自考英语词汇学 第九章完整ppt课件
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英语词汇学课件 Unit 9
9.2.2 concatenation: a process of semantic change in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning. 9.2.3 proliferation Ex P276-3
A man is helping the police with their inquiries. paying guest/boarder, lodger liquidation/ assassination liberation/aggression
(8)Official documents circumlocution: Also periphrasis. In rhetoric, a wordy and indirect way of saying something. e.g. death: negative patient care outcome
9.1 Causes of semantic change
9.1.1 Extra-linguistic factors (1)Social development language, society and culture e.g. snow (Eskimo), camel (Arabic dialects)
obscure, officious, pompous, authoritarian, intimidating doublespeak, buzzword/vogue factors (1) Influx of loan words e.g. beast (Fr.)/animal (Latin)/deer (2) Competition among native words e.g. hound/dog, fowl/bird, chair/stool (3) Shortening of phrases e.g. gas, gold, bulb
英语词汇学(第九讲)
• • • • •
Once bitten, twice shy. More haste, less speed. Out of sight, out of mind. Better late than never. Easier said than done.
• • • • •
2) the simple sentence A stitch in time saves nine. Every dog has his day. The early bird catches the worm. Practice makes perfect.
参考中文：位高权重
• Some might describe Bill Gates as sitting in the cat bird seat.
Crocodile tears
• Pretending to cry in an attempt to manipulate or exploit, phony（假的） tears. • It was often thought that crocodiles shed tears that slid down into their mouths, moistening their food and making it easier for them to swallow. • Hence the tears appear to be an expression of emotion but are in fact a means to make it easier to swallow (possibly the observer).
• • • • •
3) the imperative sentence 祈使句 Grasp the nettle and it won’t sting you. 困难像弹簧，你硬它就软。 4) the compound sentence You may lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him tters is not gold. • He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon. • 与恶人交往，须特别提防。 • Don’t count your chicken before they’re hatched. • 不要过早乐观。
英语词汇学第9章
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词汇学第九讲 (1)PPT教学课件
– Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facet---spelling and pronunciation, is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.
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9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
2020/12/10
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9.1 Sense Relations
• Types of sense relations • --Polysemy（一词多义）
--Hyponymy(上下义关系)---semantic inclusion
– Synonymy(同义关系)---semantic similarity – Antonymy(反义关系)---semantic opposition – Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系)
2020/12/10
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• Synchronic approach(共时角度） Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meaning of the same word in a historical period of time, the basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called as central meaning. The derived meaning, no matter how numerous, are secondary.
英语词汇学_完整版
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 4
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
Step 2 The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics a. with phonetics, which is the study of speech sounds made in spoken, without speech sound, there is no word because every word is a unity of sound and meaning. ( Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels: sounds level and meaning level.)
2009 Words meaning and Componential analysis 8
Step 3 Method of study The two methods: synchronic and diachronic study. When words are studied at a point in time, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place, we call it synchronic study. See: the current meaning of the word wife, it means a married woman, in relation to her husband. But from the diachronic point of view, which concerns the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning, we know that, wife is from the old English wif, meaning woman, but latter, it has become specialized in the course of development to the modern meaning a married woman.
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
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6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
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6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
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❖ Strictly speaking， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. 严格来讲，习语是不能从 其个体成分的文字意思理 解其意义的，
❖ 9.1.1 Semantic unity 语义的整体性 ❖ Idioms each consist of more than one
word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
.
❖ Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。
❖ In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
.
9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
❖ Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
.
9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
❖ The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。
.
❖ The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。
.
❖ True idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from hose of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
❖ Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可分 析的 。
.
❖ The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the“true”idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9 English Idioms
英语习语
.
Idiom 习语
❖ Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。
❖ Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
.
❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的意 义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
❖ First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。
❖ Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
.
❖ Thirdly, the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。
❖ 9.1.1 Semantic unity 语义的整体性 ❖ Idioms each consist of more than one
word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
.
❖ Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。
❖ In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
.
9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
❖ Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
.
9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
❖ The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。
.
❖ The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。
.
❖ True idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from hose of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。
❖ Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
❖ Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可分 析的 。
.
❖ The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the“true”idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9 English Idioms
英语习语
.
Idiom 习语
❖ Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。
❖ Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
.
❖ Semi-idioms – the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的意 义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。
❖ First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。
❖ Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
.
❖ Thirdly, the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。