and commerce to obtain sufficient and low cost labor.5.3CapitalAfter the abolition of slavery and the plantation slavery was abolished either, some ex-slave owners who had the character of the open minded begin to change the other way to involved with the capitalist industry and commerce. In this degree, they were a significant part to strengthen the development of American capitalism economy.5.4 revelationsIn this monetary world dominated by materials, few people really care their spirit and soul. If the world was only composed of materials, without morality, would it exist, develop and prosperous? Of course not, material and spirit coexist just as a person is consisting of body and soul. The world would to into a mess without the restraint of morality, so was every country includes our own homeland which had its law to enforce on its people. The world is a peaceful one under the lead of morality, and in this rampant world, what it really needs is not strength and war, but people setting up their outlook of morality and faith, and leading the world to a more civilized one. So Uncle Tom’s spirit is exactly what spirit the world needs nowadays.。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制的矛盾与南北战争的背景
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除
奴隶制在美国社会中存在了近一个世纪，其矛盾在19世纪中叶日益尖锐。一方面，奴隶制被视为一种不公正的制度，它剥夺了黑人自由，且这种制度严重阻碍了国家的经济和人口发展。另一方面，南方地区的种植园经济对奴隶劳动力的需求量大，且认为奴隶制是一种自然的、符合上帝意愿的制度。此外，奴隶主们认为奴隶的价值远高于黑人自己认为自己的价值。这种矛盾不仅导致黑人奴隶的不满和反抗，也引发了白人之间的紧张关系。
从经济角度看，奴隶制的存在严重影响了美国的经济发展。在奴隶制下，奴隶劳动被视为生产成本的一部分，而不是生产力的来源。据统计，1860年，奴隶制经济占美国全国经济的40%，而同期英国工业革命的工业生产已经超过奴隶制经济。奴隶制经济对美国经济的发展造成了严重的阻碍。
其次，奴隶制对人类尊严的侵犯。奴隶制剥夺了人的自由、人的尊严和平等权利，造成了极大的伤害和痛苦。在南北战争之前，美国的黑人奴隶人口达到400万以上，这些人在生活中备受压迫和剥削，生命和健康得不到保障。
2. 北方经济的转型与南方不同，北方经济的发展以工业为主。
随着工业革命的发展，北方对自由劳动力的需求增加，而奴隶制度限制了北方对自由劳动力的获取。北方开始担心奴隶制度的存在会对美国的统一和稳定造成威胁。
3. 种族歧视的存在在南北战争前的美国，黑人奴隶制度被视为合法，而黑人则被视为劣等种族。这种种族歧视的存在导致黑人无法享有与白人平等的权利和机会，为后来的南北战争埋下了伏笔。
美国南北战争与奴隶制的废除过程
The American Civil War and the Abolition of Slavery
02
南北战争
奴隶制
中世纪
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿
美国奴隶制起源-讲稿第一篇：美国奴隶制起源-讲稿The Beginning of Slavery in America 美国奴隶制起源Hello, everyone!It is known that racial discrimination against the black people is an old problem in America which can be traced back to the colonial period.It was the dispute over Negro slavery that touched off the American Civil War in 1862.Slavery developed almost side by side with the English-American colonies.After the colonists reached the New World, they found that one of the problems to be solved was the shortage of labor.The first blacks were brought into the colonies in 1619.Within a few decades, the demand for cheap labor led to a large slave trade.After tobacco was successfully planted and more rich people arrived in the colonies, especially in the South, the problem of labor shortage became acute.European adventurers began to capture Negroes in Western Africa and transported them to America.The slave traders, many of whom were from New England, made a big profit from what was called the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America.Plantation owners of the South got the cheap labor they needed.The number of Negro slaves increased very quickly before America won its independence.After the Independence War, Britain shifted much of its trade to other colonies.The price of tobacco fell sharply in America.Slave labor became less profitable and began to decline.Before long, America began its industrial revolution and the cotton gin was invented in 1793.The revolutionized cotton textile industry increased the demand for cotton.T o increase the production of cotton, cheap labor was needed.As a result, the number of Negro slaves stopped fallingand black slavery revived.Since the South had abundant and suitable land for farming and thus needed a lot labor, many slaves were bought by those plantationers.Moreover, the Blacks cannot endure the bitter cold in the North.That is why large numbers of blacks were in the South.By 1860, there were about 3 million Negro slaves in the South who made up about one-third of the total population of the South.Before the Civil War, more than 98% of the American Negroes were in the South.An average Southern plantation was about 1000 acres with 100 slaves.They fed on horrible food which was made in the central kitchen or in the black slaves’ cabins.They had to toil all day long in the cotton fields, eating their noon-day meals in the fields.Black slaves were supervised by the cold-blooded overseers.Slave owners could beat, sell, or kill a slave without violating the law.Negro families were often broken when the master sold some of his slaves.Marriage of the slaves were regarded by the slave owner as a means to produce more slaves.A slave owner could buy a man slave and marry him to a woman slave or vice versa.No slave was allowed to go out his master’ plantation unless he had obtained a written permission from his master.There were professional slave captors who would hunt down any slave in escape.The law did not allow anyone to teach the blacks how to read and write.It is no exaggeration to say that the Negro slaves were treated as farm animals.The only difference was that they could think and speak.If you want to know more about the miserable life of slaves, you can read Mrs.Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin or Solomon Northup’s 12 Years A Slave.The conflicts between the South and the North concerning slavery led to the American Civil War.We’re going to discuss that next session.Thank you.第二篇：美国独立日起源(英文)Good afternoon, everyone: What i want to introduce to you is American Independence Day,which is equivalent to Chinese National DayIndependence Day,commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.During the American Revolution（美国独立战争）, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain occurred on July 2, 1776, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence.After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five(五人小组), with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author.Congress debated and revised （修正）the Declaration, finally approving it on July 4.From then on, American celebrated the birthday of their homeland every year by a variety of ways.In the beginning, people will held demonstrations and speeches in this special day and most of these activities were covered with a layer of religious color.With the development of America, outdoor activities and sports events also became a part of celebration.Fireworks activities were once very popular before 20th century, but government canceled these projects to prevent the risk of fire after 20th century.Nowadays, Independence Day in the United States is a fairly important festival.People will have a day off to relax.All of american church bells rang in honor of American Independence after the ringing of Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.Various floats, model cars, acrobatics car and crowd line up a enormous andpowerful team to go forward which is a very spectacular sight.At the end of the procession, people tend to gather in a park or public place.All the families dance and cheer, or have a picnic in sound of music.Businessmen are busy selling souvenirs, the politicians take the opportunity to conduct campaign speeches, the kids play games on the grass, the entire United States show the joyful scene of festival.That's all.Thank you!第三篇：美国感恩节的起源The origin of American ThanksgivingAs is known to us, the Thanksgiving is one of the most crucial festivals in the United States and Canada’s.However, the historical origins of the festivals in the both countries are different from each other.Here I’d like to introduce something about the origin of American Thanksgiving.In 1620,the boat called “may flower” arrived in North America from Britain, carrying 102 pilgrims.Unfortunately, in the winter of this year, they encountered unimaginable difficulties, half of them dyingof hunger.Luckily, the native Indians provided pilgrims with the necessities in time.What’s more, they were so kind that they even taught pilgrims how to hunt, fish and plant corn,pumpkin.With the help of the Indians,the immigrants finally overcame the difficulties and received a harvest.During the days of harvest celebration, according to religious traditions , immigrants rules the day of thanksgiving to god, and decided to show their gratitude to Indians.Immigrants invited them to celebrate the festival.In this day of the first Thanksgiving, immigrants and the Indians got together,chatting and eating happily.Immigrants were so grateful to god that they set off fireworks, held a grand banquet and enjoyed delicious turkeys.The first thanksgiving day was very successful.As aresult,a lot of these celebration ways remained for many years.In 1789, the first American president Washington declared November,26was the national Thanksgiving celebration.However, for a long time, every state holiday date still stipulated based on their own situation.It was not until 1863 that president Lincoln declared Thanksgiving day was a national holiday again.In 1941, Congress passed bill, the president Roosevelt declared the fourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving day throughout the country.Nowadays Thanksgiving holiday usually lasts form Thursday to Sunday.In western countries,it is time for people to express gratitude and share love.Besides,thanksgiving day is a wonderful feast for children in which children can enjoy excellent snacks.Generally, the thanksgiving day plays an very important role in today’s Americans’ life.第四篇：《美国讲稿》读书笔记《美国讲稿》读书笔记相较老师推荐的其他书，《美国讲稿》看上去更为精致短小，其中收录了伊塔洛·卡尔维诺的五篇讲稿及《子午线》杂志的编辑M·巴棱吉发现并整理出的一篇手稿。
美国内战废除奴隶制度的历史转折点
美国内战废除奴隶制度的历史转折点美国内战，是一场具有深远影响的战争，而其中废除奴隶制度更是这一历史事件的关键转折点。
在 19 世纪中叶，美国南方和北方在经济、社会和政治方面存在着巨大的差异。
南方以种植园经济为主，依赖黑奴的劳动来维持大规模的农业生产；北方则逐渐发展起了工业和商业，对自由劳动力有着更多的需求。
奴隶制度在南方根深蒂固，种植园主们认为奴隶是他们的财产，为他们创造了巨大的财富。
然而，这种制度却充满了残酷和不人道。
奴隶们被迫从事高强度的劳动，生活条件恶劣，没有人身自由，甚至家庭也经常被拆散。
随着时间的推移，北方对奴隶制度的不满日益增加。
在道德层面上，越来越多的人认为奴隶制度是对人权的严重侵犯；在经济层面上，北方的工业发展需要更多的自由劳动力和广阔的国内市场，而奴隶制度限制了这些发展。
1860 年，亚伯拉罕·林肯当选为美国总统。
林肯的政治主张中包括反对奴隶制度的扩张。
这一立场引起了南方种植园主的强烈不满，他们担心奴隶制度的未来受到威胁，于是纷纷宣布脱离联邦，成立了美利坚联盟国。
美国内战由此爆发。
战争初期，北方军队的进展并不顺利。
南方军队在军事准备和作战经验上具有一定的优势。
然而，随着战争的推进，北方逐渐调整了战略，并在资源和人力上的优势逐渐显现出来。
在战争的过程中，林肯政府逐渐认识到，要想取得战争的最终胜利，必须解决奴隶制度这个根本问题。
1862 年 9 月，林肯颁布了《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。
这一宣言宣布，从 1863 年 1 月 1 日起，南方叛乱各州的奴隶将获得自由。
《解放黑人奴隶宣言》的颁布是一个具有重大历史意义的事件。
它不仅为北方军队带来了更多的支持和兵源，也在国际上赢得了广泛的同情和支持。
许多黑人奴隶纷纷逃离南方，加入北方军队，为自由而战。
美国内战的最终胜利，标志着奴隶制度的废除。
这一成果来之不易，是无数人付出鲜血和生命换来的。
奴隶制度的废除，为美国的社会发展带来了深刻的变革。
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Slavery in a society that insisted on its own independe nce was rank hypocrisy.
亚伯拉罕· 林肯是美国第 16 任总统，是世界历史中最伟大的人物之一，领 导了拯救联邦和结束奴隶制度的伟大斗争。人们怀念他的正直、仁慈、和坚 强的个性，他一直是美国历史上最受人景仰 的总统之一。尽管他在边疆只受 过一点儿初级教育，担任公职的经验也很少，然而，他那敏锐的洞察力和深 厚的人道主义意识，使他成了美国历史上最伟大的总统。
美国政界人物、女权运动先 驱、书简作家，美国第2任 总统约翰· 亚当斯的夫人。
1764年10月25日与约翰· 亚 当斯结为夫妇，先后育有5 个孩子。
阿比盖尔是一位彻底的联邦 制拥护者。人们普遍认为她 对丈夫和儿子的政治生涯有 着极大的影响。1803年她的 大儿子约翰· 昆西· 亚当斯当 选上议员，并于她逝世后的 第6年，即1825年当选为美 国总统。
America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds.“ But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight? "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
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As early as 1688, he spoke out publicly against slavery.
1787年，他积极参加 了制定美国宪法的工 作，并组织了反对奴 役黑人的运动。 He founded the 1st antislavery society in the colonies.
When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
However, there were some A l s o , t h e r e i s o n e well, e mor large-scale revolts as w a y t o fthoughgrarely wellight a ainst the which are slavery, organized. w h i c h i s r e c some subtle ones, Like o g n i z e d t o f l e e a w a y f r o m t down n t t i o n t o slowing h e p l atheaform of work,e n o r t h e rtools, tand o r s o m breaking n s t a e s passive a . C a n a d resistance.