英语科技论文常用句型结构
英语科技论文常用句式结构
Another typical example is …
Ⅸ 状态的转换或变化
change
transfer
convert … (变化前) to into … (变化后)
transform
translate
The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change
英语科技论文常用句型结构
1) 表达不同功能的常用句型 Ⅰ 定义
means… signifies… is considered to be… is taken to be …
The term superconductor
refers to…
In this article
In this paper
will be taken to mean … will be used in the … network
treated in this standard.
Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted
to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation.
Iron unlike rubber, is a good conductor of electric
current.
C. 相当于
One turn of the hand-wheel is equivalent to 2 mm
stroke.
For finishing electrodes, the foil thickness
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文是学术交流和研究成果发布的重要形式之一，对于科学研究人员而言，掌握科技论文的常用句型和写作要点是提高论文质量和影响力的关键。
本文将介绍一些常用的科技论文句型，并分享一些写作要点，帮助科研人员写出更加精彩和专业的科技论文。
一、常用句型1.表达引言和目的：–In recent years, there has been growing interest in…–The purpose of this study is to…–This paper aims to…–The intention of this research is to…这些句型常用于引出研究的背景和目的，为读者提供对研究主题的整体认识。
2.阐述问题：–One of the key research questions is…–The main problem addressed in this study is…– A major challenge in this field is…这些句型用于明确和阐述研究中需要解决的问题和挑战，引起读者的兴趣。
3.描述方法和实验过程：–The research was conducted using a quantitative/qualitative approach.–The experimental setup consisted of…–Data collection was performed through…在描述研究方法和实验过程时，可以使用这些句型来说明研究使用的方法和实验设计的细节。
4.呈现结果和数据分析：–The results of the study indicate…–The data analysis revealed that…–From the findings, it can be concluded that…通过使用这些句型，可以简明扼要地呈现研究的结果和对数据的分析。
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点
科技论文的常用句型与写作要点科技论文的常用句型与写作要点在撰写科技论文时，合理的句型和写作要点能够使文章更加准确清晰地传递信息。
下面是一些常用的句型和写作要点，希望能对你的科技论文写作有所帮助。
一、引言部分1. 开篇引出研究主题- Nowadays, with the rapid development of technology, the issue of [研究主题] has gained significant attention.- In recent years, [研究主题] has become an important topic in the field of [相关领域].- The study of [研究主题] has attracted growing interest in both academia and industry.- The purpose of this paper is to investigate [研究主题] and propose a novel approach to address this problem.2. 简述研究现状和研究意义- Previous studies have shown that [现有研究结果].- However, there are still some unresolved issues in this area, including [未解决问题].- Therefore, it is necessary to further explore [研究主题].- The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of [研究主题] and provide practical guidance for [相关领域].二、方法部分1. 描述研究对象- The samples used in this study were [样本来源和特点].- In order to achieve a representative sample, we selected [选择方法].- The data was collected from [数据来源] and verified by [其他数据].2. 介绍研究设计- This study adopts a [研究设计] approach.- A combination of [多个方法] was used to analyze the data.- We conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis.3. 讨论研究结果- The results indicate that [结果].- Our findings suggest that [发现].- It can be concluded that [总结].- The results are consistent with previous studies, which support the validity of our hypothesis.三、讨论部分1. 解释研究结果- The observed differences can be attributed to [解释原因].- It is likely that [可能原因].- The variation in [结果] may be due to [原因].- These findings provide evidence for [研究结论].2. 探讨研究局限性- One limitation of this study is that [局限性].- The sample size was relatively small, which may affect the generalizability of the findings.- Future research should consider [应注意问题].3. 提出研究建议- Future studies should focus on [进一步研究方向].- It is recommended that [建议].- More research is needed to explore the impact of [研究主题] on [相关领域].- Practical implications and potential applications of the findings should also be considered.四、结论部分1. 简述研究成果- In summary, this study has provided valuable insights into [研究主题].- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of [研究主题].- These results have important implications for [相关领域].2. 总结研究贡献- This study has advanced the knowledge in [相关领域].- The methodology and findings of this study can be applied in [其他领域].- The results of this study fill a gap in the literature and provide afoundation for future research.3. 展望未来研究方向- Future research should focus on [发展方向].- It is recommended to explore [进一步研究内容].- Further investigation is needed to address [相关问题].总之，科技论文的写作要点包括明确引出研究主题、描述研究方法、讨论研究结果和提出研究建议。
英文科技写作句型和词汇表达总结
以前的研究：过去时，自己研究中做过的事：过去时，其他都用：现在时态。
研究发现的可能解释理由用助动词：can, may, might, it seems that, could,研究结果的评论不确定语气：appear, seem, it is likely that,二.词汇和常用表达结构1.图表所示、发现、揭示等as illustrated(seen, shown, observed) in Fig.1, as is evident fromfrom Fig.2, from the results,by observing Fig.2, based on the above analysis,Fig shows that, the results show,It is (can be) revealed (proved, suggested, observed, found, concluded, noticed, seen, believed) that, it is clear to see/observe that, it indicates(shows, imply) that, find out，it is evident that , it is assumed that ,As described below, as seen from, as explained above, as evident from, exhibitit follows that 由此断定…，由此得出结论…point outcast doubt on：对产生疑心2.得到、获得、obtain, get, attain, capture, acquire, achieve, gain,完成，实现: complete, accomplish, realize,通过什么方式去做，利用/使用through/via/by/with doing sth, using sth,by use of, by means of, make use of, with the aid ofuse, employ, utilize, adopt, put to use, put into use, apply,影响Affect, influence, impact on, have an effect on,发生，开始，occur, take place, happen, commence, begin, start, to start with, to begin with, at the beginning,显然、明显，Obviously, distinctly, clearly, significantly, apparently, remarkable, as seen, conspicuous,striking, dramatically解释，说明，考虑Explain, account for, allow for，take account for/of, be indicative of (说明，说明)Considering, take into account, with/without/in consideration of, regarding, concerning,描述、提出、说明：Illustrate, manifest, present, show, indicate, cite, describe, summarize, depict, annotate, appear, take on, plot, demonstrate, propose, put forward, put forth,比拟大小、多少Less than, greater, more, larger, comparable(可比拟的，相当的)经验的Empirical, experimental,做，执行等，Carry out, conduct, perform, do, implement,Have a good agreement, in good agreement with, match very well with, agree well with, show good agreement, in full agreement with, in line withcorresponding to/with, consistent with, in good accordance with, coincide with, concord with, fit well with研究，调查Study, investigate, explore, exploratory examine, make an investigation on/of/into, carry out a research到达，To reach this objectiveReach, approach, up to, add up to, come to, arrive, beyond, out of reach,验证，假设Validate, verify, justify，hypothesizeAssume, suppose, assumption, hypothesis,assume to be, it is assumed that… postulate 公设增加、上升、减少、下降Increase, decrease, reduce, reduce to, increase by(增加了多少), increase up to(增加到), rise to, give rise to, sth arise, increase with (随…增长/增加)完全地，根本地，详细地，具体地，深入的,类似地，Completely, entirely, adequately, mostly, extremely, truly, indeed, really, actually, mainly, primarily, detailed, in detail, in great detail, in more detail, for more details,Deeper, deeply, better, in depth,similarly, inadequately, notably, overly(过度地、极度地),Experimentally,改善、提高：improve, promote, boost, enhance, facilitate,相关，包括，大约大概：concerned with, relate to, with regard to,Be involved in/with, with respect to, be concerned with, as for,Around, about, approximately,决定：determine, decide, depend on ,rely on目的、试图：an attempt to, aim at, in an attempt to, the objective is, in order to, the aim of is tothe aim of this research is to do the purpose is , be aimed at,经历，保持: hold, keep, undergo, experience, remain, retain,导致：cause, induce, lead to, result in, originate from, arise from,根据，基于：according to, in terms of, in the light of, judge by, on the basis of, in view of, based on,On behalf of, in the form of, referring to, with reference to, in reference to除了：other than, apart from, with the exception of, except for/that, besides, in addition, additionally,理论上，事实上：in principle, in practice, in fact, in reality, in theory, theoretically,从某种程度上：To some extent, to a large/certain extent, in a way, in a sense, to some degree, in some sense,from the viewpoints of , from the perspective of,得出结论：draw a conclusion, come to/reach a conclusion,推断,猜想：Infer，derive from, deduce, speculate,认为，当作Consider as, regard as, refer to as,建立模型establish, create，build，run/do the simulationin the case of : 在…情况下遵循趋势：obey, follow trend, tendency，组成consist of , contain, be composed of, include,强调：highlight, emphasize, lay emphasis on , the emphasis is layed on集中：focus on, concentrate on , be centered on设定为to set to be区分、区分：discern，differentiate，identify as,其他专业词汇表达small batch production, small quantity production, high volume production, mass production,metal-formed product, micro-formed part,reproducibility: 再现性、重复性experimental determination,in particular, especially,评估，评价：evaluate, assess,扮作：act as,别离，隔绝，separate from, isolate, set apart from缺少：in the absence ofby convention：按照传统，惯例，使成为：make sth sthno longer〔不再〕but rather(相反的)be typical of (典型的)成反比：inversely scale with涉及，牵涉到：involve, cover,拓展：extend into最近，新近more recently，到目前为止，迄今to date,解释、提示原因或结果的转接词：attribute to, because, as a result of, therefore, thereby, in general, consequently, as predicted, in conclusion, since, as for, finally, hence, thus, as, for, due to, in summary, because of, when, cause, on account of, result in, owing to, contribute to, thanks to, lead to, the reason is, that is because, devoted to, accordingly, as a consequence of, arise from起逻辑演进作用的转接词：递进关系，不但…而且…等Furthermore, in addition, besides, first, second, third, finally, lastly, moreover, incidentally, in fact, in truth, as a matter of fact, for example, such as, next, then, for instance, take an instance of , likewise/as such(同样), again〔此外〕, at root, as well as, as follows, in the following, below, based on, above, above-mentioned, aforementioned, as with(正如，与一样，就来说)，as noted(正如前面所提到的)，additionally, in parallel,as stated( 如上所述)meanwhile：同时比照词，表示逻辑演进方向即将改变如但是等But, however, instead, nevertheless, despite, surprisingly, in spite of, nonetheless, in/by contrast to/with , for comparison, whereas, while, even though, although, compared with, regardless of, as compared to, with regard to, in relation to, by contrast, irrespective of, in comparison to与联系，联合：in association with同时，同样的，at the same time, in the same way, in the same time对应关系A vs.B versus三.英文研究论文中的表达句子substitute equation (1) into equation (2)把代入等式The scale in Fig (a) runs from black for low values to white for the highest Schmid factors.offers more insight into,holds for all three materials，四.英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看a)如何指出当前研究的缺乏以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在表达了前人成果之后，用However来引导缺乏，比方However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previous results areinconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。
英文科技论文特点及常用句式
1、研究目的的表示方法The purpose of this investigation was to ...It was the purpose of the studies reported here to ...The main focus of this study was ...The objective of the present work is to ...The aim of the present study was to ...The present study was aimed at ...The present study was designed to ...The present study is an attempt to ...It was the intent of this study to determine if ...We have embarked on research attempting to ...This study was undertaken with the intent of ...The present investigation was conducted to ...This study was undertaken to ...To gain a better understanding of ...The investigation concentrated on efforts to ...The present study was performed in an effort to ...2、研究动机的表示方法Since the early literature contained a few reports of ...Because of the potential importance of ..., we have investigaed ...Because of the economic potential of ..., we decided to study ...Current work in this laboratory ..., stimulated interest in determining some of ... Prompted by ..., we initiated an examination of ...In view of ..., this study was conducted to examine ...The finding of ..., led us to reinvestigate ...A recent report ..., encouraged us to ...Little attention/effort has been given to ...... are poorly understood ...... have been poorly characterized ...The question have been raised as to whether or not ...... the question arose...3、研究内容的表示方法This article examines ...This research assessed ...This study documents ...The present work has shown ...This report describes ...The paper presents ...Work presented here introduces ...Our forthcoming studies will establish ...In this report, we report ...Here we describe ...In this report we examine ...In this reprot we describe ...... this is the first report of ...This is the first report ...This report contains the first ...Our results are the first report on ...We report here for the first time ...This ..., is the first to ..., reported for ...,This report documents the first ...... this is the first time that ,,,The novelty of this research lies in ...Of particular interest and novelty is ...The evidence presented in this communication demonstrtes ... The data presented in this report represent ...The major idea addressed in this studies ...The emphasis of this study is ...This study is an attempt to ...4、研究报告的数量表示方法..., much efforts has gone into the study of ...Many research groups have recently been involved with ... ... have received fairly intensive study... have done a considerable amount of work on ...Many studies have addressed ...There have been many investigations into ...There have been numerous studies ...A substantial amount of ... information is available on ... There are only a few reprots of ...Only a few studies have dealt with ...Only a few studies have bean performed on...... there are very few studies ...Few studies have involved ...Few studies have centered on ...Investigations ... are extremely few ...A surprisingly limited amount of information exists on ... Reports on ... are extremely scarce.... has been the subject of only a limited number of studies. Information ... is limited.We found no reprots of ...We know of no report concerning ......, no studies ... have been reported ...There are no reports on ...no ... have been documented ...... no information is available concerning ...No data have been published ...To date, no reports have appeared concerning ...None have been reported for ...... information ... is ... lacking ...Virtually nothing is known about ...Little is known of ...very little actually is known about ...There is little known about ...5、注意、兴趣的表示方法... has not received as much attention ...Less attention has been paid ...Relatively little attention has been directed ...... have received very little attention ...Little attention has been given to ...Attention was focused on ...... has recently received increased attention.There is currently great interest in ...... has been the focus of intense research interest. ... has been become a subject of considerable interest.6、研究正在进行的表示方法Studies are under way to ...... are currently under study.Further work is in progress ...Further experiments are in progress to ...Further investigations are in progress to ...Attempts to ... are currently in progress.Efforts continue ...We are presently attempting to determine ...Further studies ... are being conducted ...Our laboratory presently is involved with ...... is being investigated.7、将来工作的建议的表示方法Further work is needed ...Further work is required ...... is worthy of further study.Much more research is needed ...... has to be elucidated.... have to be determined.... requires further testing ...... makes ... worthy of further study.Further studies are contemplated to ...Further research is planned to ...continuing studies will yield further insight into ... Further research ... may yield...Further research should explore ...Further studies should clarify ...... remains to be determined.... remain to be investigated, and ... remains to be tested.... remains to be established.What remains to be resolved ...... remains to be shown.... remains unexplained...., it remains unknown.... remain unanswered ...8、结论的表示方法In conclusion, ...This conclusion is supported ... by ... finding that ...... leads to the conclusion that ...一．科学技术论文的含义科学技术论文简称科技论文。
科技论文写作常用句型
科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要（1）文章内容与作者观点•常用词：deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。
•例句：The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。
（2）文章研究课题：•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。
•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。
（3）文章涉及范围•常用词：consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。
•例句：This article consists of four parts : introduction，theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。
（4）综述某一个领域的研究课题。
•常用词：abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。
•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。
（5）文章重点：•常用句型： Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句：Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。
SCI句子的结构+时态
第一种基本句型，主语＋谓语。
这一类句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，后面可有副词或介词短语等。
比如，“Each stimulus lasted for 1.0 sec.”(介绍实验方法，通常用过去式)。
这里也顺便提一下，现在有很多方便快捷的辞典，有可下载的、有网上的。
如果对一个词的属性不太清楚（比如这里的“last”），建议用辞典迅速查一下，是及物还是不及物动词？或是从辞典的例句中学习该单词的正确用法。
第二种基本句型，主语＋系动词＋表语。
举几个个例子。
“The findings of the present study are of great importance for deciphering the mechanism of …”在摘要部分经常会这样说，“The goal of this study was to compare method A and method B in the diagnosis of XXX disease.”（不定式做表语）又如在结果部分经常用到的，“The level of XX in group A was significantly higher than that in group B.”（注，这里than是介词）另一种常用的是There be结构。
比如，“There were 58 participants in group A.”第三种基本句型，主语＋谓语＋宾语。
上面的最后一个例句也可以这么说，“Group A included 58 participants.”在这种句型中，谓语动词是及物动词。
这种句型也可以使用被动语态，比如“The status of XXX was monitored during XXX.”这类句型在科技论文写作中可能用的是最多的之一。
当然因为论文中描述的现象、数据或者观点一般都比较复杂，通常会涉及从句。
比如，“A number of studies have shown that …”从句的问题后面会专门谈到。
英文学术论文写作常用句型
（known /h eard/h ad/r ead, etc）Lack of in ter p ers on al sk ills is one of th e mos t serious d ef ec ts t hat we h ave ever kn ow n about t od ay' s（olle ge s tudents.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。
二、No th i ng is + ------- er th an to + VN oth i ng is + m or e + 形容词+ t ha n to + V例句：For pare nts, n o th i ng is m or e imp ort a nt t h a n to ed uc ate c h ildr en in a p ro per w ay. 没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。
三、 -- c ann ot em ph asiz e t he imp ort ance of ------------- to o m uch.（再怎么强调…的重要性也不为过。
）例句: We c an not em ph asiz e th e im por ta nee o f p rotec ting c ele br it ies ' pr iv acy to o m uch.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。
四、T h ere is n o de ny i ng t hat + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句: T h ere is no denying th at the pr act ic al it y of o ur high er ed ucat i on h as g o ne fro m bad t o w ors e.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。
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英语科技论文常用句型结构2.6.1 表达不同功能的常用句型1）定义定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明，常见的表达方式和句型有：The term macromolecule(means … 、sinnifies ... is considered to be … 、is taken to be … 、refers to …)(In this article、In this paper、In this essay、In this context、In computer science、For this purpose) network (will be taken to mean … 、will be used in the 、will be considered to be …、will refer to … 、will be used in…)为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：Paradigm refers to models of inquiry that guides scientific work.在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式。
(the words to be defined) is a kind of (class) which (distinguishing features)从以上例子中可以看出，一般定义的组成部分是：概念+属性+种差，例如：A solar cell（概念）is a device（属性）which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy（种差）。
2）分类在科技论文中，作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类，然后依次阐述。
常见的表达分类的句型有：(break down 、divide 、subdivide 、be classified)+ … （总体）+into/as …（部分）具体用法举例如下：· Classification breaks down the general topic into its related parts in a logical way.· This classification system divided carbides into two distinct categories.· Substances can/may be classified as gases, liquids and solids.The models (fall into、can be divided into、may be classified into、are of) two(major 、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)There are two(major、general(groups、classes of … 、categories)、broad)Two(major、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad)There are two (major 、general (groups、classes、categories)、broad) of…3）比例关系常见表达比例关系的句型有：· Most objects are big in proportion to the size of an atom but small in proportion to the size of the sun.·The ration between students of science to students of engineering is 3:2.· There is a relationship between the cross-sectional area of a rope and its strength. Its strength is directly proportional to its cross-sectional area.· Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.· Air and fuel are mixed in a proportion of 15 to 1.· Three colours: red, green and blue will, if they are mixed together in the right proportion, give us white light.· Ion the final printed version, graphs and diagrams are usually reduced in scale by a factor of two or three.· The model is made to scale.· As the demand for power increases, the supply is proportionally increased.· A good coolant is formed by mixing water and soluble oil in a ratio of 10:1 to 20:1.· The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it.· Intensity of an electric field is relative to current.· The density of air varies directly as the pressure, with temperature being constant.· The electric current varies directly with the voltage.· The resultant modulated wave has the same frequency as the carrier, but the carrier wave amplitude varies in direct relation to the modulating wave.4）用途和功能常见表达用途和功能的句型有：· Definitions as given here apply only to the subject treated in this standard.· To some extent these methods are only applicable to long series of production.· Although both the planer and the shaper are adapted to the machining of flat surfaces, they differ widely in construction and in method of operation.· While these methods are correct, they are not adaptable to the viscous flow problem.· Orbital and planetary cutting machines are particularly useful for cutting off tubular work.· The binary scale is perfectly used for the “off-on” pulses of electricity.· This two-body approximation holds for the motion of planets about the sun.· These motors are fit for machines requiring constant-torque and adjustable speed.· Filmcrotrons can fit into smaller, flatter places.· This method is not fitted to the operation.· Rimmed steels are more suitable for drawing and forming.· V belts are well suited for short-centre drives.· Solenoid valves lend themselves readily to multiple porting.5）行为与结果常见表达行为与结果句型有：This(causes…、gives rise to…、leads to…、results in…、brings about…)The result obtained(agrees with…、is in agreement with…、is in line with…、is consistent with…、fits into…)· The burning match is inverted, and as a result the flame becomes bigger.· Gases and solids sometimes dissolve in liquids to form solutions, thereby forming solutions.·As a result of combustion of coal, carbon dioxide is given off.6）目的科技论文中，常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的，常用的句型有：The (chief aim、main purpose、primary、object of the e xperiment is…、major objective、principal goal)The experiment been conducted(in the hope(of… 、that…)、with a view to (do)… 、in order to (do) … 、to the end that … 、so that…)Performing the study we (hope、intend to (do)… 、expect)·To obtain better reception, an aerial should be filtered.·To find the required radio station, the tuner should be turned.· This article aims at discussing new developments in component material and techniques.· The designer aims to prevent turbulent steam flow through the turbine nozzle.·It is the aim of particular branches of production engineering to create the desired state of machined components.· The experiment was designed to test the new drug.· The experiment is intend to show that different materials conduct heat at different speeds.7）问题的相关性常见表达问题的相关性句型有：This is a problem(concerned with… 、concerning… 、related to… 、relating to … 、bearing on … 、dealing with…)· A secondary mechanism for thermal conduction in solids is associated with lattice vibrations.· It is obv ious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.· The operator’s knowledge is mainly concerned with the hardware and not with the software.· Inorganic chemistry is linked closely to geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; organic chemistry to physiology, biochemistry, and biology in general.· Both that transfer and boundary layers are strongly dependent on the nozzle shape and size.· The density of a soil is directly related to its bearing capability.· Units of mass and weigh are relative to/ relevant to the choice of a standard weight.· Today one of the chief uses is in connection with “ethyl gasoline”.· Magnetic properties of metal have to do with reactions to magnetic or electric forces.8）举例常见表达举例的句型有：· This can be illustrated by…·A specific case can be provided to show…·An example of this involves…· This can be demonstrated the through…·Another typical example is…·One example will suffice…9）状态的转换或变化常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有：(change 、transfer 、convert 、transform 、translate )…（变化前）(to、into) (变化后)· The silicon controlled rectifier is able to change alternating current to direct current.· The analog-to-digital converter is a device which changes an analog quantity into a digital quantity, such as voltage to a decimal or binary quantity.· The sine-cosine potentiometer is especially used to transform polar coordinates into rectangular coordinates.· A cam is used for transforming rotation motion into reciprocating motion.10）比较常见表达比较的短语有：as a comparison, by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of contrast等。