曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案
微观经济学曼昆第六版课后答案
微观经济学曼昆第六版课后答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第1章经济学十大原理)】class=txt>第1篇导言第1章经济学十大原理课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．稀缺性（scarcity）答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。
稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。
人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。
正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。
经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。
”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
2．经济学（economics）答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。
曼昆微观经济学教材第六章练习英文答案
104WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News feature on “Should Unpaid Internships Be Allowed ？”LEARNING OBJECTIVES ：By the end of this chapter ， students should understand:➢ the effects of government policies that place a ceiling on prices.➢ the effects of government policies that put a floor under prices 。
➢ how a tax on a good affects the price of the good and the quantity sold 。
➢ that taxes levied on sellers and taxes levied on buyers are equivalent 。
➢ how the burden of a tax is split between buyers and sellers.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE ：Chapter 6 is the third chapter in a three —chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work 。
Chapter 4 developed the model of supply and demand 。
Chapter 5 added precision to the model of supply and demand by developing the concept of elasticity-the sensitivity of the quantity supplied and quantity demanded to changes in economic conditions 。
曼昆经济学原理英文版答案
曼昆经济学原理英文版答案As the creator of the Baidu Wenku document "Principles of Economics by Mankiw (English Version) Answers", I would like to provide a comprehensive guide to the solutions of the questions in the book. This document aims to help students better understand the principles of economics and improve their problem-solving abilities.Chapter 1: Ten Principles of Economics。
1. People face trade-offs.2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.3. Rational people think at the margin.4. People respond to incentives.5. Trade can make everyone better off.6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.7. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.8. The standard of living depends on a country's production.9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money.10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment.Chapter 2: Thinking Like an Economist。
曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案
曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章】ation a new in the news box on ―the tax debate‖ has been added.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:? how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus.? the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. ? why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. ? how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax.chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. in theprevious section on supply and demand, chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. chapter 7 developed welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. the purpose of chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in chapter 6. students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government.144? a tax on a good reduces the welfare of buyers and sellers of the good, and the reduction in consumer and producer surplus usually exceeds the revenue raised by the government. the fall in total surplus—the sum of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and tax revenue—is called thedeadweight loss of the tax.taxes have deadweight losses because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less, and these changesin behavior shrink the size of the market below the level that maximizes total surplus. because the elasticities of supply and demand measure how much market participants respond to market conditions, larger elasticities imply larger deadweight losses.as a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger. because a tax reduces the size of a market, however, tax revenue does not continually increase. it first rises with the size of a tax, but if the tax gets large enough, tax revenue starts to fall. ? ?i. the deadweight loss of taxationa. remember that it does not matter who a tax is levied on; buyers and sellers will likely share inthe burden of the tax.b. if there is a tax on a product, the price that a buyer pays will be greater than the price the sellerreceives. thus, there is a tax wedge between the two prices and the quantity sold will be smaller if there was no tax.c. how a tax affects market participants1. we can measure the effects of a tax on consumers by examining the change in consumersurplus. similarly, we can measure the effects of the tax on producers by looking at the change in producer surplus.then the benefit from the tax revenue must not be ignored.3. welfare without a taxa. consumer surplus is equal to: a + b + c.b. producer surplus is equal to: d + e + f.c. total surplus is equal to: a + b + c + d + e + f. 4. welfare with a tax a. consumer surplus is equal to: a.b. producer surplus is equal to: f.5. changes in welfare a. consumer surplus changes by: –(b +c). b. producer surplus changes by: –(d + e). c. tax revenue changes by: +(b + d). d. total surplus changes by: –(c + e). 6. definition of distortion, such as a tax. d. deadweight losses and the gains from tradec. tax revenue is equal to: b +d. d. total surplus is equal to: a +b + d + f.1. taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from benefiting fromtrade.2. this occurs because the quantity of output declines; trades that would be beneficial to both the buyer and seller will nottake place because of the tax.3. the deadweight loss is equal to areas c and e (the drop intotal surplus).4. note that output levels between the equilibrium quantity without the tax and the quantitywith the tax will not be produced, yet the value of these unitsto consumers (represented by the demand curve) is larger than the cost of these units to producers (represented by the supply curve).ii. the determinants of the deadweight lossa. the price elasticities of supply and demand will determinethe size of the deadweight loss that occurs from a tax. 1. givena stable demand curve, the deadweight loss is larger when supply is relatively elastic.2. given a stable supply curve, the deadweight loss is larger when demand is relatively elastic. b. case study: the deadweight loss debate1. social security tax and federal income tax are taxes onlabor earnings. a labor tax places a tax wedge between thewage the firm pays and the wage that workers receive.2. there is considerable debate among economists concerning the size of the deadweight lossfrom this wage tax.3. the size of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticity of labor supply and demand, andthere is disagreement about the magnitude of the elasticity of supply.【篇二：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案31章】basic conceptsthere is a new in the news feature on the changing nature of u.s. exports and an updated presentation of the u.s. trade deficit.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:??how net exports measure the international flow of goodsand services.??how net capital outflow measures the international flow of capital.??why net exports must always equal net foreign investment.??how saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow are related.??the meaning of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.??purchasing-power parity as a theory of how exchange rates are determined.chapter 18 is the first chapter in a two-chapter sequence dealing with open-economy macroeconomics. chapter 18 develops the basic concepts and vocabulary associated with macroeconomics in an international setting: net exports, net capital outflow, real and nominal exchange rates, and purchasing-power parity. the next chapter, chapter 19, builds an open-economy macroeconomic model that shows how these variables are determined simultaneously.the purpose of chapter 18 is to develop the basic concepts macroeconomists use to study open economies. it addresses why a nation’s net exports must equal its net capital outflow. it also addresses the concepts of the real and nominal exchange rate and develops a theory of exchange ratedetermination known as purchasing-power parity.298??net exports are the value of domestic goods and services sold abroad (exports) minus the value offoreign goods and services sold domestically (imports). net capital outflow is the acquisition of foreign assets by domestic residents (capital outflow) minus the acquisition of domestic assets by foreigners (capital inflow). because every international transaction involves an exchange of an asset for a good or service, an economy’s net capital outflow always equals its net exports.an economy’s saving can be used to finance investment at home or buy assets abroad. thus, national saving equals domestic investment plus net capital outflow.the nominal exchange rate is the relative price of the currency of two countries, and the real exchange rate is the relative price of the goods and services of two countries. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollar buys more foreign currency, the dollar is said to appreciate or strengthen. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollarbuys less foreign currency, the dollar is said to depreciate or weaken.according to the theory of purchasing-power parity, a dollar (or a unit of any other currency) should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries. this theory implies that the nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the price levels in those countries. as a result, countries with relatively high inflation should have depreciating currencies, and countries with relatively low inflation should have appreciating currencies. ?? ?? ??i. we will no longer be assuming that the economy is a closed economy.a. definition of in the world.b. definition of around the world.ii. the international flows of goods and capitala. the flow of goods: exports, imports, and net exports1. definition of abroad.2. definition of domestically.imports, also called the trade balance.4. definition of : the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports.5. definition of .6. definition of .7. definition of .8. there are several factors that influence a country’s exports, imports, and net exports:a. the tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods.b. the prices of goods at home and abroad.c. the exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies.d. the incomes of consumers at home and abroad.e. the cost of transporting goods from country to country.f. government policies toward international trade.9. case study: the increasing openness of the u.s. economy a. figure 1 shows the total value of exports and imports (expressed as a percentage of gdp) for the united states since 1950. b. advances in transportation, telecommunications, and technological progress are some of the reasons why international trade has increased over time. c. policymakers around the world have also become more accepting of freetrade over time. 10. in the news: the changing nature of u.s. exports a. growing u.s. exports include entertainment royalties, tourism, travel, and services. b. this article from the wall street journal describes the growth in new exports. b. the flow of financial resources: net capital outflow1. definition of residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.2. the flow of capital abroad takes two forms. a. foreign direct investment occurs when a capital investment is owned and operated by a foreign entity.b. foreign portfolio investment involves an investment that is financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents.3. net capital outflow can be positive or negative.a. when net capital outflow is positive, domestic residents are buying more foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. capital is flowing out of the country.b. when net capital outflow is negative, domestic residents are buying fewer foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. the country is experiencing a capital inflow. 4. there are several factors that influence a country’s net capital outflow:a. the real interest rates being paid on foreign assets.b. the real interest rates being paid on domestic assets.c. the perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad.d. the government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.c. the equality of net exports and net capital outflow1. net exports and net capital outflow each measure a type of imbalance in a world market.a. net exports measure the imbalance between a country’s exports and imports in world markets for goods and services.b. net capital outflow measures the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents andthe amount of domestic assets bought by foreigners inworld financial markets.2. for an economy, net exports must be equal to net capital outflow.3. example: you are a computer programmer who sells some software to a japanese consumer for 10,000 yen. a. thesale is an export of the united states so u.s. net exports increase.b. there are several things you could do with the 10,000 yenc. you could hold the yen (which is a japanese asset) or use it to purchase another japanese asset. either way, u.s. net capital outflow rises.d. alternatively, you could use the yen to purchase a japanese good. thus, u.s. imports will rise so the net effect on net exports will be zero.e. one final possibility is that you could exchange the yen for dollars at a bank. this doesnot change the situation though, because the bank then must use the yen for something.alternative classroom example: assume that u.s. residents do not want to buy any foreign assets, but foreign residents want to purchase some stock in a u.s. firm (such as microsoft). how are the foreigners going to get the dollars to purchase the stock? they would do it the same way u.s. residents would purchase the stock—they would have to earn more than they spend. in other words, foreigners must sell the united states more goods and services than they purchase from the united states. this leads to negative net exports for the united states. the extra dollars spent by u.s. residents on foreign-produced goods and services would be used to purchase the stock in microsoft. 4. this example can be generalized to the economy as a whole.a. when a nation is running a trade surplus (nx 0), it must be using the foreign currencyto purchase foreign assets. thus, capital is flowing out of the country (nco 0).b. when a nation is running a trade deficit (nx 0), it must be financing the net purchase of these goods by selling assets abroad. thus, capital is flowing into the country (nco0).5. every international transaction involves exchange. when a seller country transfers a good orservice to a buyer country, the buyer country gives up some asset to pay for the good or service.6. thus, the net value of the goods and services sold by a country (net exports) must equal thenet value of the assets acquired (net capital outflow).d. saving, investment, and their relationship to the international flows1. recall that gdp (y ) is the sum of four components: consumption (c ), investment (i ),government purchases (g ) and net exports (nx ).【篇三：曼昆宏观经济学课后答案(英文版)】quizzes:1. gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyonein the economy; and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. it can measure both of these things at once because income must equal expenditure for the economy as a whole.2. the production of a pound of caviar contributes more to gdp than the production of apound of hamburger because the contribution to gdp is measured by market value and the price of a pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. the four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption;(2) investment; (3)government purchases; and (4) net exports. the largest component is consumption, which accounts for more thantwo-thirds of total expenditure.4. nominal gdp is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. realgdp is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. real gdp is a better measure of economicwell-being because it reflects the eco nomy’s ability to satisfy people’s needs and desires. thus a rise in real gdp means people have produced more goods and services, but a rise in nominal gdp could occur either because of increased production or because of higher prices.5. although gdp is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger gdp means that a nation can afford better health care, better educational systems, and more of the material necessities of life.questions for review:1.2.3.4. an economys income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyer and a seller. thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers. the production of a luxury car contributes more to gdp than the production of an economy car because the luxury car has a higher market value. the contribution to gdp is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is sold. the sale of used records does not affect gdp at all because it involves no current production.5. the four components of gdp are consumption, such as the purchase of a music cd;investment, such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of american wheat to russia.6. economists use real gdp rather than nominal gdp to gauge economic well-beingbecause real gdp is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts being produced. if nominal gdp rises, you do not know if that is because of increased production or higher prices.7.the percentage change in nominal gdp is (600-200)/200 x 100 = 200%. the percentage change in real gdp is (400-200)/200 x 100 = 100%. the percentage change in the deflator is (150-100)/100 x 100 = 50%.8. it is desirable for a country to have a large gdp because people could enjoy more goodsand services. but gdp is not the only important measure of well-being. for example, laws that restrict pollution cause gdp to be lower. if laws against pollution were eliminated, gdp would be higher but the pollution might make us worse off. or, for example, an earthquake would raise gdp, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. but an earthquake is an undesirable event that lowers our welfare.problems and applications:1. a. consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by ahousehold.b. investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. government purchases increase because the government spent money to providea good to the public.f. consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household,but net exports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2.3. with transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to gdp. purchases of new housing are included in the investment portion of gdp because housingprovides services for a long time. for the same reason, purchases of new cars could be thought of as investment, but by convention, they are not. the logic could apply to any durable good, such as household appliances.if gdp included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plus sales of goods produced ina previous year. it would double-count goods that were sold more than once and would count goods in gdp for severalyears if they were produced in one year and resold in another. 4.5. a. 2001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($2 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $8002001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. ofhoney ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002001: ($200/$200) ? 100 = 1002002: ($400/$400) ? 100 = 1002003: ($800/$400) ? 100 = 200b. percentage change in nominal gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in nominal gdp in 2003 = [($800 -$400)/$400] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 = 100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2003 = [($400 - $400)/$400] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2002 = [(100 -100)/100] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2003 = [(200 -100)/100] ? 100 =100%.prices did not change from 2001 to 2002. thus, thepercentage change in thegdp deflator is zero. likewise, output levels did not change from 2002 to 2003.this means that the percentage change in real gdp is zero.c. economic well-being rose more in 2002 than in 2003, since real gdp rose in2002 but not in 2003. in 2002, real gdp rose and prices didn’t. in 2003, realgdp didn’t rise and prices did.6.a.b.c.d.e.f.7. the growth rate of nominal gdp is higher than the growth rate of real gdp because of inflation. the growth rate of real gdp is ($8,367 - $8,203)/$8,203 ? 100% = 2.0%. real gdp in 2000 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,873/(118/100) = $8,367. real gdp in 1999 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,269/(113/100) = $8,203. the growth rate ofthe deflator is (118 - 113)/113 ? 100% = 4.4%. the growth rate of nominal gdp is ($9,873 - $9,269)/$9,269 ? 100% = 6.5%. economists ignore the rise in peoples incomes that is caused by higher prices becausealthough incomes are higher, the prices of the goods and services that people buy are also higher. therefore, they will not necessarily be able to purchase more goods and services. for this reason, economists prefer to look at real gdp instead of nominal gdp.many answers are possible.a. gdp equals the dollar amount barry collects, which is $400.8. 9.c.d.e.10. national income = nnp - sales taxes = $350 - $30 = $320. personal income = national income - retained earnings = $320 - $100 = $220. disposable personal income = personal income - personal income tax = $220 - $70 = $150. in countries like india, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in gdp. so gdp per person in india and the united states will differ by more than their comparative economicwell-being.if the government cares about the total income of americans,it will emphasize gnp, since that measure includes the income of americans that is earned abroad and excludes the income of foreigners. if the government cares about the total amount ofeconomic activity occurring in the united states, it will emphasize gdp, which measures the level of production in the country, whether produced by domestic citizens or foreigners.a. the increased labor-force participation of women has increased gdp in theunited states, since it means more people are working and production hasincreased.if our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and takingleisure, it wouldnt rise as much as gdp, since the rise in womens labor-forceparticipation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in womens increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women inthe workforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spentwith children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. such aspectswould be quite difficult to measure. 11. 12. b. c.24章quick quizzes1. the consumer price index tries to measure the overall cost of the goods and servicesbought by a typical consumer. it is constructed by surveying consumers to fix a basket of goods and services that the typical consumer buys, finding the prices of the goods and。
经济学原理第六版宏观课后答案
经济学原理第六版宏观课后答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第30章货币增长与通货膨胀)】class=txt>第30章货币增长与通货膨胀课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1．货币数量论（quantity theory of money）（西北大学2008研）答：货币数量论是关于货币数量与物价水平关系的一种历史悠久的货币理论。
这种理论最早由16世纪法国经济学家波丹提出，现在继承这一传统的是美国经济学家弗里德曼的现代货币数量论。
这一理论的基本思想是：货币的价值（即货币的购买力）和物价水平都由货币数量决定。
货币的价值与货币数量成反比例变动，物价水平与货币数量同方向变动。
这就是说，货币数量越多，货币的价值越低，而物价水平越高；反之，货币数量越少，货币的价值越高，而物价水平越低。
货币数量论还提供了一种对物价水平变动的解释，即认为一个经济体系的物价水平与其货币供应量成正比例变动。
货币数量论以费雪交易方程式为依据，只考虑货币作为交换媒介的作用，而未考虑货币作为价值贮藏的作用。
2．名义变量与真实变量（nominal variables real variables）答：真实变量是用实物单位衡量的变量，例如数量和实际国民收入；名义变量是用货币表示的变量，例如物价水平和通货膨胀率。
并且认为货币供给的变化不影响真实变量。
3．古典二分法（classical dichotomy）（中国人民大学2004研；西北大学2008研）答：古典二分法指古典模型中将名义变量与真实变量进行理论划分，从而使名义变量不影响真实变量的一种分析方法。
北大出版社曼昆宏观经济学第六版全英题库有答案23章(供参考)
Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation's IncomeMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Macroeconomists studya. the decisions of individual households and firms.b. the interaction between households and firms.c. economy-wide phenomena.d. regulations imposed on firms and unions.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Definitional2. Which of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what microeconomists studythan to what macroeconomists study?a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent.b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter.c. Retail sales at stores show large gains.d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive3. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroecon-omist?a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others?b. Why do wages differ across industries?c. Why do national production and income increase in some periods and not in others?d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing?ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive4. Which of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist than by a microe-conomist?a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, and the profitability of automobile-manufacturing firmsb. the price of beef, and wage differences between gendersc. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets for agriculturalproductsd. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in average income fromcountry to countryANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive5. We would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularly interested ina. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods.b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and market power.c. devising policies to promote low inflation.d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitive.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive6. Which of the following is not a question that macroeconomists address?a. Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others?b. Why does the price of oil rise when war erupts in the Middle East?c. Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?d. Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable in other periods? ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: MacroeconomicsMSC: Interpretive7. The basic tools of supply and demand area. useful only in the analysis of economic behavior in individual markets.b. useful in analyzing the overall economy, but not in analyzing individual markets.c. central to microeconomic analysis, but seldom used in macroeconomic analysis.d. central to macroeconomic analysis as well as to microeconomic analysis.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Supply and demandMSC: Definitional8. Which of the following statistics is usually regarded as the best single measure of a society’s eco-nomic well-being?a. the unemployment rateb. the inflation ratec. gross domestic productd. the trade deficitANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional9. GDPa. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is not the single best measure ofa society’s econom ic well-being.b. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is the single best measure of asociety’s economic well-being.c. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is the single best measure ofa society’s economic well-being.d. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is not the single bestmeasure of a society’s economic well-being.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: DefinitionalTHE ECONOMY'S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE1. Gross domestic product measuresa. income and expenditures.b. income but not expenditures.c. expenditures but not income.d. neither income nor expenditures.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive2. Expenditures on a nation’s domestic productiona. are less than its domestic production.b. are equal to its domestic production.c. are greater than its domestic production.d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional3. Income generated by a nation’s domestic productiona. is less than its domestic production.b. is equal to its domestic production.c. is greater than its domestic production.d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Definitional4. For an economy as a whole,a. wages must equal profit.b. consumption must equal saving.c. income must equal expenditure.d. the number of buyers must equal the number of sellers.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive5. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and thetotal expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.b. Money continuously flows from households to firms and then back to households, andGDP measures this flow of money.c. GDP is generally regarded as the best single measure of a society’s economic well-being.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive6. Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller,a. GDP is more closely associated with an economy’s income than it is with aneconomy’s expenditure.b. every transaction contributes equally to an economy’s income and to its expenditure.c. the number of firms must be equal to the number of households in a simple circular-flow diagram.d. firms’ profits are necessarily zero in a simple circular-flow diagram.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive7. For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure becausea. the number of firms is equal to the number of households in an economy.b. individuals can only spend what they earn each period.c. every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.d. every dollar of saving by some consumer is a dollar of spending by some otherconsumer.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive8. If an economy’s GDP falls, then it must be the case that the economy’sa. income falls and saving rises.b. income and saving both fall.c. income falls and expenditure rises.d. income and expenditure both fall.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive9. If an economy’s GDP rises, then it must be the case that the economy’sa. income rises and saving falls.b. income and saving both rise.c. income rises and expenditure falls.d. income and expenditure both rise.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive10. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and theunemployment rate of the economy’s labor force.b. Money continuously flows from households to government and then back tohouseholds, and GDP measures this flow of money.c. GDP is to a nation’s economy as household income is to a household.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive11. In a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure area. never equal because total income always exceeds total expenditure.b. seldom equal because of the ongoing changes in an economy’s unemployment rate.c. equal only when the government purchases no goods or services.d. always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive12. In a simple circular-flow diagram,a. households spend all of their income.b. all goods and services are bought by households.c. expenditures flow through the markets for goods and services, while income flowsthrough the markets for the factors of production.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive13. In a simple circular-flow diagram, firms use the money they get from a sale toa. pay wages to workers.b. pay rent to landlords.c. pay profit to the firms’ owners.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Definitional14. In a simple circular-flow diagram, households buy goods and services with the income theyget froma. wages.b. rents.c. profits.d. All of the above are correct.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Definitional15. In the actual economy, householdsa. spend all of their income.b. divide their income among spending, taxes, and saving.c. buy all goods and services produced in the economy.d. Both (a) and (c) are correct.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive16. Total income from the domestic production of final goods and services equalsa. only household expenditures for these goods.b. only household and business expenditures for these goods.c. only household and government expenditures for these goods.d. the expenditures for these goods whoever buys them.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flowMSC: Definitional17. In the actual economy, goods and services are purchased bya. households, but not firms or the government.b. households and firms, but not the government.c. households and the government, but not firms.d. households, firms, and the government.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flowMSC: Interpretive18. According to the circular-flow diagram GDPa. can be computed as the total income paid by firms or as expenditures on final goodsand services.b. can be computed as the total income paid by firms, but not as expenditures on finalgoods and services.c. can be computed as expenditures on final goods and services, but not as the totalincome paid by firms.d. cannot be computed as either total income paid by firms or expenditures on final goodsand services.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flowMSC: Definitional19. According to the circular-flow diagram GDPa. can be computed as either the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods andservices or the payments they make to factors of production.b. can be computed as the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods and services butnot as the payments they make to factors of production.c. can be computed as payments firms make to factors of production but not as revenuesthey receive from the sales of goods and services.d. cannot be computed as either the revenue firms receive or the payments they make tofactors of production.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flowMSC: DefinitionalTHE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT1. GDP is defined as thea. value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.b. value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardless ofwhere they are living, in a given period of time.c. value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period oftime.d. value of all final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardlessof where they are living, in a given period of time.ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Definitional2. Which of the following is a way to compute GDP?a. add up the wages paid to all workersb. add up the quantities of all final goods and servicesc. add up the market values of all final goods and servicesd. add up the difference between the market values of all final goods and services andthen subtract the costs of producing those goods and servicesANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market valueMSC: Interpretive3. In order to include many different goods and services in an aggregate measure, GDP is com-puted using, primarily,a. values of goods and services based on surveys of consumers.b. market prices.c. quantities purchased by a typical urban household.d. profits from producing goods and services.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market valueMSC: Interpretive4. Gross domestic product adds together many different kinds of goods and services into a sin-gle measure of the value of economic activity. To do this, GDP makes use ofa. market prices.b. statistical estimates of the value of goods and services to consumers.c. prices based on the assumption that producers make no profits.d. the maximum amount consumers would be willing to pay.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market valueMSC: Interpretive5. In computing GDP, market prices are used to value final goods and services becausea. market prices do not change much over time, so it is easy to make comparisonsbetween years.b. market prices reflect the values of goods and services.c. market prices reflect the quantity sold.d. None of the above is correct; market prices are not used in computing GDP.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market valueMSC: Interpretive6. If the price of a Blu-Ray Disc player is three times the price of an MP3 player, then a Blue-Ray Disc player contributesa. more than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.b. less than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.c. exactly three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.d. None of the above is necessarily correct.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market valueMSC: Applicative7. Suppose that an economy produces 40,000 units of good A which sells at $4 a unit and20,000 units of good B which sells at $5 per unit. Production of good A contributesa. 2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.b. 8/5 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.c. 5/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.d. 4/5 times as much to GDP as production of good B.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative8. Suppose that an economy produces 30,000 units of good A which sells at $3 a unit and60,000 units of good B which sells at $2 per unit. Production of good A contributesa. 1/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.b. 3/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.c. 3/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.d. 4/3 times as much to GDP as production of good B.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative9. Which of the following is included in GDP?a. the market value of rental housing services, but not the market value of owner-occupied housing services.b. the market value of owner-occupied housing services, but not the market value ofrental housing servicesc. both the market value of rental housing services and the market value of owner-occupied housing servicesd. neither the market value of owner-occupied housing services nor the market value ofrental housing services.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional10. The value of the housing services provided by the economy's owner-occupied houses isa. included in GDP, and the estimated rental values of the houses are used to place avalue on these housing services.b. included in GDP, and the actual mortgage payments made on the houses are used toestimate the value of these rental services.c. excluded from GDP since these services are not sold in any market.d. excluded from GDP since the value of these housing services cannot be estimated withany degree of precision.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional11. Suppose an apartment complex converts to a condominium, so that the former renters arenow owners of their housing units. Suppose further that a current estimate of the value ofthe condominium owners' housing services is the same as the rent they previously paid.What happens to GDP as a result of this conversion?a. GDP necessarily increases.b. GDP necessarily decreases.c. GDP is unaffected because neither the rent nor the estimate of the value owner-occupied housing services is included in GDP.d. GDP is unaffected because previously the rent payments were included in GDP andnow the rent payments are replaced in GDP by the estimate of the value of owneroccupied housing services.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative12. James owns two houses. He rents one house to the Johnson family for $10,000 per year.He lives in the other house. If he were to rent the house in which he lives, he could earn $12,000 per year in rent. How much do the housing services provided by the two houses contribute to GDP?a. $0b. $10,000c. $12,000d. $22,000ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative13. Ryan lives in an apartment where he pays $7,000 a year in rent. Alexis lives in a housethat could be rented for $14,000 a year. How much do these housing services contribute to GDP?a. $21,000b. $14,000c. $7,000d. $0ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative14. Most goods and services produced at homea. and most goods and services produced illegally are included in GDP.b. are included in GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are excludedfrom GDP.c. are excluded from GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are includedin GDPd. and most goods and services produced illegally are excluded from GDP.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economicsTOP: Household chores | Illegal goodsMSC: Definitional15. GDP excludes most items that are produced and sold illegally and most items that are pro-duced and consumed at home becausea. the quality of these items is not high enough to contribute value to GDP.b. measuring them is so difficult.c. the government wants to discourage the production and consumption of these items.d. these items are not reported on income tax forms.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goodsMSC: Interpretive16. Estimates of the values of which of the following non-market goods or services are includedin GDP?a. the value of unpaid houseworkb. the value of services provided by major household appliances purchased in a previousperiodc. the estimated rental value of owner-occupied homesd. All of the above are included in GDP.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economicsTOP: Housing services | Household chores MSC: Applicative17. Over the last few decades, Americans have chosen to cook less at home and eat more at res-taurants. This change in behavior, by itself, hasa. reduced measured GDP.b. not affected measured GDP.c. increased measured GDP by the value of the restaurant meals.d. increased measured GDP by the value added by the restaurant’s preparation andserving of the meals.ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative18. Over time, people have come to rely more on market-produced goods and services and lesson goods and services they produce for themselves. For example, busy people with high incomes, rather than cleaning their own houses, hire people to clean their houses. By it-self, this change hasa. caused measured GDP to fall.b. not caused any change in measured GDP.c. caused measured GDP to rise.d. probably changed measured GDP, but in an uncertain direction; the direction of thechange depends on the difference in the quality of the cleaning that has resulted. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative19. Ralph pays someone to mow his lawn, while Mike mows his own lawn. Regarding thesetwo practices, which of the following statements is correct?a. Only Ralph’s payments are included in GDP.b. Ralph’s payments as well as the estimated value of Mike’s mowi ng services areincluded in GDP.c. Neither Ralph’s payments nor the estimated value of Mike's mowing services isincluded in GDP.d. Ralph’s payments are included in GDP, while the estimated value of Mike’s mowingservices is included in GDP only if Mike voluntarily provides his estimate of that valueto the government.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Interpretive20. Susan switches from going to Speedy Lube for an oil change to changing the oil in her carherself. Which of the following is correct? The value of changing the oil isa. included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it or changes it herself.b. included in GDP if Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it but not if she changes itherself.c. included in GDP if Susan changes it herself, but not if she pays Speedy Lube to changeit.d. not included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy lube to change it or she changes itherself.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative21. Rachel babysits for her sister for no pay. When she babysits for someone else she charges$8 an hour. When is Rachel’s babysitti ng included in GDP?a. When she babysits for her sister and when she babysits for someone else.b. When she babysits for her sister, but not when she babysits for someone else.c. When she babysits for someone else, but not when she babysits for her sister.d. Neither when she babysits for her sister nor for someone else.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDPMSC: Interpretive22. Which of the following is not included in GDP?a. carrots grown in your garden and eaten by your familyb. carrots purchased at a farmer’s market and eaten by your familyc. carrots purchased at a grocery store and eaten by your familyd. None of the above are included in GDP.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative23. A professional gambler moves from a state where gambling is illegal to a state where gam-bling is legal. Most of his income was, and continues to be, from gambling. His movea. raises GDP.b. decreases GDP.c. doesn't change GDP because gambling is never included in GDP.d. doesn't change GDP because in either case his income is included.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goodsMSC: Applicative24. If a state made a previously-illegal activity, such as gambling or prostitution, legal, then,other things equal, GDPa. decreases.b. increases.c. doesn't change because both legal and illegal production are included in GDP.d. doesn't change because these activities are never included in GDP.ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goodsMSC: Applicative25. Which of the following is included in GDP?a. medical marijuana purchased from a government-run pharmacy by a glaucoma patientb. recreational marijuana purchased from a drug dealer by a college studentc. recreational marijuana produced and consumed by a man in his atticd. All of the above are included in GDP.ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goodsMSC: Applicative26. Darin grows and sells marijuana to Jennifer. Thomas is an organic farmer who sells broc-coli to Jennifer. Marijuana is an illegal good and broccoli is a legal good. Assume that if Jennifer marries either, they give her what they use to sell her. Which of the following statements is consistent with the way GDP is computed?a. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries either Darin or Thomas..b. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Darin but not if she marries Thomas.c. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Thomas but not if she marries Darin.d. GDP remains the same whether Jennifer marries Darin or Thomas.ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goodsMSC: Applicative27. Spots, Inc. produces ink and sells it to Write on Target, which makes pens. The ink pro-duced by Spots, Inc. is calleda. an inventory good.b. a transitory good.c. a final good.d. an intermediate good.ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: AnalyticLOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Definitional。
经济学原理 曼昆课后答案 chapter 6
Problems and Applications1. If the price ceiling of $40 per ticket is below the equilibrium price, then quantitydemanded exceeds quantity supplied, so there’s a shortage of tickets. The policydecreases the number of people who attend classical music concerts, since supply islower because of the lower price.2. a. The imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure6-3. In the absence of the price floor, the price would be P1 and the quantitywould be Q1. With the floor set at P f, which is greater than P1, the quantitydemanded is Q2, while quantity supplied is Q3, so there is a surplus of cheese inthe amount Q3 - Q2.b. The farmers’ complaint that their total revenue has declined is correct ifdemand is elastic. With elastic demand, the percentage decline in quantitywould exceed the percentage rise in price, so total revenue would decline.c. If the government purchases all the surplus cheese at the price floor,producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity Q3of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially. Butconsumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the sameposition as before. Taxpayers lose because they would be financing thepurchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.Figure 6-33. a. The equilibrium price of frisbees is $8 and the equilibrium quantity is 6 millionfrisbees.b. With a price floor of $10, the new market price is $10 since the price floor isbinding. At that price, o nly 2 million frisbees are sold, since that’s thequantity demanded.c. If there’s a price ceiling of $9, it has no effect, since the market equilibriumprice is $8, below the ceiling. So the equilibrium price is $8 and theequilibrium quantity is 6 million frisbees.4. a. Figure 6-4 shows the market for beer without the tax. The equilibrium priceis P1 and the equilibrium quantity is Q1. The price paid by consumers is thesame as the price received by producers.Figure 6-4Figure 6-5b. When the tax is imposed, it drives a wedge of $2 between supply and demand,as shown in Figure 6-5. The price paid by consumers is P2, while the pricereceived by producers is P2 - $2. The quantity of beer sold declines to Q2.5. Reducing the payroll tax paid by firms and using part of the extra revenue to reducethe payroll tax paid by workers would not make workers better off because the division of the burden of a tax depends on supply and demand, not who must pay the tax.Since the tax wedge would be larg er, it’s likely that both firms and workers, who share the burden of any tax, would be worse off.6. If the government imposes a $500 tax on luxury cars, the price paid by consumers willrise less than $500, in general. The burden of any tax is shared by both producersand consumers−the price paid by consumers rises and the price received by producers falls, with the difference between the two equal to the amount of the tax. The onlyexceptions would be if the supply curve were perfectly elastic or the demand curvewere perfectly inelastic, in which case consumers would bear the full burden of the tax and the price paid by consumers would rise by exactly $500.7. a. It doesn’t matter whether the tax is imposed on producers or consumers−theeffect will be the same. With no tax, as shown in Figure 6-6, the demandcurve is D1 and the supply curve is S1. If the tax is imposed on producers, thesupply curve shifts up by the amount of the tax (50 cents) to S2. Then theequilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2, and the pricereceived (after taxes are paid) by producers is P2 - 50 cents. If the tax isinstead imposed on consumers, the demand curve shifts down by the amountof the tax (50 cents) to D2. The downward shift in the demand curve (whenthe tax is imposed on consumers) is exactly the same magnitude as theupward shift in the supply curve when the tax is imposed on producers. Soagain, the equilibrium quantity is Q2, the price paid by consumers is P2(including the tax paid to the government), and the price received byproducers is P2 - 50 cents.Figure 6-6Figure 6-7b. The more elastic is the demand curve, the more effective this tax will be inreducing the quantity of gasoline consumed. Greater elasticity of demandmeans that quantity falls more in response to the rise in the price of gasoline.Figure 6-7 illustrates this result. Demand curve D1 represents an elasticdemand curve, while demand curve D2 is more inelastic. To get the same tax wedge between demand and supply requires a greater reduction in quantitywith demand curve D1 than for demand curve D2.c. The consumers of gasoline are hurt by the tax because they get less gasolineat a higher price.d. Workers in the oil industry are hurt by the tax as well. With a lower quantityof gasoline being produced, some workers may lose their jobs. With a lowerprice received by producers, wages of workers might decline.8. a. Figure 6-8 shows the effects of the minimum wage. In the absence of theminimum wage, the market wage would be w1 and Q1 workers would beemployed. With the minimum wage (w m) imposed above w1, the marketwage is w m, the number of employed workers is Q2, and the number ofworkers who are unemployed is Q3 - Q2. Total wage payments to workers areshown as the area of rectangle ABCD, which equals w m times Q2.b. An increase in the minimum wage would decrease employment. The size ofthe effect on employment depends only on the elasticity of demand. Theelasticity of supply doesn’t matter, because there’s a surplus of labor.c. The increase in the minimum wage would increase unemployment. The sizeof the rise in unemployment depends on both the elasticities of supply anddemand. The elasticity of demand determines the quantity of labordemanded, the elasticity of supply determines the quantity of labor supplied,and the difference between the quantity supplied and demanded of labor is theamount of unemployment.d. If the demand for unskilled labor were inelastic, the rise in the minimum wagewould increase total wage payments to unskilled labor. With inelasticdemand, the percentage decline in employment would be less than thepercentage increase in the wage, so total wage payments increase. However,if the demand for unskilled labor were elastic, total wage payments woulddecline, since then the percentage decline in employment would exceed thepercentage increase in the wage.Figure 6-8Figure 6-99. a. Figure 6-9 shows the effect of a tax on gun buyers. The tax reduces thedemand for guns from D1 to D2. The result is a rise in the price buyers pay forguns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.Figure 6-10b. Figure 6-10 shows the effect of a tax on gun sellers. The tax reduces thesupply of guns from S1 to S2. The result is a rise in the price buyers pay forguns from P1 to P2, and a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.c. Figure 6-11 shows the effect of a binding price floor on guns. The increase inprice from P1 to P f leads to a decline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.There is excess supply in the market for guns, since the quantity supplied (Q3) exceeds the quantity demanded (Q2) at the price P f.Figure 6-11Figure 6-12d. Figure 6-12 shows the effect of a tax on ammunition. The tax on ammunitionreduces the demand for guns from D1 to D2, because ammunition and guns arecomplements. The result is a decline in the price of guns from P1 to P2, and adecline in the quantity of guns from Q1 to Q2.10. a. Programs aimed at making the public aware of the dangers of smoking reducethe demand for cigarettes, shown in Figure 6-13 as a shift from demand curveD1 to D2. The price support program increases the price of tobacco, which isthe main ingredient in cigarettes. As a result, the supply of cigarettes shifts tothe left, from S1 to S2. The effect of both programs is to reduce the quantityof cigarette consumption from Q1 to Q2.Figure 6-13b. The combined effect of the two programs on the price of cigarettes isambiguous. The education campaign reduces demand for cigarettes, whichtends to reduce the price. The tobacco price supports raise the cost ofproduction of cigarettes, which tends to increase the price.c. The taxation of cigarettes further reduces cigarette consumption, since itincreases the price to consumers. As shown in the figure, the quantity falls toQ3.11. a. The effect of a 50 cent per cone subsidy is to shift the demand curve up by 50cents at each quantity, since at each quantity a consumer’s willingness to payis 50 cents higher. The effects of such a subsidy are shown in Figure 6-14.Before the subsidy, the price is P1. After the subsidy, the price received bysellers is P S and the effective price paid by consumers is P D, which equals P Sminus 50 cents. Before the subsidy, the quantity of cones sold is Q1; after thesubsidy the quantity increases to Q2.Figure 6-14b. Because of the subsidy, consumers are better off, since they consume more ata lower price. Producers are also better off, since they sell more at a higherprice. The government loses, since it has to pay for the subsidy.。
曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案
曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)】class=txt>课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1. 稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2. 经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3. 效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4. 平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5. 机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6. 理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7. 边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8. 激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9. 市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10. 产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
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曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)】class=txt>课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1. 稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。
2. 经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。
其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。
3. 效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。
它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。
4. 平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。
它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
5. 机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。
其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。
6. 理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。
7. 边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。
8. 激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。
9. 市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。
10. 产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。
11. 市场失灵市场失灵是指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况，即价格机制在某些领域不能起作用或不能有效运作的情况。
导致市场失灵的原因有：①外部性；②公共物品；③交易成本非零；④市场特权；⑤市场机制不能解决的社会目标问题；⑥非对称信息。
12. 外部性外部性是指当一个人的行为对旁观者福利有影响时的情况，亦可理解为市场交易对交易双方之外的第三者所造成的影响。
可分为正的外部性（外部经济）和负的外部性（外部不经济）。
13. 市场势力市场势力是指一个经济活动者显著影响市场价格的能力。
14. 生产率生产率是指每一单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务的数量。
15. 通货膨胀通货膨胀是指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。
按表现形式不同可分为开放型通货膨胀和抑制型通货膨胀；按物价上涨速度不同可分为爬行式通货膨胀（温和）、奔腾式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀（极度）；按形成原因不同可分为需求拉上型通货膨胀和成本推进型通货膨胀。
16. 经济周期经济周期又称经济波动，是指总体经济活动的扩张和收缩交替反复出现的过程，一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏四个阶段。
经济周期的类型按照其频率、幅度、持续时间的不同可划分为短周期、中周期、长周期三类。
现在经济学中关于经济周期的论述一般是指经济增长率的上升和下降的交替过程，而不是经济总量的增加和减少。
二、复习题1. （略）2. 看一场电影的机会成本使用看电影的时间或金钱做其他事情所能获得的最大收益。
3. 边际利益是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的满足程度（常用效用量来衡量）的增量。
边际利益存在递减规律：即在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，他从该商品连续增加的每一单位消费中得到的满足程度增量是递减的。
4. 激励能激发人的行为，使个体能更好的实现行为目标。
一般情况下人们会对激励政策作出反应，有利于调动人们潜在的工作积极性和主动性，创造性地进行劳动，不断提高工作效率创造更多物质财富；但同时激励政策有时也会产生间接的影响，干扰政策的最终效果。
如强制开车佩戴安全带能降低司机的伤亡概率，但同时也减少了人们开车的谨慎性，对行人造成的安全事故却反而增加了。
因此，分析任何政策时，决策者不仅应考虑直接影响，也应该考虑因激励而发生的间接影响，使制定的政策取得良好的效果。
5. 经济学原理表明：贸易能使每个人状况都变得更好，因为各国之间的贸易并非比赛一样必然有赢家和输家。
贸易不是零和博弈。
贸易双方都是自愿交易获益，因为它允许各方从事其最有效的生产然后交换另一方更有效生产的物品，通过国际分工提高专业化生产的效率，再通过贸易以较低的成本获得各种各样的物品与劳务，使各方的福利都能获得增加，从而在公平贸易中得到双赢或多赢的结果。
7. 市场失灵是指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况，造成该现象的主要原因有：(1) 外部性。
当一个人不完全承担（或享受）他的行为所造成的成本（或收益）时，就会产生外部性，造成市场失灵。
如一个人在公共场合吸烟，污染环境损害他人健康。
(2) 市场势力。
一个人（或一小群人）不适当地影响市场价格的能力，造成价格机制不能有效的发生作用。
如垄断企业向消费者收取过高的物品价格。
8. 经济学原理表明：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品和劳务的能力。
而生产物品和劳务的能力指标便是该国的生产率。
在那些每单位时间内能生产出大量物品与劳务的国家，大多数人都能享受到较高的生活水平；而生产率低下的国家，大多数人则必须忍受物资供应不足的贫困生活。
所以说生产率很重要，它决定了一国的社会经济以及该国居民的生活水平。
9. 通货膨胀是指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。
在宏观经济学中，则主要是指价格和工资的普遍持续上涨。
因此，引起通货膨胀最主要的因素是货币量的增长。
10. 经济学原理表明：社会面临通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡取舍。
在短期中，低通货膨胀通常是以高失业率为代价的，这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。
政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用的货币量减少，但商品价格在短期内具有粘性仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少，消费量不足又会引起企业开工不足，导致失业。
失业率高，通胀率低，失业率低，通胀率高。
通货膨胀和失业之间是此消彼长、相互交替的关系。
三、应用题1. （略）2. 这种心理上的利益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。
人们一定有一个为了实现目标而愿意承担那的成本范围，在这个可承受的范围内，如果度假满足了既定目标，那么就可以说这次度假的利益不低于其成本。
可采取的方式有比较度假时间去做其他事情所获得的满足，比较度假花费的成本需要做付出多久的劳动。
3. 滑雪的真实成本是实际付出的成本和机会成本的总和。
即直接的金钱支出和从其他活动中所能获得的最大预期收益。
如果本计划去做兼职，那么滑雪的成本就是滑雪的直接的金钱支出及兼职期间所能赚取的工资；如果计划在图书馆学习，那么滑雪的成本就是直接的金钱支出及学习期间所能获得的知识。
4. 现在花掉100美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105美元的银行支付。
5. 应该继续。
已投资的500万美元属于沉没成本，与现在的决策不相关，现在决策的关键是边际利润。
如果投入100万美元，可得到300万，边际利润是200万美元，所以应该继续进行开发。
因为只要边际利益大于边际成本就有利可图，所以为了完成这项开发，最高花费应为300万美元。
6. a.提供社会保障降低了人们在工作时期储蓄的激励。
社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可获得收入，以保证生活。
因此人们不用为退休后的生活费发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。
b.收入提高时津贴减少的政策降低了65岁以上的人的工作激励。
因为努力工作获得高收入反而使得到的津贴减少，因此人们可能会选择不工作或者少工作。
7. a.这些变动使得人们参加工作的激励增强。
会激励那些只能领取两年津贴的福利领取者努力寻找工作，以免自己在两年后找不到工作没有收入。
b.这些变动反映了法案改革者提高效率和适当降低公平性的意图。
因为只能领取两年津贴，会使找不到工作的人没有收入，公平性降低；同时因为变动激励【篇二：曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照】昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是：十大经济学原理一：人们面临权衡取舍。
人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。
决策需要对目标进行比较。
people face trade offs. to get one thing, you have to give up something else. making decisions requires trading off onegoal against another.例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。
同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。
：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。
决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。
the cost of something is what you give up to get it. decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions.例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。
开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。
但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。
十大经济学原理三：理性人考虑边际量。
理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。
rational people think at margin. a rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost.例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。