材料概论材料科学概论课件双语
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材料科学概论英文版ch8-2 (1)
Heat Treatment of Steels
Martensite has the strongest microstructure and can be made more ductile by tempering. Therefore the optimum properties of quenched and tempered steel are realized if high content of martensite is produced. Problem: difficult to maintain same conditions throughout volume of steel during cooling: surface cools more quickly than interior, producing range of microstructures through volume. The martensitic content, and the hardness, will drop from a high value at the surface to a lower value in the interior of the piece. Production of uniform martensitic structure depends on • composition • quenching conditions • size + shape of specimen• Anneຫໍສະໝຸດ ling, Stress Relief
• More on Heat Treatment of Steels
• Precipitation Hardening
Annealing
《材料概论第》PPT课件
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• Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).
• Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond.
Tin
210 thousand
Molybdenum Titanium W Uranium Silver Gold Platinum
121 thousand 95 thousand 43 thousand 39 thousand 14 thousand 1.9 thousand 270 ton
2020/12/21
6
2020/12/21
精选ppt
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1.1 材料科学与工程的发展史
芳纶纤维
Ceramics 10,000 BC 5,000 BC 1,000 BC
2020/12/21
DJTU Materia精ls 选Scpipent ce & Engineering
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2020/12/21
DJTU Materia精ls 选Scpipent ce & Engineering
•Bauxite
101 million
•Coal
4,573 million
•Iron ore
943 million
•Cement
1121 million
• Subatomic level Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction among atoms (interatomic bonding).
• Atomic level Arrangement of atoms in materials for the same atoms can have different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and diamond.
Tin
210 thousand
Molybdenum Titanium W Uranium Silver Gold Platinum
121 thousand 95 thousand 43 thousand 39 thousand 14 thousand 1.9 thousand 270 ton
2020/12/21
6
2020/12/21
精选ppt
7
1.1 材料科学与工程的发展史
芳纶纤维
Ceramics 10,000 BC 5,000 BC 1,000 BC
2020/12/21
DJTU Materia精ls 选Scpipent ce & Engineering
8
2020/12/21
DJTU Materia精ls 选Scpipent ce & Engineering
•Bauxite
101 million
•Coal
4,573 million
•Iron ore
943 million
•Cement
1121 million
材料概论 双语 第三章ppt
Nuclear Fuels
The History of Chinese Ceramics
（1）. 3 000 B.C : Potters in Henan and Gansu is technically superior.
After 600 A.D : Ceramics is adaptable to higher firing temperatures and more translucent and white after firing.
The classification of ceramic
Traditional ceramics
Traditional ceramics are derived and processed from clay or nonclay minerals.
Traditional ceramics are usually heavy,fragile( 脆)
Classification based on applications
Advanced ceramics
Advanced ceramics are developed form rather simple chemical compounds , and advances in processing which have provided greater control over their structures. Advanced ceramic: the scale of the raw materials and microstructures, including the crystal grains, crystal interface, pores and defects is at the level of microns.
材料科学基础双语课件
control the material properties (for example by altering the
grain structure, or the presence of defects in the atom
packing) or to fabricate the material into the desired shape.
extra material, joining parts (e.g., by soldering or welding),
forming (forging, rolling, bending, etc.), or compacting particles which are then fused together (sintering, used for
gases (and most engineering materials are used in solid
form).
1.1 What is Materials Science and Engineering?
It may seem abstract and remote from real engineering to
The Science and Engineering of Materials
Aim
English atmosphere: speaking, reading, writing and lisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ening; Specialty vocabulary; Specialty knowledge;
form. As this mixture solidifies, different structures form as a function of temperature. The phase diagrams that provide
grain structure, or the presence of defects in the atom
packing) or to fabricate the material into the desired shape.
extra material, joining parts (e.g., by soldering or welding),
forming (forging, rolling, bending, etc.), or compacting particles which are then fused together (sintering, used for
gases (and most engineering materials are used in solid
form).
1.1 What is Materials Science and Engineering?
It may seem abstract and remote from real engineering to
The Science and Engineering of Materials
Aim
English atmosphere: speaking, reading, writing and lisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ening; Specialty vocabulary; Specialty knowledge;
form. As this mixture solidifies, different structures form as a function of temperature. The phase diagrams that provide
材料概论 材料科学概论 双语课件
Artifical Bone
Resomer® Resorbable Polyester：Polylactide, Polyglycolide or the copolymers
—Boehringer Ingelheim KG
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1.1 Materials and Material Science
特点: 具有一定的成分和配比；
可成型加工； 保持一定形状和外观； 具有使用价值并可回收再利用。
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保持一定形状和外观 可成型加工
具有使用价值
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Essential role of materials: indispensable to our society as food, energy and information.
1.1.1 Definition Constitute: The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size.
组成:构成物质世界的材料由具有亚 微观尺度的各种微粒子组成。
影响材料使用的因素
materials behavior availability
cost
synthesis and production method
processing techniques
environmental acceptability
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1.1 Materials and Material Science
材料概论英文版 武汉理工大学
Material: Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environmentCharacteristics of materials◆Have certain compositions;◆Can be processed;◆With certain shape and color;◆Can be used and reused or recycled.◆特点:☐具有一定的成分和配比；☐可成型加工；☐保持一定形状和外观；☐具有使用价值并可回收再利用。
材料性能的决定因素◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构，◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合，◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律,◆原子集合体的形貌特征。
Classification of materials◆Atomic structures◆Nature of chemical bonds:☐ Metallic bond 金属键☐ Ionic bond 离子键☐ Covalent bond 共价键☐ Secondary bond 次价键☐ Van der Waals bond 范德华力☐ Hydrogen bond 氢键Classification:◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bondingMetals and their alloys:◆ are good conductors of heat and electricity;◆ are opaque to visible light;◆ are hard, rigid;◆ can undergo plastic deformation◆ have a high melting temperature (Tm).Organic polymers:◆made up of long-chain molecules;◆ are electrical and thermal insulators;◆ are light and easily formable;◆ the best-known organic polymers are:☐ poly (vinyl chloride) (聚氯乙烯，PVC);☐ polyethylene (聚乙烯，PE);☐ polystyrene (聚苯乙烯，PS)。
英文版-材料概论
英文版材料概论 logointroduction materialsschool materialsscience engineeringcompany name materialscience materialscan understoodfrom followingaspects: humancivilization socialdevelopment stronglyintertwined pervasiverole entireeras humancivilization pany name company name 1.1 how materialdefined solidsused produceitems which constitute hisliving environment. properties availabilitycost methods materialsdepends companyname 1.2 materialscompany name 1.3 materials properties properties materialresponds externalforces. mechanical properties physical properties chemical properties company name 1.4 use materialsdepends: properties availabilitycost methods productioncompany name 1.5 materials science material science relationshipamong processing, structure, properties, materials.materials science deals relationshipbetween macroscopicproperties microscopicstructures.
《材料科学概论》课件
陶瓷材料的应用
总结词
耐高温、硬度高
详细描述
陶瓷材料具有优良的耐高温和硬度高的特性，广 泛应用于高温炉具、航空航天、机械等领域。
总结词
绝缘性好、化学稳定性高
陶瓷材料的应用
详细描述
陶瓷材料具有良好的绝缘性能和化学稳定性，能够适应各种恶劣 环境下的使用需求。
总结词
生物容性和生物活性，能够促进骨组织 再生和修复。
02
CATALOGUE
材料的性质
材料的物理性质
导热性
光学性质
描述材料传输热量的能力。金属通常 具有良好的导热性，而隔热材料如玻 璃纤维或泡沫则具有较低的导热性。
涉及材料对光的吸收、反射和折射等 特性。例如，镜子利用玻璃的高反射 性，而透明玻璃则允许光线通过。
电导率
衡量材料传导电流的能力。金属是电 的良导体，而塑料和陶瓷则是电的不 良导体。
材料的化学性质
耐腐蚀性
材料抵抗化学物质（如酸、碱、 盐等）腐蚀的能力。例如，不锈 钢因其抗腐蚀性而在许多应用中
得到使用。
抗氧化性
材料在高温下抵抗氧化（即生锈或 腐蚀）的能力。某些金属如金和铂 具有很高的抗氧化性。
稳定性
材料在各种环境条件下保持其化学 性质的能力。例如，食盐在水中溶 解，但在干燥条件下会结晶。
高分子材料的应用
总结词
质轻、强度高
VS
详细描述
高分子材料具有质量轻、强度高的特点， 能够有效地减轻产品重量，提高使用性能 。
高分子材料的应用
总结词
绝缘、耐腐蚀
详细描述
高分子材料具有良好的绝缘性能和耐腐蚀性 ，能够适应各种复杂环境下的使用需求。
高分子材料的应用
总结词
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材料的结构
– Structure – properties – processing
结构－性能－工艺之间的关系
1.1 Materials and Material Science
材料的重要性
石器时代陶器时代青铜器时代铁器时代
材料的发展史，就是人类社会的发展史。
材料的发展历史
金 青铜 铁
高分子材料
Economy: costs related to materials, processing and energy
Environment: environmental behavior of the material
Resources & Recycling: resources and possible recycling
木材 皮革 骨
纤维
相
皮胶
对
占
有
复合材料
量
稻草杆砖
纸
钢 合金钢
金属材料
橡胶 赛璐珞
耐热合金
火石 陶
瓷 玻璃
无机非金属材料
水泥 耐火材料
通用高分子
纤维增强塑料 金属陶瓷
玻璃态金属 微合金钢
功能高分子 高温高分子 高强高模高分子
各种基体复合材料
先进功能陶瓷 韧性工程陶瓷
5000 公元前
0 公元
1000 1500 1800
➢ concrete: an agglomeration of cement, sand and gravel
1.1.3 Properties
Mechanical properties:
the behavior of materials deformed
by a set of forces.
➢ 弹性
—Boehringer Ingelheim KG
1.1 Materials and Material Science
影响材料使用的因素
materials behavior availability cost synthesis and production method processing techniques environmental acceptability
特点: 具有一定的成分和配比；
可成型加工； 保持一定形状和外观； 具有使用价值并可回收再利用。
保持一定形状和外观 可成型加工
具有使用价值
Essential role of materials: indispensable to our society as food, energy and information.
1900
1940 1960
1980
1990
2000
2010
时间 / 年
（１）石器时代：
旧石器时代－－原始人采用天然的石、木、竹、骨等材料作 为狩猎工具；
新石器时代－－公元前6000年，人类发明了火，掌握了钻木 取火技术，用以烧制陶瓷。瓷器的出现已成为中华民族文化的 象征之一，对世界文化产生过深远的影响。
Polymeric Biomaterials
•人工心脏：
聚酯、聚氨酯、环氧树脂
•人工肺：
硅橡胶半透膜
•关节(肩、髋、膝):
聚四氟乙烯
•人工肾(kidney)：
透析膜 •……
Atrifical Heart
聚酯编织管 环氧树脂
聚酯
硅油 聚醚型聚氨酯Βιβλιοθήκη Artifical Bone
Resomer® Resorbable Polyester：Polylactide, Polyglycolide or the copolymers
➢ 抗腐蚀能力 Corrosion resistance：
atmospherically, chemically (salts, sour, alkali)
1.1.4 Use of materials
Factors related to the use of a material are:
Quality: properties and functions
➢ 电性能 Electric properties ➢ 磁性能 Magnetic properties ➢ 热性能 Thermal properties ➢ 光性能 Optical properties
• Chemical properties: the behavior of material in a reactive environment.
材料科学:
基于现代科学技术，一方面，利用 化学手段研究材料的化学成分、化学键 和合成方法； 另一方面，借助物理学 方法，研究材料性质, 主要根据晶体物 理和固体物理描述材料结构和性能的关 系。
The four basic aspects of materials science and technology
组成:构成物质世界的材料由具有亚 微观尺度的各种微粒子组成。
Materials:
defined as solids used by man to produce items which constitute the support for his living environment.
Character: materials have certain compositions; can be formed; with certain shape and color; can be used and reused or recycled.
Materials Science studies:
• 化学组成、化学键、合成方法:
chemical composition, chemical bonds and synthesis methods
• 特性: nature of materials
• 结构与性能的关系:
describe the relationship between structure and properties based on crystal physics and solid physics
金属键 离子键 共价键 次价键
Metallic bond Ionic bond Covalent bond
secondary bond
范德华力 Van der Waals bond 氢 键 Hydrogen bond
Classification: ➢ metals and their alloys:
1.1 Materials and Material Science
1.1.1 Definition Constitute: The materials making up the surrounding world consist of discrete particles, having a submicroscopic size.
• Organic polymers: ➢ made up of long-chain molecules; ➢ are electrical and thermal insulators; ➢ are light and easily formable; and ➢ the best-known organic polymers are:
Elasticity
➢ 塑性
Plasticity
➢ 强度
Strength
➢ 硬度
Hardness
➢ 韧性
Toughness
➢ 疲劳特性 Fatigue behaviour
➢ 耐磨性 Abrasion resistance
• Physical properties: the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light.
Types of materials
• Metals and their alloys: ➢ are good conductors of heat and
electricity; ➢ are opaque to visible light; ➢ are hard, rigid; ➢ can undergo plastic deformation ➢ have a high melting temperature (Tm).
原始人打造的石器
印地安人用的石斧
（２）青铜器时代：这是人类社会出现 最早的金属材料，中国历史上曾有过灿 烂的青铜文化。
青铜宝剑
青铜鼎
青铜编钟(chimes)
hoe
（3）铁器时代：用铁作为材料来制造农具，铁在农 业上的广泛应用，推动了以农业为中心的科学技 术日益进步；以钢铁为中心的金属材料大规模发 展，有力地摧毁了封建社会的生产方式，萌发了 资本主义。
－ poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC); － polyethylene (PE); － polystyrene (PS).
• Ceramics/inorganic nonmetallic materials: ➢ the combination of metallic elements (Mg,
《材料概论》
Introduction to Materials
Introduction to Materials
材料学院
November 2011
Chapter 1 Introduction to Materials
Content
－Definition
材料的定义
－Types
材料的类型
－Structure
Al, Ti, ...) with non-metallic elements (o); ➢ have high mechanical and thermal