国际经济学英文版名词解释 附有中文解释
1 Absolute advantage:绝对优势 The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity.This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.2 Ad valorem tariff: 从价税 A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.3 Balance of payments: 收支平衡 A summary statement of all the international transactions of the residents of a nation with the rest of the world during a particular period of time,usually a year.4 Balanced growth: 均衡增长 Equal rates of factor growth and technological progress in the production of both commodities.5 Buffer stocks: 缓冲存货The type of international commodity agreement that involves the purchase of the commodity(to be added to the stock)when the commodity price falls below an agreed minimum price,and the sale of the commodity out of the stock when the commodity price rises above the established maximum price.6 Constant opportunity costs:机会成本不变The constant amount of a commodity that must be given up to produce each additional unit of another commodity.7 Community indifference curve:社会无差异曲线The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodity yielding equal satisfaction to the community or munity indifference curves are negatively sloped,convex from the origin,and should not cross.8 Compound tariff:混合关税A combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.9 Customs union:关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).10 Common market:共同市场 Removes all barriers on trade amongmembers,harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world,and also allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993.11 Dumping: 倾销The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.12 Direct investments:直接投资 Real investments in factories,capital goods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the use of the invested capital.13 Free trade area:自由贸易区 Removes all barriers on trade among members,but each nation restains its own barriers on trade with nonmembers.The best example are the EFTA,NAFTA,and Mercosur.14 Factor-price equalization(H-O) theorem:要素禀赋（赫克歇尔—俄林）理论The part of the H-O theory that predicts,under highly restrictive assumptions,that international trade will bring about equalization in relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across nations.15 Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory:赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.16 Interdependence:相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.17 Increasing opportunity costs:机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.18 International cartel: 国际卡特尔An organization of suppliers of a commodity located in different nations(or a group of governments) that agrees to restrict output and exports of the commodity with the aim of maximizing or increasing the total profits of the organization.An international cartel that behaves as a monopolist is called a centralized cartel.19 Income terms of trade:收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.20 Immiserizing growth:悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.21 Leontief paradox:里昂惕夫之谜The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary to the H-Otrade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-intensive products and export K-intensive products.22 Marginal rate of transformation(MRT):边际转换率The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.23 Marginal rate of substitution(MRS):边际替代率The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of second commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve.It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the second commodity.24 Multinational corporations(MNCs):跨国公司Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in several countries.25 Optimum tariff:适稅The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.26 Pattern of trade:贸易格局The commodities exported and imported by each nation.27 Production possibility frontier:生产可能性曲线 A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.28 Prohibitive tariff:禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky.29 Persistent dumping:连续性倾销The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically;also called international price discriminztion.30 Predatory dumping:掠夺性倾销The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business,after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.31 Preferential trade arrangements:优惠贸易安排The loosest from of economic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participatingnations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.32 Purchase contracts:.购货契约Long-term multilateral agreements that stipulate the minimum price at which importing nations agree to purchase a specified quantity of the commodity and a maximum price at which exporting nations agree to sell specified amounts of the commodity.33 Portfolio investments:投资组合The purchase of purely financial assets,such as bonds and stocks(if the stock purchase represents less than 10 percent of the stock of a corporation),usu34 Stolper-Samuelson theorem:施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increases the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.35 Specific tariff: 从量税 A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.36 Sporadic dumping:偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to sell an unforeseen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.37 Terms of trade:贸易条件The ratio of the index price of a nation's export to its import commodities.38 Trade creation:贸易创造 Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increases welfare.39 Trade diversion:贸易转移 Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.By itself,this reduces welfare.40 Transfer pricing:转移价格The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.。
国际经济学之名词解释
国际经济学之名词解释Chapter 31.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage ina production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good.parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses.4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese)5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese).Chapter 41.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign)2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other.3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor.4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory.5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign)Chapter 51.Biased growth: Biased growth takes place when TT (a country’s production possibility frontier) shifts out more in one direction than in the other.2.Isovalue lines(等价线) : It is a line along which the market value of output is constant by an equation of the form: PCQC ＋ PFQF = V. The higher values of output, the farther out an isovalue line lies.3.Indifference curves（无差异曲线）: Each traces（表明） a set of combinations of cloth (C) and food (F) consumption that leave the individual equally well off.4.Terms of trade : The price of the good a country initially exports divided by the price of the good it initially imports.5.Export-biased（出口偏向） growth: home experiences growth biased toward cloth and disproportionately expands a country’s PP in the direction of the good it exports.6.Import-biased growth （进口偏向）: It disproportionately expands a country’s PP in the direction of the good it imports.7.Immiserizing growth （贫困化的经济增长）: A situation where export-biased growth by poor nations can worsen their terms of trade so much that they would be worse off than if they had not grown at all.8. Import tariffs are taxes levied on imports9.External price: goods are traded internationally10.Export subsidy(出口补贴）：payments given to domestic producers who sell a good abroad.Chapter 61.Dumping(倾销): the most common form of price discrimination in international trade.2.External economies of scale(外部规模经济) :the cost per unit depends on the size of the industry but not necessarily on the size of any one firm.3.Infant industry argument: the argument for temporary protection of industries to enable them to gain expensive.4.Internal economies of scale(内部规模经济) the cost per unit depends on the size of an individual firm but not necessarily on that of the industry.5.Interindustry trade: the exchange of manufactures for food.6.Intraindustry trade: the exchange of manufactures for manufactures.7.Knowledge spillovers: Knowledge is one of the important input factors in highly innovative industries.bor market pooling（劳动力共享市场）: A cluster of firms can createa pooled market for workers with highly specialized skills.9.Oligopoly（寡头垄断） : There are several firms, each of which is large enough to affect prices, but none with an uncontested monopoly.10.Price discrimination: The practice of charging different customers different prices.Chapter 71.Direct foreign investment: international capital flows in which a firm in one country creates or expands a subsidiary in another.2.Factor movements: international movements of factors of production.3.Intertemporal production possibility frontier跨时生产可能性: Imagine an economy that consumes only one good and will exist for only two periods, which we will call present and future.Chapter 81.Ad valorem tariff(从价关税): taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods.2.Consumption distortion loss（消费扭曲损失）: a tariff leads consumers to consume too little of the good.3.Export restraint: Limit the quantity of exports.4.Nontariff barriers: modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries.5.Production distortion loss（生产扭曲损失）:the tariff leads domestic producers to produce too much of this good.6.Specific tariff:(从量关税):taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported.Chapter 91.Optimum tariff （最优关税）：by convention the phrase optimum tariff is usually used to refer to the tariff justified bu a terms of trade argument rather than to the best tariff given all possible considerations.。
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译
国际经济学英文第七版克鲁格曼英文经济名词翻译Key Terms of International EconomicsChapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势Absolute advantage 绝对优势Opportunity cost 机会成本Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入Relative price 相对价格Relative demand curve相对需求曲线Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线Relative wage 相对工资Relative quantity 相对产量Ricardian model 李嘉图模型Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论Nontraded goods 非贸易商品Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化Factor abundance 要素丰裕度Factor intensity 要素密集度Scarce factor 稀缺要素Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论land-intensive 土地密集型Labor-intensive劳动密集型the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比Chapter 5 The standard Trade ModelBiased growth 偏向性增长Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Import-biased growth 进口偏向性增长Isovalue line等价值线Marginal propensity to spend边际消费倾向Terms of trade贸易条件Transfers of income转移支付Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and international TradeDumping 倾销External economies of scale外部规模经济Imperfect competition 不完全竞争Interindustry trade 产业间贸易Intraindustry trade 产业内贸易Internal economies of scale内在规模经济Monopolistic competion垄断竞争Reciprocal dumping 相互倾销Increasing return 报酬递增Chapter 7 The Instruments of Trade policyad valorem tariff从价税Specific tariff从量税Consumer surplus消费者剩余Producer surplus生产者剩余Production distortion loss生产扭曲损失Consumption distortion loss消费扭曲损失Effective rate of protection有效保护率Efficiency loss效率损失Export restraint出口限制Export subsidy出口补贴Import quota进口配额Voluntary export restraint自愿出口限制Local content requirement国产化程度要求nontariff barriers非关税避垒Quota rent配额租金Chapter 8 National Income Accounting and the Balance of Payments The Balance of Payment AccountsCurrent accountFinancial accountCapital accountChapter 9 Exchange Rates and the Foreign Exchange Market:An Asset ApproachAppreciation升值Arbitrage套汇、套利Depreciation贬值Exchange rate汇率Forward exchange rate远期汇率Interest parity condition利率平价条件Rate of appreciation升值率Rate of depreciation贬值率Real rate of return实际收益率Spot exchange rate即期汇率Vehicle currency载体货币Foreign exchange外汇Chapter 10 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange ratesMoney Supply 货币供给Money Demand 货币需求Short-Run Price Rigidity 短期价格粘性Long-run Price Flexibility 长期灵活价格permanent increase in the U.S. money supply 货币供给永久性增长overshooting 超调Chapter 11 Price Levels and the Exchange Rate in the Long Run Law of one price 一价定律Nominal exchange rate 名义汇率Nominal interest rate 名义利率Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Real appreciation实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Real exchange rate 实际汇率Relative PPP相对购买力平价Market rigidity市场刚性Price rigidity价格刚性Price stickiness价格粘性Chapter 12 Output and the Exchange Rate in the Short Run Aggregate demand 总需求Fiscal policy 财政政策J-curve J曲线Real exchange rate 实际汇率Real appreciation 实际升值Real depreciation 实际贬值Chapter 13 Fixed, Floating Exchange Rate and Policies Effects Sterilization冲销Sterilized foreign exchange intervention冲销性外汇干预Devaluation法定贬值Revaluation法定升值Clean float 清洁浮动Dirty float 肮脏浮动Capital flight 资本抽逃Chapter 14 The Theory of Optimum Currency Areas optimumcurrency areas 最优货币区Monetary efficiency gain 货币效率收益Economic integration 经济一体化Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率。
2021年国际经济学名词解释双语
There are no difficulties in life that cannot be overcome, and there are no people who cannot live without.精品模板助您成功！（WORD文档/A4打印/可编辑/页眉可删）国际经济学名词解释双语1. 国际经济学：以经济学的一般理论为基础，研究国际经济活动和国际经济关系，是一般经济理论在国际经济活动范围中的应用与延伸，是经济学体系的有机组成部分。
主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支理论、汇率理论、要素的国际流动、国际投资理论、开放的宏观经济均衡等。
2. 绝对利益：由英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密提出，是指在某种商品的生产上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个经济。
若各个经济都从事自己占绝对优势的产品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
3. 比较利益：英国古典经济学家大卫·李嘉图认为，决定国际贸易的基础是比较利益而非绝对利益。
国际分工中若两个贸易参与国家生产力水平不相等,甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，处于绝对优势；而乙国则相反，其劳动生产率在任何产品上均低于甲国，处于绝对劣势。
4. 国际分工：即各国之间的劳动分工，生产的国际专业化，它是经济发展的必然，是社会分工从一国国内向国外延伸的结果。
各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化，反映了彼此之间的经济发展水平的差异以及各国经济联系的程度。
国际分工主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。
5. 贸易乘数：是指乘数理论在对外贸易研究中的运用，探讨对外贸易与国民收入与就业之间的关系。
在贸易乘数公式中，它是边际储蓄倾向的和的倒数。
贸易乘数原理主要分析在边际储蓄倾向和边际进口倾向之和小于1的条件下，增加出口有利于提高有效需求，增加国民收入和就业量。
《国际经济学》名词解释(第01章---第06章)
1.Production Possibility Frontier（生产可能性边界）Production Possibility Frontier shows various alternative combinations of two goods that a nation can produce when all of its factor inputs are used in their most efficient manner.8.Terms of Trade（贸易条件）Terms of trade of a nation are defined as the ratio of the price of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity.9.An improvement in a nation’s terms of trade（贸易条件改善）An improvement in a nation’s terms of trade requires that the prices of its exports rise relative to the prices of its imports over the given time period. A smaller quantity of export goods sold abroad is required to obtain a given quantity of imports.10.A deterioration in a nation’s terms of trade（贸易条件恶化）A deterioration in a nation’s terms of trade is du e to a rise in its import prices relative to its export prices over a time period. The purchase of a given quantity of imports would require the sacrifice of greater quantity of exports.11.Mercantilism（重商主义）If a country could achieve a favourable trade balance, it would enjoy payments received from the rest of the world in the form of gold and silver. Such revenues would contribute to increased spending and a rise in domestic output and employment. To promote favourable trade balance, the mercantilists advocated government regulation of trade. Tariffs、quotas and other commercial policies were proposed by the mercantilists to minimize imports in order to protect a nation, s trade position. In short, mercantilists maintained that trade is a zero-sum activity and preached economic nationalism.12.Price-Specie-Flow Doctrine（价格-铸币-流动学说）A favourable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated. To illustrate, suppose England were to achieve a trade surplus that resulted in an inflow of gold and silver. Because these precious metals would constitute part of England’s money supply, their inflow would increase the amount of money in circulations. This would lead to a rise in England’s price level relative to that of its trading partners. English residents would therefore be encouraged to purchase foreign-produced goods, while England, s export would decline. As a result, the country’s trade surplus would eventually be eliminated.13.Principle of Absolute Advantage（绝对优势）In a two-nation、two-product world, international trade and specialization will beneficial when one nation has an absolute cost advantage in one commodity and the other nation has an absolute cost advantage in the other commodity. For the world to benefit from international division of labour, each nation must have a commodity that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner. A nation will import those commodities in which it has an absolute cost disadvantage; it will export those commodities in which it has an absolute cost advantage.14.Principle of Comparative Advantage （比较优势）Even if a nation has an absolute cost disadvantage in the production of both commodities, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist. The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which it is relatively less inefficient（where its absolute disadvantage is least）. The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that commodity in which it is relatively more efficient（where its absolute advantage is greater）15.Trade Triangle（贸易三角）A nation’s Trade Triangle denotes its exports, imports, and terms of trade. In a two-nation, two-product world, the trade triangle of one nation equals that of the other nation; one nation’s exports equal the other nation’s imports, and there is a equilibrium terms of trade.16.H-O Theorem（H-O定理）Given identical demand conditions and input productivities, differences in the relative abundance of resourcesdetermine relative price levels and the pattern of trade. Capital is relatively cheaper in the capital-abundant country, and labour is relatively cheaper in the labour-abundant country. The capital-abundant country thus exports the capital-intensive product, and the labour-abundant country exports the labour-intensive product. In other words，according to the factor-endowment theory, relative price levels differ among nations because the nations have different relative endowments of factor inputs and different commodities require that the factor inputs be used with different intensities in their production. Given these circumstances, a nation will export that commodity for which a large amount of the relatively abundance input is used. It will import that commodity in the production of which the relatively scarce input is used. That is why labour-abundant nations export labour-intensive goods, while capital-abundant nations export capital-intensive goods.17.The Stolper-Samuelson Theorem（斯托珀-萨缪尔森定理）An increase in the relative price of a commodity raises the return or earnings of the factor used intensively in the production of the commodity. At the same time the real return to the nation’s scarce factor of production will fall.18.Factor-Price Equalization（要素价格均等化）A nation with trade finds output expanding in its comparative-advantage industry, which used a lot of the cheap, abundant factor. As a result of the rise in demand for the abundant factor, its price increase. At the same time, the expensive, scarce factor is being released from the comparative-disadvantage industry; producers will not be induced to employ this factor unless its price falls. Because this process occurs at the same time in both nations, each nation experiences a rise in the price of the abundant factor and a fall in the price of the scarce factor. Trade therefore leads toward an equalization of the relative factor prices in the two trading partners. 19.Rybczynski Theorem（罗伯津斯基定理）At constant commodity prices, an increase in the endowment of one factor will increase by a greater proportion the output of the commodity intensive in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity.20.The product life cycle theory（产品生命周期理论）The product life cycle theory focuses on the role of technological innovation as a key determinant of tradepattern in manufactured goods. During this cycle, the home country initially is an exporter, then loses its competitive advantage vis-à-vis its trading partners, and eventually may become an importer of the commodity.21.Factor Endowment（要素禀赋）Factor Endowment is referred to as relative ratio of two factors of production a nation possesses。
国际经济学Microsoft Word 文档
国际经济学名词解释要素禀赋(factor endowment ):系指一国所拥有的两种生产要素的相对比例。
要素密集度(factor industry)：系指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例。
需求逆转（demand reversal）：当某一国对于某一种商品享有生产上的比较优势，但因其国民在消费上又特别地偏好该商品时，将会使得原来依据H-O定理所决定的进口方向发生改变，即发生了需求逆转。
关税(tariff)：一国政府从自身的经济利益出发，依据本国的海关法和海关税则对通过其关境的进出口商品所征收的税赋。
配额(quota)：一国政府为保护本国工业，规定在一定时期内对某种商品的进出口数量或金额加以限制。
出口补贴(export subsidy)：一国政府为鼓励某种商品的出口，对该商品的出口所给予的直接补助或间接补助。
最佳关税(the optimum tariff)：使本国福利达到最大的关税水平，确定最佳关税的条件是进口国由征收关税所引起的额外损失（边际损失）与额外收益（边际收益）相等。
幼稚产业(infant industry)：处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。
关税同盟(customs union)：在自由贸易区的基础上，所有成员国对非成员国采取统一的关税或其他贸易政策措施。
贸易创造(trade creation):成员国之间相互取消关税和非关税壁垒所带来的贸易规模的扩大。
贸易转移(trade diversion)：建立关税同盟之后成员国之间的相互贸易代替了原来成员国之间的的贸易，从而造成贸易方向的转移。
国际收支(balance of payments )：在一定时期内（通常为一年）一国居民与世界其他国家之间的全部经济交易的系统记录。
外汇（foreign exchange）：（静态狭义）是指以外币表示的可用于进行国际间结算的支付手段。
汇率（exchange rate）：是以一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格，或把一国货币折算成另一国货币的比率，也称汇价、外汇牌价或外汇行市。
国际经济学名词解释
1.绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。
2.比较优势（Comparative advantage）如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。
3.贸易所得（gains from trade）贸易所得是指一个国家从国际贸易活动中获得的利益。
一个国家通过参与国际分工与自由贸易，能够获得诸多利益。
4.机会成本（opportunity cost）机会成本是指引一种选择而放弃的最优替换物或是去最好机会的价值5.充裕要素（abundant factor）充裕要素是指一个国家供给相对多的生产要素6.要素价格（factor prices）是指每一单位的生产要素在一定时期内给所有者带来的收入。
（生产要素主要有四种：劳动力、土地、资本和企业家才能）7.生产可能性边界的偏向性扩张（biased expansion of production possibilities）是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度8.要素价格均等化（equalization of factor prices）是指各国的生产要素价格将因国际贸易而趋于相等。
9.特定要素（specific factor）是指只能用于特定部门的生产而不能再不同生产部门之间自由流动的生产要素10.偏向型增长（biased growth）是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一个方向上扩张的幅度的一种经济增长方式。
11.边际支出倾向（marginal propensity to spend）是指增加的消费在增加的收入中所占的比例。
12.福利恶化型增长（immiserizing growth）是指一国整体福利水平恶化的经济增长方式，是发展中国家的出口偏向型增长在严格假定下可能出现的一种极端情形。
国际经济学名词解释双语（2）
国际经济学名词解释双语（2）国际经济学名词解释双语18.经济全球化：经济全球化是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。
19.提供曲线：是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。
两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。
20.贸易条件：是用来衡量在一定时期内一个国家出口相对于进口的盈利能力和贸易利益的指标，反映该国的对外贸易状况，一般以贸易条件指数表示，在双边贸易中尤其重要。
21.官方储备：根据国际货币基金组织的定义，一个国家中央银行或其他官方货币机构所掌握的外币储备资产及其对外债权。
官方储备包括货币、黄金、外汇和分配的特别提款权以及国际货币基金组织的普通提款权。
22.浮动汇率：是指本国货币与其他国家货币之间的汇率不由官方制定，而由外汇市场供求关系决定，可自由浮动，官方在汇率出现过度波动时才干预市场，这是布雷顿森林体系解体后西方国家普遍实行的汇率制度。
23.直接标价法：是以一定单位(1、100、1000、10000)的外国货币为标准来计算应付出多少单位本国货币。
就相当于计算购买一定单位外币所应付多少本币，所以叫应付标价法。
包括中国在内的世界上绝大多数国家目前都采用直接标价法。
在国际外汇市场上，日元、瑞士法郎、加元等均为直接标价法，如日元119.05即一美元兑119.05日元。
24.关税同盟：是指两个或两个以上国家缔结协定,建立统一的关境,在统一关境内缔约国相互间减让或取消关税,对从关境以外的国家或地区的商品进口则实行共同的关税税率和外贸政策。
25.升水与贴水：远期汇率与即期汇率的差额用升水、贴水和平价来表示。
升水意味着远期汇率比即期的要高，贴水则反之。
一般情况下，利息率较高的货币远期汇率大多呈贴水，利息率较低的货币远期汇率大多呈升水。
国际经济学名词解释1
国际经济学名词解释1Laissez-faire（自由放任政策）:The policy of minimum government interference in or regulation of economic activity, advocated by Adam Smith and other classical economists.自由放任政策：使政府最少地干预经济或规范经济活动的政策，是亚当斯密和其他古典经济学家所奉行的政策。
Complete specialization（完全专业化）:The utilization of all of a nation’s resources in the production of only one commodity with trade. This occurs under constant costs.完全专业化：使用一国的所有资源来生产一种产品以供贸易。
这经常在不变成本条件下发生。
P78Increasing opportunity costs（机会成本递增）:The increasing amounts of one commodity that a nation must give up to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.机会成本递增：一国要生产一件另一种产品而必须放弃生产某种产品数量的增加。
这也反映于生产可能性曲线凹向原点。
Marginal rate of transformation（边际转换率）The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.边际转换率：一国要生产一件某种产品而必须放弃的另一种产品的数量。
国际经济学中英名词解释
国际经济学中英名词解释Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. This was the basis for trade for Adam Smith.绝对优势：一国在生产一种产品上比另一国家有更大的有效性。
这是亚当·斯密自由贸易理论的基础。
Absolute purchasing-power parity theory: Postulates that the equilibrium exchange rate is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory can be very misleading. 绝对购买力平价理论：假设平衡汇率等于两国的价格水平之比，这一购买力平价理论的解释是不被接受的。
Ad valorem tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.从价税：一种表示为贸易商品价值的一个固定百分比的税。
Arbitrage: The purchase of a currency in the monetary center where it is cheaper for immediate resale in the monetary center where it is more expensive in order to make a profit.套利：在某货币较便宜的货币中心购买该货币，立即在另一较贵的货币中心卖掉此货币以谋利的行为。
国际经济名词解释英文重点总结
1、Absolute trade theory(main idea)绝对贸易理论:the greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. conclusion: Both countries have absolute advantage in one commodity commodity’’s production because the natural or acquired advantage. If each nation specializes in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exchanges part of its output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage, both nations benefit from the trade.2、▲Absorption approach ：一、一、Overview of The Absorption Approach: Overview of The Absorption Approach:1)1) The absorption approach was put forward by Alexander in 1952. 2)2) This approach emphasizes changes in real domestic income and absorption as adeterminant of a nation determinant of a nation’’s balance of payments.3)3) The balance of trade is viewed as the difference between what the economyproduces and what it absorbs for domestic use.二、二、Absorption : Absorption :1） A nation nation’’sabsorption falls into three categories, consumption (c), investment (i), government purchase (g).2） The domestic absorption (a)a a 符号：符号：“比等号再多一道”“比等号再多一道” c + i + g c + i + g1、▲Balance of payments equilibrium and adjustment ：Balance of payments equilibrium is a state that the debits equals to the credits in the autonomous transactions. This would simply mean that their stocks of international reserves are unchanging. 2、▲Balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium ： （一）（一）Balance of payments equilibrium: is a state that the debits equals to the Balance of payments equilibrium: is a state that the debits equals to the credits in the autonomous transactions. This would simply mean that their stocks of international reserves are unchanging.（二）（二）Disequilibrium Disequilibrium in balance of payments payments：：1)Deficit in the balance of payments: the excess of debits over credits in the autonomous transactions. Deficit countries will experience reserve asset losses. 2) Surplus in the balance of payments: the excess of credits over debits in the autonomous transactions. surplus countries will experience reserve asset accumulation.3、▲Basic theories of the balance of payments:1) The Elasticity Approach to Balance-of-Payments2) The absorption approach to the balance of payments3) The monetary approach to the balance of payments1、Comparative trade theory 比较贸易理论:(main (main points)A points)A points)A country has a comparative country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. basic ideas: Even if a nation has an absolute disadvantage in the production of both goods, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist.In this case, countries should specialize where they have their greatest absolute advantage (if they have absolute advantage in both goods) or in their least absolute disadvantage (if they have absolute advantage in neither goods). (两利相权取其重，两害相权取其轻）两害相权取其轻）2、Competitive advantage of nations ：美国美国 20C80 20C80 20C80、、90年代迈克尔年代迈克尔--波特认为：具有比较优势的国家未必具有竞争优势。