讲稿-专业英语语法特点
现代英语语法的特点及学习方法
<<现代英语语法>>是高等教育自学考试英语专业语法课程的指定教材。
该教材借鉴了现代语言学界对英语语法的研究，力图从词、词组、分句、句子乃至语篇对英语语言的结构规律作一个较为系统的描写。
全书既讲理论，又重实践，既归纳了普遍的语言现象，又阐述了一些特殊的规律。
下面就简单介绍一下该书的语法体系与语法体系的差异，列举书中指出的一些特殊现象，并就学习者如何自学好英语语法提一些建议。
一．与传统语法体系的差异1. 主观规定与客观描写传统的英语语法以拉丁文法为基础，以书面语体、正式语体为研究对象，往往主观地规定一些规律同，结果，It's me. He is the man May talked about. 这样的句子均被认为是不地道的英语。
而现代英语语法不再进行硬性的、主观的规定，而是从活生生的语言出发，既研究书面语体、正式语体，也研究口语体、非正式语体，在此基础上，客观地描写语言的规律。
例如，关于主谓一致，书中介绍了三种原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。
三种原则适用于不同的语体，语法一致原则是最基本的原则，意义一致原则一般用于非正式语体，就近原则往往适用于口语体(当然也有一些结构，如either…or, 即使在正式语体中也遵循就近原则)。
又如：与不定代词someone、anyone等照应的代词究竟是he还是they, 传统语法坚定地认为是he, 而现代语法却认为they也常见于非正式语体，也是一种正确的用法。
2.意义与形式传统语法较普遍地从意义角度归纳总结各种语法现象，动词时态的分类便是如此。
英语动词具有形态变化，不同的动词形式可以表示动作发生的时间，也可以告诉我们动作处于表达的时间来划分动词的动态，共划分出十六种时态。
要记清这十六种时态的名称已属不易，更不用说了解它们的形式、表达的具体意义或使用情况了。
现代英语语法试图理顺意义与形式的关系，对于动词形式的分类便结合了意义与形式两方面的内容，在时(tense)的基础上增加了另一语法范畴体(aspect)。
略谈现代英语语法与词汇的特点
略谈现代英语语法与词汇的特点
现代英语语法与词汇的特点有：
1、注重结构简洁、语言简明。
普通用语中，句型简洁、表达精炼，
采用简化语言结构；口语中，更加简洁，有大量简写句子和简写词语。
2、词汇的重组和重复使用。
词汇简洁，常重复使用强调，经常使用
双重否定表达含义，还有一些形式复杂的含义更加简单、明确的词语。
3、句子结构反映思维方式。
句子结构反映了使用者的思维方式和逻
辑思维，表现为时序关系、递进关系、复合关系等，使文章表达更加清晰。
4、多样化的表达方式。
英语语言中同一个概念可以有多种表达方式，有时候会重叠使用，有时候会拆分使用，使文章或者口语更加生动有趣。
Lesson 3专业英语基础-语法特点
depend upon the distance between them. 分子之间存在力的作用，这些力的大小取决于它们之间的距离
。
3.1.8大量使用非限定动词结构
主要的三种用法：
1） 表述一般叙述过程
As the electrons move, the surface charge density increases until the magnitude of theinternal field equals that of the external field, giving net field of zero inside the conductor.
而在科技英语中更为常见的是用来表示“工具、手段” Nowadays labs are built with large cranes and modern
equipment.
3.1.3并列成分的使用
在专业英语中，并列成分得到了大量的使用，下面的例句中都 使用了并列的成分:
The story of the quantum is the one of a confused and groping search for knowledge conducted by scientists of many lands on a front wider than the world of physics had ever seen before, illumined by flashes of insight, aided by accidents and guesses, and enlivened by coincidences such as one would expect to find only in fiction.
专业英语 语法
专业英语语法
专业英语语法和通用英语语法有很多相似之处，但也有一些差异。
以下是一些专业英语语法特点：
1. 名词化：在专业英语中，常用名词来代替动词或形容词，使句子更加简洁明了。
例如，用“mathematical model”代替“use mathematics to model”或“mathematical accuracy”。
2. 长句和复杂句：专业英语中常常使用长句和复杂句，以表达复杂的概念和逻辑关系。
因此，需要掌握更多的从句、修饰语和修饰词，以便清晰地表达思想。
3. 被动语态：在专业英语中，被动语态的使用比在通用英语中更为常见。
这是因为被动语态可以使句子更加客观，突出所要表达的信息，而不是强调动作的执行者。
4. 动词时态和语态：专业英语中常用一般现在时和一般过去时，而较少使用将来时和现在进行时。
此外，被动语态也是常用的语态之一。
5. 常用缩写和术语：在专业英语中，常用缩写和术语来表达复杂的概念和公式。
因此，需要了解和掌握相关的缩写和术语。
总之，专业英语语法在用词、句式结构、表达方式等方面都有自己的特点，需要多阅读、多写作、多实践才能掌握。
专业英语特点
非限定性动词，名词化单词或词组。 e.g.: the model structure to be tested、
application、utilization、extension、consumption、 consideration、the energy recovery、energy equilibrium relation、the load force、 controllability、representation、reliability、 reduction
机械工程学院 何锋
简化表述形式，避免错误。 e.g.: 1. During the following instroke movement, the oil from the chambers is charged into the accumulator. 2. The direct source is the work done by mass loads of mechanical links and the lifted object, or rather it is potential energy.
半技术词汇：acting、action、reverse
机械工程学院 何锋
3、短语：介词短语多，非限定动词（尤其分词）多，短 语、缩略语经常出现。
e.g.: 介词短语：be based on、owing to、lead to、 consist of、compared with、in order to、add to、 depend on、according to
机械工程学院 何锋
2. It is assumed that joints 1 and work simultaneously for the total period, and that the telescope is full and does not move.
优秀教师演讲稿英语语法
Good morning! It is a great honor to stand before you today and share my thoughts on the qualities of an outstanding teacher. As a dedicated educator, I have had the privilege of working with countless students and witnessing the transformative power of education. Today, I wouldlike to highlight the essential elements that make an exceptional teacher, focusing on the importance of English grammar.First and foremost, an excellent teacher possesses a deep understanding of the subject matter. In the case of English grammar, this means having a strong grasp of the rules, structures, and conventions that govern the language. A teacher who is well-versed in English grammar caneffectively communicate complex concepts to students, breaking them down into manageable parts. This knowledge allows the teacher to provide accurate explanations, offer meaningful examples, and address any misconceptions that may arise.One of the key qualities of an outstanding teacher is the ability to foster a positive learning environment. In the realm of English grammar, this means creating a classroom atmosphere that is supportive, engaging, and conducive to learning. An exceptional teacher understands that grammar can be a challenging subject, and they go to great lengths to make it accessible and enjoyable for students. This can be achieved through a variety of strategies, such as incorporating interactive activities, using real-life examples, and encouraging student participation.Another crucial aspect of an excellent teacher is the ability to adapt to the diverse needs of their students. Every student is unique, with their own strengths, weaknesses, and learning styles. An outstanding teacher recognizes this and tailors their teaching methods to accommodate individual differences. When it comes to English grammar, this may involve differentiating instruction, providing additional support for struggling students, and offering enrichment opportunities for advanced learners.Effective communication is another essential skill for a teacher of English grammar. Clear and concise explanations are vital in helping students understand the nuances of the language. An excellent teachernot only conveys information but also actively listens to their students, ensuring that they have grasped the concepts being taught. This includes addressing any questions or concerns promptly and providing feedbackthat is constructive and supportive.In addition to these qualities, an outstanding teacher is passionate about their subject matter. Their enthusiasm is contagious, inspiring students to develop a genuine interest in English grammar. When teachers are passionate about what they teach, their students are more likely to be engaged and motivated. This passion can be demonstrated through the use of creative teaching methods, incorporating literature and real-world examples, and showcasing the relevance of grammar in everyday life.An excellent teacher also understands the importance of continuous learning and professional development. The field of English grammar is constantly evolving, with new research and teaching strategies emerging. An outstanding teacher stays up-to-date with the latest trends and techniques, ensuring that their teaching methods remain effective and innovative. This commitment to growth not only benefits their students but also contributes to the overall advancement of the teaching profession.Moreover, an outstanding teacher is patient and persistent. Learning English grammar can be a gradual process, and students may encounter setbacks along the way. An exceptional teacher recognizes this and maintains a positive attitude, encouraging students to persevere and not to be discouraged by challenges. By providing consistent support and guidance, teachers can help students build confidence and develop a strong foundation in grammar.Lastly, an outstanding teacher is empathetic and caring. They understand that students come from various backgrounds and may face personal challenges. An exceptional teacher is attentive to their students' emotional well-being, creating a nurturing environment where studentsfeel safe and valued. This empathy extends beyond the classroom, as an outstanding teacher is also willing to go the extra mile to supporttheir students outside of school hours.In conclusion, an excellent teacher of English grammar possesses a combination of qualities that make them stand out. They have a deep understanding of the subject matter, foster a positive learning environment, adapt to diverse student needs, communicate effectively, are passionate about their subject, commit to continuous learning, demonstrate patience and persistence, and are empathetic and caring. By embodying these qualities, teachers can inspire their students to become confident and proficient in English grammar, preparing them for success in their academic and professional endeavors.Thank you for your attention, and I hope that my words have provided you with valuable insights into the qualities of an outstanding teacher. Let us continue to strive for excellence in our teaching, as we shape the future generation of learners.God bless![End of speech]。
英语语法分享演讲稿范文
Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening! It is my great pleasure to stand before you today to share with you some insights and strategies on mastering English grammar. Effective communication is the cornerstone of success in both personal and professional life, and English grammar plays a crucial role in this process. In this speech, I will discuss the importance of English grammar, common grammar mistakes, and practical tips to improve your grammar skills.I. The Importance of English Grammar1. Clarity and precision: Proper grammar ensures that your message is clear and easy to understand. It helps you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively, avoiding misunderstandings and misinterpretations.2. Professionalism: In the workplace, good grammar reflects your professionalism and attention to detail. It demonstrates that you are capable of producing high-quality work and can be trusted to represent your organization.3. Confidence: When you are confident in your grammar skills, you can express yourself more freely and engage in conversations without worrying about making mistakes. This confidence can boost your self-esteem and enhance your communication skills.4. Access to opportunities: Good grammar can open doors to various opportunities, such as scholarships, job offers, and promotions. It can also help you stand out from the competition and increase your chances of success.II. Common Grammar Mistakes1. Subject-verb agreement: Many people struggle with subject-verb agreement, which requires the subject and verb to agree in number (singular or plural). For example, "She is" instead of "She are."2. Misuse of articles: Articles (a, an, the) are often used incorrectly, leading to confusion. For instance, "I have a dog" instead of "I have a dogs."3. Confusing homophones: Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. Common examples include "there, their, and they're" or "your, you're, and your."4. Incorrect prepositions: Prepositions are used to show relationships between nouns, pronouns, and other words in a sentence. Many people make mistakes when using prepositions, such as "in" instead of "on" or "between" instead of "among."5. Split infinitives: A split infinitive occurs when there is a word or phrase inserted between the "to" and the "infinitive" verb. While it is not considered a grammatical error, some people believe it to be incorrect. For example, "to quickly leave" instead of "to leave quickly."III. Practical Tips to Improve Your Grammar Skills1. Practice regularly: Like any other skill, improving your grammar requires consistent practice. Dedicate time each day to review grammar rules and practice writing sentences.2. Read extensively: Reading books, articles, and other materials in English exposes you to different grammar structures and styles. Pay attention to how authors use grammar to convey their message.3. Use grammar resources: Invest in a good grammar handbook or downloada grammar app. These resources can provide you with explanations and examples of grammar rules.4. Write and proofread: Write short essays, stories, or emails and proofread them carefully. Pay attention to your grammar mistakes and correct them before submitting your work.5. Seek feedback: Share your writing with friends, family, or teachers to receive constructive feedback on your grammar usage.6. Join a study group: Studying grammar with others can provide motivation and accountability. You can also learn from each other's mistakes and discuss challenging grammar topics.7. Practice listening and speaking: Listening to native speakers and practicing your speaking skills can improve your understanding of grammar in context.In conclusion, mastering English grammar is essential for effective communication. By understanding the importance of grammar, being aware of common mistakes, and implementing practical tips to improve your skills, you can enhance your communication abilities and achieve your personal and professional goals.Thank you for your attention, and I hope this speech has been helpful in your journey towards mastering English grammar.。
讲课稿英语语法总结范文
讲课稿英语语法总结范文Grammar SummaryIntroduction:Good grammar is an essential tool for effective communication. It helps us convey our thoughts and ideas clearly, ensuring that our message is understood by others. In this grammar summary, we will cover the key principles of English grammar, including parts of speech, sentence structure, verb tense, and subject-verb agreement.Parts of Speech:1. Nouns: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. It can be singular or plural, and it can be common or proper. Nouns are often the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb.2. Pronouns: Pronouns are words that replace nouns. They help avoid repetition and make sentences less clunky. Examples of pronouns include he, she, it, they, and us.3. Verbs: Verbs are a critical part of a sentence. They express action or a state of being. Verbs can be regular or irregular, and they can be in different tenses, such as present, past, or future.4. Adjectives: Adjectives are words that describe or modify a noun. They can tell us about the color, size, shape, or condition of an object. Adjectives usually come before the noun they modify.5. Adverbs: Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They add more information about manner, time, place, or degree to a sentence. Adverbs often end in -ly.6. Prepositions: Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They usually indicate location, direction, time, or manner. Examples of prepositions include in, on, at, and by.7. Conjunctions: Conjunctions are words that connect words or groups of words. They can be coordinating, subordinating, or correlative. Coordinating conjunctions include and, but, or, so, yet, and for.Sentence Structure:1. Subject and Predicate: Every sentence has a subject and a predicate. The subject typically performs the action or is the focus of the sentence. The predicate includes the verb and provides information about what the subject is doing or experiencing.2. Simple Sentences: A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. It expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a verb. For example, "She runs every morning."3. Compound Sentences: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. For example, "I love to read, and my sister enjoys painting."4. Complex Sentences: A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. For example, "Although she was tired, she continued working."Verb Tense:1. Present Tense: The present tense expresses an action that is happening now or regularly occurs. For example, "He walks to school every day."2. Past Tense: The past tense expresses an action that already happened. For example, "She traveled to Italy last summer."3. Future Tense: The future tense expresses an action that will happen in the future. For example, "We will have a party next week."Subject-Verb Agreement:1. Singular and Plural: The subject and verb must agree in number. Singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs. For example, "He walks" (singular) and "They walk" (plural).2. Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns, such as everyone, somebody, or each, are singular and require singular verbs. For example, "Everybody wants to go."Conclusion:Grammar provides the foundation for effective communication in English. Understanding the different parts of speech, sentence structure, verb tense, and subject-verb agreement allows us to construct clear and meaningful sentences. By mastering these grammar principles, we can improve our speaking and writing skills and ensure that our message is accurately conveyed.。
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二、专业英语的语法特点
1、人称语气 、 2、语态 、 3、时态 、
4、非谓语动词 、
5、名词化结构 、 6、省略句 、 7、惯用句型 、 8、省略长句 、
什么是非谓语动词
主要包括：分词、动名词、 动词非谓语形式主要包括：分词、动名词、 不定式。在专业英语中使用往往可以达到句式 不定式。 简洁又语意明确的目的。 简洁又语意明确的目的。
4.1 分词
4.1.2 分词短语作状语
e.g. Examined under a microscope, gray cast iron consists of metal matrix and graphites. 在显微镜下观察，灰口铸铁由金属基体和石墨组成。 在显微镜下观察，灰口铸铁由金属基体和石墨组成。
2.2 例句
e.g. The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. 材料的结构可以在几个层次上进行研究。 e.g. Hard spots can be removed from castings by heat treatment, either annealing or normalizing, unless the iron contain alloy elements such as Cr. 如果铁中不含象Cr这样的合金元素， 如果铁中不含象 这样的合金元素，硬点可以通过热 这样的合金元素 处理（退火或正火） 处理（退火或正火）从铸件中消除。
专题-2
专业英语的语法特点
回顾专业英语的基本要求
强调表达的客观性和真实性 要求语言准确规范、简洁流畅、逻辑性强 要求语言准确规范、简洁流畅、
二、专业英语的 语法特点
二、专业英语的语法特点
1、人称语气 、 2、语态 、 3、时态 、 4、非谓语动词 、 5、名词化结构 、 6、省略句 、 7、惯用句型 、 8、省略长句 、
二、专业英语的语法特点
1、人称语气 、
2、语态 、
3、时态 、 4、非谓语动词 、 5、名词化结构 、 6、省略句 、 7、惯用句型 、 8、省略长句 、
2.1 被动语态
被动语态： 被动语态：由于经常使用第三人称语气
和客观态度，因此必然较多使用被动语态 和客观态度， 需要交代行为主体时， 需要交代行为主体时，用“by…”等介词短语 交代行为主体时 等介词短语
分词短语可用作定语 状语和独立分词结构， 定语、 分词短语可用作定语、状语和独立分词结构， 取代被动语态或主动语态的关系从句， 取代被动语态或主动语态的关系从句，使句子结 构得到简化。 构得到简化。
4.1 分词
4.1.1 分词短语作定语
e.g. In laser hardening, the surface of the workpiece, coated with a substance which increases its absorptivity(吸收能力 is heated to austennitizing(奥 吸收能力), 奥 吸收能力 氏体化) 氏体化 temperature . 在激光淬火时， 在激光淬火时，将涂有一种能增大其吸收能力的物质 的工件表面加热到奥氏体化温度。 的工件表面加热到奥氏体化温度。
3.2 使用现在时的情况
6）一般结论和一般真理用现在时态；而特定情况下的特 ）一般结论和一般真理用现在时态； 殊结论和推论要用过去时态。 殊结论和推论要用过去时态。 e.g. Although the exact mechanism(机理 of 机理) 机理 photoinduced crosslinking(光感交叉耦合 is still 光感交叉耦合) 光感交叉耦合 unknown, Cr is an important intermediate(中间体 in 中间体) 中间体 dichromated photoresist (重铬光阻材料 . 重铬光阻材料 重铬光阻材料) 虽然光感交叉耦合的确切机理尚不清楚， Cr是重铬 虽然光感交叉耦合的确切机理尚不清楚，但Cr是重铬 重铬光阻材料 一种重要中间体（这一点是明确的）。 光阻材料的 重铬光阻材料的一种重要中间体（这一点是明确的）。
3.2 使用现在时的情况
4）图表说明用现在时态。 ）图表说明用现在时态。
e.g. Figure 2 shows the protective film formed on the surface of Mg melt at 600oC . 显示了600度时在镁熔体表面生成的保护膜。 度时在镁熔体表面生成的保护膜。 图2显示了 显示了 度时在镁熔体表面生成的保护膜
3.2 使用过去时的情况
3）叙述研究中的发现，可用一般过去时态。 ）叙述研究中的发现，可用一般过去时态。
e.g. It was found that the tensile strength of AZ91D decreased when temperature was increased. 当温度升高时， 合金的拉伸强度降低。 当温度升高时，AZ91D合金的拉伸强度降低。 合金的拉伸强度降低
4.2 动名词
动词词尾为“ 动 名 词：动词词尾为“-ing”，在句子中发挥名词功能 ，在句子中发挥名词功能; 现在分词：现在分词由动词加“ 构成” 现在分词：现在分词由动词加“-ing构成”，在句中起 构成 形 容词和副词的作用，一般作定语、表语、补语或状语。 容词和副词的作用，一般作定语、表语、补语或状语。
1.2 例句
e.g. Graphitization(石墨化 characteristics of either 石墨化) 石墨化
conventional malleable iron(可锻铸铁 and 可锻铸铁) 可锻铸铁 magnesium-treated(镁处理 white iron have been 镁处理) 镁处理 reported in previous literature(文献 文献). 文献
以前的文献报道了传统可锻铸铁和镁处理白口 铁的石墨化特征。 铁的石墨化特征。
1.3 第三人称的优缺点
优点：重点放在研究对象和事物自身， 优点：重点放在研究对象和事物自身，陈述客观 缺点： 缺点：容易出现长句 近代趋势，也可适当使用第一和第二人称作主语。 近代趋势，也可适当使用第一和第二人称作主语。
3.3 使用将来时的情况
7）计划要进行的工作用将来时态。 ）计划要进行的工作用将来时态。 e.g. More detailed tests will be done to ensure the reliability of this new material. 还需要作更多的测试，以确定这种新材料的可靠性。 还需要作更多的测试，以确定这种新材料的可靠性。 更多的测试
4.1 分词 4.2 动名词 4.3 不定式
4.1 分词
现在分词(Present Participle)：分词和与其相关的名 现在分词 ： 一种“主谓关系 主谓关系”； 词、代词之间构成 一种 主谓关系 ； 过去分词(Past Participle):分词和与其相关的名词、 分词和与其相关的名词、 过去分词 分词和与其相关的名词 代词之间构成一种“动宾关系 动宾关系”。 代词之间构成一种 动宾关系 。
用动名词构成的介词短语可取代状语从句或 用动名词构成的介词短语可取代状语从句或 取代状语 简化陈述句， 简化陈述句，达到简练效果
二、专业英语的语法特点
1、人称语气 、
2、语态 、 3、时态 、 4、非谓语动词 、 5、名词化结构 、 6、省略句 、 7、惯用句型 、 8、省略长句 、
1.1 第三人称
第三人称语气： 第三人称语气：专业英语以叙述事实和
客观规律为主要任务，很少使用第一人称， 客观规律为主要任务，很少使用第一人称， 一般使用无生命的第三人称。 一般使用无生命的第三人称。 第三人称
e.g. We 光感生的 光感生的) 光感生的 conformational(构象 构形) change in …. 构象/构形 构象 构形 e.g. First you adjust the dial at the top of the machine to the temperature you wish ….
3.2 使用现在时的情况
5）讨论中，在解释本研究所得现象的地方用现在时态。 ）讨论中，在解释本研究所得现象的地方用现在时态。 e.g. It is believed that electromagnetic stirring (电磁 电磁 搅拌) 搅拌 results in the appearance of forced convection (强制流动 in the melt and therefore promotes the 强制流动) 强制流动 formation and fragmentation(破碎 of nuclei(晶核 破碎) 晶核). 破碎 晶核 可以认为，电磁搅拌导致了熔体强制流动， 可以认为，电磁搅拌导致了熔体强制流动，并促进了 晶核的形成和破碎。 晶核的形成和破碎。
4.1 分词
4.1.3 独立分词结构（名词或代词+分词短语） 独立分词结构（名词或代词+分词短语）
独立分词结构是一种主谓结构， 独立分词结构是一种主谓结构，在句中的作用相当于 并列句或从句. 并列句或从句. 1）作并列分句 e.g. Agititation(搅拌 is critical, the aim being to 搅拌) 搅拌 distribute silicon carbide particles (碳化硅颗粒 碳化硅颗粒) 碳化硅颗粒 homogeneously throughout the aluminum melt. 搅拌很重要,其目的是将碳化硅颗粒均匀分布到整个铝液中。 搅拌很重要,其目的是将碳化硅颗粒均匀分布到整个铝液中。
4.1 分词